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Solidago gigantea is usually the least hairy species of the S. canadensis complex. The stems may be somewhat glaucous and the array is usually somewhat more open than in S. canadensis and S. altissima, and less leafy than S. lepida. Its blooming season begins and ends earlier than S. altissima in eastern North America. The species is diploid, mostly east of the Appalachian Mountains, tetraploid throughout the eastern forest area, and hexa-ploid on the prairies. The broader-leaved hexaploids on the prairies have been treated as S. shinnersii; G. H. Morton (1984) indicated that the differences are not diagnostic. Reports of hexaploids in the mountains from Alberta, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and northwestern Wyoming all have minute stipitate glands on the phyllaries, peduncle bracts, and sometimes the distalmost leaves; such plants belong in S. lepida, as do plants from British Columbia. Stems sometimes have 1–2 elongate insect galls near the base (S. Heard, pers. comm.). Although reported from much of Florida, specimens were seen only from Liberty County; all other collections are S. leavenworthii.
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Flora of North America Vol. 20: 150, 156, 157, 158, 166 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Plants 50–200 cm (solitary or clustered); rhizomes short- to long-creeping. Stems 1–20+ or clustered, erect, glabrous or sparsely strigose in arrays, sometimes glaucous. Leaves: basal 0; proximal cauline usually withering by flowering time, sessile, lanceolate, 91–97 × 10–14 mm, margins sharply serrate, 3-nerved, apices acuminate, abaxial faces pilose on nerves or glabrous; mid to distal cauline similar, 57–76 × 0.7–1.2 cm, largest toward mid stem, decreasing distally. Heads 40–600 , secund, in broadly secund, pyramidal paniculiform arrays, rarely rhombic or club-shaped, proximal branches divergent, recurved, glabrous-glabrate or strigose, sometimes glaucous. Peduncles 1.5–3 mm, sparsely to densely strigillose; bracteoles 0–2, linear-lanceolate. Involucres campanulate, (2–)2.5–4(–5) mm. Phyllaries in 3–4 series, unequal, acute; outer lanceolate, inner linear-lanceolate (hexa-ploids from far west can have minute stipitate glands, especially near base of outer phyllaries and peduncle bracts). Ray florets (7–)9–15(–24) (conspicuous); laminae 1–3 × (0.1–)0.2–0.4 mm. Disc florets (4–)7–12(–17); corollas (2.5–)3–3.5(–4.5) mm, lobes 0.6–1(–1.4) mm. Cypselae 1.3–1.5 mm, sparsely strigose; pappi 2–2.5 mm. 2n =18, 36, 54.
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Flora of North America Vol. 20: 150, 156, 157, 158, 166 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym

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Aster latissimifolius (Miller) Kuntze var. serotinus Kuntze; Doria dumetorum (Lunell) Lunell; D. pitcheri (Nuttall) Lunell; Solidago cleliae de Candolle; S. dumetorum Lunell; S. gigantea var. leiophylla Fernald; S. gigantea var. pitcheri (Nuttall) Shinners; S. gigantea subsp. serotina (Kuntze) McNeill; S. gigantea var. serotina (Kuntze) Cronquist; S. gigantea var. shinnersii Beaudry; S. pitcheri Nuttall; S. serotina Aiton 1789, not Retzius 1781; S. serotina var. gigantea (Aiton) A. Gray; S. serotina var. minor Hooker; S. serotinoides Á. Löve & D. Löve; S. shinnersii (Beaudry) Beaudry; S. somesii Rydberg
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 20: 150, 156, 157, 158, 166 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Associations

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It is pollinated by bees. (USDA GRIN, 2007)
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Cyclicity

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It flowers from July-September. (Peattie, 1930) It blooms August through October.(Hultman, 1978) The active growth period is summer. Fruit/seed period begins in the summer and ends in the Fall. (USDA PLANTS, 2009)
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Distribution

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Throughout the American Midwest. (Hultman, 1978) It is naturalized in Mexico, Europe, temperate Asia, & the Azores. (USDA GRIN, 2007)

Native Distribution (NPIN, 2007)

