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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 62 years (wild) Observations: Estimates suggest these whales may live up to 62 years (Ronald Nowak 2003). Average lifespan is probably over 30 years.
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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
36.0 years.

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Lundrigan, B. and A. Myers 2000. "Ziphius cavirostris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphius_cavirostris.html
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Morphology

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-Ziphius cavirostris- is a medium-sized whale with an average body length of 6.4 meters. The female is usually a little larger and can be up to 7 meters long. Calves are 2.1 meters at birth. -Z. cavirostris- has a spindle shaped body that is a little stouter than other ziphiids. They have a small head (about 10% of their body length) and a distinct neck. As with all ziphiids, they have two grooves along the throat. They have a stubby beak which is almost indistinct in larger animals and a scooped out hollow behind the blowhole. Adult males have two large teeth on the lower jaw that grow up to 8 centimeters. In the females, the teeth never break through the gums. Some individuals have been found with 15-40 vestigial teeth that never erupted. -Z. cavirostris- have small rounded flippers that fold into depressions or "flipper pockets" on their flanks. They have a relatively tall fin (40 centimeters) that is shaped like a shark fin. There is a small notch in the center of their broad flukes.

The coloration of -Z. cavirostris- varies among individuals. In the Indopacific waters, the whales are often sienna colored, ranging from a dark yellow to a deep brown. Their backs are usually darker than their bellies, but some have a reversed coloration: pale backs with black stomachs. The head is almost always totally white, especially in older males. In the Atlantic waters, -Z. cavirostris- have a grey blue color, often with the same pale head coloration. They have dark spots around the eye. Juveniles are usually lighter than adults (Minasian et al. 1984, Watson 1981).

Average mass: 3000 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 2.701e+06 g.

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Lundrigan, B. and A. Myers 2000. "Ziphius cavirostris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphius_cavirostris.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Lundrigan, B. and A. Myers 2000. "Ziphius cavirostris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphius_cavirostris.html
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Conservation Status

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Though not enough whales are taken to be a threat to the species, deaths may also occur from entanglement in gilnets, float lines from lobster traps, and long lines ( http://www.ims.usm.edu/~musweb/ziphcav.htm).

CITES: appendix ii

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Lundrigan, B. and A. Myers 2000. "Ziphius cavirostris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphius_cavirostris.html
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Benefits

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About 20 individuals are taken by Japanese whalers each year. This is a relatively small number and they are not regularly hunted (Watson 1981).

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Lundrigan, B. and A. Myers 2000. "Ziphius cavirostris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphius_cavirostris.html
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Trophic Strategy

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Ziphius cavirostris eats mainly squid and deep water fish. They also eat crabs and starfish (Watson 1981).

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans; echinoderms

Primary Diet: carnivore (Molluscivore )

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Lundrigan, B. and A. Myers 2000. "Ziphius cavirostris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphius_cavirostris.html
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Distribution

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These whales have a worldwide distribution in deep waters below the 10 degree isotherm (Minasian et al. 1984, Watson 1981).

Biogeographic Regions: indian ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Lundrigan, B. and A. Myers 2000. "Ziphius cavirostris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphius_cavirostris.html
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Habitat

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-Z. cavirostris- have a worldwide distribution, though they seldom go north of the 10 degree isotherm. They are deep divers and prefer waters beyond the 1000 meter line (Watson 1981).

Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; coastal

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Lundrigan, B. and A. Myers 2000. "Ziphius cavirostris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphius_cavirostris.html
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Reproduction

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Both sexes mature at about 5 meters long. There is thought to be a sex ratio of 67% males to 33% females. Little is known about the reproduction of this species because there does not seem to be a specific breeding season. The whales breed and calves are born all year round. The average lifespan is at least 35 years ( http://www.ims.usm.edu/~musweb/ziphcav.htm. Minasian et al. 1984, Watson 1981).

