The fossil history of Labridae dates back to the lower Tertiary and Paleocene epochs.
Most wrasses rely on vision to find their prey. Visual recognition may also be important for terminal phase (TP) males to identify harem members. Although TP males are susceptible to streaking attempts by initial phase (IP) males (see Reproduction: Mating Systems), no IP males have been found in harem-forming species. This suggests that IP males are unable to mimic IP females, despite very similar morphology.
Communication Channels: visual
Other Communication Modes: mimicry
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
Four labrid species are listed as vulnerable: Cheilinus undulates, Lachnolaimus maximus, Thalassoma ascensionis, and Xyrichtys virens.
Wrasses occupy a wide range of water temperatures and incubation time is directly affected by water temperature. In laboratory experiments incubation took approximately 24 hours at 27˚C. The planktonic stage is estimated to be around one month, although very little is known about this stage. The age or size at which individuals reach sexual maturity depends on the maximum size of the species.
Wrasses (the family Labridae), are the most abundant and conspicuous fishes on tropical reefs around the world. Wrasses also comprise an important element of the coldwater fish population on temperate reefs. They are second largest family of marine fishes and the third largest family in the Perciformes order, containing approximately 60 genera and roughly 500 species. Wrasses appear in a diverse range of colors, shapes, and sizes, often varying considerably within individual species (see Physical Description). This morphological diversity is matched by the wide variety of prey consumed. Wrasses fill the roles of piscivores, zooplanktivores, molluscivores, herbivores, planktivores, polychaete predators, decapod crab predators, and coral predators, as well as many others (see Food Habits). Many wrasses are organized into harem-based social systems and hermaphroditism is common (see Reproduction: Mating Systems). Finally, as suggested by their diverse food habits, wrasses fill many important ecological roles on reefs of tropical and temperate regions around the world.
No specific information was found concerning any negative impacts to humans.
Wrasses from the Coris genera are popular aquarium fishes and two species from the Atlantic coast of North America, the cunner and the tautog, are valued as commercial and sport fish. Some other medium to large wrasses are popular food fishes as well.
Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; research and education
The ecological role of cleaner wrasses of the Indo-Pacific region provides a good example of the complexity of seemingly mutualistic relationships between fishes. Typically, cleaner fishes are elaborately colored and perform displays over a patch of reef while larger fish approach and assume a relaxed posture. Cleaner fishes are commonly thought to benefit the host by removing dead or damaged tissue and ectoparasites. Accordingly, investigators reported higher recovery rates for wounded fish in the presence of cleaners. However, in experiments where all cleaners were removed from an environment there was no incidence of fishes leaving the area or becoming particularly unhealthy. Further, when levels of parasitic infections are high the host benefits from cleaning but when infection levels are low, which they usually are, some cleaners feed on healthy tissue, such as scales, pieces of fin, mucous, or in some cases the eggs of other reef fishes. Despite these parasitic qualities of the relationship, fishes being cleaned have a positive response to the tactile stimulation from cleaners, suggesting that some cleaners are mildly beneficial while others have taken advantage of the cleaning arrangement.
The relationship between wrasse species and their invertebrate prey is a spectacular example of coevolution. As invertebrates have developed anti-predator adaptations, such as spines, toxins, heavy armor, and adherence to the substrate, wrasses have evolved simultaneously. Some physical changes include the development of strong, hard beaks and a second set of strong teeth in the throat ( pharyngeal jaw), making it possible to crush hard-shelled invertebrates. A conspicuous behavioral adaptation is “following behavior.” As larger fish disturb the substrate, some wrasses follow close behind to capture exposed invertebrates. Other small wrasses have become adept at combing the reef for invertebrates too small for most fishes to prey upon. Finally, some wrasses use their snouts to flip rocks and pieces of coral to expose hidden invertebrates.
Ecosystem Impact: parasite
Species Used as Host:
Mutualist Species:
Many wrasses are specialized and voracious feeders, as reflected by the highly variable skull and body shape, modified pharyngeal jaw, and prominent canines. The type of nourishment ranges widely: fish, ectoparasites, mollusks, polychaete worms, decapod crabs, corals, coral mucous, amphipods, various echinoderms, plankton, and several types of vegetation. Many small wrasses follow larger fishes and exploit any benthic (reef bottom) disturbances that help to reveal the well-camouflaged invertebrates. A considerable number are plankton feeders, forming schools in reef gaps, reef fronts or other areas with current. The food habits of cleaner wrasses are probably most well known. Cleaner wrasses remove mucous, parasites and scales from the bodies of larger fishes. Cleaning is not limited to the Labroides genus however; young bluehead and young Spanish hogfish in the Bahamas have also been observed cleaning larger fishes. Finally, some piscivorous (fish-eating) wrasses mimic harmless fishes (Randall and Kuiter, 1989 in Nelson, 1994).
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats eggs, Eats body fluids, Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore ); herbivore ; omnivore
Wrasses occupy all tropical seas and penetrate considerable distances into temperate waters, reaching as far north as Norway. Many temperate species in the genera Oxyjulius, Tautoga, Tautogolabrus, Semicossyphus, and Labrus can be found in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Wrasses are most highly concentrated off the coasts of Australia where about 165 species and 42 genera are represented.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Native ); australian (Native ); oceanic islands (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native ); mediterranean sea (Native )
Wrasses can be found in a wide variety of habitats, such as tidal pools, grass beds, rocky or coral reefs, or open sand bottoms. Many wrasses prefer specific environments. Doratonotus, for example, prefer turtle grass beds, Hemipteronotus, mixed turtle grass and sandy patch areas, and hogfishes, weed-covered rocky flats. Plankton feeders, such as Clepticus, often concentrate in large schools at reef fronts, reef gaps, or other areas where plankton is concentrated in the water column. However, some species, such as the slippery dick, can be found in a broad range of habitats.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; reef ; coastal ; brackish water
Other Habitat Features: estuarine ; intertidal or littoral
No information was found concerning the lifespan of wrasses but, in general, reef species live between three and five years.
Most wrasses are quite small, usually below 20 cm. The smallest species, Minilabrus striatus of the Red Sea, reaches a maximum length of only 4.5 cm. The genera Pseudocheilinus and Doratonotus contain several other dwarf wrasses. One species, Conniella apterygia, is so small that it lacks even pelvic fins and a supporting skeleton. The largest wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus, can reach a length of about 2.3 m and weighs more than 150 kg. Wrasses are most easily identified by their pointed snouts and prominent canine teeth in the front of the jaws, which often project forward. Wrasses characteristically have a protractile mouth, cycloid scales , and a single continuous dorsal fin lacking an obvious notch between the soft and spiny portions. The lateral line may be continuous or interrupted. (Click here to see a fish diagram).
Wrasses display myriad colors and shapes. Razorfishes are elongate and laterally compressed, while members of Cheilinus, Choerodon, and many of Bodianus are large and stocky. However, most are elongate and tapered at both ends, often referred to as “cigar-shaped.” Cigar-shaped fishes are found in the genera Thalassoma, Halichoeres, and Labroides. Often, there is considerable diversity of colors and shapes within individual species. As in parrotfishes, some wrasses progress through “phases” (see Reproduction: Mating Systems), and each phase corresponds with a change in morphology (shape and color). Dominant males (and sometimes females) are the most distinctly colored, with complex patterns of red, yellow, green, blue and black. Subordinate males and females are smaller than dominant individuals and are often drab-colored with cryptic patterns. Juveniles range in coloration from bright yellow and orange to drab gray and brown, and some have camouflaging patterns. (See Reproduction: Mating Systems for details). Some wrasses exhibit sexual dimorphism.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; polymorphic
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful; sexes shaped differently
Many juvenile wrasses are cryptically colored to avoid predation while others find protection among the tentacles of sea anemones. Nearly all adult wrasses bury themselves in sand at night to avoid predators. A few species seek out reef crevices and produce a foul-smelling mucous bag to deter predators while sleeping. Razorfishes (Hemipteronotus, Xyrichtys) also use the sand for protection during the day by diving into the bottom. Razorfishes are apparently quite agile in this environment, sometimes resurfacing several meters from the point of entry.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: mimic; cryptic
The fossil history of scarids dates back to the lower Tertiary and Eocene epochs.
Most known forms of communication in parrotfishes are related to reproduction and are discussed in Reproduction: Mating Systems. However, in some species male coloration intensifies when defending its territory, which suggests that visual cues are used to deter invaders.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
One scarid, Scarus guacamaia (rainbow parrotfish), is listed as vulnerable to extinction.
Tidal currents disperse parrotfish eggs, which begin to hatch approximately 25 hours after fertilization. Newly hatched larvae begin to feed after three days but the length of the planktonic stage is unknown. Most parrotfish species develop rapidly and reach maturity between two and four years.
Scarids, which are widely known as parrotfishes because of their beak-like jaws, include approximately nine genera and 83 species. They are abundant in tropical reefs around the world and well known to divers for their striking coloration and noisy feeding as they crunch on dead coral. Parrotfishes exhibit several types of complex mating systems that vary more by geographic location than by species (see Reproduction). They also have considerable ecological impacts on coral reefs through herbivory and bioerosion (see Ecosystem Roles).
Several species, such as blue parrotfish and one Indo-Pacific species, have caused ciguatera (fish poisoning sickness) in humans, which can be fatal.
Negative Impacts: injures humans
In the Bahamas, the scales of some parrotfishes are used for decorating basketwork and shellflower arrangements, but the fish are not consumed. In other areas, parrotfishes are sometimes taken as food, but their flesh can be dangerous to humans as a result of accumulated ciguatera toxins.
Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; research and education
Parrotfishes have a major impact on coral reefs through intensive grazing and associated bioerosion. The grazing patterns of large schools of parrotfish have the effect of selecting for certain species of corals and algae, and preventing algae from choking out corals. Many parrotfishes feed on calcareous algae (algae that are high in mineral calcium) growing on dead, exposed coral by biting off chunks and turning them into a fine paste. This type of grazing contributes significantly to the process of bioerosion and the creation of sediment on reefs. For instance, it has been calculated that a single large parrotfish, Bolbometapon muricatum (bump-head parrotfish), consumes approximately one cubic meter of coral skeletons per year, and turns it into fine sediment. In this way large schools of bump-head parrotfish determine the fine-scale topography of coral reefs.
A separate ecological consequence of intense herbivory in parrotfishes is the conversion of plant material into fish flesh. The success of parrotfishes in consuming plant material unavailable to most other fishes and the large size of parrotfish populations makes them an important part of the predatory food chain.
Ecosystem Impact: biodegradation
Parrotfishes are primarily herbivorous, grazing intensively on dead, algae-coated coral, vegetable material, and in some species sea grasses. Bump-headed parrotfishes, which consume significant amounts of live coral, are one exception. Key to the success of parrotfishes is their ability to take up plant material, detritus and calcareous sediment and process it through the action of the pharyngeal jaw. This chewing mechanism grinds ingested material into a fine paste and breaks down algal cells, releasing the cellular material for digestion. Like acanthurids, parrotfishes form large feeding groups, sometimes with multiple species, to overwhelm territorial fishes and deter predators.
Primary Diet: herbivore
Parrotfishes are found primarily in tropical waters throughout the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. However, some species inhabit subtropical waters, and some, such as Scarus ghobban, may venture far from reef environments.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Native ); australian (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native ); mediterranean sea (Native )
Most parrotfishes exclusively inhabit offshore coral reefs in tropical regions. However, a few species feed primarily on sea grasses and are most common in the Caribbean. Two other species, Nicholsina denticulate and Sparisoma cretense, are common over rocky reefs of the Gulf of California and Mediterranean Sea, respectively.
Habitat Regions: saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; reef ; coastal
The maximum age of most parrotfishes is less than 20 years and most live less than five years. There is a general trend in the scarids for larger species to live longer. Subsequently, the largest scarid, Bolbometopon muricatum, is the one exception to the 20 year maximum age.
Parrotfishes are characterized by their distinctive beak-like jaws, in which the teeth are fused together in most species, and a pharyngeal apparatus , which acts as a second set of jaws in the throat. In the pharyngeal apparatus, the teeth are arranged in rows and are highly specialized to grind, crop, and crush food as it is processed. Parrotfishes have large, cycloid scales , usually with 22-24 scales along the lateral line. The dorsal fin has nine spines and ten soft rays. The anal fin has three spines and nine soft rays, and the pelvic fins one spine and five soft rays. (Click here to see a fish diagram).
Some parrotfishes have a complex socio-sexual (socially influenced sexual change) system punctuated by three phases, and each phase change results in a different color pattern (See Reproduction: Mating Systems for a description of “phases” in parrotfishes). For instance, juveniles tend to have a drab mixture of browns, grays and blacks, but as they mature a distinct coloration emerges with the addition of red tones. A third set of colors is donned by males and by females that have recently undergone sex change into males. As these males mature, they exhibit bright, intricate patterns of reds, greens, and blues. This type of color change has been documented in Scarus, Sparisoma, Nicholsina, Bolbometapon, and Cryptotomus, but there are some monochromic (fishes that do not exhibit sexual color change) species that exhibit different types of sexual dimorphism.
Scarus coelestinus and Scarus coeruleus in the eastern Pacific and Scarus niger in the Indo-West Pacific exhibit no color differences. However, mature males of Scarus coelestinus and Scarus coeruleus develop more squared-off and prominent foreheads than smaller fish, while Scarus niger exhibits no physical differences other than size. Finally, fleshy tips on the upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin can be observed in mature males of Scarus rubroviolaceus, but are poorly developed on small males and females.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful; sexes shaped differently; ornamentation
A unique feature of some parrotfishes is the production of a mucous envelope at night before resting. The envelope takes about 30 minutes to construct and is open at both ends to allow water flow. The secreted envelope is foul smelling and tasting, which may serve to deter nighttime predators that hunt by scent. Most parrotfishes seek out caves and ledges in the reef for protection at night, but parrotfishes in the genus Cryptotomus bury themselves in the sand like wrasses. After creating a hole in the sand Cryptotomus then produces its mucous nightgown.
