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Description ( englanti )

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Projecting upper-jaw teeth and triangular head distinguish the Black Salamander as a climbing salamander of the genus Aneides (Dunn 1926). Aneides flavipunctatus has a characteristic black or slaty ventral coloration. Dorsal coloration varies greatly depending upon locality. The dorsum may be uniformly black, or black with very small white flecks in the extreme southern part of its range; black with large white spots in the interior Coast Range (from Alder Springs, Glenn Co., and Lucerne, Lake Co., CA south); black with pale yellow or whitish spots in the outer Coast Range (from Sonoma Co. to middle Mendocino Co.); black frosted with gray, olive, or green, with few or no light spots, in the Redwood country of Mendocino Co. and Humboldt Co.; and black with many small white spots from the Klamath Mts. to Mt. Shasta (Stebbins 1985).See other subspecies accounts at www.californiaherps.com: A. f. flavipunctatus (http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/pages/a.f.flavipunctatus.html) and A. f. niger (http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/pages/a.f.niger.html).

Viitteet

  • Dunn, E. R. (1926). The Salamanders of the Family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northhampton, Massachusetts.
  • Jones, L. L. C. (1984). ''Life history notes: Aneides flavipunctatus flavipunctatus (Speckled Black Salamander). Behavior.'' Herpetological Review, 15(1), 17.
  • Larson, A. (1980). ''Paedomorphosis in relation to rates of morphological and molecular evolution in the salamander Aneides flavipunctatus.'' Evolution, 34(1), 1-17.
  • Lehmann, D. L. (1954). ''Some helminths of the West Coast urodeles.'' Journal of Parasitology, 40, 231.
  • Lynch, J. F. (1974). ''Aneides flavipunctatus.'' Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 158.1.
  • Lynch, J. F. (1981). ''Patterns of ontogenetic and geographic variation in the Black Salamander, Aneides flavipunctatus.'' Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, (324), i-iv, 1-53.
  • Lynch, J.F. (1985). "The feeding ecology of Aneides flavipunctatus and sympatric plethodontid salamanders in northwestern California." Journal of Herpetology, 19, 328-352.
  • Myers, G.S. (1930). "Notes on some amphibians in western North America." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 43, 55-64.
  • Myers, G.S. and Maslin, T.P., Jr. (1948). ''The California plethodont salamander, Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch), with descriptions of a new subspecies and notes on other western Aneides.'' Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 61, 127-128.
  • Rissler, L. J., and Apodaca, J. J. (2007). ''Adding more ecology into species delimitation: ecological niche models and phylogeography help define cryptic species in the black salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus).'' Systematic Biology, 56, 924-942.
  • Schad, G. A. (1960). ''The genus Thelandros (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea) in North American salamanders, including a description of Thelandros salamandrae.'' Canadian Journal of Zoology, 38, 115-120.
  • Staub, N.L. (1993). ''Intraspecific agonistic hehavior of the salamander Aneides flavipunctatus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) with comparisons to other plethodontid species.'' Herpetologica, 49, 271-282.
  • Staub, Nancy (2016). ''The Age of Plethodontid Salamanders: A Short Review on Longevity.'' Copeia, 104(1), 118-123.
  • Staub, Nancy (2016). ''Age, Sexual Dimorphism, and Growth Rates in the Black Salamander, Aneides flavipunctatus (Plethodontidae).'' Copeia, 104(1), 52-59.
  • Stebbins, R. C. (1954). Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Van Denburgh, J. (1895). "Notes on the habits and distribution of Autodax iecrus." Proceedings of the California Academy of Science, 5, 776-778.
  • Wood, W.F. (1936). ''Aneides flavipunctatus in burnt-over areas.'' Copeia, 1936(3), 171.

