Biology
provided by Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
A locally abundant cod in the nearshore western Arctic
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- Arctic Ocean Diversity
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- Kitty Mecklenburg
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- Tony Mecklenburg
Trophic Strategy
provided by Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Feed on fish, mysids, decapods, amphipods, polychaetes; A food of some marine mammals, seabirds, and fishes
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- Arctic Ocean Diversity
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- Kitty Mecklenburg
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- Tony Mecklenburg
Habitat
provided by Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Subarctic to arctic faunal regions of North Pacific and adjacent Arctic; Demersal, in brackish waters and river mouths to continental shelf edge; Surface to depth of 200 m, typically < 100 m in the Arctic
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- Kitty Mecklenburg
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- Tony Mecklenburg
Comprehensive Description
provided by Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Back and upper sides brown to gray-green with mottling; More or less pronounced yellow wash on body and pectoral fins; Bulbous snout; Upper jaw protruding beyond the lower jaw; Truncate caudal fin; Juveniles (to 6-7 cm) have large dark blotches on sides
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- Kitty Mecklenburg
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- Tony Mecklenburg
Life Cycle
provided by Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Migrate annually into shallow waters to spawn in winter; Fecundity varies by region and increases with body length, weight, and age; 5,000-680,000 eggs laid per female; Eggs are demersal, spawned on sand-gravel substrate. Larvae are pelagic.; Begin to mature at 2-3 years. Maximum age 14 years, up to 9 years in most regions
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- Kitty Mecklenburg
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- Tony Mecklenburg
Benefits
provided by FAO species catalogs
Taken commercially in many areas of the northwestern Pacific and harvested for almost 100 years. Until 1973, total catches fluctuated between 6 600-22 300 t annually, they increased continuously in recent years to an average of 39 000 t/year between 1977 and 1980. The major fishing grounds are in the western North Pacific: Peter the Great Bay, Sakhalin region, Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka waters. Fishing is carried out during late autumn and winter by the USSR and, in Norton Sound, by Alaskan fishermen- Fishing gear used are not highly mechanized and include hook and line, beach and danish seines, gill nets, hoop-nets, fyke nets, and trawls. The catch reported for 1987 in the FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics is 27 929 t, all taken in the northwestern Pacific by USSR. The catch reported for 1996 in the FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics is 21 110 t, all taken in the northwestern Pacific by USSR. The size of the saffron cod does not permit its substitution into existing Pacific cod and walleye pollock markets and costs would not permit it to be profitably used in the pet food industry. The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 47 032 t. The countries with the largest catches were Russian Federation (47 032 t). It is used for human consumption in USSR, fresh or frozen.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Brief Summary
provided by FAO species catalogs
Occurs in shallow coastal waters at less than 60 m depth in the Arctic and western Pacific, and at less than 50 m depth in the northeastern Bering Sea and western Alaska, Norton Sound.It has been found, however, off northern Japan, on the continental shelf edge at 200 m depth.The Saffron cod also enters brackish and even fresh waters, occurring quite far up rivers and streams, but remaining within regions of tidal influence.Migrations are not extensive. The juveniles are not migratory and stay in shallow water throughout the year whereas adults undertake restricted seasonal migrations associated with spawning, feeding and changes in wate temperature. The migration pattern could be summarized as winter inshore and summer offshore (or less inshore): in early winter, the fish move from the coast or estuaries into adjacent sand-pebble areas for spawning. After spawning, they return to silty bottoms or estuarine areas where they feed.They spend the winter under the ice cover and in early spring, when the water warms up, they move offshore to the cold and highly saline waters of the open sea. However, the southern Kuril population spends the autumn-winter period in the open sea at depths of 100 to 200 m because the absence of temperature conditions necessary for spawning in August-October in the coastal shallow zone compels the fish to migrate into colder waters. The Saffron cod begin to mature during their third year of life in Norton Sound, western Alaska. Similar observations made in the western Pacific, northern Tatar Strait, and northern Sea of Okhotsk report the first maturity to occur at 2 to 3 years of life for both sexes. Fecundity varies with geographical region. It decreases from east to west in the European Arctic and from south to north in western Pacific waters. Furthermore, individual fecundity increases with body length, weight and age. in the Gulf of Sakhalin, a two year-old fish (17 cm length) has a minimum fecundity of 4 900 eggs while a 9 year-old individual (47 cm length) in the Gulf of Terpenie can lay a maximum of 680 000 eggs. Thus, the maximum fecundity is 139 times higher than the minimum. For example, a 20-35 cm fish along the USSR Pacific coast (Tatar Strait) has an estimated fecundity of 29 000-124 000 eggs. The Saffron cod spawns once a year, 5 to 7 times in its life, and sometimes even 9-10 times for those fish that live up to 10-14 years. Throughout its distribution area, spawning occurs during January-February in coastal zones of bays and inlets, on sand -gravel substrate and in strong tidal currents, at depths of 2-10 m, with the exception of the Gulf of Terpenie stock that spawns at depths of 25-32 m. There are indications that the eggs are adhesive. Although spawning occurs at the same temperatures and salinities, larvae hatch out in early spring (April-May) in the Arctic or northernmost portions of the western Pacific, and somewhat later (during warming) in waters farther south, such as the Sea of Japan. The growth rate differs by sex and depends on the amount of forage available. Highest growth rates occur in fish that mature earlier. Generally speaking, growth is relatively slow; it is somewhat faster in the western Pacific stocks (except in parts of the Sea of Okhotsk, where it is slow in comparison with some Arctic stocks) than in the Arctic ones, although they die younger. In the western Pacific distribution of the species, the size of a 3 year-old fish varies from 18.8 to 35.4 cm (mostly 29-35 cm), while in the Barents and Kara seas, it ranges between 16.5 and 20-7 cm. An 8-9 year-old fish in the western Pacific is about 53 cm long while the largest specimen found in Arctic waters was 44 cm . The rate of natural mortality is high, 60-80% annually, and less than 1% of the stock survives past 5 years. The maximum age decreases southward: 11-12 years in Yama inlet and the Gulf of Terpenie; 9-10 years in the other regions of Sakhalin; 7-8 years in Gulf of Peter the Great and off the southern Kurils.Juveniles and adults are opportunistic epibenthic feeders; juveniles feed on fish, mysids, decapods, and amphipods. Feeding starts in summer and goes on until the winter spawning. It is then reduced and resumes in mid-winter after reproduction.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Size
provided by FAO species catalogs
Reaches at least 55 cm total length.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Distribution
provided by FAO species catalogs
North Pacific from the Yellow Sea in the southwest to Sitka in the southeast. Beyond the Bering Strait in the Chukchi Sea and east to Dease Strait (south coast of Victoria Island). Precise delimitation of the range depends on additional taxonomic study.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Diagnostic Description
provided by FAO species catalogs
Expanded parapophyses beginning on about vertebral centrum 9 or 10 swollen and hollow, containing outpouchings of the swimbladder; gill rakers 14 to 25. Colour: dorsally dark grey-green to brown,mottled; pale ventrally.
