Nyctophilus Leach 1821

Nyctophilus és un gènere de ratpenats de la família dels vespertiliònids. El grup conté quinze espècies, que són:

• Ratpenat orellut de la terra d'Arnhem Nyctophilus arnhemensis
• Ratpenat orellut de Queensland Nyctophilus bifax
• Nyctophilus corbeni
• Nyctophilus daedalus
• Ratpenat orellut de Geoffroy Nyctophilus geoffroyi
  • Subespècie Nyctophilus geoffroyi geoffroyi
  • Subespècie Nyctophilus geoffroyi pacificus
  • Subespècie Nyctophilus geoffroyi pallescens
• Ratpenat orellut de Gould Nyctophilus gouldi
• Nyctophilus heran
• Nyctophilus howensis
• Nyctophilus major
• Ratpenat orellut de dents petites Nyctophilus microdon
• Ratpenat orellut papú Nyctophilus microtis
• Nyctophilus nebulosus
• Ratpenat orellut de Timor Nyctophilus timoriensis
• Nyctophilus sherrini
• Nyctophilus shirleyae
• Ratpenat orellut pigmeu Nyctophilus walkeri

Referències

• D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder, 2005: Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

Nyctophilus is a genus of the vespertilionids or vesper bats. They are often termed Australian big-eared bats or long-eared bats, as the length of their ears often greatly exceeds that of the head. This genus occurs in the New Guinean-Australian region.

Taxonomy

The first description of the genus was published in 1821 by William Elford Leach.^[1] The name Nyctophilus means night-loving and is derived from the combination of Ancient Greek nyktos and philos.^[2]

The type species of the genus is Nyctophilus geoffroyi, the lesser long-eared bat.^[3] A monograph on the genus, published by Robert Fisher Tomes in 1858, cited two earlier descriptions, the species assumed by Tomes as the type for Nyctophilus geoffroyi, Leach, and incorporated the similar Vespertilio timoriensis Geoffroy as a new generic combination. Two new species were also named, Nyctophilus gouldi and Nyctophilus unicolor, both based on specimens supplied by John Gould.^[4] The availability of the name Nyctophilus timoriensis is uncertain and recognised or excluded in some treatments, following a revision and new taxa published in 2009.^[5][6] This followed the 2008 publication of unknown taxa noted as Nyctophilus sp., subspecies of T. timoriensis or new and separate species.^[6]

An arrangement within the family Vespertilionidae, the common evening bats, separates the genus to the subfamilial taxon Vespertilioninae and the tribe Nyctophilini, allied to the monotypic genus of Pharotis imogene, a species also found in New Guinea. A taxon proposed in 1968, Lamingtona McKean & Calaby, is a synonym for the genus.^[3] An attempt to reclassify the group as Barbastellus Gray, 1829, which the author John Edward Gray later revised to include a type in 1831, is also synonymous with Nyctophilus Leach, 1821.^[6]

The relationships between the species were first outlined in 1941, an arrangement that identified four interspecific groups. One of these alliances was the problematic timoriensis group, including the dubiously named N. timoriensis with N. major, N. sherrini and N. gouldi. Three other groups were named although with slight descriptions: bifax group (bifax and daedalus); geoffroyi group (with australis, pacificus, unicolor and pallescens); and microtis group (microtis, bicolor and walkeri).^[5]

Description

A genus of the common and widely dispersed bat family Vespertilionidae, the common, evening bats. They are found in Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia, and lack extensive research into their diverse forms and habits.