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Distribution and Habitat ( englanti )

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Black salamanders (Aneides flavipunctatus) occur in western lowland forests and meadows in northern California and extreme southern Oregon where annual precipitation is > 75 cm (Lynch 1974). Populations are generally found at elevations below 600 m, but occur as high as 1700 m (Lynch 1974, 1981; Nussbaum et al. 1983). The distribution of black salamanders is disjunct; the southernmost populations (Santa Cruz Mountains) are separated from more northern populations by a gap that includes the northern part of the San Francisco Peninsula, the Marin peninsula, and the nearly treeless area in southern Sonoma County, California. Populations south of Mt. Shasta and east of the Trinity Mountains appear to be separated from populations to the west (Larson 1980; Lynch 1981), although this may represent a collecting artifact. Analysis of protein variation (Larson 1980) and mitochondrial sequence variation (Rissler and Apodaca 2007) among populations indicates a high level of genetic subdivision, with climatic factors apparently affecting the distributions of cryptic sister lineages (Rissler and Apodaca 2007). Populations have been isolated from one another since the late Pliocene. Northern populations are paedomorphic in color pattern: adults retain the typical juvenile green-gray color pattern. Interestingly, in this part of the range, the salamander’s coloration matches the greenish-grey talus substrate. In other parts of the range, animals are found on dark soil (Larson 1980; Lynch 1981). Habitat Requirements. Black salamanders occur in areas that receive > 75 cm annual precipitation (Lynch, 1974). Specific habitats include lowland forests, under rocks and logs or in wet soil along streams, under logs and rocks in grassy meadow pastures, and burned areas, and in talus slopes (Wood, 1936; Myers and Maslin, 1948; Stebbins, 1951; Lynch, 1974, 1981; Staub, 1993). The populations in the Santa Cruz Mountains appear to prefer moister microhabitats than more northern populations. Unlike their more arboreal congeners, black salamanders are primarily ground-dwellers (Myers and Maslin, 1948). Despite their ground-dwelling habits, black salamanders have a prehensile tail (Van Denburgh, 1895).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( englanti )

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Little information exists concerning population trends, but those who are familiar with this salamander suggest that they have become increasingly harder to find (D. Wake, pers. comm).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( englanti )

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This is a fully terrestrial salamander. Reproductively mature black salamanders range in size from 60 - 75 mm (Lynch 1974). Females probably lay eggs in July or early August in cavities below ground. Clutches have been found underground at depths of 23 and 38 cm (Van Denburgh 1895; Storer 1925). Eggs are attached by peduncles to moist earth. In the lab, eggs have been attached to the underside of cover objects (broken clay flowerpot pieces) (N .L. Staub, personal observation). Van Denburgh (1895) described a partial clutch of 15 eggs (about twice as many eggs composed the original clutch in the field) found next to a barn in soil with numerous spaces and pieces of rotten wood. Ovarian complements range from 8 - 25 (mean about 12; Van Denburgh 1895; Stebbins 1951). Typically an egg clutch is found with a female in attendance. In the laboratory, females stayed with their clutches until eggs hatched (N. L. Staub, personal observation). Abundance. Black salamanders were once considered common in many areas of their range, but have become rare in recent years (D. B. Wake, in Petranka 1998). The proliferation of vineyards in northern California has destroyed much of the black salamander’s prime habitat (personal observation). Behavior. In captivity, adults often bite one another (e.g., Myers 1930) and adult males and females show agonistic behavior toward intruders (Staub 1993). Animals captured in the field are frequently scarred; males show a higher frequency of scarring than do females (Staub 1993). This species may be territorial in the field. Aestivation. In southern populations that are associated with streamside habitats, black salamanders are active year round. In habitats which are not associated with permanent water, salamanders move underground during the dry season (mid-April – mid-October) (Lynch 1974). Interspecific Associations/Exclusions. Black salamanders occur syntopically with clouded salamanders (Aneides ferreus), wandering salamanders (Aneides vagrans), arboreal salamanders (Aneides lugubris), ensatinas (Ensatina eschscholtzi) and California slender salamanders (Batrachoseps attenuatus) (Lynch 1974, 1985; Myers and Maslin 1948; Wood 1936). Black salamanders also occur extensively with Plethodon elongatus in the Klamath River Valley and Trinity River drainage. Feeding Behavior. Juveniles and adults feed on a wide variety of prey. The diet of adult salamanders consists primarily of diplopoda (millipedes), coleopterans, formicans (primarily ants), and isopterans (primarily termites) (Lynch 1985). The diet of juveniles includes these prey as well as dipterans and collembolans (Lynch 1985). Larger individuals consume larger prey items; mean and maximum prey size is correlated with body size. This correlation suggests that larger animals are selecting larger prey items and are ignoring smaller prey items. The number of prey items decreases as body size increases (Lynch 1985). Predators. Predators include western terrestrial garter snakes (Thamnophis elegans; Lynch 1981). Anti-Predator Mechanisms. When startled, juveniles generally remain immobile and adults flee (Van Denburgh 1895; Jones 1984). Other escape or defense behaviors include jumping (Van Denburgh 1895), the production of sticky skin secretions (Lynch 1981), an agonistic posture, and agonistic behaviors including biting (Lynch 1981; Staub 1993). The agonistic posture of the black salamanders is distinctive. The animal raises its body off the substrate with the legs fully extended, the back is arched, the head elevated with the snout pointed slightly downward, and the tail undulates (Jones 1984; Staub 1993; Stebbins 1954). In the laboratory, A. flavipunctatus will bite western garter snakes which can result in serious injuries (Lynch 1981). Parasites. Nematodes have been found in the black salamander (Lehmann 1954; Schad 1960). Life Expectancy: Staub (2016) reviews evidence of life expectancy for salamanders of the family Plethodontidae, and concludes that these generally small animals can attain relatively great age. The most direct evidence is from captive animals, and members of Plethodon, Aneides and Phaeognathus, among others, have attained ages in excess of 30 years (the individual in the photograph was collected as an adult in April 1985, and is still apparently in robust health). In a separate field study (Staub 2016), Aneides flavipunctatus longevity was estimated to be on the order of 18 or 25 years, using different methods. Other field estimates also show long lives, as great as 32 years. Methods tend to be conservative, and some individuals might be substantially older.
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Aneides flavipunctatus ( saksa )

