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Description ( englanti )

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Rana draytonii ranges in size from 1.5 to 5 inches in length, making it the largest native frog in the Western United States (Wright and Wright 1949). Adult females are significantly longer than males, with an average snout- urostyle length of 138 mm versus 116 mm for adult males (Hayes and Miyamoto 1984). Dorsolateral folds are prominent. Tadpoles range in length from 14 to 80 mm, and are a dark brown or olive, marked with darker spots (Storer 1925). The hind legs and lower abdomen of adult frogs are often characterized by a reddish or salmon pink color, and the back is brown, gray, olive, or reddish brown, marked with small black flecks and larger irregular dark blotches (Recovery Plan for the California Red-legged Frog 2002; Stebbins 1985). Dorsal spots often have light centers, and in some individuals form a network of black lines (Stebbins 1985). Rana draytonii differs from its close relative R. aurora , the Northern red-legged frog, in several ways. Adult R. draytonii are 35 to 40 millimeters longer than adult R. aurora (Hayes and Miyamoto 1984). The dorsal spots of R. draytonii are more numerous, and usually have light centers (Stebbins 1985). R. draytonii also has rougher skin, shorter limbs and smaller eyes than R. aurora (Stebbins 1985). R. draytonii has paired vocal sacs and typically calls from the air, while R. aurora lacks vocal sacs and may call underwater (Hayes and Krempels 1986; Licht 1969). Egg masses in R. draytonii are deposited such that the mass floats at the surface (Hayes and Miyamoto 1984), whereas R. aurora submerge the mass in deeper water (Licht 1969; Storm 1960). R. draytonii breed from November to April (Storer 1925), while R. aurora breeds from January to March (Nussbaum et al 1983).Rana draytonii is widely believed to have inspired Mark Twain's fabled story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." The California Red-legged frog was Federally listed on June 24, 1996. This species was featured as News of the Week:May 13, 2019: The California Red-legged Frog, Rana draytonii, has not been seen in Yosemite National Park for at least 50 years. Yet, thanks to the cooperative efforts of the National Park Service, Yosemite Conservancy, San Francisco Zoo & Gardens, U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, California Department of Fish & Wildlife, and NatureBridge, once again Red-legged frogs are back in Yosemite. In a program that began in 2016, an estimated 4,000 frog eggs and 500 adult frogs have been reintroduced from a captive breeding program at the zoo. But with another 200 adult frogs released in April and another 275 to be released in June, the reintroduction program is now fully operational. The captive population was founded with frogs collected in El Dorado County, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada north of Yosemite. The frogs were released in Cook’s Meadow, in view of Yosemite Falls in Yosemite Valley. Transponders attached to 75 frogs will enable researchers to follow the frogs in the future. This trial reestablishment might set the stage for future attempts in other parts of the Sierra Nevada where the frogs once thrived. (David B. Wake) Leer mas in espagñol. Cuenta por Fauna del Noroeste.

Viitteet

  • Jennings, M. (1998). Electronic database of California red-legged frog occurrences.
  • Natural Diversity Data Base (2001). California Department of Fish and Game, Natural Heritage Division, Sacramento, California.

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Distribution and Habitat ( englanti )

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Before the settlement of Europeans on the west coast, R. draytonii was probably common throughout the Coast Range from Point Arena (Mendocino County) south to Baja California, in the Sierra Nevada foothills, and around the northern part of the Central Valley. Records of this frog on the floor of the Central Valley probably represented short-term populations that did not survive the seasonal flooding of the valley floor (Zeiner et al. 1988; Jennings and Hayes 1985; Hayes and Krempels 1986). Today the species is still common in the San Francisco Bay area (primarily Marin, Contra Costa, and Alameda Counties). Moderately large populations are also found in some parts of the Coast Range from San Mateo County south to San Luis Obispo ). Isolated populations exist in the Sierra Nevada foothills, northern Transverse Ranges, and Baja California (Natural Diversity Data Base 2001; Jennings in litt. 1998; Fellers unpubl.). R. draytonii live in areas subject to temporal and spatial changes, and therefore make use of a variety of habits, consisting of both aquatic, upland and riparian (Recovery Plan for the California Red-legged Frog 2002). Adults breed in ponds or deep pools in slow-moving creeks. Where ponds are seasonal in nature, thickets and log jams along riparian corridors provide important non-breeding habitat. Populations are most likely to persist in areas with multiple breeding sites surrounded by suitable non-breeding habitat(N. Scott and G. Rathbun in litt. 1998).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( englanti )

