Description
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Epipedobates machalilla is a slender frog with snout-vent lengths of 14.4 - 16.0 mm in males and 15.0 – 17.6 mm in females. The snout appears rounded in dorsal view and protruded in profile view. Their head is slightly longer than wide. The nostrils protrude slightly laterally. The tympanum is small and hardly visible. The forelimbs are moderately long with unwebbed fingers. Finger I is longer than finger II, with fringe absent on Finger II. The terminal discs of the fingers appear slightly expanded. The hind limbs appear long and moderately robust. The webbing is vestigial between Toes III and Toes IV. The toes lack lateral fringes and its terminal discs are slightly expanded. The dorsal and ventral surfaces are smooth (Coloma 1995). Epipedobates machalilla can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its dark coffee-color and its non-venomous nature. Epipedobates machallila appears similar to Hyloxalus breviquartus, H. cevallosi, and Colostethuys fugax, and in that they all have solid, oblique lateral stripes, unmarked bellues, and rudimentary or absent membranes between the digits on the foot. However, E. machallila differs from C. fugax in that it is slightly larger and has an X-shaped mark on the scapular region. Epipedobates machalilla also differs from H. breviquartus and H. cevallosi in that the males have a swollen third digit on the foot (Coloma 1995).In life, Epipedobates machalilla appears pale olive-tan on its dorsal surfaces, and have a dark brown X marking on the scapular region. The flank is dark brown to black. The upper lip is creamy yellow with pinkish shades. The oblique lateral strip is either creamy yellow or white with pale pinkish permeations projected anteriorly. The arms are pale orange and the dorsal surfaces of the legs are pale brown. The posterior surfaces of the thighs are yellowish orange. There is a discrete orange mark in the groin region. The ventral surfaces are cream color. The iris is gold color (Coloma 1995).In preservative, the dorsal surfaces appear gray with dark brown marks. The oblique lateral strip is white. Black bands that extend from the tip of the snout to groin appear on the flanks. The upper lip is white. Two white stripes can be seen on the thighs. The posterior surface of the thigh is brown, decorated with small white spots. Transverse brown bars are present on the dorsal surfaces of the fingers (Coloma 1995).There is significant geographic variation; with some specimens presenting with a narrow middorsal black stripe and in some specimens the white ventrolateral strip is indistinct. Other variants include individuals with small, scattered marks on the throat and individuals with two spots in the mental region (Coloma 1995).When E. machalilla was first described in 1995, it was included in the Colostehus genus. Taxonomic revisions in 2006 then included the machalilla species in the Epipedobates genus (Coloma 1995).The subspecies name machalill refers to the Machalilla National Park in which it is found (Coloma 1995). E. machalilla is used for embryonic development studies (CITES 2013).
- CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Accessed April 2013 from http://www.cites.org/eng/cop/16/prop/E-CoP16-Prop-39.pdf
- Coloma, L. A., Ron, S., Yánez-Muñoz, M., Cisneros-Heredia, D., and Almendáriz, A. (2004). Epipedobates machalilla. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 23 April 2013.
- Del Pino, E., Ávila, M. E., Pérez, O., Benitez, M. S., Alarcón, I., Noboa, V., and Moya, I. M. (2004). “Development of the dendrobatid frog Colostethus machalilla.” International Journal of Developmental Biology, 48, 663-670.
Distribution and Habitat
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Epipedobates machalilla can be found in dry and low areas of forests in west Ecuador, particularly in the provinces of El Oro, Los Rios, Bolivar, Guayas, Azogues, and Manabi. The species has also been observed in dry scrublands and deciduous forest in the coastal region, the Choco tropical rainforest, and forests in the western foothills. It has an altitudinal range of 10 - 515 m. It has also been found in disturbed habitats such as banana and cocoa plantations. The species has also been observed to live in sympatry with Hyloxalus awa in the Mache Chindul moutains within the Cordillera de la Costa range and with Hyloxalus infraguttatus in the Chimbo River basin and Chongon Colonche range (Coloma 1995; CITES 2013).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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Epipedobates machalilla has an elaborate mating system that incudes cephalic amplexus, and which usually takes place on ground. An average of 15 eggs, measuring 1.6 mm, are deposited on the ground or under dry leaves. After the amplexus, the female leaves and parental care is provided by the male, who carries the larvae and protects the development of the embryos from intruders by displaying aggressive behavior. (Coloma 1995; Del Pino et al. 2004) Once the tadpoles are hatched, after roughly 19 - 20 days from fertilization, the male carries the tadpoles into small pools or riverbanks where growth and metamorphosis takes place (CITES 2013). In comparison to those of the Dendrobates genus, the eggs of E. machalilla are the smallest and least pigmented (CITES 2013).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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According to IUCN Global Amphibian Assessment documented in 2004, the population of E. machalilla is declining and is classified as “Near Threatened” because the population has reduced more than 30% over 10 years through significant loss of habitat across its range. The species is also a candidate to be listed as “Vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM (Coloma et al 2004). The main, direct threat to E. machalilla is habitat deforestation in Ecuador due to expansion of agriculture (crops, livestock), logging, exploration and exploitation of non-renewable resources, construction of new roads, and installations of hydroelectric plants and dams (Coloma et al. 2004). It is speculated that 95% of the coastal forests have been degraded because of these types of agricultural conversions and urbanization. Some of the indirect threats to E. machalilla include temperature changes and the blooming human population in Ecuador. Because of the growing human population, there is more demand for goods and services that use the Ecuador’s natural resources, which is also shared with E. machalilla (CITES 2013). Because of the threats to E. machalillia, it is included in the Strategic Plan for the Conservation of Amphibians in Ecuador (Coloma 2011). The species can be found in the public protected areas of Machalilla National Park and in the private protected areas of Cerro Blanco Protected Forest (Coloma et al. 2004).
