Yarrowia lipolytica (Wick., Kurtzman & Herman) Van der Walt & Arx 1981

Candida oleophila is a species of yeast in the genus Candida fungus. Candida, commonly known as the Yarrowia lipolytica, is a yeast specie in the genus Candida. Family of Saccharomycetaceae. Well known for the use for post-harvesting fruit and vegetables as an alternative for fungicides.

Taxonomy

Candida oleophila was described by Montrocher in 1967 as the family of Dipodascaceae, then by the same year, was described by Kaisha & Iizuka in 1967; as a family of Saccharomycetales.

Description

Candida oleophila is a yeast, which is part of a product that is used in commercial settings well known as Aspire, and is recommended to control postharvest decay of fruit and vegetables. A species of yeast in the genus Candida has a hairpin structure that shapes a dumbbell called SMRTbell. One of the main modes of action is competition for nutrients and space. Also, a major role in the mechanism of action by yeast antagonists is the degradation of enzymes that degrade the fungal wall.

Habitat and distribution

The habitat and distribution of this yeast are very common to find it in plants and debris, which are the main natural habitat for most yeast species. Candida oleophila Strain O is a single-celled yeast found naturally on plant tissues (fruits, flowers, and wood) and in water. As we know, Candida oleophila is a unicellular yeast found in plant tissues such as fruits, flowers, wood, and water. The exudations, better known as plant secretions, contain sugars and other compounds that help the nutrition of yeasts, better known as epiphytes.

Bioactive compounds

According to Siobhán A. Turner and Geraldine Butler, in conjunction with The Prof. L Mikhailova of the Department of Morphology of Microorganisms and Electron Microscopy Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences says: Candida. olephila shows complex bioactive compounds, which are the primary basis of the benefit of the fruits after the post-harvest. Penicillium cell wall fragments and glucose stimulate the production of these three compounds. One main study on Candida oleophila showed that it could produce and secrete several cell wall-degrading enzymes; this includes compounds like exo-β-1,3-glucanase, protease, and chitinase. Exo-β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase could be produced in the early stages of growth, followed by protease reaching growth in a range of a week, approximately 6 to 8 days. This demonstrated that Candida. oleophila could secrete exo-β-1,3-glucanase(CoEXG1) on the wound site of the fruit that was the subject of study for this experiment. These studies were also made based on in vitro in which they showed a proliferation of compounds made to fruits to test how the biocontrol activity on pathogen infection worked in a controlled setting.

Geographical distribution

Everywhere where biocontrol agent is needed to control post-harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. Since many studies have been promoted to prolong the life of postharvest fruits and vegetables with Candida oleophila the conclusion has been reached that biocontrol, such as Candida oleophila, can be used over fungicides. It is well known that the fungicides used to maintain food control in agricultural areas, such as fruits and vegetables, are a medium that is widely used today. Since if a person is exposed for any reason, it can irritate the eyes and skin. And even more, harm if ingested.

Aspect of fungus

Candida oleophila has previously been used in the laboratory. Together with the active agent I-182 from Candida oleophila, it was engineered as an active agent for commercial products such as Aspire. It is for the central postharvest handling used inside fruits such as apples and pears to control the growth of pathogenic fungi such as the gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) and blue mold, also known by the name of ( Penicillium expansum), among the most common. This has a very positive aspect because it helps to avoid losses in postharvest supplies, which leads to monetary losses for farmers.

Growth rate

How the growth of Candida oleophila in wound samples can be characterized is reflected in the ability to compete against pathogens that could damage the nutrition and space of the fruit or vegetable. Candida oleophila showed a rapid expansion observed on the third day of healing in the fruit or vegetable. Candida oleophila could show slow growth for approximately 3 to 7 days. The number of Candida oleophila yeast cells could reach a maximum growth average of 2.2 × 1011 CFU mL−1, which was 20.3 times higher than on day 0; later, the number of yeast decrease quickly. In the end, Candida oleophila reached a 5.3 × 107 CFU mL−1 on day 28, 1/18 of the amount present on day 0. We can say that C. oleophilia can colonize wounds and multiply rapidly on the surface of the injury, healing the tissue. At the same time, with rapid growth, we can avoid losses and infections that could damage another postharvest, avoiding economic losses.