Known Predators:
Like parrotfishes, many wrasses utilize some of the most complex and unusual reproduction systems known to fishes. Males can be either primary (born male), or secondary (females that have undergone sex change). In some species there are no secondary males while in others all individuals are born female (monandric) and change sex when necessary. In the most complex systems, species are diandric – both primary and secondary males exist in the population. In these species, individuals proceed through three distinct phases, marked by color differences. In fact, the color differences are so pronounced that for over 200 years researchers regarded some phases as distinct species. Sexually immature juveniles represent the first phase. The second, known as the initial, phase (IP) can include sexually mature males or females, which are impossible to tell apart without internal examination or observation during spawning. IP males and females may group spawn in some species. The terminal phase (TP) includes only mature males, which display brilliant colors. TP males usually dominate reproductive activity through a harem-based social system. The death of a TP male serves as a social cue for an IP female to change sex and behavior. The morphology of IP males may also change in response to the death of a TP male. In some cases, IP males attempt to fertilize IP females by following a TP male and IP female pair during spawning. In this behavior, called “streaking,” IP males follow the pairs at peak spawning and release a large cloud of gametes in an attempt to overwhelm fertilization by the TP male. This is thought to increase the fecundity (ability to produce offspring) of IP males. IP males are well equipped to perform streaking as they have larger gonads and so are able to produce more gametes, while TP males have smaller testes and rely on aggression to deter other males. The larger volume of milt (gametes) produced by IP males is related to group spawning events with IP females, in which competition for fertilization is intense and more milt is needed.
Some specific examples of wrasse mating systems demonstrate the complexity and variation of the phase system described above. For instance, the cleaner wrasse, which is monandric (all individuals are born female), forms harems that are held together by male aggression towards subordinate females. With the death of the dominant male, subordinate females jockey for position and the newly dominant female adopts aggressive male behavior within a few hours. Each individual moves a step up in the dominance hierarchy and the last position is filled by a juvenile. If the newly dominant female is able to withstand attempts by neighboring males to take over the vacant harem, she will become a fully functional male within a two to four days. Some other harem-forming species are Cirrhilabrus temminckii, Cirrhilabrus jordani, Labroides bicolor, Hemipteronotus splendens, Pseudocheilinus hexataenia and Macropharyngodon moyeri. The Caribbean species Halichoeres garnoti is also monandric, but individuals do not exhibit territoriality or conspicuous dominance relationships, nor do they use aggressive actions to maintain sexual state. Instead, size or some size-related factor determines which individual will fill the male role. In Halichoeres garnoti males are larger than females and both sexes behave similarly. While these examples focus on the mating extremes of wrasses, most species fall between the systems of the cleaner wrasse and Halichoeres garnoti in terms of the influence of social control on sex reversal. Other hermaphroditic but non-harem-forming species include Halichoeres bivittatus and Halichoeres poeyi, Halichoeres maculipinna and possibly Thalassoma lunare. Finally, some species, such as Oxyjulis californica and Crenilabrus melops, do not follow the phase system at all as they are not hermaphroditic, and there are probably more non-hermaphroditic species yet to be found.
Mating System: polygynous ; polygynandrous (promiscuous)
In tropical wrasses spawning occurs year-round but some temperate species seem to restrict spawning to warmer parts of the year. Spawning typically occurs along the outer edge of patch reefs or along the outer edges of more extensive reef complexes. The correlation between spawning and lunar periodicity (the lunar cycle) is sketchy in some species and non-existent in most that have been investigated. Spawning in several species corresponds with outgoing tides, however, many species spawn at a particular time in the day, regardless of tidal patterns. This variation may be due to local conditions. For instance, in areas where tidal forces are weak, factors like time of day or light intensity may have more influence. However, evidence from different species on the same reef suggests that temporal (measured time) differences in spawning evolved to decrease the probability of hybridization with other species.
Wrasses may spawn in groups or pairs depending on the species or phase of individuals. Typically, group or aggregate spawning occurs between initial phase (IP) individuals, which are diandric (containing male and female IP individuals). However, in some species, such as Thalassoma cupido, Thalassoma lucasanum, and Halichoeres bivitattus, terminal phase (TP) males have been observed participating in group spawning. The size of the spawning groups ranges from a dozen to several hundred individuals. Males outnumber females, sometimes by as much as ten to one. Paired spawning is found in many, if not all, tropical wrasses and involves a TP male and IP female. In rare cases, IP individuals also spawn in pairs. Most species defend small territories only during spawning. Currently Anampses cuvieri is the only known species of tropical wrasse to produce demersal eggs (eggs laid on the bottom as opposed to being released in the water column). Demersal spawning of Anampses cuvieri was only observed in captivity and still needs to be confirmed, but work on other species of this genus seems to support this observation.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sequential hermaphrodite (Protogynous ); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous
Some temperate wrasse species, such as the ballan wrasse and Anampses cuvieri, are demersal nest builders. The nests are usually made out of plant material and the male guards the eggs after they are deposited.
Parental Investment: male parental care
Parrotfishes utilize some of the most complex and unusual reproduction systems known to fishes. Males can be either primary, i.e. born male, or secondary, i.e. females that have undergone sex change. In some species there are no secondary males while in others all individuals are born female (monandric) and change sex when necessary. In the most complex systems, species are diandric – both primary and secondary males exist in the population. In these species, individuals proceed through three distinct phases, marked by color differences. In fact, the color differences are so pronounced that for over 200 years researchers regarded some phases as distinct species. Sexually immature and drab colored juveniles represent the first phase. The second, known as the initial, phase (IP) can include sexually mature males or females, which are impossible to tell apart without internal examination or observation during spawning. The terminal phase (TP) includes only mature males, which display brilliant colors. TP males usually dominate reproductive activity through a harem-based social system. The death of a TP male serves as a social cue for an IP female to change sex and behavior. The morphology and behavior of IP males may also change in response to the death of a TP male. In some cases IP males attempt to infiltrate a TP male’s harem by masquerading as a female. In the so called “sneak spawning” attempt IP males follow spawning pairs into the water column and release a large cloud of gametes at peak spawning in an attempt to overwhelm fertilization by the TP male. IP males are well equipped to perform “sneak spawning” as they have larger testes and so are able to produce more gametes, while TP males have smaller testes and rely on aggression to deter other males.
The type of reproductive behavior described above and whether it involves paired, foraging group or mass spawning depends on a complex set of behavioral and geographic factors. For instance, some species, such as Scarus iseri, exhibit a wide range of reproductive behaviors depending on the area in which they are found. In Panama, Scarus iseri employs a system involving three classes of individuals: territorials, stationeries and foragers. Territorials are organized into groups that consist of a dominant female, several subordinate females and usually, but not always, a terminal (TP) male. Paired spawning occurs within the territory, which both males and females defend. Stationaries consistently use the same area for spawning but do not defend it, and foragers include groups of up to 500 individuals, mostly females. In Puerto Rico, initial phase (IP) and terminal phase (TP) individuals migrate to temporary spawning areas in deep water, usually in pairs. Finally, in Jamaica Scarus iseri emphasizes aspects of the foraging group system and spawning only takes place in groups. The three previous examples illustrate the flexibility of the socio-sexual mating systems found in parrotfishes. The reasons that different aspects of the basic spawning system manifest in different areas range from population density to competition for spawning sites and other resources to geographic factors like seasons and water temperature.
Mating System: polygynous ; polygynandrous (promiscuous)
In general, parrotfishes spawn year-round, usually at dusk. However, peak spawning occurs in summer for many species and there is evidence that some species have defined non-spawning periods. As discussed above, many species migrate to the outer edges of the reef to spawn but some spawn within defined territories. There is evidence that some scarids respond to the lunar cycle during spawning, but in others, spawning correlates closely with high tide, regardless of the time of the lunar month. In species that spawn several times during the day, the tidal cycle is followed closely since this is the optimal time for egg dispersal.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; sequential hermaphrodite (Protogynous ); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous
There is no evidence of parental behavior in parrotfishes.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement
The wrasses are a particularly diverse and abundant family of reef fishes, with numerous species that occupy essentially all reef, rock, and grassbed habitats in the Caribbean. The bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum, is the single regional representative of a prominent labrid genus and is ubiquitous on Western Atlantic coral reefs. Another large genus of wrasses, Halichoeres, has more than 80 species throughout the tropics with many regional representatives, not all of which are closely related. There are three local razorfishes in Xyrichtys (note that Xyrichtys is frequently misspelled as Xyrichthys) and two hogfishes in Bodianus. The remaining labrid genera in the region are mostly monotypic: Doratonotus megalepis, Lachnolaimus maximus, Clepticus parrae, and the deep-water wrasse Decodon puellaris (the latter two species have a sibling species in the eastern Atlantic and in the eastern Pacific, respectively).
Labrid larvae can be recognized by the absence of head spines, long and continuous dorsal and anal fins with slender spines, a relatively wide caudal peduncle, stub-like pelvic fins, a pointed snout with a small terminal mouth and typically light markings (none or melanophores mostly on the fin-ray membranes). Notably, there is no row of melanophores along the anal-fin base, which separates labrid larvae from many similar-appearing groups, such as larval scarids, labrisomids, chaenopsids, dactyloscopids, and gobies. While most tropical labrid larvae fit this general pattern of small and mostly unpigmented larvae, two genera are exceptions: larval Lachnolaimus maximus are fully-pigmented and Decodon melasma have an unusual and large late larval stage with a pattern of bars on the body.
While genera are relatively easily distinguished, congeneric labrid larvae can appear similar, if not identical. Several species of Halichoeres share melanophore patterns and only become recognizable to species during transition. Larval razorfishes, Xyrichtys, have no melanophores and do not diverge in appearance until juvenile markings develop (however their evanescent chromatophore patterns may be species-specific). Some Caribbean labrid larvae require DNA sequencing for identification to species.
The labrids below are presented in order of increasing numbers of dorsal-fin spines: from 8 to 14 in the regional labrids. Fin-ray counts generally separate Caribbean genera well.
Die Lipvisse & Varkvisse (Labridae) is 'n vis-familie wat hoort tot die orde Perciformes. Daar is agt en sestig genera met ongeveer 460 spesies in die familie. Sewentig van die spesies kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor.
Die familie se lywe is reghoekig tot lank, bedek met klein skubbe en die hele familie het een dorsale vin. Die meeste spesies het dik lippe. Die grootte wissel van 45 cm – 2.3 m;.
Die familie is daglewende jagters wat leef op skaaldiere, slakke en wurms. Party spesies eet ook soöplankton. Gedurende die nag begrawe van die kleiner spesies hulle in die sand om weg te kruip van roofvisse. Alle spesies van die familie is afwisselende hermafrodiete.
Die volgende genera en gepaardgaande spesies kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor:
Weerhaan-varkvis
Saalrug-varkvis
Sigaar-lipvis
Kolstert-coris
Voëlvis
Bloustreep-skoonmakertjie
Rotsskuiwer-lipvis
Streepwang-lipvis
Sesstreep-lipvis
Beiteltand-lipvis
Drielint-lipvis
Goudstaaf-lipvis
Branders-lipvis
Maanstert-lipvis
Die Lipvisse & Varkvisse (Labridae) is 'n vis-familie wat hoort tot die orde Perciformes. Daar is agt en sestig genera met ongeveer 460 spesies in die familie. Sewentig van die spesies kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor.
Die Papegaaivisse (Scaridae) is 'n vis-familie van die orde Perciformes. Die familie bevat tien genera met minstens negentig spesies. Negentien van die spesies word aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus aangetref.
Die familie se lywe is reghoekig en stewig. Die meeste spesies van die familie se tande is aanmekaar wat die kenmerkende papegaai-bek vorm tot gevolg het en waarvandaan die familie sy naam kry. Die dorsale vin is enkel en die stertvin kan plat, holvormig of bolvormig wees. Die skubbe is groot en die sylyn word onderbreek onder die strale van die dorsale vin. Daar is weinige skubbe op die kop. Die familie word tussen 19 cm en 1.2 m lank.
Die familie is herbivore en vreet meestal seegras en detritus maar sommige spesies vreet lewende koraal. Die familie slaap gedurende die nag, goed weggesteek in gate en onder lyste in die koraalrif. Die familie is afwisselende hermafrodiete.
Die volgende genera en gepaardgaande spesies kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor:
Die Papegaaivisse (Scaridae) is 'n vis-familie van die orde Perciformes. Die familie bevat tien genera met minstens negentig spesies. Negentien van die spesies word aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus aangetref.
Labridae o lábridos ye una familia de pexes marinos, la mayoría bien coloriaos. La familia ye grande y diversa, con cerca de 500 especies arrexuntaes en 60 xéneros.
Delles especies son populares n'acuarios ente qu'otres son comestibles. Nel Atlánticu occidental, la más usada nel consumu humanu ye Tautoga onitis mientres n'Atlánticu ye Labrus bergylta.
Tienen boques protractiles, usualmente dixebraes les articulaciones del quexal. La espina dorsal tien de 8 a 21 espines y de 6 a 21 rayos blandos.
Dellos Labridae son conocíos pola simbiosis con otros pexes, que naden xuntos a ellos y llímpienlos de parásitos les boques y cuévanos. El Labroides dimidiatus ye unu de lo más comunes llimpiadores en petones tropicales (vease Trivers, R. L. 1971).
Los lábridos son proterogínicos, tolos exemplares nacen femes, pero a midida que crecen les femes dominantes tresfórmense gradualmente en machos, alteriando tamién el so coloríu y aspeutu físicu. Si un machu muerre, otra fema va esperimentar la metamorfosis y va sustituyilu.
Los lábridos alimentar de pequeños crustáceos, moluscos y viermes.
Esta familia inclúi los siguientes xéneros:
Acantholabrus
Achoerodus
Ammolabrus
Anampses
Anchichoerops
Austrolabrus
Bodianus
Centrolabrus
Cheilinus
Cheilio
Choerodon
Cirrhilabrus
Clepticus
Conniella
Coris
Ctenolabrus
Cymolutes
Decodon
Diproctacanthus
Doratonotus
Dotalabrus
Epibulus
Eupetrichthys
Frontilabrus
Gomphosus
Halichoeres
Hemigymnus
Hologymnosus
Iniistius
Julichthys[1]
Labrichthys
Labroides
Labropsis
Labrus
Lachnolaimus
Lappanella
Larabicus
Leptojulis
Macropharyngodon
Malapterus
Minilabrus
Nelabrichthys
Notolabrus
Novaculichthys
Novaculoides
Ophthalmolepis
Oxycheilinus
Oxyjulis
Paracheilinus
Parajulis
Pictilabrus
Polylepion
Pseudocheilinops
Pseudocheilinus
Pseudocoris
Pseudodax
Pseudojuloides
Pseudolabrus
Pteragogus
Semicossyphus
Stethojulis
Suezichthys
Symphodus
Tautoga
Tautogolabrus
Terelabrus
Thalassoma
Wetmorella
Xenojulis
Xiphocheilus
Xyrichtys
.
Labridae o lábridos ye una familia de pexes marinos, la mayoría bien coloriaos. La familia ye grande y diversa, con cerca de 500 especies arrexuntaes en 60 xéneros.