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Aneides flavipunctatus, zuweilen auch als Schwarzer Baumsalamander bezeichnet, ist ein in Nordamerika vorkommender Schwanzlurch aus der Familie der Lungenlosen Salamander (Plethodontidae). Der Artname leitet sich von den lateinischen Worten flavus und punctum mit den Bedeutungen „gelb“ und „Punkt“ ab und bezieht sich auf die zuweilen gelblich punktierte Färbung der erwachsenen Individuen.

Merkmale

Aneides flavipunctatus erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge (SVL) von 5,1 bis 9,5 und eine Gesamtlänge von 14,0 Zentimetern.[1] Der Rumpf wird durch 14 bis 16 Rippenfurchen segmentiert. Die Farbe der Oberseite variiert von einfarbig glänzend tiefschwarz bis zu schwarzgrau. Regional treten Exemplare auf, die mit weißen oder gelblichen Flecken oder Punkten gesprenkelt sind. Die Intensität und die Größe der hellen Punkte sind sehr veränderlich. Der Schwanz hat einen runden Querschnitt. Die Bauchfläche ist zeichnungslos dunkelgrau gefärbt. Jungtiere haben eine dunkle olivgrüne Farbe.

Ähnliche Arten

Die ähnlichen Arten Aneides vagrans und Aneides ferreus unterscheiden sich in erster Linie durch die Zehen, die eckige Spitzen haben, während bei Aneides flavipunctatus die Zehenspitzen rund sind.[1]

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Das Verbreitungsgebiet von Aneides flavipunctatus erstreckt sich in einem breiten Streifen entlang der Pazifikküste Nordamerikas, vom Südwesten Oregons bis in die Mitte Kaliforniens. Als südlichstes Vorkommen werden die Santa Cruz Mountains angegeben. Die Salamander besiedeln bevorzugt Laub- und Mischwälder sowie Küstenwiesen. Im Allgemeinen leben sie in Höhen von unter 600 Metern, wurden jedoch selbst in Höhen von bis zu 1700 Metern nachgewiesen.[2]

Lebensweise

Aneides flavipunctatus-Baumsalamander halten sich gerne unter umgestürzten Baumstämmen oder Felsen in der Nähe von Bächen auf. Sie benötigen stets eine feuchte Umgebung, da ihnen Lungen fehlen und sie durch die feuchte Haut atmen. Sie sind das gesamte Jahr über aktiv, lediglich bei extremen Trockenperioden verlassen sie ihre unterirdischen Verstecke nicht. Zur Nahrungssuche klettern sie zuweilen auf Pflanzen, wobei ihre langen Zehen und der gerundete Greifschwanz hilfreich sind.[1] Die Weibchen legen im Juli und August ca. acht bis 25 Eier in feuchten unterirdischen Hohlräumen ab und bewachen sie bis die Jungtiere schlüpfen. Ein aquatischer Lebensabschnitt findet nicht statt.[1]

Nahrung und Feinde

 src=
Berg-Strumpfbandnatter, ein Fressfeind

Die Nahrung von Aneides flavipunctatus besteht aus kleinen Wirbellosen (Evertebrata), dazu zählen Ameisen, Termiten und Tausendfüßer.

