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Tragus racemosus (L.) All.

Comprehensive Description ( englanti )

tarjonnut North American Flora
Nazia racemosa (I,.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 780. 1891
Cenchrus racemosus 'L,. Sp. PI. 1049. 1753. Phalaris muricata Forsk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 202. 1775. Tragus racemosus All. Fl. Fed. 2 : 241. 1785. Tragus m.uricatus Moench, Meth. 53. 1794. Lappago racemosa Willd. Sp. PI. 1 : 484. 1798.
Stems up to 4 dm. tall, often rooting at the lower nodes and there sending up tufts of erect branches; leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades up to 6 cm. long, usually less than 4 cm., 2-4 mm. wide, flat, ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous; inflorescence 2-8 cm. long, often included at the base; spikelets 4—4.5 mm. long, the spines with the somewhat swollen opaque base shorter than the translucent apex, the longer ones often 1 mm. in length.
Type locality : Southern Europe.
Distribution : Occasionally introduced about cities or as a ballast waif ; native of the warm temperate and tropical regions of the Old World.
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George Valentine Nash. 1912. (POALES); POACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 17(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Physical Description ( englanti )

tarjonnut USDA PLANTS text
Annuals, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems geniculate, decumbent, or lax, sometimes rooting at nodes, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2 -ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath hairy at summit, throat, or collar, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades very narrow or filiform, less than 2 mm wide, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Ligule present, Ligule a fringe of hairs, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence a dense slender spike-like panicle or raceme, branches contracted, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence spike linear or cylindric, several times longer than wide, Inflorescence a panicle with narrowly racemose or spicate branches, Inflorescence branches more than 10 to numerous, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets paired at ra chis nodes, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Spikelets falling with parts of disarticulating rachis or pedicel, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 1 clearly present, the other greatly reduced or absent, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glume equal to or longer than spikelet, Glumes and spikelets tuberculate, warty, or spiny, Glume surface hairy, villous or pilose, Glumes 4-7 nerved, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 3 nerved, Lemma body or surface hairy, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma awnless, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Lemma surface pilose, setose or bristly, Palea present, well developed, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea about equal to lemma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis, Caryopsis ellipsoid, longitudinally grooved, hilum long-linear, Tragus racemosus Annuals, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath hairy at summit, throat, or collar, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades very narrow or filiform, less than 2 mm wide, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Ligule present, Ligule a fringe of hairs, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence a dense slender spike-like panicle or raceme, branches contracted, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, I nflorescence spike linear or cylindric, several times longer than wide, Inflorescence a panicle with narrowly racemose or spicate branches, Inflorescence branches more than 10 to numerous, Peduncle or rachis scabrous or pubescent, often with long hairs, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets paired at rachis nodes, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Spikelets falling with parts of disarticulating rachis or pedicel, Rachilla or pedicel hairy, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 1 clearly present, the other greatly reduced or absent, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glume equal to or longer than spikelet, Glumes and spikelets tuberculate, warty, or spiny, Glume surface hairy, villous or pilose, Glumes 4-7 nerved, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginou s, or membranous, Lemma 3 nerved, Lemma body or surface hairy, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma awnless, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Lemma surface pilose, setose or bristly, Palea present, well developed, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea about equal to lemma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis, Caryopsis ellipsoid, longitudinally grooved, hilum long-linear.
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USDA PLANTS text

Traubiges Klettengras ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Das Traubige Klettengras (Tragus racemosus) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Klettengräser (Tragus) in der Unterfamilie Chloridoideae innerhalb der Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae). Sie ist in vielen Gebieten der Welt ein Neophyt.

Beschreibung

Das Traubige Klettengras wächst als einjährige krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von meist 10 bis 35, selten bis zu 50 cm. Die niederliegenden bis aufsteigenden Halme sind verzweigt und es werden an den Knoten (Nodien) Wurzeln gebildet. Die wechselständig angeordneten Laubblätter sind in Blattscheide und Blattspreite gegliedert. Die Blattscheide ist bauchig aufgeblasen. Das Blatthäutchen (Ligula) als Haarkranz ausgebildet. Die einfache, ledrige Blattspreite ist flach und der Blattrand ist steif behaart.[1]

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Ährenrispe

In einem zusammengezogenen, ährenförmigen, rispigen Blütenstand stehen drei bis acht 3,5 bis 5,2 mm lang gestielte Ährchen zusammen. Die untere Hüllspelze ist bei einer Länge von 1 mm breit dreieckig und die obere zugespitzt, ledrig, siebennervig mit auffallenden hakigen Stacheln auf den Nerven.[1]

Die Blütezeit ist Juni bis September.[2]

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 40.[3]

Ökologie

Beim Traubigen Klettengras ist nur ein Teil der Ährchen fruchtbar, aber die anderen dienen der Klettausbreitung (Epichorie). Die Borsten verhaken sich im Fell von Tieren.