- Safronov, (1981)
- Svetovidov, (1965)
- Wolotira, (1985)
- bibliographic citation
- FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Life Cycle
provided by Fishbase
Spawns 5-7 times in its life, or even 9-10 times for those living 10-14 years. Fecundity varies with geographical region. It decreases from east to west in the European Arctic and from south to north in western Pacific waters. Throughout its distribution area, spawning occurs during January-February in coastal zones of bays and inlets on sand-gravel substrate and in strong tidal currents.
Trophic Strategy
provided by Fishbase
Occurs in shallow coastal waters (Ref. 1371). Enters rivers and may go considerable distances upstream, but usually remaining within regions of tidal influence (Ref. 1371, 27547). Adults exhibit seasonal movements: inshore during winter for purposes of spawning and offshore during summer for feeding (Ref. 1371). Juveniles and adults are opportunistic epibenthic feeders; juveniles feed on fish and small benthic crustaceans (Ref. 1371).
Maksimenko, V.V. 1985 Trophic relationships among young fishes in the Gulf of Korf. J. Ichthyol. 25(1):18-24.
Diagnostic Description
provided by Fishbase
Distinguished by the presence of 3 dorsal and 2 anal fins, a lower jaw that is shorter than the upper, a chin barbel that is no longer than half the eye diameter, and a space between the second and third dorsal fins that is equal to or longer than the eye diameter (Ref. 27547). Lateral line curved in front, ending under the second dorsal fin (Ref. 27547); head with no lateral line pores (Ref. 1371). Expanded parapophyses swollen and hollow, beginning on about the vertebral centrum 9 or 10, containing outpouchings of the swim bladder (Ref. 1371). Second pelvic ray produced; caudal truncate or slightly emarginate (Ref. 27547). Grayish brown above, upper part of sides paler, sometimes with a silvery-violet shading, often mottled with indistinct darker blotches; lower sides and belly yellowish to silver white; fins dusky, dorsal and caudal with white edges (Ref. 27547).
Morphology
provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 44 - 59; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 39 - 47; Vertebrae: 57 - 64
Migration
provided by Fishbase
Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692).
Biology
provided by Fishbase
Occurs in shallow coastal waters (Ref. 1371). Enters rivers and may go considerable distances upstream, but usually remaining within regions of tidal influence (Ref. 1371, 27547). Adults exhibit seasonal movements: inshore during winter for purposes of spawning and offshore during summer for feeding (Ref. 1371). Juveniles and adults are opportunistic epibenthic feeders; juveniles feed on fish and small benthic crustaceans (Ref. 1371). Taxonomic problems to be solved.
Importance
provided by Fishbase
fisheries: highly commercial; price category: high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
Uzaqşərq navaqası
(
Azerbaijani
)
provided by wikipedia AZ
Uzaqşərq navaqası (lat. Eleginus gracilis) — Treskakimilər dıstəsinə daxil olan dəniz balığı. Uzunluğu 50 sm (adətən 30—35 sm), çəkisi isə 0,5 kq olur. Əsasən Sakit okeannın şimal-qərb sahil ərazilərində yayılmışdır. Kürü tökmə dövrü dekabrdan fevrala qədər çəkir. 25-210 min kürü tökə bilir. Ovu sənaye əhəmiyyətlidir.
Navaqalar soyuq sularda — əsasən Yapon, Oxot, Berinq və Çukot dənizlərində yayılmışlar. Yayda 30-60 metr dərinə enirlər. Bəxi fərdləri hətta çaylarla materik daxilində yerləşən göllərə qədər gələ bilirlər.
Əsasən qurdlar, xərçəbgkimilər, kürü, və kiçik balıqlarla qidalanırlar. Temperaturu 1,4—1,9 °С olan sularda üzürlər. Yetkin fərdin uzunluğu 25—35 sm olur. Ancaq bəzi fərdlərin uzunluğu 54 sm, çəkisi isə 1,3 kq ola bilir. Qış balıqovunda daha tez-tez tutulur.
Saxalin və Kamçatkanın körfəz və buxtalarında daha tez-tez rastlanılır.