USA: AL , AR , CA , CO , CT , DE , FL , GA , ID , IL , IN , IA , KS , KY , LA , ME , MD , MA , MI , MN , MS , MO , MT , NE , NV , NH , NJ , NM , NY , NC , ND , OH , OK , OR , PA , RI , SC , SD , TN , TX , UT , VT , VA , WA , WV , WI , WY , DC

Canada: AB , BC , MB , NB , NT , NS , ON , PE , QC , SK

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Ecology

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Often forming large, dense patches. (UW, 2009)
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Habitat

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This plant inhabits sandy copses, dunes, and roadside thickets. (Peattie, 1930) It is an inhabitant of moist, open thickets. (Hultman, 1978) It inhabits areas ranging from dry, moderate moisture, and wet. Habitat includes woods, meadows, prairies, and shores. (UW, 2009)
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Life Expectancy

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It is a perennial with moderate lifespan. (USDA PLANTS, 2009)
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Look Alikes

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This is the largest of the goldenrods. (Hultman, 1978) It looks similar to S. canadensis but S. gigantea has stems without real hairs and the bracts are greener. (UW, 2009)
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Morphology

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Overall This is an erect herb. (USDA PLANTS, 2009)

Flowers The panicle (loose, branching flower cluster) is ample and pubescent. Flowers have 7-14 long rays (marginal part of the flower head). The disk and ray flowers are both yellow. (Peattie, 1930) A branched, plumelike flower mass gently curves from the top of the stem. Hundreds of fuzzy, tiny blossoms grace the plume. (Hultman, 1978) The flower head has 10-17 tiny, yellow rays. There are firm, blunt, green bracts (phyllaries). Inflorescence is an open, spreading cluster with the heads mostly along one side of the often backward-curving, long branches. (UW, 2009)

Fruit Fruit/seed color is brown. (USDA PLANTS, 2009) It is a dry seed with short hairs on a fluffy pappus (a downy extension). (UW, 2009)

Leaves leaves are pubescent on the nerves beneath. They are very sharply serrate above the base, rough-ciliate, and lanceolate to oblanceolate. (Peattie, 1930) Leaves have parallel veins and are sharply toothed. (Hultman, 1978) Leaves are green. (NPIN, 2007) Leaves are narrow, pointed at both ends, and stalkless. They are all mostly the same size, sharply toothed, and 3-veined. (UW, 2009)

Stems are stout, smooth, and glaucous. (Peattie, 1930) Stem is pale green or purplish. (Hultman, 1978)

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Size

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Plant is 2-7' tall. (Hultman, 1978) Height at maturity is 8.2'. (USDA PLANTS, 2009)

Flowers Involucre (cluster of bracts around the flower) is 3.2-4 mm tall. (Peattie, 1930) Inflorescence is roughly 10". (UW, 2009)

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Uses

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Native American Uses: An infusion of leaves was used as a strong physic. The plant was used generally in medicine. An infusion of blossoms was used for various fevers. The stems were made into rough baskets. (UM, 2009)
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Solidago gigantea

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Solidago gigantea is a North American plant species in the family Asteraceae.[3]: 211  Its common names include tall goldenrod[4] and giant goldenrod,[5] among others.

Goldenrod is the state flower of Kentucky,[6] and Solidago gigantea is the state flower of Nebraska.[7]

Description

Solidago gigantea is a perennial herb that reaches heights of up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, sometimes spreading by means of underground rhizomes. It often grows in clumps with no leaves at the base but numerous leaves on the stem. At the top, each stem produces a sizable array of many small flower heads, sometimes several hundred. Each head is yellow, containing both disc florets and ray florets.[4]

Habitat

Solidago gigantea is found in a wide variety of natural habitats, although it is restricted to areas with at least seasonally moist soils.[4][8]

Distribution

It is a widespread species known from most of non-arctic North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been reported from every state and province from Alberta to Nova Scotia to Florida to Texas, and also from the state of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico.[9][10]