The species have a body arrangement that resembles the horseshoe bat family Rhinolophidae, but distinguished by ears that exceed the length of the head. The upper half of the ear is markedly ribbed at the inner surface. The muzzle of these species is short and tail features are typical of the family.^[7] The species have small appendages at the nostrils, similar to the larger ornamented structures of bats using nasally emitted constant frequency sound in echolocation. The often plain faced vespertilionid genera use frequency modulated echolocation, emitted orally, but this genus—and possibly the North American genus Antrozous—is confirmed to use sound via the nostril apparatus.^[8]

The species may present twin births, unlike the single births of most microbat genera.^[9]

Diversity

Taxa within this genus, sometimes described as 'long-eared bats', are:

• Greater long-eared bat, Nyctophilus timoriensis. A number of similar populations, tentatively distinguished or formally described, are referred to as the "Nyctophilus timoriensis complex", a group allied by similarity to this species and later typifications.^[7] Doubt regarding the type location, the epithet and author of Vespertilio timoriensis indicating the origin as Timor, was noted since early revisions of the genus.^[4][5]

However, this nomenclaturally uncertain taxon is provisionally excluded at the Australian Faunal Directory,^[6] which instead recognises new taxa that emerged from comparative study of molecular and morphological research (Parnaby, 2009).^[5]

• Northern long-eared bat, Nyctophilus arnhemensis^[10]
• Eastern long-eared bat, Nyctophilus bifax^[11]
• Corben's long-eared bat, Nyctophilus corbeni^[5]
• Pallid long-eared bat, Nyctophilus daedalus^[11]
• Lesser long-eared bat, Nyctophilus geoffroyi^[1]
  • Subsp. N. g. geoffroyi
  • Subsp. N. g. pacificus
  • Subsp. N. g. pallescens
• Gould's long-eared bat, Nyctophilus gouldi
• Sunda long-eared bat, Nyctophilus heran
• Holt's long-eared bat, Nyctophilus holtorum^[12]
• † Lord Howe long-eared bat, Nyctophilus howensis (extinct)^[13]
• Western long-eared bat, Nyctophilus major
  • Subsp. N. m. major
  • Subsp. N. m. tor
• Small-toothed long-eared bat, Nyctophilus microdon
• New Guinea long-eared bat, Nyctophilus microtis
• New Caledonian long-eared bat, Nyctophilus nebulosus^[14]
• Tasmanian long-eared bat, Nyctophilus sherrini
• Mt. Missim long-eared bat, Nyctophilus shirleyae
• Pygmy long-eared bat, Nyctophilus walkeri

Populations identified as Nyctophilus include unnamed species (Andrews, 2015),

• Nyctophilus sp, undescribed, south-eastern long-eared bat; allied to the 'greater long-eared' timoriensis complex. An uncommon bat found in a variety of woodlands in the Murray-Darling Basin, where suitable tree hollows and well defined canopy and understory provide a specialised habitat. The species is most abundant in Pilliga Scrub.^[7]
• Nyctophilus sp, undescribed, central long-eared bat; a distinct form, also resembling those of the timoriensis complex. A microbat found in semi-arid regions of Western Australia, from the Goldfields district to the Eyre Peninsula. The flight is a agile fluttering patrol, as with others of the complex, but is also noted as surveying from a perch and taking prey at the ground. They favour grasslands, such as spinifex, and wood or shrublands and mallee habitat. They reside in foliage, hollows, and under bark. They have been observed at the Nullarbor National Park in South Australia, and Western Australian nature reserves Nuytsland and Dundas.^[7]

References

• D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder, 2005: Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

Nyctophilus es un género de murciélago de la familia de los vespertiliónidos.

Especies

Se conocen las siguientes especies:

• Nyctophilus arnhemensis
• Nyctophilus bifax
• Nyctophilus corbeni
• Nyctophilus daedalus
• Nyctophilus geoffroyi
  • Subespecie Nyctophilus geoffroyi geoffroyi
  • Subespecie Nyctophilus geoffroyi pacificus
  • Subespecie Nyctophilus geoffroyi pallescens
• Nyctophilus gouldi
• Nyctophilus heran
• Nyctophilus howensis
• Nyctophilus major
• Nyctophilus microdon
• Nyctophilus microtis
• Nyctophilus nebulosus
• Nyctophilus timoriensis
• Nyctophilus sherrini
• Nyctophilus shirleyae
• Nyctophilus walkeri

Referencias

Nyctophilus est un genre de chauves-souris.