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Many factors are contributing to the decline of R. draytonii populations, the main being habitat destruction and degradation. Introduced predators and perhaps disease have also contributed to the decline of this species.This species has been extirpated from 99% of its Sierra Nevada range and is believed to be extinct in the Central Valley. Breeding populations remain along the coast, from San Mateo County to San Luis Obispo County. In 1996, it was declared a threatened species and over 4 million acres of habitat were designated as critical. However, in 2006 developers sued and 90% of that habitat designation was lost. Now that has been partially remedied, thanks to legal action by the Center for Biological Diversity (http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2010/california-red-legged-frog-03-16-2010.html). As of March 16, 2010, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service has designated 1.6 million acres of habitat as critical, and the agency has acknowledged that the earlier reduction was flawed because of political interference from the Bush Administration. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has published A Recovery Plan (2002, pdf) for the California Red-legged Frog, which remains a guideline for conservation of this iconic species. Delisting of the species may be possible by 2025 if recovery goals are met according to this report.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( englanti )

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R. draytonii breeds during a 1-2 week period between November and April, depending on locality (Stebbins 1985; Storer 1925). Egg masses consist of between 300 and 5,000 eggs (Recovery Plan for the California Red-legged Frog 2002; Storer 1925; Fellers unpubl.). Egg masses are nearly always attached to emergent vegetation. Eggs hatch after 6 to 14 days depending on water temperature ( Jennings 1988). Larvae typically metamorphose in 3.5 to 7 months, usually between July and September ( Storer 1925; Wright and Wright 1949), but some overwinter and transform after more than 12 months in the larval stage (Fellers et al. in press). Males may attain sexual maturity at 2 years, females at 3 (Jennings and Hayes 1985), and adult frogs may live 8 to 10 years. (Jennings et al in lit 1992). Larvae are thought to be algal grazers ( Jennings et al in lit 1992), and the adult diet consists mostly of invertebrates. Pacific Tree Fogs (Hyla regilla) and California mice (Peromyscus californicus are occasionally consumed by adult frogs ( Hayes and Tennant 1985). Juvenile frogs may be active both nocturnally and diurnally, whereas adult frogs are primarily active nocturnally ( Hayes and Tennant 1985). The primary predators on R. draytonii include garter snakes (Thamnophis spp.), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and great blue herons (Ardea herodias). Less frequently, red-legged frogs are eaten by American bitterns (Botaurus lentiginosus), black-crowned night herons(Nycticorax nycticorax), and rarely by red-shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus)(Jennings and Hayes 1990; Rathbun and Murphy 1996). Other introduced species such as the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and non-native fish also prey on the frog.
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Relation to Humans ( englanti )

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The primary impact from humans has been from direct habitat loss, especially the construction of houses, shopping centers, and roads. Much of the range of Rana draytonii has been historically grazed, both by dairy and by beef cattle. Cattle grazing in riparian zones causes serious damage to the vegetation, stream channel, and water quality. Rana draytonii may have benefited from beef cattle grazing due to the increased number of stock ponds that are maintained for the cattle. Rana draytonii are also threatened by a number of introduced (non-native) species, some of which are regularly introduced by humans. These include sunfish, bass, trout, mosquitofish, and bullfrogs.
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California red-legged frog ( englanti )

tarjonnut wikipedia EN

The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) is a species of frog found in California (USA) and northern Baja California (Mexico). It was formerly considered a subspecies of the northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora).[4] The frog is an IUCN near-threatened species as of 2021,[1] has a NatureServe conservation status of Imperiled as of 2015,[2] and is a federally listed threatened species of the United States that is protected by law.[5][6]