Delles especies son populares n'acuarios ente qu'otres son comestibles. Nel Atlánticu occidental, la más usada nel consumu humanu ye Tautoga onitis mientres n'Atlánticu ye Labrus bergylta.
Tienen boques protractiles, usualmente dixebraes les articulaciones del quexal. La espina dorsal tien de 8 a 21 espines y de 6 a 21 rayos blandos.
Dellos Labridae son conocíos pola simbiosis con otros pexes, que naden xuntos a ellos y llímpienlos de parásitos les boques y cuévanos. El Labroides dimidiatus ye unu de lo más comunes llimpiadores en petones tropicales (vease Trivers, R. L. 1971).
Los lábridos son proterogínicos, tolos exemplares nacen femes, pero a midida que crecen les femes dominantes tresfórmense gradualmente en machos, alteriando tamién el so coloríu y aspeutu físicu. Si un machu muerre, otra fema va esperimentar la metamorfosis y va sustituyilu.
Los lábridos alimentar de pequeños crustáceos, moluscos y viermes.
Els làbrids (Labridae) són una família de peixos de l'ordre dels perciformes, la qual és ben representada a les mars tropicals i temperades.
L'enorme varietat de formes i colors dels peixos d'aquesta família, abans que es comprovés la relació entre color i sexe i l'existència de variacions individuals, fou causa de la descripció d'un elevat nombre de suposades espècies, fet que ha donat lloc a l'existència de sinonímies molt complexes, les quals foren estudiades per Quignard.[2] Això, unit a la circumstància que un mateix nom específic ha estat aplicat a espècies diferents per diferents autors, complica notablement la interpretació de les cites antigues que mai no van acompanyades de descripció.[3]
També la nomenclatura catalana ha estat afectada per aquests factors, ja que la variabilitat intraespecífica ha dificultat la generació de noms populars inequívocs. Els ictiòlegs catalans han tingut el costum d'atribuir a cada espècie tots els noms que els havien estat adjudicats per autors precedents, sense valorar-ne l'adequació ni l'efecte pertorbador de sinonímies incorrectes en la nomenclatura científica. Exemple d'això és el cas del nom de llavió atribuït incorrectament a Symphodus doderleini.[3] La majoria dels ictiòlegs que han estudiat els peixos de la mar Catalana, en lloc del nom genèric Symphodus (Rafinesque, 1810), han emprat el sinònim posterior Crenilabrus (Cuvier, 1815) i el darrer en fer-ho servir fou Nadal Fortià.[4] El primer a fer ús de Symphodus fou Fage,[5] i molt més tard el seguiren Lozano Rey,[6] Lloris et al.[7] i Sostoa et al.[8]
En la nomenclatura popular catalana el nom de tord és aplicable indistintament a qualsevol espècie dels gèneres Labrus i Symphodus. El mateix s'esdevé en la nomenclatura italiana. Així, i segons Tortonese: "Tordi è il nome italiano che vale per tutti i Labrus e che si ritrova in molti dialetti... I nomi dialettali in uso per i Labrus si applicano molto spesso anche ai Symphodus."[9]
Són peixos de cos generalment allargat, moderadament comprimit, recobert d'escates grosses, amb la boca més aviat petita i protràctil, i els llavis generalment carnosos i gruixuts. Les dents (caniniformes o incisiviformes) presents en una o més sèries sobre les maxil·les, manquen totalment sobre el vòmer i els palatins. Els ossos faringis porten dents granulars: els inferiors estan soldats, mentre que els superiors segons, tercer i quart estan també soldats formant la placa faríngea superior. La línia lateral generalment té una marcada inflexió cap avall anterior al peduncle caudal. Aleta dorsal única, allargada i amb els radis espinosos units als radis tous. Aletes ventrals en posició toràcica. Marge posterior de la caudal generalment arrodonit o recte.[10] Aleta anal també allargada. 23-42 vèrtebres. Opercle llis i preopercle dentat. Solen ésser petits però n'hi ha de tropicals amb talles molt grosses. Segons les espècies, presenten casos d'hermafroditisme i de dimorfisme sexual molt marcats. Són generalment termòfils, de colors molt variats i sovint molt vistosos. El color no depèn sols de l'edat i el sexe: també hi ha variacions individuals, motivades o no pels colors dominants a l'entorn del lloc on viuen.[3]
Gairebé totes les seues espècies europees són hermafrodites proterogíniques, és a dir neixen femelles però, a mesura que van creixent, les femelles dominants es van transformant d'una manera gradual en mascles.[11][12] En moltes espècies el canvi de sexe va acompanyat d'un notable canvi de coloració: la de la fase inicial femenina és la lliurea primària, i la de la fase masculina és la lliurea secundària.[10]
Mengen petits crustacis, mol·luscs i cucs.
Viuen a fons rocallosos, algars o praderies (poques espècies viuen a la sorra).
N'hi ha espècies que actuen com a desparasitadors.
Són 500 espècies repartides en 60 gèneres:
Els làbrids (Labridae) són una família de peixos de l'ordre dels perciformes, la qual és ben representada a les mars tropicals i temperades.
Pyskounovití (Labridae) je čeleď mořských paprskoploutvých ryb z řádu ostnoploutví (Perciformes). Pochází z Atlantického, Indického a Tichého oceánu a přilehlých moří. Častý je protogynní hermafroditismus, ze samic se v pozdějším věku stávají samci. Řada druhů se chová v akváriích.[1]
Pyskounovití (Labridae) je čeleď mořských paprskoploutvých ryb z řádu ostnoploutví (Perciformes). Pochází z Atlantického, Indického a Tichého oceánu a přilehlých moří. Častý je protogynní hermafroditismus, ze samic se v pozdějším věku stávají samci. Řada druhů se chová v akváriích.
Die Odacini sind eine zwölf Arten in sechs Gattungen umfassende Tribus der Lippfische (Labridae). Sie unterscheiden sich von den anderen Lippfischen durch ihre zusammengewachsenen Zähne, die scharfe Schneiden bilden. Wie auch die Papageifische wurden und werden die Odacini auch als eigenständige Familie klassifiziert. Phylogenetisch gehören sie allerdings eindeutig zu den Lippfischen und dort zur Unterfamilie der Schweinslippfische (Hypsigenyinae). Sie sind auf Pflanzennahrung spezialisiert.
Die Odacini sind schlanke bis sehr schlanke, zehn bis vierzig Zentimeter lange Fische. Die meisten Arten, wie Heteroscarus acroptilus, sind bunt gefärbt. Ihre Schuppen sind klein. Ihre lange Rückenflosse hat 14 bis 27 Hartstrahlen und 9 bis 22 Weichstrahlen. Die Bauchflossen haben einen Hart- und vier Weichstrahlen. Siphonognathus argyrophanes fehlen die Bauchflossen. Er ist sehr lang gestreckt und ähnelt den Trompetenfischen. Bei allen Odacini, mit Ausnahme des letzteren, sind die Geschlechter unterschiedlich gefärbt.
Die meisten Odacini leben an den Küsten des südlichen Australien und Tasmanien in Seegraswiesen und Tangwäldern. Die beiden Arten der Gattung Odax sind endemisch um Neuseeland.
Es gibt zwölf Arten in sechs Gattungen.
Die Odacini sind eine zwölf Arten in sechs Gattungen umfassende Tribus der Lippfische (Labridae). Sie unterscheiden sich von den anderen Lippfischen durch ihre zusammengewachsenen Zähne, die scharfe Schneiden bilden. Wie auch die Papageifische wurden und werden die Odacini auch als eigenständige Familie klassifiziert. Phylogenetisch gehören sie allerdings eindeutig zu den Lippfischen und dort zur Unterfamilie der Schweinslippfische (Hypsigenyinae). Sie sind auf Pflanzennahrung spezialisiert.
Gubanlar, doʻrdoq bal iqlar (Labridae) — okun (olabugʻa)simon baliqlar turkumining bir oilasi. Koʻpchilik turlari tanasining uz. 10 — 30 sm, vazni 250 g cha; baʼzi turlarining uz. 1,8 m ga, vazni esa 27 kg ga yetadi. 400 turni oʻz ichiga olgan 50 ga yaqin urugʻi maʼlum. Tropik va moʻʼtadil iqlimli dengizlarda uchraydi; bir qancha turlari suv oʻtlari yoki marjon poliplar orasida yashaydi. Rangi yashash muhitiga moslashgan yaltiroq, tiniq boʻladi. Qora dengiz va Azov dengizida 8 turi bor. Mayda umurtqasiz hayvonlar, qisqichbaqasimonlar, mollyuskalar va b. bilan oziqlanadi; oʻsimlikxoʻrlari ham bor. Koʻpincha suv oʻtlari orasiga tuxum tashlab koʻpayadi; kam ovlanadi.
Gubanlar, doʻrdoq bal iqlar (Labridae) — okun (olabugʻa)simon baliqlar turkumining bir oilasi. Koʻpchilik turlari tanasining uz. 10 — 30 sm, vazni 250 g cha; baʼzi turlarining uz. 1,8 m ga, vazni esa 27 kg ga yetadi. 400 turni oʻz ichiga olgan 50 ga yaqin urugʻi maʼlum. Tropik va moʻʼtadil iqlimli dengizlarda uchraydi; bir qancha turlari suv oʻtlari yoki marjon poliplar orasida yashaydi. Rangi yashash muhitiga moslashgan yaltiroq, tiniq boʻladi. Qora dengiz va Azov dengizida 8 turi bor. Mayda umurtqasiz hayvonlar, qisqichbaqasimonlar, mollyuskalar va b. bilan oziqlanadi; oʻsimlikxoʻrlari ham bor. Koʻpincha suv oʻtlari orasiga tuxum tashlab koʻpayadi; kam ovlanadi.
Ang loro (Ingles: parrot fish) ay isang uri ng isdang may tukang katulad ng sa lorong ibon.[1]
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.
கிளி மீன்கள் (Parrot fishes) என்பது சுமார் 95 மீன் இனங்களின் குழுவாகும். இவை ஸ்காரிடே குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்ததாக கருதப்படுகின்றன.[1] இந்தோ - பசுபிக் பகுதிகளில் ஏறத்தாழ 95 இனங்கள் கொண்ட இந்த குழு அதிகமாக காணப்படுகின்றது. இவை பவளப் பாறை, பாறைக் கடற்கரைகள், கடற்புல் படுக்கைகள் என்பவற்றில் வசிக்கின்றன.
கிளி மீன்கள் ஏனைய மீன் இனங்களில் இருந்து பல் வரிசை அமைப்புக்கேற்ப வேறுப்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.[2] அவற்றின் பற்கள் அவற்றின் தாடை எலும்புகளின் வெளிப்புற மேற்பரப்பில் இறுக்கமாக சித்திரவடிவில் அமைக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும். இதனால் கிளியின் அலகு போன்ற அமைப்பு உருவாக்கப்படுகின்றது. இதன் மூலம் அவை பவள மற்றும் பிற பாறை அடிப் பகுதிகளில் இருந்து அல்காக்களை பறிக்கின்றன.[3] கிளி மீன்களின் வளர்ச்சி இனங்களுக்கேற்ப வேறுபடுகின்றன. பெரும்பாலான இனங்கள் 30-50 செ.மீ (12-20 அங்குலம்) நீளத்தை எட்டுகின்றன. இருப்பினும், ஒரு சில இனங்கள் 1 மீ (3 அடி 3 அங்குலம்) க்கும் அதிகமான நீளத்தை அடைகின்றன.[4] பச்சை நிற கூனல்தலை கிளிமீன் 1.3 மீ (4 அடி 3 அங்குலம்) வரை வளர்ச்சி அடையலாம். இவற்றின. மிகச் சிறிய இனங்கள் நீல உதடு கிளி மீன்கள் ( கிரிப்டோடோமஸ் ரோஸஸ் ) ஆகும். இவை அதிகபட்ச அளவாக 13 செ.மீ (5.1 அங்குலம்) வளரக் கூடியவை.[5]
இராணி கிளி மீன் (ஸ்காரஸ் வெட்டுலா) உட்பட சில மீன் இனங்கள் தூங்குவதற்கு முன் குறிப்பாக இரவில் வாயிலிருந்து சளி போன்ற பதார்த்தத்தை சுரந்து அவற்றை மூடும் பாதுகாப்பு கூட்டை உருவாக்குகின்றன.[6] இதனது வாசனையினால் எதிரிகளிடம் இருந்து பாதுகாக்கப்படுகின்றன. இவற்றின் தோல் மற்றுமொரு சளிப் போன்ற பதார்த்தத்தினால் மூடப்பட்டிருக்கும். இது உடல் சேதத்தை சரிசெய்யவும், ஒட்டுண்ணிகளை விரட்டவும், புற ஊதா ஒளியில் இருந்து பாதுகாப்பை வழங்கவும் உதவுகிறது.[6]
பெரும்பாலான கிளி மீன்கள் தாவரங்களை உண்ணும். இவை பிரதானமாக பாறைத் தாவரங்களையும் பாசிகளையும் உட்கொள்கின்றன.[7] மேலும் சிறிய முள்ளந்தண்டிலிகளையும், மக்கிய பதார்த்தாங்களையும், பாக்டிரியாக்களையும் உண்ணும்.[3] சில பெரிய கிளி மீன் இனங்கள் பச்சை கூனல்தலை கிளி மீன் (போல்போமெட்டோபன் முரிகாட்டம்) போன்றவை பவளப் பாறைகளில் காணப்படும் பவள மொட்டுக்களை உட்கொள்ளக் கூடியவை. பச்சை கூனல்தலை கிளி மீன் தவிர மற்ற அனைத்தும் பவளப்பாறைகளை விட பாசிகள் மூடிய மேற்பரப்புகளை உண்ண விரும்புகின்றன. கரீபியன் பவளப்பாறைகளில் வாழும் கிளி மீன்கள் பிரதானமாக கடற்பஞ்சுக்களை உண்ணும்.[8]
கிளி மீன்களின் வளர்ச்சி சிக்கலானது. பெரும்பாலான இனங்கள் ஆரம்பக் கட்டத்தில் பெண்களாகவும், பின்னர் ஆண் இனமாகவும் மாறும். சில இனங்கள் தனித்தனி பாலினமாகவே வாழும். பெரும்பாலும் ஆரம்பக் கட்டத்தில் சிவப்பு, பழுப்பு அல்லது சாம்பல் நிறத்திலும், முனைய கட்டத்தில் பச்சை அல்லது நீல நிறத்தில் பிரகாசமான இளஞ்சிவப்பு, ஆரஞ்சு அல்லது மஞ்சள் திட்டுகளுடன் காணப்படும். மத்திய தரைக்கடல் கிளி மீன்களில் முதிர்ந்த பெண் மீன் பிரகாசமான நிறத்திலும், முதிர்ந்த ஆண் மீன்கள் சாம்பல் நிறத்திலும் காணப்படும்.[9]
கிளி மீன்கள் (Parrot fishes) என்பது சுமார் 95 மீன் இனங்களின் குழுவாகும். இவை ஸ்காரிடே குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்ததாக கருதப்படுகின்றன. இந்தோ - பசுபிக் பகுதிகளில் ஏறத்தாழ 95 இனங்கள் கொண்ட இந்த குழு அதிகமாக காணப்படுகின்றது. இவை பவளப் பாறை, பாறைக் கடற்கரைகள், கடற்புல் படுக்கைகள் என்பவற்றில் வசிக்கின்றன.
