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Brochis és un gènere de peixos dins la família Callichthyidae. La seva distribució és a Amèrica del Sud.
Les espècies del gènere Brochis viuen en cursos fluvials tropicals d'aigua dolça.
Aquest gènere va ser descrit primer per Cope (1871). L'espècie tipus és Brochis splendens.
Els membres del gènere Brochis sovint es confonen amb els membres del gènere Corydoras. Poden diferenciar-se pel fet que un Brochis té el cos més alt i els radis de l'aleta dorsal són tous i es presenten en major nombre (Brochis: + de 10; Corydoras: menys de 8). Ambdós gèneres componen la tribu Corydoradini.[1]
Aquest gènere té 3 espècies:[2]
Brochis deriva del grec, brogchia, que significa 'gola' o 'tràquea'.
Les espècies de Brochis es mantenen bé en aquaris domèstics, en condicions similars a les de la majoria de les espècies de Corydoras. Arriben a fer una llargada d'uns 8,8cm. Viuen en grups al fons de l'aquari. .[3][4]
Brochis és un gènere de peixos dins la família Callichthyidae. La seva distribució és a Amèrica del Sud.
Brochis war eine Gattung aus der Familie der Panzer- und Schwielenwelse (Callichthyidae). Die Brochis-Arten leben im oberen Amazonasbecken und im oberen Stromgebiet des Río Paraguay.
Brochis-Arten ähneln den Corydoras-Arten, besitzen aber im Unterschied zu diesen 10 bis 17 Flossenstrahlen in ihrer relativ langen Rückenflosse. Ihr Kopf ist seitlich abgeflacht, der Körper relativ hochrückig. Die Maxillarbarteln erreichen nicht die Kiemendeckel. Brochis-Arten werden 6 bis 12 cm lang.
Die Gattung Brochis steht phylogenetisch innerhalb von Corydoras, wodurch die Gattung Corydoras paraphyletisch wird. Der Vorschlag Brochis mit Corydoras zu synonymisieren ist inzwischen von Fishbase und dem Catalog of Fishes weitestgehend übernommen worden.
Die Gattung umfasste die folgenden Arten:
Brochis war eine Gattung aus der Familie der Panzer- und Schwielenwelse (Callichthyidae). Die Brochis-Arten leben im oberen Amazonasbecken und im oberen Stromgebiet des Río Paraguay.
Corydoras is a genus of freshwater catfish in the family Callichthyidae and subfamily Corydoradinae. The species usually have more restricted areas of endemism than other callichthyids, but the area of distribution of the entire genus almost equals the area of distribution of the family, except for Panama where Corydoras is not present.[1] Corydoras species are distributed in South America where they can be found from the east of the Andes to the Atlantic coast, from Trinidad to the Río de la Plata drainage in northern Argentina.[2] Species assigned to Corydoras display a broad diversity of body shapes and coloration.[3] Corydoras are small fish, ranging from 2.5 to 12 cm (1.0 to 4.7 in) in SL.,[2] and are protected from predators by their body armor and by their sharp, typically venomous spines.[4]
The name Corydoras is derived from the Greek kory (helmet) and doras (skin).[5] Corydoras is by far the largest genus of Neotropical fishes with more than 160 species.[5] It is the sole genus in the tribe Corydoradini.[6] C. difluviatilis is recognized as the basalmost species of Corydoradini, exhibiting several plesiomorphic features compared to the other species of Corydoras.[6][3] The type species for this genus is Corydoras geoffroy.[5] Several hundred species are not yet classified, but kept by aquarists. These species are given 'C-numbers', originally devised by Hans-Georg Evers for the German fishkeeping magazine DATZ in 1993. In 2006, 153 C-numbers had been assigned, of which 32 had been assigned appropriate scientific names.[7]
The species C. barbatus, C. macropterus and C. prionotos have been reclassified into the genus Scleromystax.[6] Brochis had been differentiated from Corydoras due to the higher number of dorsal fin rays; however, Brochis has recently been suggested to be a synonym of Corydoras.[6] This is contested and has not been universally accepted. The sixray corydoras belongs in Aspidoras.[8]
Brochis is a formerly recognized genus of catfish. Between one and three fish of the Callichthyidae in the Siluriformes order are referred to as Brochis, however following recent classification these three species have been grouped in the genus Corydoras. The genus is considered defunct by most scientific authorities,[9] or as a junior synonym or subgenus of Corydoras.[10] Consequently, it is an example of Obsolete taxa
Despite being considered defunct, there are several morphological differences that fish formerly classified in the genus Brochis have. These include a noticeably larger body, a more lyre-like tail and most decisively, the extended dorsal fins that have more rays than those of Corydoras [11] Corydoras have 7-10 rays on their dorsal fins, while Brochis have 10–18.[12] Brochis are very large for their family, as all three species can exceed 8 centimetres in length. In the Brochis stable, Corydras splendens is the largest. It is also the largest Corydoras attaining a maximum size of 9.9 centimetres and 40 grams [13]