Breeding season: The whales breed year round

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average gestation period: 365 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

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Lundrigan, B. and A. Myers 2000. "Ziphius cavirostris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphius_cavirostris.html
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Biology

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Very seldom seen at sea, almost everything known about Cuvier's beaked dolphin is based on studies of stranded animals (2) (5) (7). Consequently very little is known about the behaviour and ecology of this elusive species. Nonetheless, recent studies using digital tags are beginning to shed light on its extraordinary foraging habits. In particular, this species has been recorded diving to depths of nearly 1,900 metres, the deepest dives ever reported for any air-breathing mammal. Leaving the surface for up to 85 minutes at a time, the whales use echolocation to hunt prey in the lightless depths (6). Very little analysis has been undertaken on the stomach contents of this species, but deep sea-squid are thought to be the main source of food, with fish, and, to a lesser extent, crustaceans, also being taken (1) (2) (5). Although often seen alone, groups of two to seven whales are most common (5) (7). Its inconspicuousness at sea is jointly attributed to its low, diffuse blow and its tendency to avoid vessels (2). The lifespan of Cuvier's beaked whale is thought to be at least 25 years (5).
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Conservation

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Given concerns on the effect of acoustic pollution on Cuvier's beaked whale and other beaked whales, efforts are being made to develop strategies that will reduce the chances of beaked whales being accidentally exposed to sonar and other high-intensity noise sources (1). In particular, the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS) has made recommendations that management measures be implemented to avoid use of military sonar in areas known to contain habitat especially suited to Cuvier's beaked whale. In addition, ACCOBAMS is encouraging further research to assess the impact of acoustic pollution on cetaceans, and most notably beaked whales (1) (8).
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Description

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In 1823, after mistaking a fragment of skull for a fossil, the French naturalist Georges Cuvier described a seemingly extinct species of whale. Several decades after his death, it became apparent that, far from being extinct, Cuvier's beaked whale was actually a relatively abundant, living species, occurring in offshore waters of all the world's oceans (1) (2) (4). Like the other beaked whales, this enigmatic cetacean has a robust, cigar-shaped body, a small dorsal fin set well back on the body, and relatively small flippers (2). The gently sloping forehead of this species grades into a short, stubby beak, while the lower jaw juts out well beyond the upper jaw (2) (5). Skin colouration varies considerably amongst individual whales, but most lie somewhere between dark slate-grey and rusty brown (4) (5). With age, and especially in males, the head, neck and back become lighter, such that the heads of very old males appear almost completely white (2) (4) (5). However, an even more distinct feature of adult males, are two large, cylindrical teeth which protrude somewhat incongruously from the tip of the lower jaw (4) (5). The extensive linear scarring, commonly seen on the sides of males, is evidence of the damage these teeth can inflict when males fight amongst each other for females (2) (4) (5). In addition, both sexes often have white oval scars, which are most likely inflicted by lampreys or cookie-cutter sharks (2).
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Habitat

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Cuvier's beaked whale is normally found in waters deeper than 200 metres, rarely close to the coast unless the continental shelf is particularly narrow and steep (1). Recent studies indicate that this species forages on average at depths of around 1000 metres (6).
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Range

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With a distribution that comprises all the oceans and most of the seas, with the exception of very high polar regions, Cuvier's beaked whale is one of the most widespread and abundant beaked whales in the world (1) (2) (4).
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Status

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Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
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Threats

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With Cuvier's beaked whales found stranded more often than any other species of beaked whale, its global population is thought to be relatively large (1) (5). Coupled with its widespread distribution, this species is not believed to be undergoing significant declines. Nonetheless, there are a variety of threats that may be causing localised declines in its abundance (1). Although historically it has never been hunted in significant numbers, it is regularly reported as by-catch in other fisheries. Furthermore, overfishing may be reducing the amount of 'prey' available to species such as Cuvier's beaked whale. Probably the greatest current concern is the effect of acoustic pollution, associated with sonar and seismic exploration, on this species (1) (5) (7). In recent years, mass strandings of Cuvier's beaked whale have been found to correlate closely with military activities (1).
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Distribution in Egypt

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Mediterranean Sea.

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Status in Egypt

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Accidental.

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Cuvier's Beaked Whale Range

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Map represents approximate range of species.
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Did you know?