The Odacidae are a small family of ray-finned fishes commonly known as cales and weed whitings, formerly classified within the order Perciformes. They are related to the much larger families of the wrasses and parrotfish.[2] More recent workers have classified this family within the order Labriformes, alongside the wrasses and parrotfishes, within the clade Percomorpha.[3]
Odacids are found in coastal waters off Southern Australia and New Zealand. They include species that feed on small invertebrates, as well as herbivorous grazers, some of which are able to feed on chemically unpleasant varieties of kelp otherwise unpalatable to fish.[2]
The following genera are classified in the family Odacidae:[4]
Fishbase places six species in the genus Siphonognathus.[5] Catalog of Fishes, in contrast, places four of the six species in the separate genus Sheardichthys and places S. caninis in the monospecific genus Parodax, leaving Siphonognathus as a monospecific genus containing only S. argyrophanes.[6]
The Odacidae are a small family of ray-finned fishes commonly known as cales and weed whitings, formerly classified within the order Perciformes. They are related to the much larger families of the wrasses and parrotfish. More recent workers have classified this family within the order Labriformes, alongside the wrasses and parrotfishes, within the clade Percomorpha.
Odacids are found in coastal waters off Southern Australia and New Zealand. They include species that feed on small invertebrates, as well as herbivorous grazers, some of which are able to feed on chemically unpleasant varieties of kelp otherwise unpalatable to fish.
Labredoj, estas familio, scienclatine Labridae, de maraj fiŝoj, multaj el kiuj estas brilkoloraj. Tiu familio estas granda kaj diversa, kun ĉirkaŭ 600 specioj en 81 genroj, kiuj estas dividataj en 9 subgrupoj aŭ triboj.[1][2][3] Ili estas tipe malgrandaj fiŝoj, plej el ili malpli ol 20 cm longa, kvankam la plej granda, nome la ĝibokapa labro (Cheilinus undulatus), povas esti ĝis 2.5 m. Ili estas efikaj karnovoruloj, kiuj manĝas ampleksan gamon de malgrandaj senvertebruloj. Multaj malgrandaj labroj sekvas la manĝovojon de pli grandaj fiŝoj, kaptante senvertebrulojn movoĝenitajn de ilia pasado.[4] Junuloj de kelkaj reprezentantoj de la genroj Bodianus, Epibulus, Cirrhilabrus, Oxycheilinus, kaj Paracheilinus kaŝiĝas inter la tentakloj de la liber-vivantaj fungokoraloj Heliofungia actiniformis.[5][6]
Lipoj de Labrus festivus. Labredoj, estas familio, scienclatine Labridae, de maraj fiŝoj, multaj el kiuj estas brilkoloraj. Tiu familio estas granda kaj diversa, kun ĉirkaŭ 600 specioj en 81 genroj, kiuj estas dividataj en 9 subgrupoj aŭ triboj. Ili estas tipe malgrandaj fiŝoj, plej el ili malpli ol 20 cm longa, kvankam la plej granda, nome la ĝibokapa labro (Cheilinus undulatus), povas esti ĝis 2.5 m. Ili estas efikaj karnovoruloj, kiuj manĝas ampleksan gamon de malgrandaj senvertebruloj. Multaj malgrandaj labroj sekvas la manĝovojon de pli grandaj fiŝoj, kaptante senvertebrulojn movoĝenitajn de ilia pasado. Junuloj de kelkaj reprezentantoj de la genroj Bodianus, Epibulus, Cirrhilabrus, Oxycheilinus, kaj Paracheilinus kaŝiĝas inter la tentakloj de la liber-vivantaj fungokoraloj Heliofungia actiniformis.
Odacidae es una familia de peces del suborden Labroidei.
Se encuentran en las aguas costeras del sur de Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Incluyen especies que se alimentan de pequeños invertebrados, así como de herbívoros, algunos de los cuales son capaces de alimentarse de variedades de algas marinas.[1]
Géneros de la familia Odacidae:[2]
Odax pullus
Olisthops cyanomelas
Neoodax balteatus
Haletta semifasciata
Siphonognathus radiatus
Odacidae es una familia de peces del suborden Labroidei.
Se encuentran en las aguas costeras del sur de Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Incluyen especies que se alimentan de pequeños invertebrados, así como de herbívoros, algunos de los cuales son capaces de alimentarse de variedades de algas marinas.
Labrido Pertziformeen ordenako Labridae familiako arrainez esaten da. Bizkar-hegal bakarra, hortz sendoak, oso ezpain mamitsuak eta ezkata biribilak dituzte. Kolore bizikoak izaten dira. Mediterraneo itsasoaren eta Ozeano Atlantikoaren kostaldean ibiltzen dira, azpi harritsua eta alga asko den lekuetan batez ere. Molusku, krustazeo eta har txikiak jaten dituzte.
Familiak 500 espezie inguru ditu, 60 generotan banatuak.
Hona hemen[1]: Hypsigenyines
Labrines
Cheilines
Scarines
Pseudocheilines
Novaculines
Pseudolabrines
Labrichthyines
Julidines
Acantholabrus
Achoerodus
Ammolabrus
Anampses
Anchichoerops
Austrolabrus
Bodianus
Centrolabrus
Cheilinus
Cheilio
Choerodon
Cirrhilabrus
Clepticus
Conniella
Coris
Ctenolabrus
Cymolutes
Decodon
Diproctacanthus
Doratonotus
Dotalabrus
Epibulus
Eupetrichthys
Frontilabrus
Gomphosus
Halichoeres
Hemigymnus
Hologymnosus
Iniistius
Julichthys
Labrichthys
Labroides
Labropsis
Labrus
Lachnolaimus
Lappanella
Larabicus
Leptojulis
Macropharyngodon
Malapterus
Minilabrus
Nelabrichthys
Notolabrus
Novaculichthys
Novaculoides
Ophthalmolepis
Oxycheilinus
Oxyjulis
Paracheilinus
Parajulis
Pictilabrus
Polylepion
Pseudocheilinops
Pseudocheilinus
Pseudocoris
Pseudodax
Pseudojuloides
Pseudolabrus
Pteragogus
Semicossyphus
Stethojulis
Suezichthys
Symphodus
Tautoga
Tautogolabrus
Terelabrus
Thalassoma
Wetmorella
Xenojulis
Xiphocheilus
Xyrichtys
Labrido Pertziformeen ordenako Labridae familiako arrainez esaten da. Bizkar-hegal bakarra, hortz sendoak, oso ezpain mamitsuak eta ezkata biribilak dituzte. Kolore bizikoak izaten dira. Mediterraneo itsasoaren eta Ozeano Atlantikoaren kostaldean ibiltzen dira, azpi harritsua eta alga asko den lekuetan batez ere. Molusku, krustazeo eta har txikiak jaten dituzte.
Odacidae arrain pertziformeen familia da, hegoaldeko Australia eta Zeelanda Berria inguruko itsasoetan bizi dena.[1][2]
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Odacidae arrain pertziformeen familia da, hegoaldeko Australia eta Zeelanda Berria inguruko itsasoetan bizi dena.
Scaridae pertziformeen familia bat da, Itsaso Gorriko, Ozeano Atlantikoko, Indiako Ozeanoko eta Ozeano Bareko koralezko uharrietan bizi dena.
Aditu batzuk Labridaeren azpifamilia bat, Scarinae izenekoa, osatzen dutela uste dute.[1]
Familiak 90 espezie ditu, 10 generotan banaturik. Inportanteenak hauek dira:
Hona hemen genero batzuen bilakaera:[2]
Scaridae pertziformeen familia bat da, Itsaso Gorriko, Ozeano Atlantikoko, Indiako Ozeanoko eta Ozeano Bareko koralezko uharrietan bizi dena.
Aditu batzuk Labridaeren azpifamilia bat, Scarinae izenekoa, osatzen dutela uste dute.
Huulikalat (Labridae) on meressä elävien ahvenkalojen heimo, johon kuluu yli 500 lajia, jotka jaetaan yli 60 sukuun. Huulikalat ovat yksi monimuotoisimmista kalaheimoista niin lajien koon, ruumiin muodon kuin värityksen puolesta. Se on toiseksi suurin suolaisten vesien kalaheimo ja kolmanneksi suurin ahvenkalojen lahkon heimoista.
Monet huulikalat ovat suosittuja akvaariokaloja, toisia käytetään ruoaksi. Useat lajit syövät loisia toisten kalojen iholta. Huulikalojen erikoisuus on se, että ne pystyvät vaihtamaan sukupuolta.[1]koralliriutoilla, mutta muutamia lajeja tavataan myös Välimeressä ja Pohjanmeressä. Eniten lajeja tunnetaan Australian lähivesistä: 165 lajia 42 suvusta.
Huulikalojen vartalonmuoto on pitkulainen, kapea, sylinterimäinen tai kyttyräselkäinen. Pienet lajit ovat sikarimaisia, suuret usein kyttyräselkäisiä. Monet lajit ovat värikkäitä, ja sukupuolet usein mutta eivät aina täysin eri värisiä. Useimmat huulikalat ovat 25–80 senttimetriä pitkiä. Suurin laji on kyhmyhuulikala, jonka pituus on jopa 2,30 metriä ja paino 190 kg, pienin on kuusisenttinen Minilabrus striatus, joka elää Punaisellamerellä.
Huulikalat (Labridae) on meressä elävien ahvenkalojen heimo, johon kuluu yli 500 lajia, jotka jaetaan yli 60 sukuun. Huulikalat ovat yksi monimuotoisimmista kalaheimoista niin lajien koon, ruumiin muodon kuin värityksen puolesta. Se on toiseksi suurin suolaisten vesien kalaheimo ja kolmanneksi suurin ahvenkalojen lahkon heimoista.
Monet huulikalat ovat suosittuja akvaariokaloja, toisia käytetään ruoaksi. Useat lajit syövät loisia toisten kalojen iholta. Huulikalojen erikoisuus on se, että ne pystyvät vaihtamaan sukupuolta.selvennä
Huulikaloja elää kaikkien merialueiden matalissa rannikkovesissä, erityisesti trooppisilla koralliriutoilla, mutta muutamia lajeja tavataan myös Välimeressä ja Pohjanmeressä. Eniten lajeja tunnetaan Australian lähivesistä: 165 lajia 42 suvusta.
Huulikalojen vartalonmuoto on pitkulainen, kapea, sylinterimäinen tai kyttyräselkäinen. Pienet lajit ovat sikarimaisia, suuret usein kyttyräselkäisiä. Monet lajit ovat värikkäitä, ja sukupuolet usein mutta eivät aina täysin eri värisiä. Useimmat huulikalat ovat 25–80 senttimetriä pitkiä. Suurin laji on kyhmyhuulikala, jonka pituus on jopa 2,30 metriä ja paino 190 kg, pienin on kuusisenttinen Minilabrus striatus, joka elää Punaisellamerellä.
Les Odacidae forment une famille de poissons de l'ordre des Perciformes.
Selon ITIS (19 avr. 2013)[2] et World Register of Marine Species (3 juin 2014)[3] :
Selon FishBase (3 juin 2014)[4] :
Les Odacidae forment une famille de poissons de l'ordre des Perciformes.
Is fine d'éisc mara é an Ballach (nó Labridae sa Laidin), agus is minic a bhíonn siad geal-daite. Tá an fine mór agus éagsúil, le níos mó ná 600 speiceas i 82 genera, atá roinnte i naoi bhfoghrúpa nó dtreibh. De ghnáth, bíonn siad beag, an chuid is mó díobh níos lú ná 20 ceintiméadar (7.9 orlach) ar fhad, cé gur féidir an ceann is mó, an ballach dronncheannach, a bheith tomhaiste suas go dtí 2.5 méadar (8.2 tr). Is carnabhóirí éifeachtacha iad, ag beathú ar raon leathan d'inveirteabraigh beaga. Leanann go leor ballach níos lú conairí beathaithe na n-iasc níos mó, ag piocadh suas inveirteabraigh a bhí míshocraithe toisc gabháil na n-iasc mór thar chríocha s'acu. Téann roinnt ionadaithe ón genera Bodianus, Cirrhilabrus, agus Oxycheilinus, i bhfolach i measc na mbraiteog de chuid na coiréil mhuisiriún saormhaireachtála Heliofungia actiniformis.
Iasc ildaite ina bhfuil na giallfhiacla ceangailte le chéile mar ghob cosúil le gob pearóide, a úsáideann sé chun algaí is fás coiréalach a scríobadh ó na sceireacha. Na fiacla meilte leata. An cholainn dlúth, 20-100 cm ar fhad.
Os escáridos (Scaridae, Rafinesque 1810), tamén chamados peixes papagaios son unha familia de peixes mariños tropicais incluída na suborde Labroidei, da orde dos Perciformes. O nome prpcede do grego skairos, que significa saltar, debido á súa capacidade para saltar e golpear coa cola.
Presentan unha dentición particular, formada por numerosos dentes agrupados nun paquete compacto cunha estrutura que lembra á do peteiro dun papagaio, á que deben o nome común de peixes papagaios. Esta especie de pico sérvelles para roer o coral e as rochas, pois se alimentan das algas que se fixan nestes soportes, ademais dos pequenos invertebrados que poidan agocharse entre as ramas do coral.
Na aleta dorsal teñen 9 radios espiñosos e 10 brandos. Na anal, 3 e 9 respectivamente. Na caudal, 11 radios ramificados.
A maioría son especies tropicais, que viven en arrecifes de coral do mar Vermello, océano Atlántico, Índico e Pacífico.
Parece ser común o cambio de sexo, cunha fase inicial formada por machos e femias e unha fase terminal como machos, na que adquiren as cores brillantes.
Pola cor vistosa que adoitan ter estes peixes, son moi apreciados para a súa cría en acuarios, se ben o seu mantemento é realmente difícil, de lento crecemento.