Hauptfressfeinde sind Schlangen, beispielsweise die Berg-Strumpfbandnatter (Thamnophis elegans).[2] Wenn Aneides flavipunctatus-Individuen Feinde wahrnehmen, bleiben Jungtiere normalerweise regungslos, während Erwachsene entweder fliehen oder versuchen, durch Springen oder Beißen sowie dem Freisetzen eines schädlichen Hautsekrets, den Gegner abzuschütteln.

Gefährdung

Die Art wird von der Weltnaturschutzorganisation IUCN als „Near Threathened = potentiell gefährdet“ klassifiziert.[3] Sie ist gebietsweise selten geworden, was zum großen Teil auf die Erweiterung von Weinanbaugebieten in Nordkalifornien zurückzuführen ist, wodurch ein Großteil des Hauptlebensraums zerstört wurde.[2]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d Gary Nafis: Speckled Black Salamander – Aneides flavipunctatus flavipunctatus , California Herps – A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of California, 2020, eingesehen am 10. Februar 2021, [1]
  2. a b c Nancy L. Staub, David B. Wake & Jean Raffaëlli: Aneides flavipunctatus – Black Salamander, Speckled Black Salamander , AmphibiaWeb, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2021, eingesehen am 10. Februar 2021
  3. Red List für Aneides flavipunctatus
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Aneides flavipunctatus: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Aneides flavipunctatus, zuweilen auch als Schwarzer Baumsalamander bezeichnet, ist ein in Nordamerika vorkommender Schwanzlurch aus der Familie der Lungenlosen Salamander (Plethodontidae). Der Artname leitet sich von den lateinischen Worten flavus und punctum mit den Bedeutungen „gelb“ und „Punkt“ ab und bezieht sich auf die zuweilen gelblich punktierte Färbung der erwachsenen Individuen.

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Speckled black salamander ( englanti )

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The speckled black salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus), previously known as just the black salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the U.S. state of California.[2] Its natural habitats are temperate forests and temperate grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Taxonomy

Previously, it was referred to as the black salamander, and was thought to have a fragmented range across most of California and southern Oregon. However, a 2019 taxonomic study found it to represent a species complex of multiple species: the speckled black salamander (A. flavipunctatus sensu stricto), the Shasta black salamander (A. iecanus), the Santa Cruz black salamander (A. niger), and the Klamath black salamander (A. klamathensis). These were thus split off as distinct species.[3][4][5]

Description

The speckled black salamander can grow to 60 to 75 millimeters (2.4 to 3.0 in) long. The color varies, black with coarse can be the color or fine white spots, black with yellow spots, or black with a greyish or greenish sheen. The underside is paler. Juveniles are greenish-grey or bronze and have yellow at the base of their legs.[5]

Distribution and habitat

The speckled black salamander is found in forested areas and grassland in the coastal ranges of California, mostly at elevations below 600 meters (2,000 ft) but occasionally up to 1,700 meters (5,600 ft). It ranges from southern Humboldt and Trinity counties south to southwestern Sonoma and northern Napa counties. An Aneides population in Glenn County may be of this species but this is debated.[4] In the southern part of its range it hides under logs and rocks in damp places and stream banks in woodland. Northern populations are found in more open country and in the far north of its range it is found among mossy rocks and scree.[6][1]

Biology

The speckled black salamander is mostly terrestrial but has a prehensile tail so may sometimes climb as does the related arboreal salamander Aneides lugubris. It feeds on small invertebrates such as millipedes, beetles, ants and termites. Juveniles have a similar diet but include flies and springtails.[6] Like other plethodont salamanders, it is mainly nocturnal and hides during the day.[7]

The breeding habits of the speckled black salamander have been little studied. The eggs are laid in July or August in underground chambers, where they are attached by short stalks to the moist soil. The female seems to guard the eggs until they hatch. In captivity, the black salamander is aggressive towards its own species and adults in the wild are often scarred, so the species is probably territorial. In the laboratory it has been known to bite the western garter snake when attacked.[6]

Status

The speckled black salamander is listed as least concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In some areas it has been displaced by the planting of vineyards.[6] In addition, this listing is based on the previous definition of the species (prior to other species being split off), when it was thought to have a wider range.[3]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aneides flavipunctatus.