Mənbə
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- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Uzaqşərq navaqası: Brief Summary
(
Azerbaijani
)
provided by wikipedia AZ
Uzaqşərq navaqası (lat. Eleginus gracilis) — Treskakimilər dıstəsinə daxil olan dəniz balığı. Uzunluğu 50 sm (adətən 30—35 sm), çəkisi isə 0,5 kq olur. Əsasən Sakit okeannın şimal-qərb sahil ərazilərində yayılmışdır. Kürü tökmə dövrü dekabrdan fevrala qədər çəkir. 25-210 min kürü tökə bilir. Ovu sənaye əhəmiyyətlidir.
Navaqalar soyuq sularda — əsasən Yapon, Oxot, Berinq və Çukot dənizlərində yayılmışlar. Yayda 30-60 metr dərinə enirlər. Bəxi fərdləri hətta çaylarla materik daxilində yerləşən göllərə qədər gələ bilirlər.
Əsasən qurdlar, xərçəbgkimilər, kürü, və kiçik balıqlarla qidalanırlar. Temperaturu 1,4—1,9 °С olan sularda üzürlər. Yetkin fərdin uzunluğu 25—35 sm olur. Ancaq bəzi fərdlərin uzunluğu 54 sm, çəkisi isə 1,3 kq ola bilir. Qış balıqovunda daha tez-tez tutulur.
Saxalin və Kamçatkanın körfəz və buxtalarında daha tez-tez rastlanılır.
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Eleginus gracilis
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
Eleginus gracilis és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels gàdids.[4]
Descripció
- Pot arribar a fer 55 cm de llargària màxima i 1.300 g de pes.
- És bru grisenc al dors, de vegades amb un matís argentat violat i sovint clapat amb taques més fosques. La part superior dels flancs és més pàl·lida i la inferior i el ventre varien entre groguenc o blanc argentat. Aletes fosques, tot i que les dorsals i la caudal tenen les vores blanques.
- 44-59 radis tous a l'aleta dorsal i 39-47 a l'anal.
- 57-64 vèrtebres.
- 3 aletes dorsals (la primera és la més curta de totes tres, mentre que la segona i la tercera tenen forma piramidal i són, si fa no fa, de la mateixa grandària) i 2 d'anals, les quals són piramidals i amb la mateixa mida.
-
Aleta caudal reduïda i truncada o lleugerament emarginada.
- Aletes pelvianes reduïdes i situades per sota del cap.
-
Mandíbula inferior més curta que la superior.
- L'espai entre la segona aleta dorsal i la tercera és igual o més gran que el diàmetre de l'ull.
- La línia lateral acaba en la segona aleta dorsal.[5][6][7][8][9]
Reproducció
Fresa 5-7 vegades al llarg de la seua vida o, fins i tot, 9-10 per a aquells exemplars que arriben a viure entre 10 i 14 anys. La fecunditat varia segons la regió geogràfica, ja que minva d'est a oest a l'Àrtic europeu i de sud a nord a les aigües del Pacífic occidental. La reproducció té lloc durant el mesos de gener i febrer a les zones costaneres de badies amb substrats de sorra i grava i amb forts corrents mareals. La femella diposita entre 5.000 i 680.000 ous, els quals són demersals. Les larves són pelàgiques i assoleixen la maduresa sexual al cap de 2-3 anys. Després de l'eclosió de l'ou, les larves s'associen amb meduses durant dos o tres mesos, probablement per a aconseguir una major protecció de llurs depredadors.[10][11][9][12]
Alimentació
Els juvenils es nodreixen de peixos i de petits crustacis bentònics.[10][13]
Depredadors
És depredat per Platichthys stellatus[14] i Megalocottus platycephalus (a Rússia).[15]
Hàbitat
És un peix d'aigua marina, dolça[16] i salabrosa; demersal, amfídrom i de clima polar (75°N-30°N, 124°E-123°W), el qual viu entre 0-300 m de fondària a les aigües costaneres. Entra als rius i pot recórrer grans distàncies aigües amunt, encara que, en general, roman dins de l'àrea d'influència de les marees. Els exemplars adults fan migracions estacionals: a la costa durant l'hivern per a reproduir-se i al mar durant l'estiu per a alimentar-se.[5][17][10][10][18]
Distribució geogràfica
Es troba al Pacífic nord: des de Corea del Nord fins a Sitka -Alaska-, el cap Lisburne -mar dels Txuktxis- i l'estret de Dease.[5][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]
Observacions
És inofensiu per als humans i la seua esperança de vida és de 15 anys.[39][5]
Referències
-
↑ Fischer G., 1813. Recherches Zoologiques. Mém. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou. V. 4. 249-275 de la reimpressió.
-
↑ Tilesius, W. G. von, 1810. Piscium Camtschaticorum "Terpuck" et "Wachnja." Descriptiones et icones. Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg v. 2: 335-372, Pl. 15.
-
↑ Catalogue of Life (anglès)
-
↑ The Taxonomicon (anglès)
-
↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 FishBase (anglès)
-
↑ Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto i N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 10 (125). 442 p. FAO, Roma. ISBN 92-5-102890-7.
-
↑ Fadeev, N.S., 2005. Guide to biology and fisheries of fishes of the North Pacific Ocean. Vladivostok, TINRO-Center. 366 p.
-
↑ Morrow, J.E., 1980. The freshwater fishes of Alaska. University of. B.C. Animal Resources Ecology Library. 248 p.
-
↑ 9,0 9,1 [1] (anglès)
-
↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto i N. Scialabba, 1990.
-
↑ Encyclopedia of Life (anglès)
-
↑ Breder, C.M. i D.E. Rosen, 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, Nova Jersey, Estats Units. 941 p.
-
↑ Kuznetsova, N.A., 1997. Feeding of some planktonophagous fishes in the Sea of Okhotsk during summer period. Izv. TINRO 122:255-275.
-
↑ Jewett, S.C. i H.M. Feder, 1980. Autumn food of adult starry flounders, Platichthys stellatus, from the northeastern Bering Sea and the southeastern Chukchi Sea. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 39(1):7-14.