A familia divídese en 10 xéneros cunhas 90 especies.
Os escáridos (Scaridae, Rafinesque 1810), tamén chamados peixes papagaios son unha familia de peixes mariños tropicais incluída na suborde Labroidei, da orde dos Perciformes. O nome prpcede do grego skairos, que significa saltar, debido á súa capacidade para saltar e golpear coa cola.
Os Lábridos (Labridae, Cuvier 1816) son unha familia de peixes mariños, incluída dentro da suborde Labroidei, da orde dos perciformes.
Presentan tamaños, formas e cores moi variables pero adoitan ser alargados, oblongos e comprimidos ou non. Teñen boca terminal, máis ou menos protráctil, cos labios ben desenvolvidos, estando normalmente separadas as articulacións da mandíbula; xeralmente os dentes sobresaen da boca. A aleta dorsal, única, ten de 8 a 21 raios espiñosos (normalmente menos de 15) e 6 a 21 raios brandos. Na anal, 3-6 raios espiñosos (normalmente, 3) e 7-18 raios brandos.
Poden alcanzar tamaños máximos de 2 m, pero moitos non chegan a superar os 15 cm, e o máis pequeno mide 4,5 cm.
Distribúense polos océanos Atlántico, Índico e Pacífico. A maior parte das especies escavan área do fondo para comer invertebrados bentónicos pero tamén hai especies planctívoras.
Os lábridos son proteroxínicos: tódolos exemplares nacen femias pero, segundo medran, as femias dominantes transfórmanse gradualmente en machos, alterando tamén a súa cor (a cores máis brillantes) e aspecto físico. Se morre o macho dominante, outra femia experimentará a metamorfose e substituirá ó macho.
Aliméntanse de pequenos crustáceos, moluscos e vermes. Algunhas especies son coñecidas por actuar en simbiose con outros peixes, nadando xuntos a eles e limpándolles de ectoparasitos a boca e outras cavidades. O Labroides dimidiatus é un dos limpadores máis comúns en arrecifes tropicais.
Algunhas especies son apreciadas para acuariofilia, e outras son de grande interese pesqueiro para consumo humano, entre as que podemos citar, por seren máis coñecidas en Galicia, a maragota (Labrus bergylta), o vello (Symphodus bailloni) ou a doncela ou señorita (Coris julis).
A familia divídese en 60 xéneros e 500 especies (FishBase).
Os Lábridos (Labridae, Cuvier 1816) son unha familia de peixes mariños, incluída dentro da suborde Labroidei, da orde dos perciformes.
Os odácidos (Odacidae) son unha pequena familia de peixes mariños incluída na suborde Labroidei, da orde dos Perciformes.
Son de corpo alargado, coa liña lateral formada por 30-87 escamas, curvada á altura das pectorais. Unha única aleta dorsal, moi longa, con 14-23 radios espiñosos; a anal é máis curta; as pélvicas, que non existen en tódalas especies, cunha espiña e 4 radios brandos.
Distribúense por augas costeiras do sur de Australia e Nova Zelandia.
Aliméntanse de pequenos invertebrados, pero tamén hai especies herbívoras.
A familia divídese en 4 xéneros e 12 especies (FishBase).
Os odácidos (Odacidae) son unha pequena familia de peixes mariños incluída na suborde Labroidei, da orde dos Perciformes.
Wrasses adalah ikan laut dari famili Labridae, di mana kebanyakan spesiesnya berwarna cerah. Keluarga ikan ini berjumlah besar, dengan sekitar 500 spesies dari 60 genera.
Mereka pada umumnya adalah ikan kecil, dengan ukuran kurang dari 20 cm panjangnya, meski yang terbesar, Humphead, dapat mencapai panjang 2,5 meter. Mereka adalah karnivora yang efisien, memakan berbagai invertebrata kecil. Banyak wrasse kecil memakan sisa makanan ikan besar dengan cara mengikutinya dan mengambil sisa makanannya, atau mengambil invertebrata yang terganggu oleh arus ikan besar tersebut.
Wrasse hanya ada di lautan. Mereka ditemukan di Samudra Atlantik, Hindia, dan Pasifik. Umumnya mendiami perairan dangkal seperti terumbu karang dan pantai berbatu di mana mereka hidup dekat dengan substratnya.
Wrasse memiliki mulut protraktil, umumnya dengan rahang yang terpisah dengan tengkoraknya. Banyak spesies yang dapat diketahui hanya dengan melihat bentuk bibirnya yang tebal, bagian dalamnya umumnya terlipat. Sirip bagian dorsal memiliki 8-21 ruas. Wrasse umumnya berwarna cerah dan bersifat dimorfisme seksual. Banyak spesies yang mampu mengubah jenis kelaminnya; spesies remaja umumnya berkelamin ganda, tetapi spesies dewasa sudah memiliki satu kelamin.
Wrasses adalah ikan laut dari famili Labridae, di mana kebanyakan spesiesnya berwarna cerah. Keluarga ikan ini berjumlah besar, dengan sekitar 500 spesies dari 60 genera.
Mereka pada umumnya adalah ikan kecil, dengan ukuran kurang dari 20 cm panjangnya, meski yang terbesar, Humphead, dapat mencapai panjang 2,5 meter. Mereka adalah karnivora yang efisien, memakan berbagai invertebrata kecil. Banyak wrasse kecil memakan sisa makanan ikan besar dengan cara mengikutinya dan mengambil sisa makanannya, atau mengambil invertebrata yang terganggu oleh arus ikan besar tersebut.
Wrasse hanya ada di lautan. Mereka ditemukan di Samudra Atlantik, Hindia, dan Pasifik. Umumnya mendiami perairan dangkal seperti terumbu karang dan pantai berbatu di mana mereka hidup dekat dengan substratnya.
Wrasse memiliki mulut protraktil, umumnya dengan rahang yang terpisah dengan tengkoraknya. Banyak spesies yang dapat diketahui hanya dengan melihat bentuk bibirnya yang tebal, bagian dalamnya umumnya terlipat. Sirip bagian dorsal memiliki 8-21 ruas. Wrasse umumnya berwarna cerah dan bersifat dimorfisme seksual. Banyak spesies yang mampu mengubah jenis kelaminnya; spesies remaja umumnya berkelamin ganda, tetapi spesies dewasa sudah memiliki satu kelamin.
Ikan Kakatua merupakan kelompok besar spesies ikan laut yang menghuni perairan dangkal tropis dan subtropis di seluruh dunia, terutama di terumbu karang, pantai karang dan padang lamun, dan berperan penting dalam Kelimpahan spesies terbesar dijumpai di perairan Indo-Pasifik.[1][2][3]. Ukuran panjang dari ikan kakatua bisa mencapai 47 cm[4] serta dapat dibedakan berdasarkan bentuk dan warna. Penampilannya dapat berubah selama fase kehidupannya. Selama fase awal, berwarna kemerahan sampai coklat, terdapat enam hingga tujuh garis horizontal yang gelap sepanjang tubuhnya dan bersirip merah. pada ikan kakatua jantan, selama fase akhir, bagian belakang tubuh dan bagian bawah kepala tampak lebih berwarna cerah serta pada sirip ekor tampak berwarna biru kehijauan dengan area berbentuk orange dan berbentuk bulan sabit yang besar[5]
Ikan Kakatua dapat ditemukan pada wilayah Indo-Pasifik dari Laut Merah hingga ke perbatasannya dan pulau Ducie, Jepang bagian selatan, Shark Bay yang berada di Australia Barat, pulau Lord Howe dan Rapa Iti di Prancis Polinesia. Ikan Kakatua tidak ditemukan pada perairan Hawaii[4]
Ikan Kakatua dapat hidup dengan kedalaman 1-25 m dari permukaan laut, normalnya berhabitat pada terumbu luar yang terpapar terkadang berada pada perairan yang sangat dangkal sekali pun. Spesimen juvenile dapat ditemukan pada laguna yang hidup di dalam reruntuhan karang dan terumbu karang. Spesies ini umumnya merupakan ikan soliter. Saat akan mencari makanan, ikan kakatua bisa bersamaan atau bergabung dengan spesies ikan yang lain. Spesies ini akan menyerempet pada alga yang tumbuh pada zona bentik [4]
Secara tradisional, ikan kakatua dimasukkan ke dalam taksa biologi setingkat famili Scaridae. Meskipun secara analisis filogenetik dan evolusinya masih berlangsung, ikan ini sudah diterima sebagai clade dalam suku Cheilini, dan sering diacu sebagai scarine labrids (subfamily Scarinae, family Labridae).[6] Beberapa pihak memilih mempertahankan ikan kakatua sebagai taksa sekelas famili,[7] Labridae (kecuali dipisahkan menjadi beberapa famili).
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Westneat
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag dengan nama "Afonsoa" yang didefinisikan di tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag dengan nama "biochem" yang didefinisikan di tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag dengan nama "EoF" yang didefinisikan di tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag yang didefinisikan di di tidak memiliki nama atribut.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag yang didefinisikan di di tidak memiliki nama atribut.
Ikan Kakatua merupakan kelompok besar spesies ikan laut yang menghuni perairan dangkal tropis dan subtropis di seluruh dunia, terutama di terumbu karang, pantai karang dan padang lamun, dan berperan penting dalam Kelimpahan spesies terbesar dijumpai di perairan Indo-Pasifik.. Ukuran panjang dari ikan kakatua bisa mencapai 47 cm serta dapat dibedakan berdasarkan bentuk dan warna. Penampilannya dapat berubah selama fase kehidupannya. Selama fase awal, berwarna kemerahan sampai coklat, terdapat enam hingga tujuh garis horizontal yang gelap sepanjang tubuhnya dan bersirip merah. pada ikan kakatua jantan, selama fase akhir, bagian belakang tubuh dan bagian bawah kepala tampak lebih berwarna cerah serta pada sirip ekor tampak berwarna biru kehijauan dengan area berbentuk orange dan berbentuk bulan sabit yang besar
Gli Odacidae sono una famiglia di pesci ossei d'acqua marina dell'ordine Perciformes.
La famiglia è endemica delle acque costiere di Australia e Nuova Zelanda[1].
Popolano prevalentemente fondali duri costieri ricchi di macrofite acquatiche.
L'aspetto di questi pesci è grossolanamente simile a quello dei Labridae. La pinna dorsale è lunga, con da 14 a 23 raggi spinosi. Le pinne ventrali portano un raggio spinoso e tre molli. Scaglie piccole. I denti sono fusi, in alcune specie formano un "becco da pappagallo" simile a quello degli Scaridae[1].
Sono pesci di taglia medio piccola, Odax pullus e Siphonognathus argyrophanes sono le specie più grandi e raggiungono 40 cm di lunghezza massima[2].
Questi pesci sono per la maggior parte vegetariani ma alcune specie integrano la loro dieta con invertebrati bentonici.
Hanno scarsa importanza per la pesca commerciale.
Alcune specie vengono allevate, seppur raramente, come pesci d'acquario.
Gli Odacidae sono una famiglia di pesci ossei d'acqua marina dell'ordine Perciformes.
Australinės lūpažuvės (lot. Odacidae, angl. Cales, Weed-whitings) – ešeržuvių (Perciformes) būrio žuvų šeima. Paplitusios Australijos ir Naujosios Zelandijos vandenų pakrantėse.
Australinės lūpažuvės (lot. Odacidae, angl. Cales, Weed-whitings) – ešeržuvių (Perciformes) būrio žuvų šeima. Paplitusios Australijos ir Naujosios Zelandijos vandenų pakrantėse.
Lūpažuvinės, arba lūpažuvės, lūpotės (lot. Labridae, angl. Wrasses, vok. Lippfische) – ešeržuvių (Perciformes) žuvų šeima, kuriai priklauso spalvingos šiltesnių jūrų žuvys, turinčios nedidelę burną su mėsingomis lūpomis ir stipriais dantimis. Minta moliuskais, koralų šakelėmis.
Šeimoje apie 60 genčių ir 500 rūšių.
Lūpažuvinės, arba lūpažuvės, lūpotės (lot. Labridae, angl. Wrasses, vok. Lippfische) – ešeržuvių (Perciformes) žuvų šeima, kuriai priklauso spalvingos šiltesnių jūrų žuvys, turinčios nedidelę burną su mėsingomis lūpomis ir stipriais dantimis. Minta moliuskais, koralų šakelėmis.
Šeimoje apie 60 genčių ir 500 rūšių.
Papūgžuvinės, papūgžuvės (Scaridae) – ešeržuvių (Perciformes) žuvų šeima, kuriai priklauso spalvingos koralinių rifų žuvys. Jų žanduose dantys susilieja į dvi priešpriešais esančias aštrias briaunas, kurios atrodo kaip papūgos snapas. Minta kietomis koralų šakelėmis. Giminigos lūpažuvėms.
Šeimoje yra 10 genčių ir apie 80 rūšių:
Dantytoji papūgžuvė (Calotomus spinidens)
Šešiadryžė papūgžuvė (Scarus frenatus)
Papūgžuvinės, papūgžuvės (Scaridae) – ešeržuvių (Perciformes) žuvų šeima, kuriai priklauso spalvingos koralinių rifų žuvys. Jų žanduose dantys susilieja į dvi priešpriešais esančias aštrias briaunas, kurios atrodo kaip papūgos snapas. Minta kietomis koralų šakelėmis. Giminigos lūpažuvėms.
Šeimoje yra 10 genčių ir apie 80 rūšių:
De lipvissen (Labridae) zijn een grote familie uit de ook al grote orde van de Perciformes (Baarsachtigen). Er zijn ongeveer 500 soorten lipvissen verdeeld in ca. 70 geslachten (zie taxonomie). Hun soortenrijkdom wordt alleen door de grondels overtroffen. Veel soorten komen in scholen voor op de koraalriffen.
De kleuren van de lipvissen en de grootte en de lichaamsvorm variëren zo sterk dat het moeilijk is om te zien dat ze aan elkaar verwant zijn. Jonge en volwassen exemplaren, maar ook mannetjes en wijfjes zien er vaak heel verschillend uit. Ondanks de verscheidenheid zijn er uitwendige karakteristieke kenmerken waardoor duidelijk wordt dat ze familie zijn. De meeste lipvissen gebruiken namelijk, net als de papegaaivissen, voor de voortbeweging alleen hun borstvinnen en gebruiken daarbij het staartdeel als roer. Hoewel de bek niet sterk ontwikkeld is, hebben ze goed ontwikkelde lippen.
