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Stiff Cowbane

Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf.

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Comprehensive Description

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Oxypolis rigidior * (L.) Raf. Bull. Bot. Seringe 218. 1830
Sium rigidius L. Sp. PI. 251. 1753.
Oenanthe rigida Crantz, Class. Umbell. 85. 1767.
Sium longifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 194. 1814.
Sium iricuspidatum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 354. 1817.
Oenanthe ambigua Nutt. Gen. 1: 189. 1818.
Pastinaca rigida Spreng. in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 6: 586. 1820.
Pastinaca ambigua Torr. Fl. U. S. 315. 1824.
Oxypolis tricuspidata Raf. Bull. Bot. Seringe 218. 1830.
Archemora rigida DC. Prodr. 4: 188. 1830.
Archemora ambigua DC. Prodr. 4: 188. 1830.
Archemora tricuspidata DC. Prodr. 4: 188. 1830.
fThaspium tenuifolium Raf. Herb. Raf. 78. 1833.
Achemora serrala Raf. Herb. Raf. 78. 1833.
Pastinaca tricuspidata D. Dietr. Syn. PI. 2: 971. 1840.
Peucedanum rigidum Wood, Bot. & Fl. 136. 1870.
Peucedanum rigidius Baillon, Hist. PI. 7: 187. 1879.
Tiedemannia rigida Coult. & Rose, Bot. Gaz. 12: 74. 1887.
Tiedemannia rigida var. ambigua Coult. & Rose, Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 47. 1888.
Oxypolis rigidus Britton, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 239. 1894
Oxypolis rigidus var. longifolius Britton, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 239. 1894.
* As 0. rigida. Since "Sium rigidium Linn." is cited as synonym, this is interpreted as an orthographic error. Oxypolis longifolia Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 875. 1903.
Oxypolis rigidior var. ambigua B. L. Robinson, Rhodora 10: 35. 1908.
Oxypolis turgida Small, Man. SE. Fl. 986. 1933.
Plants 6-15 dm. high; leaves oval to deltoid in general outline, excluding the petioles 10-30 cm. long, 10-25 cm. broad, pinnate with 5-9 leaflets, the leaflets lanceolate or linear, 7-15 cm. long, 5-45 mm. broad, remotely salient-dentate or entire; petioles 5-10 cm. long; peduncles 6-30 cm. long; involucre of a few linear bracts 1-2 cm. long; involucel of a few linear bractlets 3-5 mm. long; rays 15-45, spreading, subequal, 3-12 cm. long; pedicels spreading, 5-15 mm. long; calyx-teeth conspicuous; fruit oval or oblong, 4-7 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. broad.
Type locality: Virginia, Clayton.
Distribution: Wet ground along streams, bogs; New York and New Jersey to South Carolina, west to Minnesota and Texas (Demaree 16.078. Eggerl 6463. House 3064).
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bibliographic citation
Albert Charles Smith, Mildred Esther Mathias, Lincoln Constance, Harold William Rickett. 1944-1945. UMBELLALES and CORNALES. North American flora. vol 28B. New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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North American Flora

Oxypolis rigidior

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Illustration from Britton and Brown, 1913

Oxypolis rigidior, known as cowbane, common water dropwort,[1] stiff cowbane,[2] or pig-potato, is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family native to eastern North America. It is a perennial wildflower found in wet habitats.[3][4][5] Oxypolis rigidior is poisonous to mammals.

Description

Oxypolis rigidior is 2–6 foot tall perennial herb of eastern North America. Its leaves are compound, odd-pinnate with 7-11 leaflets, and have variable shape. Umbels of 3 mm white flowers appear August to October. Flat fruits with conspicuous "wings" appear October through November.[5][3]

The variable leaf shape may make identification challenging. Water hemlock, a related very poisonous species, which sometimes even shares the common name "cowbane", is similar, as is the closely related Savanna cowbane (Oxypolis ternata).[5][3]

Taxonomy

Two varieties have been described, O. rigidior var. rigidior and O. rigidior var. ambigua.[5]

Toxicity

Both roots and top parts are poisonous to mammals.[6][7]

References

  1. ^ "Oxypolis rigidior". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Minnesota Wildflowers. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  2. ^ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org.
  3. ^ a b c Peterson, Roger Tory; McKenny, Margaret (1968). A Field Guide to Wildflowers Northeastern and Northcentral North America. New York, NY, USA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 52.
  4. ^ "Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf". USDA. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d Weakley, Alan S. (May 2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States (PDF). Chapel Hill, NC, USA: The University of North Carolina Herbarium. p. 1236. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  6. ^ Dr. John Hilty. "Cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior)". illinoiswildflowers.info/. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  7. ^ Cowbane at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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Oxypolis rigidior: Brief Summary

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Illustration from Britton and Brown, 1913

Oxypolis rigidior, known as cowbane, common water dropwort, stiff cowbane, or pig-potato, is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family native to eastern North America. It is a perennial wildflower found in wet habitats. Oxypolis rigidior is poisonous to mammals.

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