References

  1. ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Aneides flavipunctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T77855799A77855696. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2017). "Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  3. ^ a b Reilly, Sean B.; Wake, David B. (2019-08-01). "Taxonomic revision of black salamanders of the Aneides flavipunctatus complex (Caudata: Plethodontidae)". PeerJ. 7: e7370. doi:10.7717/peerj.7370. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6679913. PMID 31396443.
  4. ^ a b "Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  5. ^ a b "Aneides flavipunctatus flavipunctatus - Speckled Black Salamander". CaliforniaHerps. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  6. ^ a b c d Staub, Nancy L.; Wake, David B. "Aneides flavipunctatus". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  7. ^ Stebbins, Robert C.; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton University Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-691-03281-5.
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Speckled black salamander: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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The speckled black salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus), previously known as just the black salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the U.S. state of California. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and temperate grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

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Aneides flavipunctatus ( kastilia )

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Aneides flavipunctatus es una especie de salamandras en la familia Plethodontidae.[1]​ Es endémica de América del Norte. Su hábitat natural son los bosques templados y praderas templadas. Está amenazada de extinción debido a la destrucción de su hábitat.

Referencias

  1. Frost, Darrel R. (2017). «Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870)». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Consultado el 28 July 2017.
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Aneides flavipunctatus: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

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Aneides flavipunctatus es una especie de salamandras en la familia Plethodontidae.​ Es endémica de América del Norte. Su hábitat natural son los bosques templados y praderas templadas. Está amenazada de extinción debido a la destrucción de su hábitat.

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Aneides flavipunctatus ( baski )

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Aneides flavipunctatus Aneides generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Aneides flavipunctatus: Brief Summary ( baski )

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Aneides flavipunctatus Aneides generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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Aneides flavipunctatus ( ranska )

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Aneides flavipunctatus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae[1].

Description

Cette salamandre mesure entre 5 et 10 cm de longueur. La couleur de base côté dorsale est noire, mais présente de grandes variations au niveau local : certaines sont noir franc, d'autres ont des taches de dimension (de très petite à moyenne) et de couleur (blanc, jaune, gris clair à sombre, olivâtre clair à sombre…) variées. Le ventre est noir ou d'un gris ardoisé sombre. Les flancs portent de 14 à 16 sillons costaux[2].

Comportement

Alimentation

Cet urodèle se nourrit de petits arthropodes tels que des araignées ou des coléoptères.

Reproduction

La ponte a lieu à la fin du printemps ou au cours de l'été. La femelle pond entre 7 et 25 œufs (15 en moyenne), généralement dans une cavité du sol ou dans un tas de pierres. Par la suite, la femelle gardera le nid pour tenter de décourager les prédateurs[3].

Rythme de vie

Plutôt nocturne, cette salamandre est active tout au long de l'année dans les habitats humides ; mais dans les zones plus sèches, elle peut estiver entre avril et octobre[3].

Distribution et habitat

Cette espèce est endémique en Amérique du Nord. Elle se rencontre dans le nord de la Californie et dans l'ouest de l'Oregon[1].

Elle vit sur les bords des cours d'eau, ou dans les prairies ou sous-bois humides. Elle préfère les zones humides et ombragées et des températures modérées.

Rôle écologique

Ce prédateur est lui-même la proie de carnassiers tels que les serpents du genre Thamnophis. Lorsqu'elle se sent menacée, ou que température et humidité ne sont pas favorables, cette salamandre cherche refuge dans une cavité ou sous des débris végétaux.

Publication originale

  • Strauch, 1870 : Revision der Salamandriden-Gattungen nebst beschreibung einiger neuen und weniger bekannten Arten dieser Familie. Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, sér. 7, vol. 16, p. 1-110.