Sommige lipvissen produceren een cocon van slijm in de nacht. Waarschijnlijk beschermt die laag de vissen tegen bepaalde parasieten.[1][2]
Sommige soorten uit het geslacht Labroides treden ook op als poetsvissen. Sommige lipvissen zoals Thalassoma en Coris, paaien in open water, anderen, zoals Labrus en Crenilabrus bouwen nesten van algen in het zand of tussen rotsspleten. Die nesten worden door de mannetjes bewaakt, die zich dan territoriaal gedragen. Binnen deze groep komen soorten voor die van sekse kunnen wisselen. Dit is bekend van de koekoeklipvis.
Andere opvallende soorten lipvissen zijn: gewone poetslipvis, kliplipvis, Oman lipvis, pauwlipvis, regenbooglipvis, roodstreeplipvis en zwartooglipvis.
Ghomphosus caeruleus (boven) zwemmend met gele zeebarbeel (onder)
Lijst met ca. 70 geslachten binnen de familie Labridae
(zie voor de indeling van alle soorten in de geslachten: Lijst van soorten Lipvissen).
De lipvissen (Labridae) zijn een grote familie uit de ook al grote orde van de Perciformes (Baarsachtigen). Er zijn ongeveer 500 soorten lipvissen verdeeld in ca. 70 geslachten (zie taxonomie). Hun soortenrijkdom wordt alleen door de grondels overtroffen. Veel soorten komen in scholen voor op de koraalriffen.
Leppefisk (Labridae) er ein familie piggfinnefisk som lever i havet. Mange av artane er sterkt farga; og sidan fleire òg skiftar både farge og kjønn på ulike alderstrinn har det eksistert ein del forvirring i systematikken til gruppa. I norske farvatn opptrer 7 av dei ca 500 artane regelmessig.
Leppefiskane er ein stor og variert familie. Dei minste artane målar under 5 cm, medan dei største kan bli opptil 2,3 m lange.
Dei fleste artane er rovfisk på botnlevande virvellause dyr, men det finst òg plankton-etarar og artar som reinsker ektoparasittar frå større fisk.
Leppefisk (Labridae) er ein familie piggfinnefisk som lever i havet. Mange av artane er sterkt farga; og sidan fleire òg skiftar både farge og kjønn på ulike alderstrinn har det eksistert ein del forvirring i systematikken til gruppa. I norske farvatn opptrer 7 av dei ca 500 artane regelmessig.
Leppefiskane er ein stor og variert familie. Dei minste artane målar under 5 cm, medan dei største kan bli opptil 2,3 m lange.
Dei fleste artane er rovfisk på botnlevande virvellause dyr, men det finst òg plankton-etarar og artar som reinsker ektoparasittar frå større fisk.
Leppefisker er en stor familie av saltvannsfisker, som lever i alle tropiske og tempererte hav. Mange har kraftige farger, og det er som regel stor forskjell på fargetegningene mellom kjønnene. Mange leppefisker er «pussefisker», det vil si at de plukker parasitter fra huden, gjellene, og til og med munnen hos større fisker. Dette utnyttes i forbindelse med oppdrett av laks, hvor leppefiskene brukes til å holde bestanden av lakselus nede.
En fylogenetisk undersøkelse fra 2005[1] viser at Odacidae og papegøyefiskene hører til blant leppefiskene. En velger likevel å følge en mer tradisjonell inndeling her.
Leppefisker er en stor familie av saltvannsfisker, som lever i alle tropiske og tempererte hav. Mange har kraftige farger, og det er som regel stor forskjell på fargetegningene mellom kjønnene. Mange leppefisker er «pussefisker», det vil si at de plukker parasitter fra huden, gjellene, og til og med munnen hos større fisker. Dette utnyttes i forbindelse med oppdrett av laks, hvor leppefiskene brukes til å holde bestanden av lakselus nede.
En fylogenetisk undersøkelse fra 2005 viser at Odacidae og papegøyefiskene hører til blant leppefiskene. En velger likevel å følge en mer tradisjonell inndeling her.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wargaczowate[2] (Labridae) – jedna z najbardziej licznych w gatunki – po babkowatych i pielęgnicowatych – rodzin ryb okoniokształtnych (Perciformes). Obejmuje ponad 500 współcześnie żyjących gatunków bardzo zróżnicowanych morfologicznie i ekologicznie, szeroko rozprzestrzenionych w wodach morskich. W zapisie kopalnym znane są od paleocenu.
Zasięg występowania Labridae obejmuje Ocean Spokojny, Ocean Atlantycki i Ocean Indyjski oraz przyległe morza. Występują w wodach przybrzeżnych i nad szelfem kontynentalnym.
Najwięcej wargaczowatych występuje w morzach tropikalnych, zwłaszcza w sąsiedztwie raf koralowych. Zasiedlają również morza stref umiarkowanych. Występują na różnych głębokościach i w większości dostępnych siedlisk.
Jest to jedna z najbardziej zróżnicowanych rodzin ryb – pod względem kształtu, wielkości i ubarwienia ciała, a także zajmowanych siedlisk.
Nieduży otwór gębowy w położeniu końcowym, zakończony jest wyraźnie zaznaczonymi, grubymi wargami, od których pochodzi nazwa rodziny. Zęby są ostre, niezrośnięte, zazwyczaj wystające na zewnątrz. Zęby gardłowe o szerokich koronach. Płetwa grzbietowa pojedyncza, długa, rozpięta na 8–21 promieniach twardych (ciernistych) i 6–21 miękkich. Płetwa odbytowa wsparta na 3–6 promieniach twardych i 7–18 miękkich. Łuski cykloidalne, zwykle duże lub średnie. Linia boczna przerwana lub ciągła.
W obrębie rodziny występuje duże zróżnicowanie rozmiarów (od kilku centymetrów u najmniejszych czyścicieli do 2,3 m u Cheilinus undulatus), kształtu i koloru. Długość ciała większości gatunków nie przekracza 20 cm. Masa ciała największych osobników wynosi ponad 100 kg. Ubarwienie, często bardzo bogate w różnorodne wzory i desenie, jest zależne od wieku i płci ryby[3][4][5]. W obrębie jednego gatunku może występować różnorodna kolorystyka[4].
Wargaczowate potrafią zmieniać płeć (lecz nie są hermafrodytami). Gdy w jakiś sposób samiec zostanie wyeliminowany (np. zjedzony przez drapieżnika) samica przejmuje jego rolę, zmienia wygląd (barwę) i zaczyna produkować plemniki - przemiana trwa ok. dobę. Większość jest mięsożerna. Żywią się ślimakami, małżami, skorupiakami, rybami i zooplanktonem. Tylko nieliczne żywią się pokarmem roślinnym. Do najmniejszych przedstawicieli rodziny należą ryby-czyściciele, gatunki pasożytożerne, żywiące się pasożytami skórnymi ryb z innych gatunków[5].
Duże i średnie gatunki mają znaczenie gospodarcze (ryby konsumpcyjne), natomiast wiele spośród mniejszych wargaczy, m.in. z rodzaju Coris jest hodowanych w akwariach morskich.
Pod względem liczby gatunków Labridae jest piątą rodziną ryb i drugą wśród ryb morskich[6]. Zaliczono do niej około 1500 taksonów, z czego ponad 500 uznawane jest za poprawnie opisane. Współcześnie żyjące gatunki sklasyfikowano w rodzajach[7]:
Acantholabrus – Achoerodus – Ammolabrus – Anampses – Anchichoerops – Austrolabrus – Bodianus – Centrolabrus – Cheilinus – Cheilio – Choerodon – Cirrhilabrus – Clepticus – Conniella – Coris – Ctenolabrus – Cymolutes – Decodon – Diproctacanthus – Doratonotus – Dotalabrus – Epibulus – Eupetrichthys – Frontilabrus – Gomphosus – Halichoeres – Hemigymnus – Hologymnosus – Iniistius – Labrichthys – Labroides – Labropsis – Labrus – Lachnolaimus – Lappanella – Larabicus – Leptojulis – Macropharyngodon – Malapterus – Minilabrus – Nelabrichthys – Notolabrus – Novaculichthys – Novaculoides - Ophthalmolepis – Oxycheilinus – Oxyjulis – Paracheilinus – Parajulis – Pictilabrus – Polylepion – Pseudocheilinops – Pseudocheilinus – Pseudocoris – Pseudodax – Pseudojuloides – Pseudolabrus – Pteragogus – Semicossyphus – Stethojulis – Suezichthys – Symphodus – Tautoga – Tautogolabrus – Terelabrus – Thalassoma – Wetmorella – Xenojulis – Xiphocheilus – Xyrichtys
Badania molekularne potwierdzają monofiletyzm rodziny[6].
Wargaczowate (Labridae) – jedna z najbardziej licznych w gatunki – po babkowatych i pielęgnicowatych – rodzin ryb okoniokształtnych (Perciformes). Obejmuje ponad 500 współcześnie żyjących gatunków bardzo zróżnicowanych morfologicznie i ekologicznie, szeroko rozprzestrzenionych w wodach morskich. W zapisie kopalnym znane są od paleocenu.
Odacidae é uma família de peixes da subordem Labroidei.
Existem doze espécies em quatro géneros:
Labridele (Labridae) sunt o familie de pești marini teleosteeni mici sau mijlocii din ordinul perciformelor răspândiți în apele tropicale și temperate din oceanul Atlantic, oceanul Indian, oceanul Pacific, Marea Mediterană și Marea Neagră.
Sunt pești de talie, forma și culoare destul de variată, cu corpul alungit, comprimat lateral. Lungime maximă 2,3 m (Cheilinus undulatus), multe specii sunt sub 15 cm, iar cele mai mici pot fi de 4,5 cm (Minilabrus striatus din Marea Roșie). Corpul este acoperit cu solzi cicloizi (netezi la atingere) de talie mijlocie sau mare. Gura este terminală, relativ mică, mai mult sau mai puțin protractilă, adesea înzestrată cu buze groase, bine dezvoltate. Gomphosus are un bot alungit. Fălcile și oasele faringiene inferioare sunt prevăzute cu dinți puternici; boltă bucală (palatinele) este lipsită de dinți. Dinții fălcilor sunt caniniformi, cei anteriori (una sau două perechi), de obicei sunt mai mari și îndreptați înainte; dinți faringieni sunt molariformi.
Înotătoarele au raze țepoase. Au o singură înotătoare dorsală continuă, cu partea țepoasă tot atât de lungă sau chiar mai lungă decât cea moale, cu 8-21 spini (de obicei, mai puțin de 15) și 6-21 raze moi. Înotătoarea anală cu 2-6 spini (de obicei trei) și 7-18 raze moi. Înotătoare ventrală (pelviană) cu poziție pectorală. O labridă, Conniella apterygia, nu are înotătoare pelviene, și face parte din grupul Cirrhilabrus. Înotătoarea caudală trunchiată sau ușor rotunjită. Linia laterală este continuă, uniform arcuită sau descrie o curbă abruptă sub partea moale a înotătoarei dorsale sau este întreruptă pe peduncul caudal. Au de obicei 23-42 vertebre. Vezica înotătoare prezentă.[1][2][3]
Colorație: de obicei vie, de multe ori diferă în funcție de sex și se modifica cu vârsta.
Labridele sunt comune în apele calde și temperate, trăind la adâncimi mici sau mijlocii (de la țărm până la cel puțin 120 m), adesea în zona intercotidale și, uneori chiar, în ape salmastre. Habitatele lor sunt variate, de la nisip și stânci goale până la ierburi de mare sau recife coraliene, dar sunt rare în zonele nămoloase.
Labridele trăiesc solitar sau în grupuri mici; sunt active în timpul zilei, iar noaptea se îngropa în nisip sau se ascund în ierburi de mare sau în adăposturilor stâncoase.
Labridele sunt în principal carnivore și se hrănesc mai ales cu nevertebrate bentonice, moluște, crabi, arici de mare (echinide) pe care le zdrobesc între dinți lor faringieni care acționează ca o piatră de moară; unele specii sunt ierbivore. Unele specii mici curăța peștii mai mari de ectoparaziți.
Labridele depun icrele în cuiburi pe care le construiesc din alge și resturi de coralieri. Cele mai multe specii sunt hermafrodite, femelele adesea se transformă în masculi; schimbarea de sex este adesea asociată cu modificarea colorației.
Cu toate că multe specii sunt prea mici pentru a avea valoare comercială, speciile mai mari sunt pești comestibil de calitate și sunt obiectul unui pescuit artizanal sau sportiv. Unele labride sunt pești de acvariu populari, în special speciile din genul Coris.
Labridele este o familie mare de pești marini cu circa 71 de genuri și 520 specii.
Acantholabrus
Achoerodus
Ammolabrus
Anampses
Anchichoerops
Austrolabrus
Bodianus
Centrolabrus
Cheilinus
Cheilio
Choerodon
Cirrhilabrus
Clepticus
Conniella
Coris
Ctenolabrus
Cymolutes
Decodon
Diproctacanthus
Doratonotus
Dotalabrus
Epibulus
Eupetrichthys
Frontilabrus
Gomphosus
Halichoeres
Hemigymnus
Hologymnosus
Iniistius
Labrichthys
Labroides
Labropsis
Labrus
Lachnolaimus
Lappanella
Larabicus
Leptojulis
Macropharyngodon
Malapterus
Minilabrus
Notolabrus
Novaculichthys
Novaculoides
Novaculops
Ophthalmolepis
Oxycheilinus
Oxyjulis
Paracheilinus
Parajulis
Pictilabrus
Polylepion
Pseudocheilinops
Pseudocheilinus
Pseudocoris
Pseudodax
Pseudojuloides
Pseudolabrus
Pteragogus
Sagittalarva
Semicossyphus
Stethojulis
Suezichthys
Symphodus
Tautoga
Tautogolabrus
Terelabrus
Thalassoma
Wetmorella
Xenojulis
Xiphocheilus
Xyrichtys
Pe litoralului românesc al Mării Negre trăiesc 8 specii de labride:[4]
Labridele (Labridae) sunt o familie de pești marini teleosteeni mici sau mijlocii din ordinul perciformelor răspândiți în apele tropicale și temperate din oceanul Atlantic, oceanul Indian, oceanul Pacific, Marea Mediterană și Marea Neagră.
Pyskatcovité (lat. Labridae) je čeľaď rýb z radu ostriežotvaré (Perciformes).