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Traubiges Klettengras (Tragus racemosus)

Vorkommen

Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet des Traubigen Klettengrases reicht von Europa bis Zentralasien und vom tropischen und südlichen Afrika bis Pakistan.[4] Das Traubige Klettengras ist eine subtropische Pflanze, die vielleicht aus der afrikanischen oder vorderindischen Savannenregion stammt. In Europa nordwärts bis zur Bretagne, oberes Rhonetal, Alpensüdrand, Marchfeld; nördlich der Alpen nur stellenweise eingebürgert. Mittelmeergebiet, Mittlerer Osten, Afrika, sonst in wärmeren Gebieten weltweit verschleppt. Man findet es sehr selten in „Unkraut“-beständen vor allem auf Verladebahnhöfen und in Hafenanlagen, über die Wolle umgeschlagen wird. Die reifen Ährchen des Klettengrases bleiben im Fell von Tieren hängen und werden so ausgebreitet. Nach Mitteleuropa wurde das Gras deshalb zumeist mit Wolle beispielsweise ins Rheintal zwischen Karlsruhe und Bingen eingeschleppt. Neuerdings tritt es dort – möglicherweise bedingt durch den Rückgang der Textilindustrie – wesentlich seltener auf.

Das Traubige Klettengras gedeiht auf lockeren, meist sandigen und stets nährsalzreichen, sommerwarmen, humusarmen Boden. Es erträgt zeitweilige Trockenheit. Es wächst in Mitteleuropa in Gesellschaften der Verbände Salsolion, Eragrostion oder Polygonion avicularis.[3]

Die ökologischen Zeigerwerte nach Landolt & al. 2010 sind in der Schweiz: Feuchtezahl F = 1 (sehr trocken), Lichtzahl L = 5 (sehr hell), Reaktionszahl R = 4 (neutral bis basisch), Temperaturzahl T = 5 (sehr warm-kollin), Nährstoffzahl N = 4 (nährstoffreich), Kontinentalitätszahl K = 3 (subozeanisch bis subkontinental).[5]

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Tragus racemosus (L.) All., Traubiges Klettengras. FloraWeb.de
  2. Peter Schönfelder, Ingrid Schönfelder: Die neue Kosmos-Mittelmeerflora. Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-440-10742-3. S. 410.
  3. a b Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5. Seite 262.
  4. Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Tragus racemosus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 18. November 2016.
  5. Tragus racemosus (L.) All. In: Info Flora, dem nationalen Daten- und Informationszentrum der Schweizer Flora. Abgerufen am 8. April 2021.

Literatur

  • Siegmund Seybold: Die Flora von Deutschland und der angrenzenden Länder. Ein Buch zum Bestimmen aller wild wachsenden und häufig kultivierten Gefäßpflanzen. Begründet von Otto Schmeil, Jost Fitschen. 95. vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2.
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: Bildatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Herausgegeben vom Bundesamt für Naturschutz (= Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Band 2). 2. korrigierte und erweiterte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2.
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (Hrsg.): Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Baden-Württembergs. Band 7: Spezieller Teil (Spermatophyta, Unterklassen Alismatidae, Liliidae Teil 1, Commelinidae Teil 1): Butomaceae bis Poaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3316-4 (Band7).
  • Hans Joachim Conert: Pareys Gräserbuch. Die Gräser Deutschlands erkennen und bestimmen. Parey, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3327-6.

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Traubiges Klettengras: Brief Summary ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Das Traubige Klettengras (Tragus racemosus) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Klettengräser (Tragus) in der Unterfamilie Chloridoideae innerhalb der Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae). Sie ist in vielen Gebieten der Welt ein Neophyt.

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Tragus racemosus ( englanti )

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Tragus racemosus, commonly referred to as stalked bur grass,[1] European bur grass,[2] or large carrot seed grass,[3] is a species of grass native to Europe.[4] It is often confused with a similar plant of the same genus, Tragus berteronianus.[5] It is a monocot and is considered a weed in many countries and is a relatively uncommon seed contaminant.[2]

Description

Mature Tragus racemosus plants are typically 0.5-1.5 ft. (15.24-45.72 cm) tall with clustered stems.