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· Cuvier's beaked whales are one of the most frequently sighted species of beaked whales in the world. · Like other beaked whales, Cuvier's beaked whales are skittish and will avoid ships, including research vessels. · Of all beaked whale species, Cuvier's beaked whale probably has the most extensive range and distribution. · Cuvier's beaked whales are the most commonly stranded beaked whale along the U.S. Atlantic coast.
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Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris). NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/beakedwhale_cuviers.htm. Accessed on 23 Jan 2014.
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Distribution

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Cuvier's beaked whales have a cosmopolitan distribution and can be found in most oceans and seas worldwide. Most of the distribution information is based on stranding records. The seasonality and migration patterns of this species are not known. Recent genetic diversity studies indicate that Cuvier's beaked whales generally remain in their "home" ocean basins, which may create well-defined populations. In the Northern Hemisphere, they are known to occur near the Aleutian Islands, Bay of Biscay, British Columbia, Canada, Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Massachusetts, Mediterranean Sea and the Shetlands. In the Southern Hemisphere, they are known to occur near New Zealand, South Africa, and Tierra del Fuego. They have also stranded in tropical environments such as the Bahamas, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea and the Galapagos Islands.
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Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris). NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/beakedwhale_cuviers.htm. Accessed on 23 Jan 2014.
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External morphology

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Head Shape The short, thick rostrum is poorly defined from the steeply sloping melon. The melon in Ziphius is relatively more bulbous than in Mesoplodon, but less so than Hyperoodon. The mouthline first sweeps downward from the rostral tip, then turns upwards toward the eye. Coloration Adult males are generally slate gray over most of the body with a distinctive white head. The white coloration continues posteriorly along the dorsum. Adult female coloration appears more variable, ranging from dark gray to a reddish brown. The skin on the head of females is lighter, but does not contrast as dramatically as in males. Usually there are some distinctive patterns of dark pigment on the head of adult females. The eye is typically dark and there is a highly variable pair of dark crescents surrounding the eye, one anterior, and one posterior. Young animals are described as black or dark bluish black and lighter below. Light oval patches and linear marks are common on the skin. Oval scars are attributed to lampreys or cookie-cutter sharks. Size Adult body length ranges between 5 to 7 m. Recorded maximum body length for adult males and females is 6.7 m, and 7.0 m, respectively. Length at birth is approximately 2.7 m. Most Likely Confused With: Hyperoodon ampullatus Hyperoodon planifrons Mesoplodon mirus
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Habitat

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Cuvier's beaked whales can be found in temperate, subtropical, and tropical waters. They have occasionally been sighted in "boreal" waters as well. They prefer deep "pelagic" waters (usually greater than 3,300 ft (1,000 m) of the continental slope and edge, as well as around steep underwater geologic features like banks, seamounts and submarine canyons. Recent surveys suggest that beaked whales, like this species, may favor oceanographic features such as currents, current boundaries, and core ring features.
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Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris). NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/beakedwhale_cuviers.htm. Accessed on 23 Jan 2014.
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Population Trends

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For management purposes, Cuvier's beaked whales inhabiting U.S. waters have been divided into five stocks: the Alaska Stock, the California/Oregon/Washington stock, the Hawaiian stock, the Northern Gulf of Mexico stock and the Western North Atlantic stock. Reliable abundance estimates are unavailable for the Alaska stock. The estimated population of the Hawaiian stock is 7,000-13,000, the California/Oregon/Washington stock is 1,100-1,900, and the northern Gulf of Mexico stock is 65-95 animals. In the Western North Atlantic, the abundance estimate for undifferentiated beaked whales, which includes Cuvier's beaked whales, is 2,100-3,500 animals. Beaked whales are often lumped together in stock estimates due to their cryptic nature and difficulty of sighting and identifying them at sea. Estimates do not include a correction factor for submerged animals (with long dive times), which may be substantial and underestimate actual abundance. The Northern Gulf of Mexico and Western North Atlantic stocks are considered "strategic" because of uncertainty regarding stock size and evidence of human induced mortality and serious injury associated with acoustic activities. Other abundance estimates for Cuvier's beaked whales includes 20,000 in the eastern tropical Pacific and 90,000 in the eastern North Pacific. There are insufficient data to determine the population trends for this species.
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Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris). NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/beakedwhale_cuviers.htm. Accessed on 23 Jan 2014.
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Skull morphology