Liste des espèces

• Nyctophilus arnhemensis Johnson, 1959
• Nyctophilus geoffroyi Leach, 1821
• Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes, 1858
• Nyctophilus heran Kitchener, How and Maharadatunkamsi, 1991
• Nyctophilus microdon Laurie and Hill, 1954
• Nyctophilus microtis Thomas, 1888
• Nyctophilus timoriensis (E. Geoffroy, 1806)
• Nyctophilus walkeri Thomas, 1892
• Nyctophilus nebulosus Nyctophile nébuleux ou Nyctophile néo-calédonien, de découverte récente

Voir aussi

Nyctophilus (Leach, 1821) è un genere di pipistrelli della famiglia dei Vespertilionidi.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Al genere Nyctophilus appartengono pipistrelli di piccole dimensioni, con lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 38 e 75 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 31 e 47 mm e un peso fino a 20 g.^[1]

Caratteristiche craniche e dentarie

Il cranio è molto simile a quello del genere Antrozous, con una scatola cranica alta e liscia, il rostro e la bolla timpanica relativamente grandi. Il palato si restringe gradualmente, mentre la regione inter-orbitale non è particolarmente depressa. Gli incisivi inferiori hanno la corona bassa e tricuspidata. Quelli superiori sono lunghi circa la metà dei canini. I denti masticatori sono normali.

Sono caratterizzati dalla seguente formula dentaria:

Aspetto

Il muso è lungo e termina con un'escrescenza carnosa discoidale sulla quale si aprono le narici, il cui margine superiore è talvolta diviso da un solco e dietro alla quale è presente un grosso rigonfiamento. Le orecchie sono grandi, ovali, angolate in avanti e unite solitamente alla base da una membrana cutanea. Il trago è corto, triangolare e con l'estremità arrotondata. Le ali sono attaccate posteriormente alla base delle dita dei piedi. Il secondo e terzo metacarpo sono circa uguali, essendo il terzo alquanto più corto. La coda è lunga ed inclusa nell'ampio uropatagio. Il calcar è molto lungo e spesso provvisto di un lobo terminale di rinforzo.

Distribuzione

Il genere è diffuso in alcune isole della Piccola Sonda, inclusa probabilmente Timor, e dalla Nuova Guinea fino all'Australia e alla Tasmania.

Tassonomia

Il genere comprende 15 specie.^[2]

• N.major Group
  • Nyctophilus corbeni
  • Nyctophilus daedalus
  • Nyctophilus major
• N.gouldi Group
  • Nyctophilus gouldi
  • Nyctophilus holtorum
  • Nyctophilus nebulosus
  • Nyctophilus sherrini
• N.howensis Group
  • Nyctophilus howensis
• N.microtis Group
  • Nyctophilus microtis
  • Nyctophilus walkeri
• N.bifax Group
  • Nyctophilus arnhemensis
  • Nyctophilus bifax
  • Nyctophilus shirleyae
• N.microdon Group
  • Nyctophilus microdon
• N.geoffroyi Group
  • Nyctophilus geoffroyi
  • Nyctophilus heran

Recenti studi hanno stabilito che il taxon Nyctophilus timoriensis è un nomen nudum e le forme assegnate precedentemente ad esso sono state ridistribuite in 5 differenti specie. Tuttavia rimane ancora non chiara la posizione tassonomica di eventuali individui recentemente catturati sull'isola di Timor, i quali potrebbero appartenere a Nyctophilus heran oppure ad una nuova specie.^[3]

Note

Bibliografia

• Gerrit Smith Miller, The Families and genera of Bats, Washington, USA, 1907.
• Ronald M. Novak, Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. ISBN 9780801857898
• H.E.Parnaby, A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa, in Australian zoologist, vol. 35, n. 1, 2009.

Nyctophilus is een geslacht van vleermuis uit de familie der gladneuzen dat voorkomt in Australië en op Timor, Lembata, Nieuw-Guinea, Lord Howe en Nieuw-Caledonië. Dit geslacht is het nauwst verwant aan de zeldzame Nieuw-Guinese soort Pharotis imogene. De Nyctophilus-Pharotis-groep werd vroeger gezien als een aparte onderfamilie, de Nyctophilinae, maar is nu al gereduceerd tot de geslachtengroep Nyctophilini, en genetisch onderzoek geeft aan dat Nyctophilus een clade vormt met twee andere Australische geslachten, Vespadelus en Chalinolobus (van Pharotis is genetisch niets bekend).