-
↑ FishBase (anglès)
-
↑ Berg, L.S., 1965. Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. vol. 3, quarta edició. Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd, Jerusalem.
-
↑ Fedorov, V.V., I.A. Chereshnev, M.V. Nazarkin, A.V. Shestakov i V.V. Volobuev, 2003. Catalog of marine and freswater fishes of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2003. 204 p.
-
↑ Morrow, J.E., 1980.
-
↑ Allen, M.J. i G.B. Smith, 1988. Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 66, 151 p.
-
↑ Andriyashev, A.P. i N.V. Chernova, 1995. Annotated list of fishlike vertebrates and fish of the arctic seas and adjacent waters. J. Ichthyol. 35(1):81-123.
-
↑ Antónov, N.P. i O.V. Novikova, 2003. Saffron cod. P. 51-57. A: S.A. Siniakov, N.I. Naumenko, Yu.P. Diakov, O.G. Zolotov i B.B. Vronsky (eds). Condition of biological resources of the North-West Pacific. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Kamchat NIRO.
-
↑ Armstrong, R.H., 1996. Alaska's fish. A guide to selected species. Alaska Northwest Books. 94 p.
-
↑ Bond, W.A. i R.N. Erickson, 1993. Fisheries investigations in coastal waters of Liverpool Bay, Northwest Territories. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2204: vi + 51 p.
-
↑ Coad, B.W., 1995. Encyclopedia of Canadian fishes. Canadian Museum of Nature and Canadian Sportfishing Productions Inc. Singapur.
-
↑ Coad, B.W. i J.D. Reist, 2004. Annotated list of the arctic marine fishes of Canada. Can. MS Rep. Fish Aquat. Sci. 2674:iv:+112 p.
-
↑ Craig, P.C., 1984. Fish use of coastal waters of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: a review. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113(3):265-282.
-
↑ Dudarev, V.A., 1996. Composition and biomass of the benthic and benthopelagic fishes on the northern Primor'ye shelf. J. Ichthyol. 36(4):307-312.
-
↑ Kim, I.S., Y. Choi, C.L. Lee, Y.J. Lee, B.J. Kim i J.H. Kim, 2005. Illustrated book of Korean fishes. Kyo-Hak Pub Co. Seül, Corea del Sud. 615 p.
-
↑ Masuda, H. i G.R. Allen, 1993. Meeresfische der Welt - Groß-Indopazifische Region. Tetra Verlag, Herrenteich, Melle. 528 p.
-
↑ Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno i T. Yoshino, 1984. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tòquio, Japó. 437 p.
-
↑ Matarese, A.C., A.W. Kendall, D.M. Blood i M.V. Vinter, 1989. Laboratory guide to early life history stages of Northeast Pacific fishes. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 80:1-652.
-
↑ McAllister, D.E., V. Legendre i J.G. Hunter, 1987. Liste de noms inuktitut (esquimaux), français, anglais et scientifiques des poissons marins du Canada arctique. Rapp. Manus. Can. Sci. Halieut. Aquat, 1932, 106 p.
-
↑ Okiyama, M., 1988. An atlas of the early stage fishes in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tòquio, Japó. 1157 p.
-
↑ Orlov, A.M., 1998. Demersal ichthyofauna of Pacific waters around the Kuril islands and Southeastern Kamchatka. Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 24(3):144-160.
-
↑ Quast, J.C. i E.L. Hall, 1972. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-658, 47 p.
-
↑ Reshetnikov, Y.S., N.G. Bogutskaya, E.D. Vasil'eva, E.A. Dorofeeva, A.M. Naseka, O.A. Popova, K.A. Savvaitova, V.G. Sideleva i L.I. Sokolov, 1997. An annotated check-list of the freshwater fishes of Russia. J. Ichthyol. 37(9): 687-736.
-
↑ Sokolovskaya, T.G., A.S. Sokolovskii i E.I. Sobolevskii, 1998. A list of fishes of Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan). J. Ichthyol. 38(1):1-11.
-
↑ Tokranov, A.M. i V.V. Maksimenkov, 1995. Feeding habits of predatory fishes in the Bol'shaya River estuary (West Kamchatka). J. Ichthyol. 35(9):102-112.
-
↑ Fadeev, N.S., 2005.
Bibliografia
- Clarke, A. i N.M. Johnston, 1999. Scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature in teleost fish. J. Anim. Ecol. 68:893-905.
- Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba i K.E. Carpenter, 1994. SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). Núm. 9. Roma, FAO. 103 p.
-
FAO, 1992. FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105):647 p.
- Ishii, K. i H. Yabu, 1985. Chromosomes in three species of Gadidae (Pisces). Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 51(1):25-28.
- Kotlyar, A.N., 1984. Dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages. All Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscou. 288 p.
- Lyogenkaya, S.A., 1998. Peculiarities of linear growth of Saffron cod in the Far Eastern seas. Izvestiya TINRO 124:798-804.
- Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea i J.D. Williams, 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland, Estats Units. ISBN 1-888569-61-1.
- Ricker, W.E., 1973. Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.
- Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
- Turner, L.M., 1886. Contributions to the natural history of Alaska. Arctic Ser. Publ. Signal Serv. U.S. Army, No. II. Govt. Printing Office, Washington DC. 226 pp.
- Vasil'ev, V.P., 1980. Chromosome numbers in fish-like vertebrates and fish. J. Ichthyol. 20(3): 1-38.
- Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.
Enllaços externs
En altres projectes de
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Eleginus gracilis: Brief Summary
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
Eleginus gracilis és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels gàdids.