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Diagnostic features of the skull and mandible On the vertex of the dorsal skull the nasal bone extends forward of the premaxillary and frontal bones. Separates from Indopacetus, Mesoplodon, and Tasmacetus. When the posterior aspect of the skull is viewed from a point aligned with the long axis of the rostrum, the profile of the vertex is completely occluded by the supraoccipital , or so little of the vertex shows that the profile of descending sides of the vertex are not visible. Separates from Berardius. Adult males have a sexually dimorphic feature, the prenarial basin found on the dorsal aspect of the skull just anterior to the external bony nares. This feature is the result of resorption of bone from the premaxillaries, maxillaries, and vomer.
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Species Description

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Weight: 4,000-6,800 lbs (1,845-3,090 kg) Length: 15-23 ft (4.5-7 m) Appearance: a round and robust dark gray to a reddish-brown body, with a triangular "falcate" dorsal fin and an indistinct "beak" Lifespan: 60 years Diet: mostly squid and octopus, also eats fish and crustaceans Behavior: found individually or in small groups from 2-12 animals; they are deep divers Cuvier's beaked whales, sometimes called "goose-beaked whales," are members of the beaked whale family (Ziphiidae). They can reach lengths of about 15-23 ft (4.5-7 m) and weigh 4,000-6,800 lbs (1,845-3,090 kg). There is no significant "sexual dimorphism" in regards to body size for this species. These medium-size whales have a round and robust body, with a triangular "falcate" dorsal fin located far down the animal's back. The head is a sloping concave-shape with no obvious "melon", an indistinct beak, and a large slit-like blowhole. The jaw-line is slightly upturned giving the whale a "smiling" appearance. The profile of the head is sometimes described as goose-like. Like other beaked whale species, males have two small cone-shaped teeth erupting out of the tip of the bottom jaw that are often used for fighting. A Cuvier's beaked whale's body has variable coloration that ranges from dark gray to a reddish-brown, with a paler counter-shaded underside. The reddish-brown coloration is caused by the infestation of microscopic "diatoms" and algae. The body is often covered with linear scratches and oval-shaped scars. As this species grows older, they become paler, develop a more significant indentation on the top of the head and accumulate more scarring (especially males). There is a whitish coloration on the face and dark-colored patch around the eye. Many species of beaked whales (especially those in the genus Mesoplodon) are very difficult to distinguish from one another (even when dead). At sea, they are challenging to observe and identify to the species level due to their cryptic, skittish behavior, a low profile, and a small, inconspicuous blow at the waters surface; therefore, much of the available characterization for beaked whales is to genus level only. Uncertainty regarding species identification of beaked whales often exists because of a lack of easily discernable or distinct physical characteristics. When at the surface, Cuvier's beaked whales rarely breach or display other active behavior. Their small blow is about 3 ft (1 m) tall, angled slightly forward and to the left, and occurs in 20-30 second intervals, often making it barely visible to observers. As they swim, their head and body will roll high out of the water. When preparing for a deep, vertical dive, they may arch their back more than normal and usually display their flukes. These whales are typically found individually or in small groups from 2-12 animals, but groups of up to 25 animals have been reported. Lone animals are most likely males. Like other beaked whales, they are deep divers. Cuvier's beaked whales are capable of diving up to at least 3,300 ft (1,000 m) for 20-40 minutes to opportunistically feed on mostly cephalopods (e.g., squid and octopus) and sometimes fish and crustaceans. A pair of ventral throat grooves help to create a vacuum within their mouths, allowing the whales to suck in their targeted prey. Cuvier's beaked whales reach sexual maturity at lengths of 18-20 ft (5.5-6.1 m) for males and 20 ft (6.1 m) for females, which is usually between 7-11 years of age. Breeding and calving can apparently occur year round, but often during the spring. After a year-long gestation period, females give birth to a single calf every 2-3 years. Newborn calves, dark black or blue in coloration, are about 6.5-9 ft (2-2.7 m) long and weigh 550-660 lbs (250-300 kg). They have an estimated lifespan of up to 60 years.
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Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris). NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/beakedwhale_cuviers.htm. Accessed on 23 Jan 2014.
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Stranding Distribution