Leaves are mostly cauline and arranged in a distichous manner. They are typically 1.5-4 mm long and do not have auricles.[6] There is a distinct separation between the leaf blade and the leaf sheath.

Leaf blades are linear and filiform with parallel venation. They are typically 0.5-5.5 cm long and 1.5-4mm wide.[6] The surface of the leaf is mostly glabrous with ligules present.

Branches are typically 2.1-4.8 mm long, with 2-5 spikelets paired at rachis nodes. Flowers can be found attached to branches with racemouse inflorescence. They contain 3 yellow anthers between 0.6-0.8 mm[6][5] and 2 white stigmas.[7] Proximal spikelets are 3.8-6.6 mm, second spikelets are 2.3-6.6 mm, and the third and fourth spikelets are 0.8-4.2 mm.[6] Each spikelet contains one floret with smooth lemma. Each lemma contains 3 veins.

Unlike other members of the Tragus genus who have a chromosome count of 2n=20, Tragus racemosus has a chromosome count of 2n=40.

Tragus racemosus, along with other members in the Tragus species, utilizes C4 photosynthesis.[8]

Distribution and habitat

Tragus racemosus is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa. It has been specifically identified in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Spain, and the United Kingdom.

Tragus racemosus is an introduced species to North and South America[4] and has been found in established populations in Arizona[9] where it grows in sandy soil. It can occasionally be found in New England. Accounts of Tragus racemosus on the Western coast of the United States have been in manmade or disturbed habitats such as dump sites or construction sites and have not resulted in established populations.[6] It has been reported in New Mexico and Texas, but these reports have since been contributed to confusion with a similar grass species of the same genus, Tragus berteronianus.[9]

Phenology

Tragus racemosus is an annual plant. As is common with other species that use C4 photosynthesis, it grows primarily in the hot and dry periods of the summer months.[8] In the northern hemisphere, it has been reported to flower in August and October. It has also been reported to produce fruit in August and October. It appears to have leaves from late July through early November.[2][10]

Uses

Because Tragus racemosus is a grass, it can be used to reduce soil erosion in areas where it is native to.[11]

Species of the Tragus genus, including Tragus racemosus, are not suitable grasses for grazing. If these plants are found in abundance, it could suggest overgrazing, in which the other grasses suitable for grazing are eaten, eliminating competition and allowing Tragus racemosus to grow in larger quantities.[1][12]

References

  1. ^ a b "Plants Profile for Tragus racemosus (stalked bur grass)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  2. ^ a b c "Tragus racemosus (L.) All., European bur grass (Weeds)". Pl@ntNet. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  3. ^ "Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  4. ^ a b "Tragus racemosus". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  5. ^ a b "Tragus". Herbarium. Archived from the original on 2010-06-26. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Tragus racemosus (stalked burgrass): Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  7. ^ "Grass genera of the world - Tragus Haller". www.delta-intkey.com. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
  8. ^ a b Kalapos, Tibor (January 1991). "C3 and C4 grasses of Hungary: environmental requirements, phenology and role in the vegetation". Abstracta Botanica – via ResearchGate.
  9. ^ a b Reeder, John R.; Reeder, Charlotte (1978). "Tragus racemosus in Arizona". Madroño. 25 (2): 107–108. ISSN 0024-9637. JSTOR 41424145.
  10. ^ "European Bur-Grass (Tragus racemosus)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  11. ^ "StackPath". www.gardeningknowhow.com. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
  12. ^ "Flora of Botswana: Species information: Tragus berteronianus". www.botswanaflora.com. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
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Tragus racemosus: Brief Summary ( englanti )

tarjonnut wikipedia EN

Tragus racemosus, commonly referred to as stalked bur grass, European bur grass, or large carrot seed grass, is a species of grass native to Europe. It is often confused with a similar plant of the same genus, Tragus berteronianus. It is a monocot and is considered a weed in many countries and is a relatively uncommon seed contaminant.

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Tragus racemosus ( vietnam )

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Tragus racemosus là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được (L.) All. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1785.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Tragus racemosus. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 6 năm 2013.

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Tragus racemosus: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

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Tragus racemosus là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được (L.) All. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1785.

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锋芒草 ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Tragus racemosus

锋芒草学名Tragus racemosus)为禾本科锋芒草属下的一个种。

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锋芒草: Brief Summary ( kiina )

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锋芒草(学名:Tragus racemosus)为禾本科锋芒草属下的一个种。

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