Recentné: Acantholabrus - Achoerodus - Ammolabrus - Anampses - Anchichoerops - Austrolabrus - Bodianus - Centrolabrus - Cheilinus - Cheilio - Choerodon (Hypsigenys) - Cirrhilabrus - Clepticus - Conniella - Coris - Crenilabrus - Ctenolabrus - Cymolutes - Decodon - Diproctacanthus - Doratonotus - Dotalabrus - Epibulus - Eupetrichthys - Frontilabrus - Gomphosus - Halichoeres - Hemigymnus - Hologymnosus - Iniistius - (?)Julichthys - Julis - Labrichthys - Labroides /pyskatec - Labropsis - Labrus - Lachnolaimus - Lappanella - Larabicus - Leptojulis - Macropharyngodon - Malapterus (Neolabrus) - Minilabrus - Nelabrichthys - Notolabrus - Novaculichthys - Novaculoides - Ophthalmolepis - Oxycheilinus - Oxyjulis - Paracheilinus - Parajulis - Pictilabrus - Polylepion - Pseudocheilinops - Pseudocheilinus - Pseudocoris - Pseudodax - Pseudojuloides - Pseudolabrus - Pteragogus - Semicossyphus - Stethojulis - Suezichthys - Symphodus - Tautoga - Tautogolabrus - Terelabrus - Thalassoma - Wetmorella - Xenojulis - Xiphocheilus – Xyrichtys
Vymreté: †Eolabroides - †Platylaemus - †Pseudosphaerodon - †Pseudostylodon - †Pseudovomer - †Stylodus - †Taurinichthys
Druhy z bývalého rodu Pseudojulis sú dnes rozdelené medzi rody Pseudojuloides, Halichoeres, Ophthalmolepis a Thalassoma.
Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Pyskatcovité
Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Pyskatcovité
Pyskatcovité (lat. Labridae) je čeľaď rýb z radu ostriežotvaré (Perciformes).
See text.
Ustnače (znanstveno ime Labridae) so družina morskih rib, v katero spada 60 rodov in okoli 500 vrst.
Ustnače so majhne ribe, ki le redko dosežejo več kot 20 cm v dolžino, čeprav so nekatere vrste lahko veliko večje. Napoleon lahko, na primer, doseže do 2,5 metra.
Vse vrste ustnač so plenilke, ki se hranijo z drugimi ribjimi vrstami, pa tudi z raznimi nevretenčarji. Pogosto spremljajo večje roparice in se hranijo z ostanki njihovega plena[1]
Značilnost ustnač so izbočena usta, v katerih so zobje, ki so pri nekaterih vrstah tako veliki, da štrlijo izpod ustnic naprej[2]. Večina vrst ima ustnice izrazito debele in mesnate, po njih pa je družina dobila tudi slovensko ime, podobna imena pa so tudi v drugih jezikih[3]. Hrbtne plavuti imajo med 8 in 21 bodic in 6 do 21 mehkih žarkov. Hrbtna plavut potega običajno vse do repne plavuti. Samci večine vrst so izrazito svetlih in kričečih barv, ki so med parjenjem še bolj izrazite ter zanimivih vzorcev. Samice so pogosto enoličnih barv in nimajo vzorcev. Mnoge vrste ustnač so hermafroditi[2].
Nekatere vrste pletejo gnezda iz alg, kamor samice izležejo ikre, ki jih nato samci bojevito branijo[4]
Ustnače so razširjene po vseh morjih sveta, v družini pa ni nobene sladkovodne vrste. Vse vrste živijo v obalnem pasu ali na koralnih grebenih.
Zaradi dostopnosti so ponekod po svetu pomembne za preživetje lokalnega prebivalstva, med evropskimi gurmani pa v splošnem niso priljubljene. Meso teh rib je belo in mehko ter pri kuhanju rado razpade. Zaradi tega jih največ pripravljajo v raznih juhah in pečene. Po kakovosti sodijo med tretjerazredne ribe. Predloga:Clearleft
Coris gaimardi, ki ga čisti Labroides phthirophagus, Havaji
Thalassoma bifasciatum, koralni greben pred Belizejem
Anampses cuvieri, Havaji
Cheilinus undulatus, Melbourne Aquarium
Acantholabrus
Achoerodus
Ammolabrus
Anampses
Anchichoerops
Austrolabrus
Bodianus
Centrolabrus
Cheilinus
Cheilio
Choerodon
Cirrhilabrus
Clepticus
Conniella
Coris
Ctenolabrus
Cymolutes
Decodon
Diproctacanthus
Doratonotus
Dotalabrus
Epibulus
Eupetrichthys
Frontilabrus
Gomphosus
Halichoeres
Hemigymnus
Hologymnosus
Iniistius
Julichthys
Labrichthys
Labroides
Labropsis
Labrus
Lachnolaimus
Lappanella
Larabicus
Leptojulis
Macropharyngodon
Malapterus
Minilabrus
Nelabrichthys
Notolabrus
Novaculichthys
Novaculoides
Ophthalmolepis
Oxycheilinus
Oxyjulis
Paracheilinus
Parajulis
Pictilabrus
Polylepion
Pseudocheilinops
Pseudocheilinus
Pseudocoris
Pseudodax
Pseudojuloides
Pseudolabrus
Pteragogus
Semicossyphus
Stethojulis
Suezichthys
Symphodus
Tautoga
Tautogolabrus
Terelabrus
Thalassoma
Wetmorella
Xenojulis
Xiphocheilus
Xyrichtys
Ustnače (znanstveno ime Labridae) so družina morskih rib, v katero spada 60 rodov in okoli 500 vrst.
Läppfiskar (Labridae) är en familj abborrartade fiskar som består av närmare 500 arter, varav ett stort antal är bjärt färgade. Dessa arter indelas i närmare 70 släkten, av vilka en del brukar inplaceras i fem underfamiljer.
Flera arter lever i symbiotiskt förhållande med andra arter, som de rengör. Många arter är populära akvariefiskar.
Underfamilj Bodianinae
Underfamilj Cheilininae
Underfamilj Corinae
Underfamilj Pseudodacinae
Underfamilj Xyrichtyinae
Denna fiskrelaterade artikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
Läppfiskar (Labridae) är en familj abborrartade fiskar som består av närmare 500 arter, varav ett stort antal är bjärt färgade. Dessa arter indelas i närmare 70 släkten, av vilka en del brukar inplaceras i fem underfamiljer.
Flera arter lever i symbiotiskt förhållande med andra arter, som de rengör. Många arter är populära akvariefiskar.
Acantholabrus
Achoerodus
Ammolabrus
Anampses
Anchichoerops
Austrolabrus
Bodianus
Centrolabrus
Cheilinus
Cheilio
Choerodon
Cirrhilabrus
Clepticus
Conniella
Coris
Ctenolabrus
Cymolutes
Decodon
Diproctacanthus
Doratonotus
Dotalabrus
Epibulus
Eupetrichthys
Frontilabrus
Gomphosus
Halichoeres
Hemigymnus
Hologymnosus
Iniistius
Julichthys
Labrichthys
Labroides
Labropsis
Labrus
Lachnolaimus
Lappanella
Larabicus
Leptojulis
Macropharyngodon
Malapterus
Minilabrus
Nelabrichthys
Notolabrus
Novaculichthys
Novaculoides
Ophthalmolepis
Oxycheilinus
Oxyjulis
Paracheilinus
Parajulis
Pictilabrus
Polylepion
Pseudocheilinops
Pseudocheilinus
Pseudocoris
Pseudodax
Pseudojuloides
Pseudolabrus
Pteragogus
Semicossyphus
Stethojulis
Suezichthys
Symphodus
Tautoga
Tautogolabrus
Terelabrus
Thalassoma
Wetmorella
Xenojulis
Xiphocheilus
Xyrichtys
Acantholabrus
Achoerodus
Ammolabrus
Anampses
Anchichoerops
Austrolabrus
Bodianus
Centrolabrus
Cheilinus
Cheilio
Choerodon
Cirrhilabrus
Clepticus
Conniella
Coris
Ctenolabrus
Cymolutes
Decodon
Diproctacanthus
Doratonotus
Dotalabrus
Epibulus
Eupetrichthys
Frontilabrus
Gomphosus
Halichoeres
Hemigymnus
Hologymnosus
Iniistius
Julichthys
Labrichthys
Labroides
Labropsis
Labrus
Lachnolaimus
Lappanella
Larabicus
Leptojulis
Macropharyngodon
Malapterus
Minilabrus
Nelabrichthys
Notolabrus
Novaculichthys
Novaculoides
Ophthalmolepis
Oxycheilinus
Oxyjulis
Paracheilinus
Parajulis
Pictilabrus
Polylepion
Pseudocheilinops
Pseudocheilinus
Pseudocoris
Pseudodax
Pseudojuloides
Pseudolabrus
Pteragogus
Semicossyphus
Stethojulis
Suezichthys
Symphodus
Tautoga
Tautogolabrus
Terelabrus
Thalassoma
Wetmorella
Xenojulis
Xiphocheilus
Xyrichtys
Họ Cá bàng chài (danh pháp khoa học: Labridae, với từ nguyên gốc Latinh labrum = môi hay rìa; = mãnh liệt[2]), là một họ cá biển với nhiều loài có màu sặc sỡ. Họ này lớn và đa dạng, với khoảng 500 loài trong 60 chi.
Chúng nói chung là các loài cá nhỏ, chủ yếu dài không quá 20 cm (8 inch), mặc dù loài lớn nhất, cá mó đầu gù, có thể dài tới 2,5 m (8,2 ft). Chúng là các loài động vật ăn thịt có hiệu quả, tìm kiếm các nguồn thức ăn chủ yếu là các động vật không xương sống nhỏ. Nhiều loài cá bàng chài nhỏ bơi theo các đàn cá lớn hơn để kiếm ăn, bắt các động vật không xương sống bị chúng làm náo đọng khi chúng bơi ngang qua[3].
Họ Cá bàng chài theo truyền thống xếp trong phân bộ Bàng chài (Labroidei) của bộ Perciformes.[4] Theo phân loại này thì họ Cá bàng chài cùng một nhóm với các loài cá thuộc các họ Scaridae, Pomacentridae, Odacidae, Cichlidae và Embiotocidae.[5] Tuy nhiên, gần đây người ta chuyển 3 họ Labridae (không đơn ngành), Odacidae và Scaridae sang bộ có danh pháp Labriformes sensu stricto của loạt Eupercaria/Percomorpharia,[6][7] trong khi 2 họ Embiotocidae và Pomacentridae ở cùng một đơn vị phân loại cấp bộ incertae sedis trong loạt Ovalentaria, còn họ Cichlidae sang một bộ riêng biệt với danh pháp Cichliformes trong loạt Ovalentaria.[6][7]
Họ Cá bàngchài chỉ sống ngoài biển. Chúng sinh sống trong các khu vực biển nhiệt đới và ôn đới[8] thuộc Đại Tây Dương, Ấn Độ Dương và Thái Bình Dương, thường trong vùng nước nông, như tại các rạn san hô và các bờ đá, nơi chúng có thể sống gần với đáy biển.
Các loài cá bàng chài có miệng có thể kéo dài ra được, thường với các răng quai hàm tách biệt thò ra ngoài[9]. Nhiều loài có thể dễ dàng nhận biết nhờ các môi dày của chúng, với phần mé trong gập nếp một cách kỳ dị, một nét đặc biệt mà nhờ đó chúng có tên gọi khoa học là "cá môi". Vây lưng của chúng có 8–21 gai và 6–21 tia vây mềm[2], thường chạy dọc theo phần lớn chiều dài lưng. Họ này thường có màu sặc sỡ và có dị hình giới tính. Nhiều loài có khả năng thay đổi giới tính[8]: cá non có thể là cá đực hay cá cái (được biết đến như là các cá thể giai đoạn đầu) nhưng cá cái trưởng thành lại trở thành những con đực chiếm giữ lãnh thổ (giai đoạn kết thúc)[2][9].
Cá bàng chài là các loài cá phục vụ cho nghiên cứu cơ sở trong cơ chế sinh học của việc kiếm ăn của cá do cấu trúc quai hàm của chúng. Các xương mũi và hàm dưới được nối tại phần chót phía sau của chúng vào vỏ hộp sọ cứng, còn các khớp trên và dưới của hàm trên nối tương ứng với phần chót phía trước của hai xương này, tạo ra một móc gồm 4 xương cứng được nối bằng các khớp chuyển động. Sự "liên kết 4 thanh" này có tính chất đáng chú ý ở chỗ chúng có một loạt các kiểu sắp xếp để thu được kết quả cơ học đã cho (thò quai hàm ra nhanh hay cú đớp mạnh), vì thế tách riêng đa dạng hình thái ra khỏi đa dạng chức năng. Hình thái thực tế của cá bàng chài phản ánh điều này, với nhiều loài thể hiện hình thái quai hàm khác biệt nhưng có cùng một kết quả chức năng đầu ra và hốc sinh thái tương tự hay đồng nhất[9].
Một số loài cá bàng chài được biết đến vì vai trò của chúng như là cá cộng sinh, tương tự về hành vi và được miêu tả là có vai trò giống như choi choi Ai Cập: những loài cá khác tụ tập tại các trạm dọn dẹp vệ sinh của cá bàng chài và chờ chúng bơi vào trong miệng hay mang đang mở của chúng để bắt các loài giáp xác ký sinh (thuộc họ Gnathiidae). Cá bàng chài vệ sinh được biết đến là ăn các mô hay vảy chết cùng sinh vật ký sinh ngoài, mặc dù chúng cũng được biết đến như là những kẻ 'bịp bợm' trong việc rỉa cả các mô và cơ còn sống[10]. Cá bàng chài vệ sinh sọc lam (Labroides dimidiatus) là một trong số những loài cá làm vệ sinh phổ biến nhất được tìm thấy tại các rạn san hô nhiệt đới. Rất ít cá bàng chài vệ sinh bị những cá săn mồi ăn thịt, có lẽ là do việc loại bỏ sinh vật ký sinh ra khỏi cơ thể chúng là quan trọng hơn so với việc ăn thịt những con cá làm vệ sinh[11].
Các loài cá bàng chài khác, thay vì có "trạm vệ sinh" cố định, lại chuyên môn hóa theo kiểu "gọi tới nhà" — nghĩa là, các "bệnh nhân" của chúng là các loài cá hoặc là quá ưa thích việc chiếm giữ lãnh thổ hoặc là quá e ngại khi phải tới trạm vệ sinh.