Distribution

The California red-legged frog is found in California and extreme northern Baja California, northwestern Mexico.[1] This species now occurs most commonly along the northern and southern Coast Ranges, and in isolated areas in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains.[1] The current southernmost California populations are on the Santa Rosa Plateau in Riverside County, and within the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve in the Simi Hills in eastern Ventura County, near the community of West Hills.[1][7] In 2015, egg masses from the nearby Simi Hills were introduced to two streams in the Santa Monica Mountains. Juvenile frogs were found living at the locations a year later.[8][9]

Description

Tadpoles

R. draytonii is a moderate to large (4.4–14 cm or 1.7–5.5 in) frog. It is the biggest native frog species in the western United States.[10] The back is a brown, grey, olive, or reddish color, with black flecks and dark, irregular, light-centered blotches, and is coarsely granular. A dark mask with a whitish border occurs above the upper jaw, and black and red or yellow mottling is in the groin. The lower abdomen and the undersides of its hind legs are normally red. The male can be recognized by its large fore limbs, thumbs, and webbing. Only a portion of the toes are webbed, and it uses vocal sacs to grunt during breeding season.[10] The juvenile frog has more pronounced dorsal spotting, and may have yellow, instead of red, markings on the undersides of the hind legs. A characteristic feature of the red-legged frog is its dorsolateral fold, visible on both sides of the frog, extending roughly from the eye to the hip. R. draytonii looks very similar to the northern red-legged frog.

Ecology and behavior

This species has disappeared from an estimated 70% of its range, and is now only found in about 256 streams or drainages in 28 counties of California.[11] However, the species is still common along the coast, and most of their population declines are in the Sierra Nevada and Southern California. The California red-legged frog is an important food source for the endangered San Francisco garter snake in San Mateo County. The California newt is often found with this species due to sharing habitat requirements and the newts eating their eggs.[12] The California red-legged frog primarily eats earthworms, beetles, flies, and other winged insects. There have been instances where the species was viewed preying on juvenile snakes, small mammals such as mice, and other frogs and tadpoles.[13]

Breeding occurs from late December to early April.[10] The male frog's advertisement call is a series of a few small grunts, usually given while swimming around under water. Choruses are weak and easily missed. The adult California red-legged frog is nocturnal, while juvenile frogs are both nocturnal and active during the daytime.[10] The species inhabits dense, shrubby, or emergent riparian vegetation and still or slow-moving perennial and ephemeral water bodies that also serve as breeding sites. This species has been noted to utilize upland habitats as adults near aquatic areas (such as creeks). They often use these zones for basking and searching for prey.[14] They prefer tall plants such as cattails for protection and to lay eggs.[10]

The tadpoles (larvae) of this species may metamorphose into frogs within about 7 months of hatching from the egg, or may overwinter, taking up to 13 months.[15] This is a recent discovery, which may have management implications for the species, particularly when aquatic habitat undergoes modification.

The California red-legged frog exhibits several behaviors when approached by predators. They either stay immobile, quickly leap into vegetation in an upland habitat or a water source nearby, or, rarely, give off an alarm call to indicate danger. They have also been seen demonstrating the unken reflex when caught.[16]

Conservation

California red-legged frog in habitat
Egg mass

This frog is listed as threatened and is protected by federal[5][6] and California law. One cause of the population decline is habitat loss and destruction, but introduced predatory species, such as American bullfrogs, might also be a factor. Their habitats are in close proximity to roads and trails, indicating traffic, runoff, pollution, and other human interference may be a significant threat to the species. The species has also been found thriving in undisturbed and isolated ponds in comparison. Vegetation diversity and surface coverage on smaller ponds indicate a greater likelihood of the species being present.[12]

2006

After years of litigation initiated by land developers' organizations, specifically the Home Builders Association of Northern California, and scientific back-and-forth, the US Fish and Wildlife Service announced in April 2006 the designation of about 450,000 acres (1,800 km2) of critical California habitat for the threatened frog. This protected habitat did not include any land in Calaveras County, the setting of Mark Twain's short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", which features this species.