Corydoras are generally found in smaller-sized streams, along the margins of larger rivers, in marshes, and in ponds.[2] They are native to slow-moving and almost still (but seldom stagnant) streams and small rivers of South America, where the water is shallow and very murky. Most species are bottom-dwellers, foraging in sand, gravel or detritus.[2] The banks and sides of the streams are covered with a dense growth of plants and this is where the Corydoras are found. They inhabit a wide variety of water types but tend toward soft, neutral to slightly acidic or slightly alkaline pH and 5-10 degrees of hardness. They can tolerate only a small amount of salt (some species tolerate none at all) and do not inhabit environments with tidal influences. They are often seen in shoals.[2] Most species prefer being in groups and many species are found in schools or aggregations of hundreds or even thousands of individuals, usually of a single species, but occasionally with other species mixed in. Unlike most catfishes, which are nocturnal, these species are active during the daytime.[2] Corydoras are capable of breathing both water and air, often swimming to the surface to quickly ingest air before re-submerging. The frequency of this air breathing behavior increases when Corydoras are exposed to water with low oxygen availability, allowing them to tolerate periods of aquatic hypoxia.[14]
Their main food is bottom-dwelling insects and insect larvae and various worms, as well as some vegetable matter. Although no Corydoras are piscivorous, they will eat flesh from dead fishes. Their feeding method is to search the bottom with their sensory barbels and suck up food items with their mouth, often burying their snout up to their eyes.[15]
In several species of Corydoras, it has been observed that the fishes, after initial evasive reaction to threat, lie still; this is suggested to be a form of cryptic behavior. However, it is also argued that most species do not have cryptic coloration nor freezing behavior and continue to exist,[2] likely due to their armor and venom. A few species of Otocinclus: (O. affinis, O. flexilis, O. mimulus and O. xakriaba) are considered to be Batesian mimics of certain Corydoras species (C. diphyes, C. garbei, C. nattereri and C. paleatus, respectively). These species have bony plates of armor and strong, frequently venomous[16] spines as defenses, making them less palatable; by mimicking these species in size and coloration, Otocinclus avoid predation.[2]
A unique form of insemination has been described in Corydoras aeneus. When these fish reproduce, the male will present his abdomen to the female. The female will attach her mouth to the male's genital opening, creating the well-known "T-position" many Corydoras exhibit during courtship. The female will then drink the sperm. The sperm rapidly moves through her intestines and is discharged together with her eggs into a pouch formed by her pelvic fins. The female can then swim away and deposit the pouch somewhere else alone. Because the T-position is exhibited in other species than just C. aeneus, it is likely that this behavior is common in the genus.[17]
The genus is well known among aquarists for its many ornamental species.[18] They are well suited to tropical freshwater community aquariums, as they get along well with other species and are not aggressive. Corydoras are quite timid and peaceful and are recommended to be kept in shoals of four to six or more. Corydoras are mostly bottom feeders, so they should be offered sinking pellets as well as supplements of live and frozen foods. If flake foods are used, care should be taken to prevent all food from being eaten by faster moving fish at the higher levels of the tank.
Most Corydoras prefer soft, acidic water. They can, however, tolerate a wide range of water conditions, including temperatures that are cooler than tropical. They do not do well in fish tanks with high nitrate levels. This ion leads to the infection of the barbels, which will shorten and become useless. The barbels may also be affected by constant contact with a sharp substrate. Contrary to popular belief, these fish can be kept in a tank with gravel without affecting their barbels, as long as there are no sharp edges on the gravel, although they do prefer sand substrate. They are more likely to thrive if there is an open area of substrate on the bottom of the tank where they can obtain submerged food. It is a myth that salt cannot be used on this species of fish as a means of parasite medication. Salt can be added to the water of the Corydoras catfish in order to rid the fish of ich. These fish are fairly easy to keep, being peaceful, hardy, active and entertaining. Occasionally they will dart to the surface, sticking their snout above the water for an instant to take a breath of air. This behavior is perfectly normal and is not an indication that anything is wrong with the fish. However, if this is done in excess, it can indicate poor water conditions.