References

Yarrowia lipolytica – gatunek grzybów z rzędu drożdżakowców, z monotypowego rodzaju Yarrowia^[1]. Odmiennie od drożdży Saccharomyces cerevisiae, przetwarzających cukry proste, wykorzystuje tłuszcze jako źródło węgla i energii.

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Yarrowia, Dipodascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetidae, Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycotina, Ascomycota, Fungi^[1].

Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozowali w 1970 r. Wick., Kurtzman & Herman nadając mu nazwę Endomycopsis lipolytica. Wcześniej, bo już w 1942 r. Diddens & Lodder opisywali go jako Candida lipolytica. Później okazało się, że jest to tylko anamorfa^[1].

Ma około 20 synonimów. Niektóre z nich:^[2]:

Charakterystyka

W naturze Yarrowia lipolytica został wyizolowany z wielu miejsc np. z gleby i mchów antarktycznych^[3] czy z mrowisk mrówek uprawiających grzyby (plemię Attini, rodzaj Myrmicocrypta), gdzie gatunek został znaleziony w komorze do uprawiania grzybów i komorze z odpadkami^[4].

Zastosowanie

Stwierdzono występowanie Y. lipolytica w niektórych gatunkach serów^[5] oraz suchych kiełbas dojrzewających. Obecnie drożdże te są stosowane jako szczepionki do produkcji przemysłowej serów^[6].

Przeprowadzono także prace badawcze nad eksperymentalnym wykorzystaniem drożdży Y. lipolytica do przetwarzania tłuszczów odpadowych na biomasę drożdżową służącą jako uzupełnienie pasz zwierząt gospodarskich.

Susz Y. lipolytica charakteryzuje się wyższym udziałem aminokwasów egzogennych, niż podaje wzorzec FAO dla drożdży paszowych^[7]:

• lizyna 9,0% (wzorzec: 6,4%)
• fenyloalanina 8,6% (wzorzec: 3,8%)
• walina 4,9% (wzorzec: 3,8%).

Drożdże Y. lipolytica zastosowano także do biosyntezy kwasu cytrynowego^[8] oraz erytrytu^[9].

Yarrowia lipolytica jest składnikiem preparatu "Aspire", zarejestrowanego do użycia w USA i Izraelu, wykorzystywanego przemysłowo do ochrony przed gniciem owoców (cytrusy, granaty^[10], gruszki^[11]) po ich zbiorach^[12]. Działanie ochronne Y. lipolytica polega na jego współzawodnictwie o pokarm i przestrzeń z gatunkami grzybów powodujących gnicie owoców, ale także na aktywnym ich zwalczaniu przez wydzielanie enzymów degradujących ich ściany komórkowe^[13].

Szczep Yarrowia lipolytica może być wykorzystywany do bioremediacji gruntów skażonych węglowodorami ropopochodnymi^[14][15][16].

W Polsce drożdże z gatunku Yarrowia lipolytica produkowane są przez firmę SKOTAN S.A. na bazie biologicznych pozostałości z produkcji biopaliw. Są podstawowym składnikiem mieszanek paszowych uzupełniających dla zwierząt gospodarskich i towarzyszących^[17].

Przypisy

Candida oleophila je grzib^[2], co go ôpisoł Montrocher 1967. Candida oleophila nŏleży do zorty Candida, rzyndu Saccharomycetales, klasy Saccharomycetes, grōmady Ascomycota i krōlestwa grzibōw.^[3][4] Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.^[3]

Przipisy

Yarrowia lipolytica je grzib^[1], co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Wick., Kurtzman & Herman, a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Van der Walt & Arx 1981. Yarrowia lipolytica nŏleży do zorty Yarrowia, rzyndu Saccharomycetales, klasy Saccharomycetes, grōmady Ascomycota i krōlestwa grzibōw.^[17][18] Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.^[17]

Przipisy

• 1 Описание
• 2 Экология
• 3 Значение
• 4 Таксономия
  • 4.1 Синонимы
• 5 Примечания
• 6 Литература