2008

On September 17, 2008, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to more than triple the habitat of the California red-legged frog, citing political manipulation by former Deputy Assistant Secretary Julie MacDonald at the United States Department of the Interior. According to the Los Angeles Times, "development and destruction of wetlands have eliminated the frogs from more than 70% of their historic range. MacDonald would have reduced what was left of the frog's range by 82%."[17] San Mateo County and Monterey County seem to have some of the largest healthy populations of these frogs, especially in coastal wetlands.[18][19]

2010

In March 2010, the US Fish and Wildlife Service announced 1,600,000 acres (6,500 km2) of protected land for the species throughout California, which has implications regarding development and use of such land.[1][20][21] The largest population of the frog will be given protection on a 48-acre stretch of land (19 ha) in Placer County.[22]

2015

A new law designates the California red-legged frog the “state amphibian.” Presently, it is subject to protection under both federal and state laws passed in 1996. Although the designation as official state amphibian does not provide legal protection to the frog as a threatened species, it does highlight the importance that California places on the frog's preservation.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Rana draytonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T136113A53990036. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b NatureServe (6 January 2023). "Rana draytonii". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  3. ^ "Rana draytonii Baird & Girard, 1852". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  4. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2018). "Rana draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  5. ^ a b "California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  6. ^ a b 61 FR 25813
  7. ^ Federal Register: "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Revised Designation of Critical Habitat for California Red-Legged Frog; Final Rule" Archived 2018-11-07 at the Wayback Machine . pg. 3 of pdf . accessed 6.16.2013
  8. ^ Carlson, Cheri (June 15, 2015). "Gone for decades, red-legged frogs surviving in Santa Monica Mountains". Ventura County Star. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  9. ^ DWORETZKY, JOE (2019-07-25). "The threatened frogs of the Santa Monica Mountains always had it hard. The Woolsey fire made things much worse". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  10. ^ a b c d e Garbus, Julia (2016). U-X-L endangered species: Amphibians, Corals, Fish, Plants, and Reptiles. Noah Berlatsky, Kathleen J. Edgar, Gale (3rd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale. pp. 572–575. ISBN 978-1-4103-3296-7. OCLC 933889215.
  11. ^ Recovery Plan for the California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) (PDF) (Report). Portland, Oregon: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  12. ^ a b Anderson, Rachel B. (2019-03-07). De Marco Júnior, Paulo (ed.). "Human traffic and habitat complexity are strong predictors for the distribution of a declining amphibian". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213426. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413426A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213426. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6405065. PMID 30845170.
  13. ^ Bishop, Meghan R.; Drewes, Robert C.; Vredenburg, Vance T. (2014). "Food Web Linkages Demonstrate Importance of Terrestrial Prey for the Threatened California Red-Legged Frog". Journal of Herpetology. 48 (1): 137–143. doi:10.1670/12-288. ISSN 0022-1511. S2CID 86398970.
  14. ^ Alvarez, Jeff A.; Wilcox, Jeffery T. (2021). "Observations of Nocturnal Upland Habitat Use by the Rana Draytonii (California Red-Legged Frog), and Implications for Restoration and Other Activities". Ecological Restoration. 39 (3): 155–157. doi:10.3368/er.39.3.155. ISSN 1543-4060. S2CID 236970675.
  15. ^ Fellers GM, Launer AE, Rathbun G, Bobzien S, Alvarez J, Sterner D, Seymour RB, Westphal M (2001). "Overwintering tadpoles in the California red-legged frog (Rana aurora draytonii)". Herpetological Review. 32: 156–157. S2CID 81756914.
  16. ^ Alvarez, Jeff A.; Haire, Jennifer L. (2021-12-27). "Unken Reflex in the California Red-legged Frog Rana draytonii in Western North America". Bulletin, Southern California Academy of Sciences. 120 (3): 132–134. doi:10.3160/0038-3872-120.3.132. ISSN 0038-3872. S2CID 245386391.
  17. ^ Cart, Julie (17 September 2008). Room to stretch a frog's red legs. Los Angeles Times Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  18. ^ "California Red-Legged Frog". Wild Equity Institute. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  19. ^ "California Red-Legged Frog" (PDF). California Department of Pesticide Regulation. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  20. ^ Barnett, Lindsay (16 March 2010). "Endangered California Red-Legged Frog to Receive Large New Protected Habitat Area - Finally". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  21. ^ .PDF Maps of Northern and Southern Protected Ranges via FWS Archived May 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Perlman, David (24 November 2010). Red-legged frogs get 48-acre preserve in Sierra.San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  23. ^ Assembly Bill 2364 codified as Government Code §422.7. Effective January 1, 2015.
    "California red-legged frog named state amphibian". KPCC. Associated Press. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
    "New California laws for 2015: Frogs, drones, Confederate flags". Los Angeles Times. 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
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California red-legged frog: Brief Summary ( englanti )