Cá trong họ Cá bàng chài cũng được sử dụng làm thực phẩm ở một số nơi trên thế giới. Tuy nhiên, mặc dù khá phổ biến, nhưng chúng ít có giá trị thương mại. Trong số các loài có tầm quan trọng hay có giá trị hơn cả là cá mõm lợn (Lachnolaimus maximus), một loài cá thực phẩm miền tây Đại Tây Dương có thể nặng tới 7 kg (15 pao); bàng chài mặt trăng (Thalassoma lunare), một loài cá sống trong khu vực Ấn Độ Dương-Thái Bình Dương, có màu xanh lục, đỏ và hơi tía; bàng chài chấm xanh (Labrus ossiphagus),một loài cá ở miền đông Đại Tây Dương và Địa Trung Hải có màu lam và da cam nếu là cá đực, màu cam hay hơi đỏ nếu là cá cái; và tautog (blackfish), một loài cá thực phẩm phổ biến ở miền tây Đại Tây Dương có thể dài tới 90 cm và cân nặng 10 kg (22 pao)[8].
Gomphosus varius tại Kona
Coris gaimardi đang được Labroides phthirophagus làm vệ sinh. Hình chụp tại Hawaii
Cá bàng chài đầu lam tại vỉa san hô ngầm Belize
Bàng chài hề (Coris aygula) tại Hồng Hải
Coris gaimard tại Hawaii
Cá bàng chài châu (Anampses cuvieri) tại Hawaii
Cá bàng chài vân sóng (Cheilinus undulatus) tại bể cảnh Melbourne
Cá bàng chài sọc lam (Labroides dimidiatus)
Betancur et al. (2013,2014) trên cơ sở các nghiên cứu của Price et al. (2010, 2011)[12][13] và Wainwright et al. (2012)[14] đã gộp họ Scaridae vào trong họ Labridae. Tuy nhiên, Nelson et al. (2016)[15] vẫn duy trì 2 họ này tách biệt. Các chi liệt kê dưới đây thuộc họ Labridae theo truyền thống.
Acantholabrus
Achoerodus
Ammolabrus
Anampses
Anchichoerops
Austrolabrus
Bodianus
Centrolabrus
Cheilinus
Cheilio
Choerodon
Cirrhilabrus
Clepticus
Conniella
Coris
Ctenolabrus
Cymolutes
Decodon
Diproctacanthus
Doratonotus
Dotalabrus
Epibulus
Eupetrichthys
Frontilabrus
Gomphosus
Halichoeres
Hemigymnus
Hologymnosus
Iniistius
Julichthys
Labrichthys
Labroides
Labropsis
Labrus
Lachnolaimus
Lappanella
Larabicus
Leptojulis
Macropharyngodon
Malapterus
Minilabrus
Nelabrichthys
Notolabrus
Novaculichthys
Novaculoides
Ophthalmolepis
Oxycheilinus
Oxyjulis
Paracheilinus
Parajulis
Pictilabrus
Polylepion
Pseudocheilinops
Pseudocheilinus
Pseudocoris
Pseudodax
Pseudojuloides
Pseudolabrus
Pteragogus
Semicossyphus
Stethojulis
Suezichthys
Symphodus
Tautoga
Tautogolabrus
Terelabrus
Thalassoma
Wetmorella
Xenojulis
Xiphocheilus
Xyrichtys
Họ Cá bàng chài (danh pháp khoa học: Labridae, với từ nguyên gốc Latinh labrum = môi hay rìa; = mãnh liệt), là một họ cá biển với nhiều loài có màu sặc sỡ. Họ này lớn và đa dạng, với khoảng 500 loài trong 60 chi.
Chúng nói chung là các loài cá nhỏ, chủ yếu dài không quá 20 cm (8 inch), mặc dù loài lớn nhất, cá mó đầu gù, có thể dài tới 2,5 m (8,2 ft). Chúng là các loài động vật ăn thịt có hiệu quả, tìm kiếm các nguồn thức ăn chủ yếu là các động vật không xương sống nhỏ. Nhiều loài cá bàng chài nhỏ bơi theo các đàn cá lớn hơn để kiếm ăn, bắt các động vật không xương sống bị chúng làm náo đọng khi chúng bơi ngang qua.
Губановые[1] (лат. Labridae) — семейство лучепёрых рыб из отряда окунеобразных (Perciformes).
Среди рыб есть и совсем крохотные, представители рода Labroides, длина взрослой особи которых не превышает 6—7 см, и огромные рыбы, такие, как хейлины (Cheilinus), длина которых достигает 2,5 метров, а масса до 200 кг (Cheilinus undulatus).
Губановые — это рыбы с удлинённым телом, покрытым крупными циклоидными чешуями. Имеет небольшой обычно выдвижной рот с толстыми и мясистыми губами, на внутренней стороне которых находятся складки. Зубы обычно конической или резцевидной формы.
Расцветка губановых очень разнообразная и яркая. Рыбы могут сочетать в окраске всё многообразие цветовой гаммы. У многих видов цветовая гамма изменяется в течение жизни, молодь резко отличается от взрослой особи. Также различен окрас у самок и самцов. Часто самки менее яркие и могут иметь совершенно другой окрас, нежели самцы, из-за чего долгое время учёные относили рыб одного вида к разным. Окраска губановых наблюдается только у живых рыб, после смерти она быстро исчезает.
Некоторые виды губановых могут флюоресцировать[2].
Все губановые обитают в прибрежных районах, у каменистых и заросших водорослями берегов и у коралловых рифов.
Губановые питаются в основном моллюсками, дробя их крепкими зубами, и другими донными беспозвоночными. Есть виды, которые питаются и растительной пищей.
Губаны живут одиночками, каждая особь занимает собственный территориальный участок, который она охраняет от других губановых. У всех рыб этого семейства есть интересная особенность — ночной сон, в который они впадают с наступлением темноты. Многие из них на ночь зарываются в песок, а некоторые, подобно рыбам-попугаям, окутывают себя слизистым коконом.
В семействе губановых 69 родов с 505 видами[3][4]:
Губановые (лат. Labridae) — семейство лучепёрых рыб из отряда окунеобразных (Perciformes).
隆頭魚科（学名：Labridae）為隆頭魚目（Labriformes）的唯一一個科[2]，属輻鰭魚綱真骨下纲，传统上也被归类于广义的鱸形目。 71属，约500种[1]。广布于全世界热带和温带海域，以珊瑚礁中为最丰富。体长5～200厘米（2.0～78.7英寸）不等。
從淺的潮間帶到水深50至60公尺處，甚至有些魚種可棲息於200公尺或更深的海域。[1]
本科在體形及體長大小的變異大，體型由長橢圓形到延長型及側扁程度大小亦不一。體被圓鱗，頭部完全裸出，唯頰部鰓蓋有時被鱗。口小型或中等，端位，可伸縮，唇上通常有肉。體唯一列或兩列之圓錐齒，前方通常為犬齒，有時亦長於嘴角處，各齒均不癒合。喉部具有上下兩列之咽喉齒。背鰭1枚且長；臀鰭有2至3枚硬棘。側線鱗列連續或中斷。[1]
本目属于真鲈形系，与拟鲉鲈科、䲢形目等为姐妹群，演化关系如下[2]：
真鲈形系 Eupercaria弱棘鱼科 Malacanthidae 
麗花鮨科 Callanthiidae 
笛鲷目 Lutjaniformes 
盖刺鱼科 Pomacanthidae 
谐鱼科 Emmelichthyidae 
刺尾鲷目 Acanthuriformes 
银鳞鲳科 Monodactylidae 
石首鱼科 Sciaenidae 
蝴蝶鱼目 Chaetodontiformes 
魨形目 Tetraodontiformes 
𩽾𩾌目 Lophiiformes 
菱鲷目 Caproiformes 
大眼鲷目 Priacanthiformes 
金钱鱼科 Scatophagidae 
蓝子鱼科 Siganidae 
鲷形目 Spariformes 
松鲷目 Lobotiformes 
白鲳目 Ephippiformes 
狼鲈科 Moronidae 
鱚科 Sillaginidae 
日鲈目 Centrarchiformes 
拟金眼鲷目 Pempheriformes 
鲈形目 Perciformes 
隆头鱼目 Labriformes 
拟鲉鲈科 Centrogenyidae 
䲢形目 Uranoscopiformes 
银鲈目 Gerreiformes 
隆頭魚科其下分71個屬，如下[1]：
雜色尖嘴魚 Gomphosus varius。
紅喉盔魚 Coris aygula
居氏阿南魚 Anampses cuvieri
曲紋唇魚 Cheilinus undulatus
裂唇魚 Labroides dimidiatus
雀尖嘴魚 Gomphosus caeruleus
大部分種類生活於淺海，但亦有些種類可居於200公尺以上的海底。通常以珊瑚礁為底質，有些則生活於沙地上，但當有危險時，則鑽入沙中躲避。屬於日行性魚類，夜間睡於沙地。具有強而有力的咽喉齒，故大部分之種類以具堅硬外殼的貝類、甲殼類、海膽等為食，但亦有其他食性，如浮游生物食者、珊瑚蟲食者、魚食者及以清潔行為取得之際生性無脊椎動物為食。他們大都體色鮮艷，且圖案複雜。幼魚體色往往和成魚不同，而且許多種類之雌雄之體色亦有所不同。通常性別兩色的情形，伴隨著由雌魚成長後，性別轉變成雄魚。即開始型的雄魚，具較平淡的體色，經性轉變後，成為體色鮮艷的終端型雄魚。終端型雄魚通常有領域性，在其領土內，存有一與之交配的成熟雌魚及數條性別不明顯的幼魚。終端型雄魚通常一夫一妻之生殖行為。而不經性轉變的雌魚，則是成群的產卵。
多為不具經濟重要性的食用魚，有些種類體色鮮艷，可當作觀賞魚。
隆頭魚科（学名：Labridae）為隆頭魚目（Labriformes）的唯一一個科，属輻鰭魚綱真骨下纲，传统上也被归类于广义的鱸形目。 71属，约500种。广布于全世界热带和温带海域，以珊瑚礁中为最丰富。体长5～200厘米（2.0～78.7英寸）不等。
この項目では、魚について説明しています。その他の用法については「ベラ (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。 
ベラ（倍良、遍羅、英名：Wrasse、ラス）は、スズキ目ベラ亜目ベラ科 Labridae に属する魚の総称。世界中の暖かい海に約500種が生息する。日本近海には約130種が生息し、磯やサンゴ礁などで普通に見ることができる。
ベラ科の魚は体長10 -30 cm 程度の比較的小さな種類が多いが、コブダイなど体長1 m に達する大型魚も含まれる。ベラ科の最大種メガネモチノウオ（ナポレオンフィッシュ）はまれに体長2 m を超える個体が存在する。
多くは鮮やかな色彩をもち、雄と雌で体色が異なる。成長に伴って性転換を行う種も多い。キュウセンなど一部の種は夜、砂に潜って眠ることが知られている。ソメワケベラの仲間は、他の魚の口の中や体表を掃除するという特異な生態をもっており、掃除魚などと呼ばれる。
4亜科・60属・500種ほどが知られる大きな科である。全世界の熱帯から温帯に広く分布し、浅い海の砂底、岩礁、サンゴ礁に生息する。日本にも数多くの種類が分布している。
成魚の大きさは全長10 cm ほどのホンソメワケベラから、2 m 以上に達するメガネモチノウオまで種類によって異なるが、ふつう海岸で見られるのは全長20 cm ほどの小型種が多い。体は細長く側編し、海藻やサンゴ、岩のすき間をすり抜けるのに都合がよい体型をしている。また、種類によっては体をくねらせて砂にもぐることもできる。
体表はスズキ類やイワシなどにくらべて粘液が多く、ぬるぬるしている。体色は種類によってさまざまで、白、黒、青、緑、橙、赤などの組み合わさった美しい体色の種類もいる。また、性別や成長の度合いによって体色がちがう種類もいて、同種でもオスとメス、幼魚と成魚で別種のようにみえる種類もある。
雌性先熟の性転換をすることが知られている。性転換して雄になった個体は雌を惹きつける派手な色彩に変化し、縄張り内の複数の雌と繁殖を行う。また、種類によっては生まれながらの雄もいる。前者を二次雄、後者を一次雄と呼ぶ。一次雄は集団産卵やスニーキングやストリーキングにより繁殖を行うが、二次雄と同じ派手な色彩に変化し、縄張りを持つこともある。
ほとんどの種類が肉食性で、丈夫な歯をもち、ゴカイや貝、甲殻類などを捕食する。また、ほぼすべての種類が昼行性で、夜は岩陰にひそんだり、海底の砂にもぐったりして眠る。同じようにして冬眠をおこなう種類もある。
春から秋にかけてよく漁獲されるが、冬のコブダイなど一部を除くと漁業価値は低い。特に釣りで多く漁獲されるが、関東では「餌盗り」や「外道」として扱われ、釣ったその場で捨てられることもある。一方、関西では高級魚として扱われ専門の遊漁船も出るほど人気がある。なお夜は休眠するので、あまり漁獲されない。
身は軟らかいが、刺身、煮付け、唐揚げ、南蛮漬けなど、いろいろな料理で食べられる。キュウセンは関東地方などの東日本では評価が低いが、関西以西、特に瀬戸内海沿岸ではギザミと呼ばれ、美味な魚として評価されている。これは太平洋で育ったものは身が締まらず水っぽく大味になるのに対し、瀬戸内海などで育ったものは早い潮流によって身が引き締まるためである。したがって、個々の地域による文化的、味の嗜好で、価値観の差違が発生しているわけではない。
クサビ、クサブ（長崎県）
ベラ科 Labridae には約500種が含まれる。また分類が困難な種も多い。
以下、下位分類と主な種のリストを挙げる。
1属 1種
ベラ（倍良、遍羅、英名：Wrasse、ラス）は、スズキ目ベラ亜目ベラ科 Labridae に属する魚の総称。世界中の暖かい海に約500種が生息する。日本近海には約130種が生息し、磯やサンゴ礁などで普通に見ることができる。
ベラ科の魚は体長10 -30 cm 程度の比較的小さな種類が多いが、コブダイなど体長1 m に達する大型魚も含まれる。ベラ科の最大種メガネモチノウオ（ナポレオンフィッシュ）はまれに体長2 m を超える個体が存在する。
多くは鮮やかな色彩をもち、雄と雌で体色が異なる。成長に伴って性転換を行う種も多い。キュウセンなど一部の種は夜、砂に潜って眠ることが知られている。ソメワケベラの仲間は、他の魚の口の中や体表を掃除するという特異な生態をもっており、掃除魚などと呼ばれる。
오닥스과(Odacidae)는 놀래기목에 속하는 조기어류 과의 하나이다.[1] 농어목으로 분류하기도 한다. 오스트레일리아 남부와 뉴질랜드 연안 수역에서 발견된다. 놀래기과(이전의 파랑비늘돔과 (Scaridae) 포함) 물고기와 근연 관계에 있다.[2]
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