Het zijn kleine tot middelgrote gladneuzen. De leden van dit geslacht zijn te herkennen aan de grote oren, die op het voorhoofd verbonden zijn door een huidplooi. Deze dieren hebben, anders dan andere gladneuzen, een klein neusblad.

Dit geslacht omvat de volgende soorten:

• Nyctophilus arnhemensis (Noordwest-Australië)
• Nyctophilus bifax (Noord- en Oost-Australië en Nieuw-Guinea)
• Nyctophilus geoffroyi (Australië behalve Noordoost-Queensland)
• Nyctophilus gouldi (Zuidwest- en Oost-Australië)
• Nyctophilus heran (Lembata, Kleine Soenda-eilanden, Indonesië)
• Nyctophilus howensis (uitgestorven; vroeger op Lord Howe, Australië)
• Nyctophilus microdon (Nieuw-Guinea)
• Nyctophilus microtis (Nieuw-Guinea)
• Nyctophilus nebulosus (Nieuw-Caledonië)
• Nyctophilus timoriensis (Timor, Nieuw-Guinea en Australië)
• Nyctophilus walkeri (Noord-Australië)

Literatuur

• Flannery, T.F. 1995. Mammals of New Guinea. 2nd ed. Chatswood, New South Wales: Reed Books, 568 pp. ISBN 0 7301 0411 7
• Hoofer, S.R. & Van Den Bussche, R.A. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics of the chiropteran family Vespertilionidae. Acta Chiropterologica 5(suppl.):1-63.
• Menkhorst, P. & Knight, F. 2001. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, x+269 pp. ISBN 0 19 550870 X
• Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312-529 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Vol. 1: pp. i-xxxv+1-743; Vol. 2: pp. i-xvii+745-2142. ISBN 0 8018 8221 4

Nocolubek^[4] (Nyctophilus) – rodzaj ssaka z podrodziny mroczków (Vespertilioninae) w rodzinie mroczkowatych (Vespertilionidae).

Zasięg występowania

Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące na kontynencie australijskim, w Indonezji i na Papui-Nowej Gwinei^[5].

Systematyka

Etymologia

• Nyctophilus: gr. νυξ nux, νυκτος nuktos – noc; φιλος philos – kochający, od φιλεω phileō – kochać, od φιλος philos – miłośnik, wielbiciel^[6].
• Lamingtona: Mount Lamington, stratowulkan, prowincja Oro, Papua-Nowa Gwinea^[3]. Gatunek typowy: Lamingtona lophorhina McKean & Calaby, 1968 (= Nyctophilus microtis Thomas, 1888).

Podział systematyczny

Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki^[5][4]:

• Nyctophilus arnhemensis – nocolubek długouchy
• Nyctophilus bifax – nocolubek brzegowy
• Nyctophilus corbeni – nocolubek wschodnioaustralijski
• Nyctophilus geoffroyi – nocolubek mniejszy
• Nyctophilus gouldi – nocolubek leśny
• Nyctophilus heran – nocolubek sundajski
• Nyctophilus howensis – nocolubek tajemniczy
• Nyctophilus microdon – nocolubek drobnozębny
• Nyctophilus microtis – nocolubek papuaski
• Nyctophilus nebulosus – nocolubek nowokaledoński
• Nyctophilus sherrini – nocolubek tasmański – takson wyodrębniony ostatnio z N. timoriensis^[7]
• Nyctophilus shirleyae – nocolubek nowogwinejski
• Nyctophilus timoriensis – nocolubek duży
• Nyctophilus walkeri – nocolubek karłowaty

Przypisy

Nyctophilus é um gênero de morcegos da família Vespertilionidae. Encontrado na Austrália, Nova Guiné, Timor e ilhas adjacentes.

