Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats.[1] It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor.[2] Along with Human coronavirus OC43 (a member of the Betacoronavirus genus), it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold.[3][4] HCoV-229E is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Duvinacovirus.[5][6]
Transmission
HCoV-229E transmits via droplet-respiration and fomites.
Signs and symptoms
HCoV-229E is associated with a range of respiratory symptoms, ranging from the common cold to high-morbidity outcomes such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. However, such high morbidity outcomes are almost always seen in cases with co-infection with other respiratory pathogens; there is a single published case report to date of a 229E infection that caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in an otherwise healthy patient having no detectable co-infection with another pathogen.[7] HCoV-229E is also among the coronaviruses most frequently codetected with other respiratory viruses, particularly with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV).[8][9][10]
Epidemiology
HCoV-229E is one of the seven human coronaviruses which include HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 and are globally distributed.[11][12] However, the viruses were detected in different parts of the world at different times of the year.[13][14][15] A NCBI-study found a previous HCoV-229E infection in 42.9% – 50.0% of children of 6–12 months of age and in 65% of those 2.5–3.5 years of age.[16]
Virology
HCoV-229E is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are:[17]
Research
Chloroquine, a zinc ionophore, inhibits the replication of Human coronavirus 229E in cell culture.[18]
Human HCoV-229E, and human HCoV-NL63, likely originated from bats.[19]
History
A researcher at the University of Chicago, Dorothy Hamre, first identified 229E in 1965.[20][21]
See also
References
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^ Lim, Yvonne Xinyi; Ng, Yan Ling; Tam, James P.; Liu, Ding Xiang (2016-07-25). "Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions". Diseases. 4 (3): 26. doi:10.3390/diseases4030026. ISSN 2079-9721. PMC 5456285. PMID 28933406. See Table 1.
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^ Gaunt, E. R.; Hardie, A.; Claas, E. C.; Simmonds, P.; Templeton, K. E. (2010). "Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 48 (8): 2940–2947. doi:10.1128/JCM.00636-10. PMC 2916580. PMID 20554810.
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^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
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^ Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Huang, Yi; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung (2010-08-24). "Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis". Viruses. 2 (8): 1804–1820. doi:10.3390/v2081803. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3185738. PMID 21994708. Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Pol) of coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. The tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method and rooted using Breda virus polyprotein.
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^ Vassilara, F.; Spyridaki, A.; Pothitos, G.; Deliveliotou, A.; Papadopoulos, A. (2018). "A Rare Case of Human Coronavirus 229E Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Healthy Adult". Case Reports in Infectious Diseases. 2018: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2018/6796839. PMC 5925015. PMID 29850307.
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^ Pene, F.; Merlat, A.; Vabret, A.; Rozenberg, F.; Buzyn, A.; Dreyfus, F.; Cariou, A.; Freymuth, F.; Lebon, P. (2003). "Coronavirus 229E-related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 37 (7): 929–932. doi:10.1086/377612. PMC 7107892. PMID 13130404.
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^ Vabret, A.; Mourez, T.; Gouarin, S.; Petitjean, J.; Freymuth, F. (2003). "An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 36 (8): 985–989. doi:10.1086/374222. PMC 7109673. PMID 12684910.
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^ Kaye, H. S.; Marsh, H. B.; Dowdle, W. R. (1971). "Seroepidemiologic survey of coronavirus (Strain OC 43) related infections in a children's population". American Journal of Epidemiology. 94 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121293. PMC 7109649. PMID 5556222.
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^ Principi, N.; Bosis, S.; Esposito, S. (2010). "Effects of coronavirus infections in children". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 183–188. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090469. PMC 2957994. PMID 20113545.
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^ de Wilde, Adriaan H.; Jochmans, Dirk; Posthuma, Clara C.; Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Jessika C.; van Nieuwkoop, Stefan; Bestebroer, Theo M.; van den Hoogen, Bernadette G.; Neyts, Johan; Snijder, Eric J. (August 2014). "Screening of an FDA-Approved Compound Library Identifies Four Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in Cell Culture". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 58 (8): 4875–4884. doi:10.1128/AAC.03011-14. PMC 4136071. PMID 24841269.
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