Environmental impact

Solidago gigantea is highly invasive throughout Europe and Asia.[11] In its non-native range, it exerts a negative impact on native communities by decreasing species richness and diversity, apparently due to its intense competitive effects,[12] rapid growth,[13] or polyploidization.[14] In the non-native European range, several management options are applied, such as periodical flooding, mowing, mulching, grazing, or herbicide to reduce the negative impact of the species on native biodiversity.[15]

Diseases

Parasitized by the Basidiomycete Coleosporium asterum.[16]

Galls

This species is host to the following insect induced galls:

external link to gallformers

References

  1. ^ NatureServe (8 January 2021). "Solidago gigantea – Smooth Goldenrod". NatureServe Explorer (explorer.natureserve.org). Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  2. ^ POWO (2019). "Solidago gigantea Aiton". Plants of the World Online (powo.science.kew.org). Kew, London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  3. ^ Aiton, W. (1789). Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew (in Latin). Vol. 3. London: George Nicol. Retrieved 6 February 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  4. ^ a b c Semple, J.C.; Cook, R.E. (2006). "Solidago gigantea". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 8 November 2014 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  5. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Solidago gigantea". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  6. ^ Kentucky State Legislature. "Kentucky Revised Statutes: TITLE I SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH - CHAPTER 2 CITIZENSHIP, EMBLEMS, HOLIDAYS, AND TIME - 2.090 State flower (PDF)". Kentucky General Assembly (legislature.ky.gov). Retrieved 6 February 2021. 2.090 State flower. The goldenrod is the official state flower of Kentucky. Effective: October 1, 1942. History: Recodified 1942 Ky. Acts ch. 208, sec. 1, effective October 1, 1942, from Ky. Stat. sec. 4618o.
  7. ^ Nebraska Library Commission. "Nebraska State Symbols". NebraskAccess (nebraskaccess.nebraska.gov). Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  8. ^ Hilty, John (2020). "Giant Goldenrod - Solidago gigantea". Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  9. ^ "Solidago gigantea". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  10. ^ "Photo of herbarium specimen collected in Nuevo León, Mexico". Tropicos (tropicos.org). Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  11. ^ Weber, E.; Jakobs, G. (2 May 2005). "Biological flora of central Europe: Solidago gigantea Aiton". Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 200 (2): 109–118. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2004.09.001. ISSN 0367-2530. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  12. ^ Pal, R.W.; Chen, S.; Nagy, D.U.; Callaway, R.M. (2015). "Impacts of Solidago gigantea on other species at home and away". Biological Invasions. New York: Springer. 17 (11): 3317–3325. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0955-7. S2CID 3035546. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  13. ^ Jakobs, G.; Weber, E.; Edwards, P.J. (2004). "Introduced plants of the invasive Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae) are larger and grow denser than conspecifics in the native range". Diversity and Distributions. Diversity and Distribution. 10: 11–19. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2004.00052.x.
  14. ^ Nagy, D.U.; Stranczinger, S.; Godi, A.; Weisz, A.; Rosche, C.; Suda, J.; Mariano, M.; Pal, R.W. (April 2018). "Does higher ploidy level increase the risk of invasion? A case study with two geo-cytotypes of Solidago gigantea Aiton (Asteraceae)". Journal of Plant Ecology. 11 (2): 317–327. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtx005. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  15. ^ Nagy, D.U.; Rauschert, E.S.J.; Henn, T.; Cianfaglione, K.; Stranczinger, S.; Pal, R.W. (June 2020). "The more we do, the less we gain? Balancing effort and efficacy in managing the Solidago gigantea invasion". Weed Research. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 60 (3): 232–240. doi:10.1111/wre.12417. ISSN 1365-3180.
  16. ^ McTaggart, Alistair R.; Aime, M. Catherine (2018). "The species of Coleosporium (Pucciniales) on Solidago in North America". Fungal Biology. British Mycological Society (Elsevier). 122 (8): 800–809. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.007. ISSN 1878-6146. PMID 30007430. S2CID 51626705.

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Solidago gigantea: Brief Summary

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Solidago gigantea is a North American plant species in the family Asteraceae.: 211  Its common names include tall goldenrod and giant goldenrod, among others.

Goldenrod is the state flower of Kentucky, and Solidago gigantea is the state flower of Nebraska.

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