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. (en) Robert Cyril Stebbins, A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 27 février 2003, 3e éd., 533 p. (ISBN 978-0-395-98272-3, présentation en ligne), p. 178-179
  3. a et b (en) M. Marangio, « Speckled Black Salamander Aneides flavipunctatus », sur http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov, California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System, janvier 2000 (consulté le 6 décembre 2011)
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Aneides flavipunctatus: Brief Summary ( ranska )

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Aneides flavipunctatus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae.

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Zwarte salamander ( flaami )

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Herpetologie

De zwarte salamander[2] (Aneides flavipunctatus) is een longloze salamander uit het geslacht klimmende salamanders (Aneides). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Alexander Strauch in 1870. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Plethodon flavipunctatus gebruikt.[3]

Uiterlijke kenmerken

Deze middelgrote longloze salamander heeft een zwarte rug, met kleine lichte vlekken. Voor de meest noordelijke populaties geldt dat de jongen een duidelijk groen-grijze tint hebben en dat de volwassen salamanders deze groene kleur behouden. Hoewel de soort voornamelijk op de grond leeft, beschikt de zwarte salamander over een staart waarmee hij kan grijpen.

Verspreiding en habitat

De zwarte salamander komt voor in het zuidwesten van de Verenigde Staten, met name in het noorden van Californië en het zuiden van Oregon.[4] Deze salamander wordt voornamelijk gevonden op (beboste) laagvlakten en graslanden waar veel neerslag valt. Vochtige taluds en de omgeving van beken behoren tot geliefde habitats voor deze soort.

Hoewel de zwarte salamander vroeger een veelvoorkomende soort was in zijn leefgebied, is hij tegenwoordig zeldzaam. De snelle uitbreiding van het aantal wijngaarden in noord Californië heeft de natuurlijke habitat van de soort aanzienlijk verkleind.

Verschillende populaties leven sinds het late Plioceen gescheiden van elkaar en onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat er significante genetische verschillen bestaan. Sommige wetenschappers beschouwen de zuidelijke populaties, die voorkomen in de Santa Cruz Mountains, als een aparte ondersoort (Aneides flavipunctatus niger).

Voorplanting

Er is nog weinig bekend over de voortplanting van deze salamander. Vermoedelijk zet het dier de eitjes niet in het water af (zoals veel salamander doen), maar in ondergrondse holen in vochtige grond. Het vrouwtje legt de eitjes in juli of augustus en blijft doorgaans in de buurt om erover te waken.

Referenties
  1. (en) Zwarte salamander op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V: Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 395. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  3. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Aneides flavipunctatus Gearchiveerd op 2017-07-28.
  4. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Aneides flavipunctatus.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Aneides flavipunctatus - Website Geconsulteerd 11 maart 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Aneides flavipunctatus - Website
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Zwarte salamander: Brief Summary ( flaami )

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De zwarte salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus) is een longloze salamander uit het geslacht klimmende salamanders (Aneides). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Alexander Strauch in 1870. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Plethodon flavipunctatus gebruikt.

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Aneides flavipunctatus ( portugali )

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Aneides flavipunctatus é uma espécie de salamandra da família Plethodontidae.

É endémica dos Estados Unidos da América.

Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas temperadas e campos de gramíneas de clima temperado.[1]

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.[1]

Referências

  1. a b c (em inglês) Hammerson, G. (2004). Aneides flavipunctatus (em inglês). IUCN 2006. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2006 . Página visitada em 23 de Julho de 2007.
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Aneides flavipunctatus: Brief Summary ( portugali )

tarjonnut wikipedia PT

Aneides flavipunctatus é uma espécie de salamandra da família Plethodontidae.

É endémica dos Estados Unidos da América.

Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas temperadas e campos de gramíneas de clima temperado.

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.

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Aneides flavipunctatus ( vietnam )

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Aneides flavipunctatus (tên tiếng Anh: Black Salamander) là một loài kỳ giông thuộc họ Plethodontidae. Đây là loài đặc hữu của Hoa Kỳ. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là rừng ôn đới and vùng đồng cỏ ôn đới. Chúng hiện đang bị đe dọa vì mất môi trường sống.

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Aneides flavipunctatus

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