tarjonnut wikipedia EN

The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) is a species of frog found in California (USA) and northern Baja California (Mexico). It was formerly considered a subspecies of the northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora). The frog is an IUCN near-threatened species as of 2021, has a NatureServe conservation status of Imperiled as of 2015, and is a federally listed threatened species of the United States that is protected by law.

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Rana draytonii ( kastilia )

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Rana draytonii[2]​ es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Ranidae. Es uno de los anfibios capaces de realizar los saltos más largos, capaces de saltar hasta unos 6 m (récord). La especie que ha disminuido significativamente o ha desaparecido de gran parte de su área de distribución natural ha sido clasificada como vulnerable. Una vez fue común y habría inspirado la historia de Mark Twain: la famosa rana saltarina del condado de Calaveras.

Distribución geográfica

Esta especie se encuentra desde el nivel del mar hasta 2440 msnm en el oeste de América del Norte, en México en el noroeste del estado de Baja California y, en los Estados Unidos, en el oeste de California.[3]

Etimología

Esta especie lleva el nombre en honor a Joseph Drayton (1795-1856).

Publicación original

  • Baird & Girard, 1852 : Descriptions of new species of reptiles, collected by the U.S. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. First part — Including the species from the western coast of America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 6, p. 174-177[4]

Estado de las poblaciones

Anteriormente común, la especie ahora está amenazada y sujeta a un plan de reintroducción (se observaron nueve huevos en 2017 en el condado).[cita requerida]

Referencias

  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2018). «Rana draytonii». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2018.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 1 de junio de 2019.
  2. NCBI : Rana draytonii especie de anfibio anuro Consultado el 1 de junio de 2019
  3. AmphibiaWeb : Rana draytonii (Baird & Girard, 1852) Consultado el 1 de junio de 2019
  4. Amphibian Species of the World: Rana draytonii (Baird & Girard, 1852) Consultado el 1 de junio de 2019

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Rana draytonii: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

Rana draytonii​ es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Ranidae. Es uno de los anfibios capaces de realizar los saltos más largos, capaces de saltar hasta unos 6 m (récord). La especie que ha disminuido significativamente o ha desaparecido de gran parte de su área de distribución natural ha sido clasificada como vulnerable. Una vez fue común y habría inspirado la historia de Mark Twain: la famosa rana saltarina del condado de Calaveras.

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Rana draytonii ( baski )

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Rana draytonii Rana generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Ranidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Rana draytonii: Brief Summary ( baski )

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Rana draytonii Rana generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Ranidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Rana draytonii ( ranska )

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Rana draytonii, la Grenouille à pattes rouges de Californie, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Ranidae[1]. Elle compte parmi les amphibiens capables d'effectuer les bonds les plus longs, pouvant sauter jusqu'à environ 6 m (record). L'espèce en forte régression ou disparue d'une grande partie de son aire naturelle de répartition a été classée vulnérable. Elle était autrefois commune et aurait inspiré l'histoire de Mark Twain : La Célèbre Grenouille sauteuse du comté de Calaveras[2].

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre du niveau de la mer jusqu'à 2 440 m d'altitude dans l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord[1],[3] :

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Rana draytonii
 src=
Rana draytonii

Étymologie

Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de Joseph Drayton (1795-1856)[4].