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Fernöstliche Navaga
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Fernöstliche Navaga (Eleginus gracilis) ist eine Fischart aus der Familie der Dorsche, die im nördlichen Pazifik vom Gelben Meer im Westen über die Beringstraße und die Tschuktschensee bis zur Dease Strait im Nordosten und Sitka im Südosten vorkommt.[1]
Merkmale
Die Dorschart kann eine Maximallänge von 55 cm erreichen. Sie hat drei Rücken- und zwei Afterflossen, die jeweils durch weite Zwischenräume voneinander getrennt sind. Die erste Afterflosse ist länger als die zweite. Die dritte Rückenflosse und die zweite Afterflosse stehen einander symmetrisch gegenüber. Der vorstehende Unterkiefer trägt an der Spitze eine sehr kurze Bartel. Auf dem Rücken ist die Europäische Navaga dunkel graubraun bis braun; die Bauchseite ist hell.[1]
Von der zweiten Art der Gattung Eleginus, der Europäischen Navaga (Eleginus nawaga), kann die Fernöstliche Navaga vor allem durch die kleinere Zahl von Kiemenrechen auf dem ersten Kiemenbogen unterschieden werden (14–25 vs. 19–31) und die kleineren und weiter hinten beginnenden Parapophysen (Fortsätze auf der Unterseite von Wirbeln).[1]
Lebensweise
Die Fernöstliche Navaga lebt in Küstennähe in Tiefen von maximal 60 Metern, lediglich an der Küste des nördlichen Japans wurden sie schon in Tiefen von 200 Metern gefangen. Sie schwimmt auch in Brack- und Süßwasser aber nur so weit wie die Gezeiten noch zu spüren sind. Die Fische laichen im Januar und Februar in Tiefen von 2 bis 32 Metern. Die Größe des abgegebenen Laichs schwankt stark, abhängig von der Region und der Größe des Rogners und reicht von 4900 bis 680.000 Eiern. Die Larven schlüpfen von April bis Mai. Weibchen laichen ein mal im Jahr und im Laufe ihres Lebens 5 bis 10 mal. Die Fernöstliche Navaga ernährt sich von kleineren Fischen, Flohkrebsen, Schwebegarnelen und anderen Krebstieren.[1]
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b c d Daniel M. Cohen, Tadashi Inada, Tomio Iwamoto, Nadia Scialabba: FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol. 10. Rome, FAO. 1990. S. 34–36. (PDF)
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Fernöstliche Navaga: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Fernöstliche Navaga (Eleginus gracilis) ist eine Fischart aus der Familie der Dorsche, die im nördlichen Pazifik vom Gelben Meer im Westen über die Beringstraße und die Tschuktschensee bis zur Dease Strait im Nordosten und Sitka im Südosten vorkommt.
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Saffron cod
provided by wikipedia EN
The saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) is a commercially harvested fish closely related to true cods (genus Gadus). It is dark grey-green to brown, with spots on its sides and pale towards the belly. It may grow to 55 cm and weigh up to 1.3 kg.[1][2]
Its range spans the North Pacific, from Yellow Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk in the west to the northern Gulf of Alaska and to Sitka, Alaska in the east. It also occurs in the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean).[1][2] It normally occurs in shallow coastal waters at less than 60 m depth but may also be found at depths up to 200 m. The saffron cod may also enter brackish and even fresh waters, occurring quite far up rivers and streams, but remaining within regions of tidal influence.[1]
Saffron cods begin to mature during their third year of life. They feed on fish and small crustaceans. They are commercially fished in many areas of the northwestern Pacific. The country with the largest catch is Russia. It is used for human consumption in the Russian Federation and Japan, fresh or frozen.[1]
References
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Saffron cod: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) is a commercially harvested fish closely related to true cods (genus Gadus). It is dark grey-green to brown, with spots on its sides and pale towards the belly. It may grow to 55 cm and weigh up to 1.3 kg.
Its range spans the North Pacific, from Yellow Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk in the west to the northern Gulf of Alaska and to Sitka, Alaska in the east. It also occurs in the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean). It normally occurs in shallow coastal waters at less than 60 m depth but may also be found at depths up to 200 m. The saffron cod may also enter brackish and even fresh waters, occurring quite far up rivers and streams, but remaining within regions of tidal influence.
Saffron cods begin to mature during their third year of life. They feed on fish and small crustaceans. They are commercially fished in many areas of the northwestern Pacific. The country with the largest catch is Russia. It is used for human consumption in the Russian Federation and Japan, fresh or frozen.
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Eleginus gracilis
(
Basque
)
provided by wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Eleginus gracilis: Brief Summary
(
Basque
)
provided by wikipedia EU
Eleginus gracilis Eleginus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Gadidae familian sailkatzen da.
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Keltanavaga
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Keltanavaga (Eleginus gracilis) on turskien heimoon (Gadidae) kuuluva Pohjoisen Tyynenmeren kala. Sen levinneisyysalue kiertää Tyynenmeren rannikkoa Korean vesiltä Alaskan Sitkaan ja ulottuu myös Beringinsalmen pohjoispuolelle Tšuktšimereen ja Beaufortinmereen.
Keltanavagat elävät rannikon ja jään tuntumassa. Talvisajan ne viettävät rantavesissä, jossa kutu tapahtuu. Niitä tavataan jokisuissa ja se nousevat jokiin myös täysin makeaan veteen. Kesällä ne siirtyvät avoveteen. Ne syövät äyriäisiä ja pohjaeläimiä ja myös pieniä kaloja. Aikuiset yksilöt ovat 25-35 cm:n mittaisia.
Venäjän rannikolla keltanavagaa pyydetään kaupallisesti mm. nuotilla ja rysillä. Se on suosittu pilkkikalastuksen kohde. Vuosisaaliit 2000-luvulla ovat olleet 20 000 – 50 000 tonnin välillä. Amerikassa kaupallista pyyntiä ei ole.