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Distributed over most oceans and most seas, except for high polar waters. Found in waters deeper than 1000 m. Ziphius has the widest distribution of any beaked whale species.
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Threats

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Entanglement in fishing gear Ship strikes Possible trauma from ocean noise, may be sensitive to underwater sounds and anthropogenic noise strandings of this species in the Bahamas, Caribbean Sea, Canary Islands, Gulf of California and Mediterranean Sea have been associated with active sonar and seismic activities Anthropogenic noise levels in the world's oceans are an increasing habitat concern, particularly for deep-diving cetaceans like Cuvier's beaked whales that use sound to feed, communicate, and navigate in the ocean. Have been taken in fisheries in the Caribbean, Chile, Indonesia, Peru and Taiwan. Have been incidentally taken in Japanese whaling operations targeting Baird's beaked whales
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Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris). NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/beakedwhale_cuviers.htm. Accessed on 23 Jan 2014.
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Tooth morphology

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Tooth position Teeth are located at the apex of the mandible and are directly anteriorally and dorsally. Occasionally there are small vestigial teeth in the gums or a second pair of slightly enlarged teeth posterior to the apical pair. Tooth exposure Teeth erupt in adult males and extend beyond the rostrum. Teeth do not erupt in females or juveniles. Tooth shape Teeth are conical and sharply pointed.
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Diagnostic Description

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Cuvier's beaked whales are relatively robust, as beaked whales go. They have a short, poorly defined beak, and a mouthline that is upcurved at the rear. A pair of V-shaped throat grooves is present. A diagnostic feature is the slight concavity on the top of the head, which becomes increasingly more noticeable in older animals. A fluke notch is sometimes present. The dorsal fin is small and falcate, and is set about two-thirds of the way back from the snout tip. The body is dark grey to light rusty brown, with lighter areas around the head and belly. The head and much of the back of adult males can be completely white. Generally, adults are covered with light scratches and circular marks. There is a single pair of forward-pointing conical teeth at the tip of the lower jaw; they generally erupt only in adult males and are exposed outside the closed mouth in large bulls. Can be confused with: This species is most likely to be confused with other beaked whales, especially species of Mesoplodon. The robust body, blunt head, and lighter coloration (especially around the head, and in adult males) may be sufficient to distinguish Cuvier's beaked whales, if seen. Whales of the genera Hyperoodon and Berardius are larger and have more bulbous foreheads and long tube-like snouts.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Size

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Length at birth is about 2.7 m; adults reach 7.5 m (males) and 7 m (females). Maximum recorded weight is nearly 3 000 kg.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Brief Summary

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This species tends to be rather inconspicuous in its behaviour. Dives of up to 40 minutes have been documented. Cuvier's beaked whales are found mostly in small groups of 2 to 7, but are not uncommonly seen alone. Seasonality of calving is not known in this species. Cuvier's beaked whales, like all beaked whales, appear to prefer deep water; they feed mostly on deep sea squid, but also take fish and some crustaceans.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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There have been no major fisheries for this species, although small numbers have been taken deliberately in Japan, the Lesser Antilles, and the Mediterranean, and incidentally elsewhere. IUCN: Insufficiently known.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Cuvier's beaked whale

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The Cuvier's beaked whale, goose-beaked whale, or ziphius (Ziphius cavirostris) is the most widely distributed of all beaked whales in the family Ziphiidae.[7] It is smaller than most baleen whales yet large among beaked whales. Cuvier's beaked whale is pelagic, inhabiting waters deeper than 300 m (1,000 ft). It has the deepest and longest recorded dives among whales at 2,992 m (9,816 ft) and 222 minutes, though the frequency and reasons for these extraordinary dives are unclear.[8][9] Despite its deep-water habitat, it is one of the most frequently spotted beached whales.[10]