Publication originale

  • Baird & Girard, 1852 : Descriptions of new species of reptiles, collected by the U.S. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. First part — Including the species from the western coast of America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 6, p. 174-177 (texte intégral).

État des populations, pressions...

Autrefois commune, l'espèce est aujourd'hui menacée[2] et faisant l'objet d'un plan de réintroduction (9 pontes ont été observées en 2017 dans le comté)[5],[6].

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. a et b Conservationists announce major leap in quest to save Mark Twain’s ‘jumping frogs? Science News, 23 mars 2017
  3. UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  4. (en) Ellin Beltz, « Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained »
  5. [ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/03/23/rare-california-frogs-of-mark-twain-lore-are-having-sex-again-to-the-delight-of-wildlife-researchers/ Rare California frogs of Mark Twain lore are having sex again, to the delight of wildlife researchers], article de Derek Hawkins paru le 23 mars 2017 dans le Washington Post
  6. Rare Species Discovered Breeding in Santa Monica Mountains, communiqué du 22 mars 2017 émis par le National Park Service
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Rana draytonii: Brief Summary ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Rana draytonii, la Grenouille à pattes rouges de Californie, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Ranidae. Elle compte parmi les amphibiens capables d'effectuer les bonds les plus longs, pouvant sauter jusqu'à environ 6 m (record). L'espèce en forte régression ou disparue d'une grande partie de son aire naturelle de répartition a été classée vulnérable. Elle était autrefois commune et aurait inspiré l'histoire de Mark Twain : La Célèbre Grenouille sauteuse du comté de Calaveras.

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Rana draytonii ( galicia )

tarjonnut wikipedia gl Galician

Rana draytonii é unha especie de ra que se encontra en California (EUA) e norte de Baixa California (México). Anteriormente era considerada unha subespecie da Rana aurora e recibía o nome de Rana aurora draytonii, pero posterioremnte foi separada na súa especie propia.[2] A IUCN considéraa unha especie vulnerable e está na lista federal de especies ameazadas de Estados Unidos, onde está protexida pola lei.[1][3]

Distribución

Vive en Califorma e no extremo norte de Baixa California ao noroeste de México.[1] Onde máis abunda é o longo das cadeas montañosas costerias de California do norte e sur, e en áreas illadas das ladeiras de Sierra Nevada.[1] As poboacións californianas máis ao sur actuais son as da Chaira de Santa Rosa no condado de Riverside, e as da Reserva de Espazo Aberto de Upper Las Virgenes Canyon nas Simi Hills ao leste do condado de Ventura, preto da comunidade de West Hills.[1][4] En 2015, masas de ovos recollidos nas Simi Hills foron introducidos en dous ríos das Montañas de Santa Mónica. Atopáronse ras novas vivindo nesas localidades un ano máis tarde.[5]

Descrición

R. draytonii é unha ra de tamaño mediano a grande de 4,4 a 14 cm. O dorso é marrón, gris, oliva ou avermellado, con pintas negras e manchas escuras irregulares de centro claro, e teñen grosos granulacións. Ten unha máscara escura con beiras abrancazadas sobre a mandíbula superior e pintas negras e vermellas ou amarelas nas inguas. A parte inferior do abdome e as partes inferiores das patas dianteiras son normalmente vermellas. O macho pode recoñecerse polas súas grandes patas traseiras, polgares e dedos palmados. As ras xuvenís teñen manchas dorsais máis pronunciadas e poden ter marcas amarelas en vez de vermellas na parte inferior das patas traseiras. Unha característica distintiva é o pregamento dorsolateral, visible a ambos os lados do animal, que se estende aproximadamente desde o ollo á cadeira. R. draytonii parécese moito a R. aurora.

Ecoloxía e comportamento

Estímase que esta especie desapareceu do 70% da súa anterior área de distribución e agora só quedan poboacións en 256 ríos ou cuncas de drenaxe de 28 condados de California.[6] Porén, a especie é aínda común ao longo da costa e a maioría do declive observado das poboacións ten lugar en Sierra Nevada e sur de California. Esta ra é unha importante fonte de alimento para a subespecie de serpe en perigo Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia no condado de San Mateo.