Keltanavagan ekologinen vastinlaji Euroopan pohjoisrannikolla on navaga.
Lähteet
Aiheesta muualla
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Keltanavaga: Brief Summary
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Keltanavaga (Eleginus gracilis) on turskien heimoon (Gadidae) kuuluva Pohjoisen Tyynenmeren kala. Sen levinneisyysalue kiertää Tyynenmeren rannikkoa Korean vesiltä Alaskan Sitkaan ja ulottuu myös Beringinsalmen pohjoispuolelle Tšuktšimereen ja Beaufortinmereen.
Keltanavagat elävät rannikon ja jään tuntumassa. Talvisajan ne viettävät rantavesissä, jossa kutu tapahtuu. Niitä tavataan jokisuissa ja se nousevat jokiin myös täysin makeaan veteen. Kesällä ne siirtyvät avoveteen. Ne syövät äyriäisiä ja pohjaeläimiä ja myös pieniä kaloja. Aikuiset yksilöt ovat 25-35 cm:n mittaisia.
Venäjän rannikolla keltanavagaa pyydetään kaupallisesti mm. nuotilla ja rysillä. Se on suosittu pilkkikalastuksen kohde. Vuosisaaliit 2000-luvulla ovat olleet 20 000 – 50 000 tonnin välillä. Amerikassa kaupallista pyyntiä ei ole.
Keltanavagan ekologinen vastinlaji Euroopan pohjoisrannikolla on navaga.
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Eleginus gracilis
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Eleginus gracilis (Tilesius, 1810) è un pesce osseo marino e d'acqua salmastra appartenente alla famiglia Gadidae.
Descrizione
Come la maggioranza dei Gadidae E. gracilis possiede tre pinne dorsali e due pinne anali che, in questa specie, sono ben distanziate fra loro. La pinna caudale è tronca, con margine posteriore dritto o quasi. La mascella è più lunga della mandibola. Sul mento è presente un breve barbiglio. La linea laterale ha un evidente curva verso il basso all'altezza della seconda dorsale. Il colore di fondo è brunastro o grigiastro sul dorso che diventa più chiaro sui fianchi e giallastro o argenteo sul ventre. Sui fianchi sono spesso presenti delle macchie scure indistinte e spesso appena visibili e, in molti individui, dei riflessi violacei metallici. Le pinne sono scure, le dorsali e la caudale hanno un margine bianco[1][2].
La taglia massima nota è di 55 cm per 1,3 chilogrammi di peso[1].
Distribuzione e habitat
Endemico del nord dell'Oceano Pacifico settentrionale tra la Corea del nord e l'Alaska meridionale. Si incontra anche oltre lo Stretto di Bering, nel Mar Glaciale Artico meridionale. Specie costiera può essere trovata fino a 300 metri di profondità (soprattutto nel sud dell'areale) ma generalmente non oltre 50-60 metri. Può penetrare negli estuari per molti chilometri, talvolta fino all'acqua dolce anche se normalmente si trattiene nel tratto in cui è sensibile l'influsso mareale. I giovanili sono stanziali mentre gli adulti effettuano brevi migrazioni tra le aree costiere (dove si trattengono in inverno sotto la banchisa durante il periodo nuziale) e quelle più profonde più ricche di prede che vengono frequentate nella stagione calda[1][2].
Biologia
Vive fino a 15 anni[1].
Alimentazione
Pesce dall'alimentazione poco specializzata, si nutre di organismi del benthos. I giovanili cacciano piccoli crostacei (misidacei, anfipodi e decapodi) e pesciolini. Durante la stagione riproduttiva smette quasi di nutrirsi[1][2].
Riproduzione
La stagione riproduttiva è all'inizio dell'inverno ma le uova deposte non si schiudono fino alla primavera. Le uova vengono deposte in aree a fondale sabbioso con forte corrente di marea, molto vicino alle coste e spesso situate in baie o golfi. La maturità sessuale avviene a 2-3 anni di vita. La quantità di uova deposte da una singola femmina varia con la posizione geografica e la taglia. Una femmina di 47 cm può deporre 680.000 uova. La crescita è lenta[1][2].
Pesca
Specie molto importante per la pesca commerciale, soprattutto in Russia. Viene catturato in maniera artigianale con palamiti, reti da posta e reti a strascico, soprattutto da terra (sciabiche). La stagione di pesca è l'autunno e l'inverno. Viene consumato in Russia sia allo stato fresco che congelato[1][2].
Tassonomia
Lo status tassonomico di questa specie è incerto e necessita di ulteriori approfondimenti[1].
Note
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Eleginus gracilis: Brief Summary
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Eleginus gracilis (Tilesius, 1810) è un pesce osseo marino e d'acqua salmastra appartenente alla famiglia Gadidae.
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Oostelijke nawaga
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
Vissen De Oostelijke nawaga (Eleginus gracilis) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van kabeljauwen (Gadidae) en behoort tot de orde van kabeljauwachtigen (Gadiformes). De vis is bij ongeveer 30 cm geslachtsrijp en kan maximaal 55 cm lang en 1,3 kg zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd 12 jaar.
Leefomgeving
E. gracilis komt zowel in zoet als zout water voor. Ook in brak water is de soort waargenomen. De vis leeft hoofdzakelijk in de Grote Oceaan. Van de Gele Zee bij noordelijk Korea via de Japanse Zee en de Beringstraat tot Victoria-eiland (Noord-Canada). De diepteverspreiding is 0 tot 300 m onder het wateroppervlak.