Espécies

• Nyctophilus arnhemensis Johnson, 1959
• Nyctophilus bifax Thomas, 1915
• Nyctophilus geoffroyi Leach, 1821
• Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes, 1858
• Nyctophilus heran Kitchener, How e Maharadatunkamsi, 1991
• †Nyctophilus howensis McKean, 1975
• Nyctophilus microdon Laurie e Hill, 1954
• Nyctophilus microtis Thomas, 1888
• Nyctophilus nebulosus Parnaby, 2002
• Nyctophilus timoriensis (É. Geoffroy, 1806)
• Nyctophilus walkeri Thomas, 1892

Referências

• SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.

Nyctophilus^[1] är ett släkte av fladdermöss som ingår i familjen läderlappar.^[1]

Utseende

Arterna blir 38 till 75 mm långa (huvud och bål), har en 30 till 55 mm lång svans och väger 4 till 20 g. De har 31 till 47 mm långa underarmar och cirka 25 mm långa öron. Ofta är öronen sammanlänkade med en smal husremsa. Pälsens färg varierar mellan ljusbrun, orangebrun, mörkbrun och gråaktig. I motsats till de flesta andra läderlappar har arterna en liten hästskoformig hudflik (blad) över näsan. Bara arten Pharotis imogene har en liknande hudflik.^[2] Båda släkten sammanfattas i underfamiljen Nyctophilinae eller i tribus Nyctophilini.^[3]

Ekologi

Habitatet utgörs av skogar, buskskogar och torra landskap. Individerna vilar i bergssprickor, i trädens håligheter eller under lösa barkskivor. Nyctophilus geoffroyi gömmer sig även i byggnader. Beroende på art sover individerna ensam eller i flockar med upp till 100 medlemmar. Populationer som lever i tempererade regioner håller ibland vinterdvala. På natten jagar dessa fladdermöss insekter.^[2]

Honor föder en eller två ungar per kull. Hos Nyctophilus gouldi sker parningen vanligen före vintern och sedan förvaras hanens sädesceller i honans könsdelar. Äggens befruktning äger under våren rum. Ungar av denna art kan flyga efter 4 till 5 veckor. Könsmognaden infaller för honor efter 7 till 9 månader och för hannar efter 12 till 15 månader.^[2]

Arter

Arter enligt Wilson & Reeder (2005)^[3] samt IUCN^[4]:

• Nyctophilus arnhemensis, norra Australien.
• Nyctophilus bifax, norra Australien, Nya Guinea.
• Nyctophilus geoffroyi, Australien och Tasmanien.
• Nyctophilus gouldi, främst östra Australien, liten population i västra Australien.
• Nyctophilus heran, Sundaöarna.
• Nyctophilus howensis, på en ö öster om Australien, är kanske utdöd.
• Nyctophilus microdon, östra Nya Guinea.
• Nyctophilus microtis, Nya Guinea och på några mindre öar i regionen.
• Nyctophilus nebulosus, Nya Kaledonien.
• Nyctophilus sherrini, Tasmanien.
• Nyctophilus timoriensis, Australien, Nya Guinea, oviss om den finns på Timor.
• Nyctophilus walkeri, norra Australien.

Källor

1. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (28 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/nyctophilus/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
2. ^ [a b c] Ronald M. Nowak, red (1999). ”Nyctophilus” (på engelska). Walker’s Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. sid. 468-469. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
3. ^ [a b] Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). ”Nyctophilus” (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
4. ^ Nyctophilus på IUCN:s rödlista, läst 20 april 2015.

Externa länkar

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Nyctophilus.
  Bilder & media
• Wikispecies har information om Nyctophilus.
  Artförteckning

Nyctophilus — рід ссавців родини лиликових.

Джерела

• Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed)

Nyctophilus là một chi động vật có vú trong họ Dơi muỗi, bộ Dơi. Chi này được Leach miêu tả năm 1821.^[1] Loài điển hình của chi này là Nyctophilus geoffroyi Leach, 1821.

Các loài

Chi này gồm các loài:

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Bài viết họ Dơi muỗi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

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뉴기니긴귀박쥐속(Nyctophilus)은 애기박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐 속의 하나이다.^[1]

하위 종

각주