Where investigated, Corydoras sp. have been shown to be diurnal and crepuscular rather than nocturnal and activity can even peak at twilight.[19] Corydoras are a very popular choice for a community aquarium and are widely kept throughout the world. Their longevity in the aquarium is noteworthy; C. aeneus is said to have lived 27 years in captivity and 20 years is not too uncommon.
There are currently 161 recognized extant species in this genus, as well as one known extinct species:
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Corydoras is a genus of freshwater catfish in the family Callichthyidae and subfamily Corydoradinae. The species usually have more restricted areas of endemism than other callichthyids, but the area of distribution of the entire genus almost equals the area of distribution of the family, except for Panama where Corydoras is not present. Corydoras species are distributed in South America where they can be found from the east of the Andes to the Atlantic coast, from Trinidad to the Río de la Plata drainage in northern Argentina. Species assigned to Corydoras display a broad diversity of body shapes and coloration. Corydoras are small fish, ranging from 2.5 to 12 cm (1.0 to 4.7 in) in SL., and are protected from predators by their body armor and by their sharp, typically venomous spines.
Con el nombre de Brochis se conoce a algunos peces de la familia Callichthyidae en el orden Siluriformes. Su posición taxonómica es discutida. Para algunos es un género válido, el cual portaría de una a 3 especies, mientras que para otros sería solo un subgénero o "grupo de especies" dentro del muy amplio género Corydoras, fácilmente separable de este último por tener un hocico más alargado, un cuerpo más alto y especialmente por su aleta dorsal, la que posee un mayor número de radios (que la hacen casi unirse con la aleta adiposa) además de carecer en la misma de radios duros. Las Brochis habitan en los lechos de cursos fluviales de aguas templado-cálidas o cálidas en el centro y norte de América del Sur.
Las especies de Brochis se distribuyen en las aguas continentales de América del Sur. Habitan desde el sector occidental de la cuenca del río Amazonas en Colombia, Ecuador y el Perú, incluyendo el río Ucayali, el río Ambiyacu, y el área alrededor de Iquitos, pasando por la cuenca del río Paraguay, hasta Paraguay, el norte de la Argentina y el Uruguay (en el caso de Brochis britskii). Hacia el nordeste sudamericano llega hasta el estado de Minas Gerais, en el centro-este del Brasil.
Sus especies habitan en el lecho de cursos fluviales tropicales y subtropicales de agua dulce.
Este taxón fue descrito originalmente en el año 1871, por el ictiólogo estadounidense Edward Drinker Cope. La especie tipo es Brochis splendens.
Su taxonomía y sistemática es compleja y discutida. Algunos autores consideran que agrupa a ciertas especies dentro del género Corydoras (como un "grupo de especies" o subgénero).[1] Otros lo tratan como un taxón válido en el nivel genérico,[2] manteniendo las 3 especies tradicionales.[3] Pero otros pasan a Brochis britskii y Brochis splendens al género Corydoras[4] lo que dejaría en Brochis solo a Brochis multiradiatus, es decir, como un género monotípico.[5] Este último tratamiento no sería válido porque entra en conflicto con el Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica, ya que la especie tipo del género Brochis no es B. multiradiatus sino B. splendens.
Sus especies son similares a algunos grupos de especies del género Corydoras (por ejemplo: Corydoras aeneus). Pueden diferenciarse fácilmente por el hecho de que en Brochis el hocico es algo o muy alargado, el cuerpo es más alto y sus radios de la aleta dorsal son blandos además de presentarse en mayor número (en Brochis: + de 10, en Corydoras: menos de 8). Ambos géneros componen la tribu Corydoradini.[6] Para comienzos del año 2015 la sistemática de las Corydoradini estaba aún en fase de revisión; la publicación de sus resultados echará luz sobre las relaciones filogenéticas entre estos silúridos.
Este género o subgénero (o infragénero según el ordenamiento que se haga) comprendería de 1 a 3 especies:
Brochis coeruleus Cope, 1872 y Brochis dipterus Cope, 1872 se incluyen en la sinonimia de Brochis splendens.
La etimología de su denominación científica es la siguiente: Brochis deriva de la palabra en griego, brogchia, que significa 'garganta' o 'tráquea'.