Relatie tot de mens
E. gracilis is voor de beroepsvisserij van groot belang.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Oostelijke nawaga: Brief Summary
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De Oostelijke nawaga (Eleginus gracilis) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van kabeljauwen (Gadidae) en behoort tot de orde van kabeljauwachtigen (Gadiformes). De vis is bij ongeveer 30 cm geslachtsrijp en kan maximaal 55 cm lang en 1,3 kg zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd 12 jaar.
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Wachnia
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wachnia[2], nawaga pacyficzna[2] (Eleginus gracilis) – gatunek ławicowej ryby oceanicznej z rodziny dorszowatych (Gadidae).
Zasięg występowania
Żyje w wodach północnego Pacyfiku, od wybrzeży Japonii, Korei i Rosji, po wybrzeża Alaski i północne krańce Kanady. Zazwyczaj żyje na głębokości do 60 metrów, choć może schodzić nawet na 300 m.[3] Może przebywać w słonawych lub słodkich wodach. Często wpływa do ujść i zatok przybrzeżnych i podąża daleko w górę rzek.[4][5]
Charakterystyka
Grzbiet ciemnoszary, łuski w kierunku brzucha coraz jaśniejsze, jaskrawo ubarwione podgardle. Ryba ta dorasta do prawie 60 cm długości[4] i 1,3 kg masy ciała[6]. Jest poławiana w dużych ilościach przez Rosjan i Japończyków, ze względu na specyficzny smak.
Biologia
Wachnie na zimę gromadzą się w płytkich wodach przybrzeżnych, by tam odbyć tarło. W ciągu lata przebywają na głębszych wodach. Młode po wykluciu przebywają w pobliżu meduz. Wciąż nie wiadomo, co jest powodem takiego zachowania[7]. Żywią się skorupiakami i drobnymi rybami. Dojrzałość płciową osiągają po około 3–4 latach[4].
Przypisy
-
↑ Eleginus gracilis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
-
↑ a b G. Nikolski: Ichtiologia szczegółowa. Tłum. Franciszek Staff. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1970.
-
↑ Fedorov, V.V., I.A. Chereshnev, M.V. Nazarkin, A.V. Shestakov and V.V. Volobuev. Catalog of marine and freswater fishes of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. „Dalnauka”, s. 204, 2003.
-
↑ a b c Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto, N. Scialabba. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. „FAO Fish. Synop.”. 125 (10), s. 425, 1990.
-
↑ Morrow, J.E.. The freshwater fishes of Alaska. „Animal Resources Ecology Library”, s. 248, 1980. University of. B.C.
-
↑ Fadeev, N.S.: Guide to biology and fisheries of fishes of the North Pacific Ocean.. Vladivostok: TINRO-Center, 2005, s. 366.
-
↑ Saffron Cod, Eleginus gracilis. Canada's Arctic, 2007. [dostęp 2009-10-07].
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Wachnia: Brief Summary
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Wachnia, nawaga pacyficzna (Eleginus gracilis) – gatunek ławicowej ryby oceanicznej z rodziny dorszowatych (Gadidae).
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Saffranstorsk
(
Swedish
)
provided by wikipedia SV
Saffranstorsk (Eleginus gracilis) är en torskfisk som finns i norra Stilla havet och Arktis.
Utseende
Saffranstorsken har en ovansida som är spräcklig i grågrönt till brunt med ljus undersida,[2] och kan ibland ha en lätt violett lyster på sidorna. Den känns framför allt igen på sina 3 ryggfenor och 2 analfenor.[3] Bröstfenorna är mycket små, och stjärtfenan är kort.[4] Munnen har överbett, och hakan har en kort skäggtöm. Arten kan bli upptill 55 cm lång och väga 1,3 kg.[3]
Vanor
Arten lever på grunt vatten (sällan djupare än 50 – 60 m, även om den har konstaterats på 200 m djup utanför norra Japan). Den kan gå upp i bräckt vatten och även rent sötvatten i flodmynningar. På sommaren drar sig de vuxna fiskarna ut på djupare vatten. Utanför parningstiden lever den ovanför dybottnar och i flodmynningar. Ungfiskarna tar fisk och mindre kräftdjur som pungräkor, märlkräftor, räkor och liknande.[2] Den kan bli upptill 15 år gammal.[3]
Fortplantning
Saffranstorsken, som blir könsmogen vid en ålder av 2 till 3 år[4], leker under tidig vinter i grunda vatten med sand- och grusbotten som är starkt tidvattenpåverkade.[2] Honan kan lägga upptill 210 000 ägg på bottnen. Äggen kläcks fram på våren, och ungarna uppehåller sig i närheten av maneter under de första 2 – 3 månaderna, troligtvis för skydd.[4]
Kommersiellt utnyttjande
Arten utnyttjas som människoföda och fiskas kommersiellt, framför allt i nordvästra Stilla havet av ryska fiskeflottor, med rev, fisknät och trål.[2]
Utbredning
Saffranstorsken finns i norra Stilla havet från Nordkorea till Alaska,[3] samt i Arktis från Berings hav till Victoriaön i norra Kanada[4].
Referenser
-
^ ”Eleginus gracilis (Tilesius, 1810)” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164708. Läst 27 juli 2011.
- ^ [a b c d] Daniel M. Cohen, Tadashi lnada, Tomio lwamoto & Nadia Scialabba (1990). ”FAO SPECIES CATALOGUE VOL.10 GADIFORM FISHES OF THE WORLD” (på engelska) (FTP, 874 kB). FAO. sid. 10-12 (13). http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/009/t0243e/T0243E06.pdf. Läst 24 december 2017.
- ^ [a b c d] Luna, Susan M. (6 oktober 2010). ”Eleginus gracilis (Tilesius, 1810) Saffron cod” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Eleginus-gracilis.html. Läst 27 juli 2011.
