Astraea is a genus of medium to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.[2]
Etymology
The Latin genus Astraea means star, with reference to the star-shape of these snails, also commonly called star shells.[3]
Description
Shells of species within this genus can reach a size of about 60 millimetres (2.4 in). They have the appearance of a smooth conical shell. The outer edges of the coiled whorls are quite flattened, with prominent axial sculpture. Below widely, it is umbilicate and concave.[3]
Species
Extant species within this genus include:[4]
Fossil records
This genus is known in the fossil records from the Paleocene to the Quaternary (age range: from 61.7 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found in the sediments of Europe, Australia, United States, Japan, Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil.[5]
Species
Extinct species within this genus include:[5]
- †Astraea (Liotiastralium) venezuelana Weisbord 1962
- †Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale 1931
- †Astraea (Pomaulax) morani Loel and Corey 1932
- †Astraea (Vitiastraea) holmesi Ladd 1966
- † Astraea bicarinata Suter, 1917
- †Astraea fimbriata Borson 1821[6]
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Astraea heliotropium (Martyn, 1784)
- †Astraea stellare Gmelin 1791
- † Astraea stirps Laws, 1932
- †Astraea tentoriiformis Jonas, 1844
- Species brought into synonymy
- †Astraea (Australium) rhodestoma Lamarck 1822: synonym of Astralium rhodostomum (Lamarck, 1822)
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Astraea americana (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Lithopoma americanum (Gmelin, 1791)
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Astraea andersoni (Smith, 1902): synonym of Bolma andersoni (Smith, 1902)
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Astraea babelis (P. Fischer, 1874): synonym of Uvanilla babelis (P. Fischer, 1874)
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Astraea brevispina (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of Lithopoma brevispina (Lamarck, 1822)
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Astraea buschii (Philippi, 1844): synonym of Uvanilla buschii (Philippi, 1844)
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Astraea calcar (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Astralium calcar (Linnaeus, 1758)
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Astraea cookii (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Cookia sulcata (Lightfoot, 1786)
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Astraea cubanum Philippi, 1849: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
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Astraea danieli Alf & Kreipl, 2006: synonym of Astralium danieli (Alf & Kreipl, 2006)
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Astraea dominicana A. H. Verrill, 1950: synonym of Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1758)
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Astraea gilchristi (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903): synonym of Bolma bathyraphis (E. A. Smith, 1899)
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Astraea heimburgi (Dunker, 1882): synonym of Astralium heimburgi (Dunker, 1882)
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Astraea hokianga Laws, 1948: synonym of Bembicium hokianga (Laws, 1948)
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Astraea imbricata (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
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Astraea imbricatum Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
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Astraea jacquelineae Marche-Marchad, 1957: synonym of Bolma jacquelineae (Marche-Marchad, 1957)
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Astraea johnstoni (Odhner, 1923): synonym of Bolma johnstoni (Odhner, 1923)
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Astraea lapidifera Röding, 1798: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
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Astraea latispina (Philippi, 1844): synonym of Astralium latispina (Philippi, 1844)
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Astraea longispina Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Lithopoma phoebium longispina (Lamarck, 1822)
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Astraea milloni B. Salvat, F. Salvat & Richard, 1973: synonym of Astralium milloni (B. Salvat, F. Salvat & Richard, 1973)
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Astraea olfersii (Philippi, 1846): synonym of Lithopoma americanum (Gmelin, 1791)
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Astraea olivacea (W. Wood, 1828): synonym of Uvanilla olivacea (W. Wood, 1828)
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Astraea papillatum Potiez & Michaud, 1838: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
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Astraea persica Dall, 1907: synonym of Bolma persica (Dall, 1907)
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Astraea petrothauma Berry, 1940: synonym of Megastraea turbanica (Dall, 1910)
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Astraea phoebia Röding, 1798: synonym of Lithopoma phoebium (Röding, 1798)
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Astraea polaris Röding, 1798: synonym of Stellaria solaris (Linnaeus, 1764)
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Astraea rhodostoma Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Astralium rhodostomum (Lamarck, 1822)
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Astraea rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767): synonym of Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767)
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Astraea rupicollina Stohler, 1959: synonym of Megastraea turbanica (Dall, 1910)
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Astraea semicostata (Kiener, 1850): synonym of Astralium semicostatum (Kiener, 1850)
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Astraea sirius Hedley, C., 1923: synonym of Astralium tentoriiforme (Jonas, 1845)
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Astraea spirata (Dall, 1911): synonym of Pomaulax spiratus (Dall, 1911)
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Astraea sulcata (Martyn, 1784): synonym of Cookia sulcata (Lightfoot, 1786)
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Astraea tayloriana (E. A. Smith, 1880): synonym of Bolma tayloriana (E. A. Smith, 1880)
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Astraea tectum Lightfoot, 1786: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
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Astraea tuber (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1758)
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Astraea tuberosum: synonym of Astralium rhodostomum (Lamarck, 1822)
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Astraea undosa (Wood, 1828): synonym for Lithopoma undosum (Wood, 1828)
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Astraea unguis (Wood, 1828): synonym of Uvanilla unguis (W. Wood, 1828)
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Astraea venezuelensis Flores & Caceres, 1984: synonym of Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1758)
References
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^ Röding P. F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat Joa. Fried Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. annos proto physicus Hamburgensis. Pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. pp. [1-3], [1-8], 1-199. Hamburg. page 79.
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^ a b Bouchet, P. (2012). Astraea Röding, 1798. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at WoRMS taxon details on 2012-03-15
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^ a b The Grazing Snails, Part I - Turbo, Trochus, Astraea, and Kin
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^ "World Register of Marine Species". Astraea Röding, 1798. 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
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^ a b Astraea Röding 1798 (snail)
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^ Astraea fimbriata, Borson 1821
- Gofas, S.; Afonso, J.P.; Brandào, M. (Ed.). (S.a.). Conchas e Moluscos de Angola = Coquillages et Mollusques d'Angola. [Shells and molluscs of Angola]. Universidade Agostinho / Elf Aquitaine Angola: Angola. 140 pp.
- Williams, S.T. (2007). Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592
Fossil Bolma rugosa with signs of crab predation; Pliocene of Cyprus. 
Fossil shell of Astraea fimbriata from Pliocene of Italy. 