Las especies de Brochis se mantienen bien en acuarios domésticos, en condiciones similares a las de la mayoría de las especies de Corydoras. Son peces resistentes, adecuados para tanques comunitarios al ser pacíficas y pequeñas alcanzando una longitud de unos 8,8cm. Viven en grupos sobre el fondo del acuario. El tanque debe contener abundantes plantas (no las arrancan) y estar decorado con troncos u otros objetos para proporcionarles escondites. Una filtración fuerte y cambios parciales del agua (en particular la de la parte inferior) son esenciales. Son considerados como más difíciles de criar en cautiverio que los Corydoras. La mayoría de los informes sucedió la reproducción en tanques con muy poca luz.[7][2]
Con el nombre de Brochis se conoce a algunos peces de la familia Callichthyidae en el orden Siluriformes. Su posición taxonómica es discutida. Para algunos es un género válido, el cual portaría de una a 3 especies, mientras que para otros sería solo un subgénero o "grupo de especies" dentro del muy amplio género Corydoras, fácilmente separable de este último por tener un hocico más alargado, un cuerpo más alto y especialmente por su aleta dorsal, la que posee un mayor número de radios (que la hacen casi unirse con la aleta adiposa) además de carecer en la misma de radios duros. Las Brochis habitan en los lechos de cursos fluviales de aguas templado-cálidas o cálidas en el centro y norte de América del Sur.
Brochis est un genre de poissons-chats d'eau douce. Ce genre est très proche du genre Corydoras, et les recherches scientifiques récentes[1] suggèrent qu'il n'en est qu'un synonyme.
Selon FishBase (29 octobre 2017)[2] :
Selon ITIS (29 octobre 2017)[3] :
Brochis est un genre de poissons-chats d'eau douce. Ce genre est très proche du genre Corydoras, et les recherches scientifiques récentes suggèrent qu'il n'en est qu'un synonyme.
Brochis multiradiatus (Orcés V., 1960), indicato a volte come pescegatto corazzato di smeraldo, è un piccolo pesce d'acqua dolce appartenente alla famiglia Callichthyidae. È l'unica specie del genere Brochis.
Assai simile a Corydoras splendens, con corpo piuttosto tozzo, a sezione triangolare, ricoperto ai fianchi da placche corazzate che si intersecano lungo la linea laterale, bocca rivolta verso il basso, allungata, con barbigli. Anche la livrea è simile: testa, dorso e fianchi sono grigi e smeraldo con riflessi metallici, il ventre è bianco/rosato, le pinne sono grigio-smeraldino.
Si distingue dalle specie del genere Corydoras, oltre che per l'aspetto tozzo, anche per la maggior lunghezza della pinna dorsale, retta da 17 raggi anziché dagli 11-12 di questi ultimi.
Raggiunge una lunghezza massima di 6,7 cm.
B. multiradiatus è un pesce pacifico, che vive in piccoli gruppi.
Si nutre prevalentemente di piccoli crostacei, anellidi, insetti e materia vegetale.
Depongono le uova in mezzo alla vegetazione. Non vi sono cure parentali.
Questa specie è diffusa in Sudamerica, nella parte occidentale del bacino del Rio delle Amazzoni (Ecuador e Perù). Abita acque con temperature comprese tra i 21° e i 24 °C.
Meno noto degli affini Corydoras e di Brochis splendens, è tuttavia diffuso e commerciato tra allevatori e negozi specializzati per la sua adattabilità e per la facilità d'allevamento e di riproduzione.
Brochis multiradiatus (Orcés V., 1960), indicato a volte come pescegatto corazzato di smeraldo, è un piccolo pesce d'acqua dolce appartenente alla famiglia Callichthyidae. È l'unica specie del genere Brochis.
Brochis is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van de pantsermeervallen (Callichthyidae).
Brochis is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van de pantsermeervallen (Callichthyidae).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Brochis – rodzaj słodkowodnych ryb z rodziny kiryskowatych (Callichthyidae). W 2003 Britto włączył go do rodzaju Corydoras[2].
Gatunki zaliczane do tego rodzaju[3]:
Gatunkiem typowym jest Brochis coeruleus (=B. splendens).
Brochis – rodzaj słodkowodnych ryb z rodziny kiryskowatych (Callichthyidae). W 2003 Britto włączył go do rodzaju Corydoras.
Brochis är ett släkte fiskar i familjen pansarmalar som förekommer i Sydamerika. De blir som vuxna mellan 6,0 och 8,8 centimeter långa, beroende på art.[1]
Släktet Brochis omfattar numera endast en art, som också förekommer som akvariefisk:[1]
Släktet omfattade tidigare ett par andra arter, som dock sedan 2013 är införda i släktet Corydoras:
Denna fiskrelaterade artikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
Brochis är ett släkte fiskar i familjen pansarmalar som förekommer i Sydamerika. De blir som vuxna mellan 6,0 och 8,8 centimeter långa, beroende på art.