- ^ [a b c d] ”Saffron Cod, Eleginus gracilis” (på engelska). Canada's Arctic. http://www.arctic.uoguelph.ca/cpl/organisms/fish/marine/gadidae/saffron.htm. Läst 27 juli 2010.
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Saffranstorsk: Brief Summary
(
Swedish
)
provided by wikipedia SV
Saffranstorsk (Eleginus gracilis) är en torskfisk som finns i norra Stilla havet och Arktis.
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Дальневосточная навага
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см.
Навага.
![src=]()
Зимние
блёсны для ловли дальневосточной наваги
Дальневосто́чная нава́га[1], или вахня́[1], или тихоокеа́нская нава́га[2][3] (лат. Eleginus gracilis) — морская рыба семейства тресковых. Длина до 50 см (обычно 30—35 см). Распространена в северной части Тихого океана и в Северном Ледовитом океане; в России — в морях, омывающих восточное побережье; заходит в опреснённую и даже пресную воду. Нерест — с января по март. Плодовитость от 4,9 до 680 тысяч икринок. Объект промысла.
Описание
Максимальная длина тела дальневосточной наваги 55 см, обычно 25—35 см, масса тела до 1,3 кг[4].
Биология
Навага — холодолюбивая придонная рыба, обитает в прибрежных зонах Японского, Охотского, Берингова и Чукотского морей. Нагульный период у неё проходит летом на глубинах 30—60 м. В осенне-зимний период стаи рыб перемещаются к берегам для размножения. Некоторые косяки заходят даже в озера и устья рек.
Навага питается различными червями, ракообразными, икрой и молодью других рыб. Половозрелой становится на втором-третьем году жизни. Нерестится в январе—марте при придонной температуре воды от -0,5 до -1,9 °С. Самка выметывает 4,9—680 тысяч икринок, которые слегка прилипают к подводным предметам. С ростом молодь становится заметнее для хищников, и ей приходится иногда искать убежище под куполом медуз цианей и аурелий.
Хозяйственное значение
Дальневосточная навага — ценная промысловая рыба. Промысел ведётся вентерями, донными тралами, ставными и закидными неводами. Довольно широко распространён её подледный любительский лов.
Примечания
-
↑ 1 2 Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 195. — 12 500 экз. — ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
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↑ Промысловые рыбы России. В двух томах / Под ред. О. Ф. Гриценко, А. Н. Котляра и Б. Н. Котенёва. — М.: изд-во ВНИРО, 2006. — Т. 1. — С. 373—374. — 656 с. — ISBN 5-85382-229-2.
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↑ Бугаев В. Ф. Рыбы бассейна реки Камчатки (численность, промысел, проблемы). — Петропавловск-Камчатский: Камчатпресс, 2007. — 192 с.
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↑ Eleginus gracilis (англ.) в базе данных FishBase. (Проверено 16 марта 2018)
Дальневосточная навага: Brief Summary
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см.
Навага.
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Зимние
блёсны для ловли дальневосточной наваги
Дальневосто́чная нава́га, или вахня́, или тихоокеа́нская нава́га (лат. Eleginus gracilis) — морская рыба семейства тресковых. Длина до 50 см (обычно 30—35 см). Распространена в северной части Тихого океана и в Северном Ледовитом океане; в России — в морях, омывающих восточное побережье; заходит в опреснённую и даже пресную воду. Нерест — с января по март. Плодовитость от 4,9 до 680 тысяч икринок. Объект промысла.
细身宽突鳕
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Eleginus gracilisTilesius,1810 细身宽突鳕（学名：Eleginus gracilis），又名遠東寬突鱈，為寬突鱈屬的其中一種，分布於北太平洋區，包括日本、朝鮮半島、俄羅斯遠東地區、美國阿拉斯加等海域，棲息深度可達300公尺，本魚背鰭3個、臀鰭2個，下顎比上短，下巴觸鬚不再是超過一半的眼睛直徑，無側線孔，體色灰棕色，上部兩側蒼白，有時與銀色的紫色陰影，常伴隨斑駁模糊的深色斑點;下側和腹部銀白色偏黃;灰濛濛的鰭，背鰭與尾鰭白邊，背鰭軟條44-59枚;臀鰭軟條39-47枚，體長可達55公分，棲息在沿海海域，有時會進入河流，屬肉食性，以橈腳類、端足類等為食，為高經濟價值的食用魚。
參考文獻
细身宽突鳕: Brief Summary
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
细身宽突鳕（学名：Eleginus gracilis），又名遠東寬突鱈，為寬突鱈屬的其中一種，分布於北太平洋區，包括日本、朝鮮半島、俄羅斯遠東地區、美國阿拉斯加等海域，棲息深度可達300公尺，本魚背鰭3個、臀鰭2個，下顎比上短，下巴觸鬚不再是超過一半的眼睛直徑，無側線孔，體色灰棕色，上部兩側蒼白，有時與銀色的紫色陰影，常伴隨斑駁模糊的深色斑點;下側和腹部銀白色偏黃;灰濛濛的鰭，背鰭與尾鰭白邊，背鰭軟條44-59枚;臀鰭軟條39-47枚，體長可達55公分，棲息在沿海海域，有時會進入河流，屬肉食性，以橈腳類、端足類等為食，為高經濟價值的食用魚。
コマイ
(
Japanese
)
provided by wikipedia 日本語
コマイ: Brief Summary
(
Japanese
)
provided by wikipedia 日本語
コマイ（氷下魚、学名 Eleginus gracilis、英語: Saffron cod）は、タラ目タラ科に属する魚類。カンカイ（寒海）とも呼ばれる。マダラ・スケトウダラと並び、日本近海に生息するタラ類の1つ。