The species was named Ziphius cavirostris by Georges Cuvier, based on a skull fragment which he believed to be a fossil from an extinct species.[11] He reused the genus name Ziphius from an undetermined species mentioned by historical sources.[12] The species name cavirostris, from Latin cavus "hollow" and rostrum "beak", refers to a bony structure (cavity) anterior of the nares (the bones of the nose), now known as the prenarial basin. It is now known to be unique to males of this species.[13][11]

Taxonomy

Skull of Cuvier's beaked whale

French naturalist and zoologist Georges Cuvier first described the species in Recherches sur les ossements fossiles ("Research on Fossil Bones", 1823)[14] based on a skull collected on the Mediterranean coast of France at Fos-sur-mer, Bouches de Rhone in 1804. He named it Ziphius cavirostris from the Latin cavus for "hollow" or "concave", referring to the prenarial basin, a deep hollow in the skull which is now known to be found only in males of this species.[15][16]

Cuvier believed the skull represented the remains of an extinct species, and chose the genus name Ziphius to reflect an undetermined species mentioned by historical authors.[14] Later, in 1850, paleontologist and zoologist Paul Gervais found the skull to be identical with that of a whale carcass more recently stranded on a beach.[17]

Cuvier's beaked whale is one of 22 species in the family Ziphiidae and the only member of the genus Ziphius.[18] No other ziphiid develops the dense rostral ossification of the prenarial basin.[15]

Description

Skeleton of Cuvier's beaked whale

The body of Cuvier's beaked whale is robust and cigar-shaped, similar to those of other beaked whales, and can be difficult to distinguish from many of the mesoplodont whales at sea.[19] Males and females tend to be similar in size.[20] The body of adult males is typically a dark gray, with their head being distinctly lighter, or even white. This light coloration extends along the posterior. Females vary in color from dark gray to a reddish-brown. The skin lightens on female's head to a lesser extent than in males, and does not extend along the posterior.[19][20]

Sex determination in Cuvier’s beaked whales can be on the basis of genetics, observation of the genital area, the presence or absence of erupted teeth in adults, or presence of a calf. Pigmentation patterns can also give indications of gender. Adult males show a contrasted uniform white cape which usually extends to the dorsal fin zone. Individual coloration in adult males varies from dark to almost white. However, more than a third of adult females show "sharp" pigmentation patterns similar to adult males. Therefore males and females of this pattern cannot be distinguished using pigmentation pattern alone. The majority of adult females show a “soft” cluster of pigmentation features characterized by a brownish coloration and a shorter contrasting white cape. However, similar patterns have been observed in subadult animals of both sexes, so a "soft" pigmentation pattern alone is insufficient evidence to conclude that an animal is female. [21]

Cuvier's beaked whales at birth have a weight about 250–300 kg (550–660 lb) and a length of 2–3 m (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in). Calves are black or dark blue with a white belly. Females reach maturity at an average length of 5.8–7.0 m (19–23 ft) and males at 5.8–6.9 m (19–22.5 ft), weighing about 2 to 3.5 tons.[22]

Cuvier's beaked whale is an odontocete — or toothed whale. Erupted teeth are only present in the adult males.[20] Males also develop two tusks in the right and left corners of their lower jaw. The tusks are possibly used for dueling between the males, though it has not been observed, but may also be used for fighting off threats such as orcas. Adults have many scars along their sides which can be used to identify individuals. The scars are thought, by researchers, to be from battles with males, predators, fights with squid, or cookiecutter sharks, which may score them or punch holes directly in their sides.[23] The frequency of scarring is higher in males than in females, and tends to increase with age.[20]

Their head is short and blunt, with a gradually sloping forehead, a small, poorly defined beak, and a slight melon. All the beaked whales have this general appearance, but Cuvier's beaked whale has a blunt shorter beak that distinguishes the Cuvier's beaked whale from others in the family Ziphiidae. In profile, their small, softly defined rostrum gives them the nickname or alternative name of goose-beaked whale.[24][19]