Epipedobates machalilla
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Epipedobates machalilla is a slender species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. Endemic to West Ecuador, it lives in dry and low forests and was first described by Luis A. Coloma in 1995.[1][2][3] The IUCN have classed it as "least concern".[1]
Description
Epipedobates machalilla has a snout–vent length of 14.4 to 16 millimetres (0.57 to 0.63 in) for males and 15.0 to 17.6 millimetres (0.59 to 0.69 in) for females. Their heads are longer than they are wide, and the tympanum is small. The forelimbs have a moderate length and the fingers are unwebbed. The toes do not have lateral fringes and the terminal discs are expanded. It is dark-coffee in colour with a gold iris and cream ventral surfaces.[3]
Biology
The mating system of the Epipedobates machalilla includes cephalic amplexus. The female will produce around 15 eggs which are left on the ground or under leaves. The female will then leave, and the male will protect the development of the embryos and carry the larvae. When the tadpoles hatch (around 20 days after fertilization occurs), the male will take the tadpoles to riverbanks or pools of water so metamorphosis and growth can take place.[3]
Epipedobates machalilla displays a cryptic phenotype despite being in the aposematic genus Epipedobates and likely lost an aposematic trait that evolved when Epipedobates first diverged. However, it is believed that with the high intra-specific phenotypic diversity observed within poison frogs and the role of diet in toxicity that there could be chemically defended E. machalilla populations.[4][5]
Distribution
Epipedobates machalilla is endemic to West Ecuador, where it lives in dry and low forests.[1][3] It mainly occurs in Azogues, Bolívar, El Oro, Guayas, Los Rios and Manabí and has been seen in the Choco rainforest. The species occurs at altitudes between 10 and 515 metres (33 and 1,690 ft).[3] Recently, the population has been declining due to agriculture and logging.[1]
References
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^ a b c d e IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019). "Epipedobates machalilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T55107A98645641. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T55107A98645641.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
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^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2020). "Epipedobates machalilla (Coloma, 1995)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
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^ a b c d e "Epipedobates machalilla". AmphibiaWeb. 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
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^ Tarvin, Rebecca D.; Powell, Emily A.; Santos, Juan C.; Ron, Santiago R. & Cannatella, David C. (April 2017). "The birth of aposematism: High phenotypic divergence and low genetic diversity in a young clade of poison frogs". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 109: 283–295. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.035. PMID 28089841.
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^ Darst, Catherine R.; Menéndez-Guerrero, Pablo A.; Coloma, Luis A. & Cannatella, David C. (January 2005). "Evolution of dietary specialization and chemical defense in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae): a comparative analysis". American Naturalist. 165 (1): 56–69. doi:10.1086/426599. PMID 15729640.
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Epipedobates machalilla: Brief Summary
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Epipedobates machalilla is a slender species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. Endemic to West Ecuador, it lives in dry and low forests and was first described by Luis A. Coloma in 1995. The IUCN have classed it as "least concern".
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Epipedobates machalilla
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tarjonnut wikipedia ES
Epipedobates machalilla[1][2][3] es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Dendrobatidae.
Distribución geográfica
Esta especie es endémica del Ecuador. Habita en las provincias de Manabí, El Oro, Los Ríos, Bolívar, Guayas y Cañar entre los 10 y 515 m sobre el nivel del mar en la llanura del Pacífico.[4]
Descripción
Los machos miden de 14,4 a 16,0 mm y las hembras de 15,0 a 17,6 mm.
Etimología
Se le dio el nombre de su especie por el lugar de su descubrimiento, el Parque Nacional Machalilla.
Publicación original
- Coloma, 1995 : Ecuadorian frogs of the genus. Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae). University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication, no 87, p. 1-75[5]
Referencias
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Epipedobates machalilla: Brief Summary
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tarjonnut wikipedia ES
Epipedobates machalilla es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Dendrobatidae.
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Epipedobates machalilla
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tarjonnut wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Epipedobates machalilla: Brief Summary
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Epipedobates machalilla Epipedobates generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Dendrobatidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.
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Epipedobates machalilla
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Epipedobates machalilla: Brief Summary
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Epipedobates machalilla est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Dendrobatidae.
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Colostethus machalilla
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Colostethus machalilla: Brief Summary
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Epipedobates machalilla là một loài ếch thuộc họ Dendrobatidae. Đây là loài đặc hữu của Ecuador. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là rừng khô nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, vùng cây bụi khô khu vực nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, và sông ngòi. Chúng hiện đang bị đe dọa vì mất môi trường sống.
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