A reprodución ten lugar de novembro a marzo ou ás veces máis cedo cara ao límite sur da súa área. A chamada de anuncio do macho é unha serie de pequenos gruñidos, emitidos xeralmente mentres nada baixo a auga. Os coros son febles e facilmente pasan desapercibidos. Esta especie adoita ser activa polo día e habita en zonas de vexetación de ribeira densa, arbustiva ou emerxente e en corpos de auga tranquilos ou de augas lentas perennes ou efémeros que tamén lle serven como sitios de reprodución.

Os cágados (larvas) desta especie poden metamorfizarse en ras nuns 7 meses despois da eclosión do ovo ou poden pasar todo o inverno sen empezar a metamorfose ata 13 meses despois da eclosión.[7] Este é un descubrimento recente, que pode ter implicacións para a xestión conservacionista da especie, especialmente cando os hábitats acuáticos sofren modificacións.

Conservación

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R. draytonii no seu hábitat
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Masa de ovos

Esta ra está listada como ameazada e protexida polas leis californianas e as federais. A causa principal do declive da poboación é a perda de hábitat e a súa destrución, pero especies predadoras introducidas como Lithobates catesbeianus, poderían ser tamén un factor que inflúe negativamente.

2006

Despois de varios anos de litixio iniciado polas organizacións para o desenvolvemento do territorio como a Home Builders Association of Northern California e a opinion dos científicos, o Servizo de Vida Silvestre e Pesca de EUA anunciou en abril de 2006 a designación duns 1800 km2 de hábitat crítico en California para a ra ameazada. Este hábitat protexido non indluía terras no condado de Calaveras, onde se situaba o relato curto de Mark Twain "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" (A célebre ra saltarica do condado de Calaveras), que protagoniza esta especie.

2008

En setembro de 2008, o Servizo de Vida Silvestre de EUA propuxo máis que triplicar o hábitat desta ra, citando manipulación política do anterior subsecretario adxunto Julie MacDonald no Departamento do Interior de Estados Unidos. Segundo Los Angeles Times, "o desenvolvemento e destrución de zonas húmidas eliminara as ras de máis do 70% da súa área histórica. MacDonald reducira o que quedaba da área de distribución da ra nun 82%."[8] O condado de San Mateo e o de Monterey parecían albergar algunhas das maiores e máis saudables poboacións desta especie, especialmente en zonas húmidas costeiras.[9][10]

2010

En marzo de 2010, o Servizo de Vida Salvaxe e Pesca de EUA anunciou a protección de 6500 km2 para esta especie en California, o cal tivo consecuencias no desenvolvemento e uso de ditas terras.[1][11][12] As maiores poboacións da ra recibirán protección nunha zona de 48 acres no condado de Placer.[13]

2015

Unha nova lei designou a ra R. draytonii como "anfibio do estado" de California. Actualmente está suxeita a protección por leis federais e estatais aprobadas en 1996. Aínda que a designación oficial como anfibio do estado non proporciona de seu protección legal como especie ameazada, serviu para salientar a importancia dos lugares de California onde vive para a súa protección.[14]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Hammerson, Geoffrey (2008). "Rana draytonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T136113A4240307. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136113A4240307.en. Consultado o 31 December 2018.
  2. Frost, Darrel R. (2018). "Rana draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Consultado o 31 December 2018.
  3. "California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii)". ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 02 de xullo de 2017. Consultado o 28 de abril de 2019.
  4. Federal Register: "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Revised Designation of Critical Habitat for California Red-Legged Frog; Final Rule" . pg. 3 of pdf . accessed 6.16.2013
  5. Carlson, Cheri (June 15, 2015). "Gone for decades, red-legged frogs surviving in Santa Monica Mountains". Ventura County Star. Consultado o 5 March 2016.
  6. "Recovery Plan for the California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii)" (PDF). Portland, Oregon: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Consultado o 2013-04-03.
  7. Fellers, G. M., et al. 2001. Overwintering tadpoles in the California red-legged frog (Rana aurora draytonii). Herpetological Review 32:156–157.
  8. Cart, J. Room to stretch a frog's red legs. Los Angeles Times September 17, 2008.
  9. "California Red-Legged Frog". Wild Equity Institute. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 05 de marzo de 2016. Consultado o August 29, 2011.
  10. "California Red-Legged Frog" (PDF). California Department of Pesticide Regulation. 2002. Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 25 de maio de 2017. Consultado o August 29, 2011.
  11. 6:19 pm (2010-03-16). "Endangered California Red-Legged Frog to Receive Large New Protected Habitat Area - Finally". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. Consultado o 2014-01-26.
  12. .PDF Maps of Northern and Southern Protected Ranges via FWS Arquivado May 13, 2008, en Wayback Machine.
  13. Perlman, D. Red-legged frogs get 48-acre preserve in Sierra.San Francisco Chronicle November 24, 2010.
  14. Assembly Bill 2364 codified as Government Code §422.7. Effective January 1, 2015.
    "California red-legged frog named state amphibian". KPCC. Associated Press. 7 July 2014. Consultado o 1 January 2015.

    "New California laws for 2015: Frogs, drones, Confederate flags". Los Angeles Times. 1 January 2015. Consultado o 1 January 2015.

Véxase tamén

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Rana draytonii: Brief Summary ( galicia )

tarjonnut wikipedia gl Galician

Rana draytonii é unha especie de ra que se encontra en California (EUA) e norte de Baixa California (México). Anteriormente era considerada unha subespecie da Rana aurora e recibía o nome de Rana aurora draytonii, pero posterioremnte foi separada na súa especie propia. A IUCN considéraa unha especie vulnerable e está na lista federal de especies ameazadas de Estados Unidos, onde está protexida pola lei.

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Rana draytonii ( Latina )

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Rana draytonii est species anurorum nunc in California endemica.[1] Subspecies Ranae aurorae esse antea putabatur. Secundum IUCN status eius est Damno Obiecta, quam ob rem a legibus Civitatum Foederatarum Americae protegitur. Anno 2014 Rana draytonii amphibium officiale Californiae a Jerry Brown Gubernatore nominata est.[2]

Habitatio

Rana draytonii ad modum aliarum ranarum vivit, itaque in eisdem circumiectis reperitur. In lacubus temporariis permanentibusque invenitur, atque in fluminibus cum plantis adiacentibus quae ab inimicis naturalibus tuentur.[2]

Nexus interni

Notae

  1. Geoffrey Hammerson, "Rana draytonii (California Red-legged Frog)," IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species (2008).
  2. 2.0 2.1 Gary Nafis, "California Red-legged Frog," A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of California (2015).
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Et auctores varius id editors
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Rana draytonii: Brief Summary ( Latina )

tarjonnut wikipedia LA

Rana draytonii est species anurorum nunc in California endemica. Subspecies Ranae aurorae esse antea putabatur. Secundum IUCN status eius est Damno Obiecta, quam ob rem a legibus Civitatum Foederatarum Americae protegitur. Anno 2014 Rana draytonii amphibium officiale Californiae a Jerry Brown Gubernatore nominata est.

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Et auctores varius id editors
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wikipedia LA

Rana draytonii ( portugali )

tarjonnut wikipedia PT

Rana draytonii é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Ranidae. Estava anteriormente classificada como subspécie Rana aurora draytonii, mas actualmente é reconhecida como sendo uma espécie. Habita as montanhas costeiras da Califórnia, desde Baja California até Marin County. A norte de Marin County, uma espécie próxima, Rana aurora, pode ser encontrada.

Referências

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Rana draytonii: Brief Summary ( portugali )

tarjonnut wikipedia PT

Rana draytonii é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Ranidae. Estava anteriormente classificada como subspécie Rana aurora draytonii, mas actualmente é reconhecida como sendo uma espécie. Habita as montanhas costeiras da Califórnia, desde Baja California até Marin County. A norte de Marin County, uma espécie próxima, Rana aurora, pode ser encontrada.

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alkuperäinen
käy lähteessä
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wikipedia PT