Ecology

Diving

Satellite-linked tags have been used to track and study whale movement. Data indicates that Cuvier's beaked whales follow a stereotypical dive pattern in which a deep dive of greater than 800 m (2,624 ft 8 in) is followed by several shorter, shallow dives. Cuvier's beaked whales typically display very short surface intervals (2 to 8 min), but infrequently spend extended intervals at the surface (30 to 310 min). Diving behavior shows little diel variation.[25]

Cuvier's beaked whales hold the records for both the deepest dive ever documented for any mammal and the longest dive ever documented for any mammal.[26] In 2014, scientists reported that a Cuvier's beaked whale off the coast of California dove up to 9,816 ft (2,992 m) below the ocean surface, the deepest dive documented for any mammal.[27][28][29] A study in 2020 reported a Cuvier's beaked whale making a dive that lasted 222 minutes, the longest dive ever documented for any mammal.[30][31] Supervising scientist Nicola Hodgkins noted that "the recorded dive-time of more than three hours is likely not typical, and instead the result of an individual pushed to its absolute limits".[31]

It is possible that Cuvier's beaked whales have developed alterations in metabolism and behavior that enable them to make deep dives beyond their predicted aerobic capacity.[32][33] Considering Cuvier beaked whale's ability to dive to almost 10,000 ft (3,000 m) and remain underwater for hours, there are suggestions that they may be able to collapse their rib cage and possibly lungs.[34] They are observed to make a leaping flourish when entering a dive into the pelagic depths.

During shallow dives, Cuvier's beaked whales tend to be silent, possibly to avoid predators. Below 200 m (656 ft 2 in) they use echolocation as part of foraging.[25] Exposure to high noise levels from anthropogenic sources, such as Navy sonar, appears to disrupt their behavior and has been linked to multiple mass stranding events affecting beaked whales.[15][31]

Food and foraging

Cuvier's beaked whale surfaces in the Ligurian Sea
Cuvier's beaked whale surfaces in the Ligurian Sea

Relatively little is known of the diving and feeding behavior of Cuvier’s beaked whales. There is evidence that Cuvier's beaked whales make highly coordinated foraging dives in small social groups. Such behavior may reduce predation risk; it does not appear to affect the whales' foraging success.[35][36]

It appears that Cuvier's beaked whale prefers diving deep and using a suction process to acquire fish. Diving deep to catch prey, Cuvier's beaked whales open their jaws, expand their throat and move their tongue in a way that creates a pressure change and sucks their prey, like squid and deep sea fish, directly into their mouths.[37] Grooves between their throat tissues enable the whale to expand this region.[38] Its jaw structure gives it a smiling appearance.[3]

The "melon" of the whale, the bump on top of its head, contains its organ for echolocation.[39][40] This means the whale can use sound waves to locate potential sources of food, which is helpful in the deep sea, where there is no sunlight. This deep diving with echolocation seems to help Cuvier's beaked whales avoid competition for their prey.

Scientists have used beached specimens to study the whale's eating habits via stomach analysis.[41][42] Examining Pacific Ocean whales, they found that cephalopods made up 98.0% (by number) and 87.7% (by mass) of the Cuvier's beaked whale diet. Among these were at least 37 varieties of squid, of many different sizes, with both mesopelagic and bathypelagic squid.[42] Prey of Cuvier’s beaked whales include Cranchiidae, Onychoteuthidae, Brachioteuthidae, Enoploteuthidae, Octopoteuthidae, and Histioteuthidae, as well as deep-sea fish.[43]

Comparing the stomachs of the whales found in the Pacific Ocean to those found in the Mediterranean found that the Mediterranean whales predominantly ate squid from a 1,000 to 2,000-foot level, whereas in the Pacific, the whales found in Monterey, California in 2015, Taiwan in 1995, Alaska, and Baja California had access to much deeper water.

As well as catching prey in the benthopelagic zone, they consumed a mixture of crustaceans and cephalopods further down in the bathypelagic zone. Molluscs and octopus only found in these deep-sea regions are also sometimes eaten in the bathypelagic zone. A whale retrieved in Monterey in 2015 was observed to have eaten 200 squids, five fish, and one very deep-sea shrimp. The shrimp and most of the squid were seemingly bathypelagic, and the fish were giant grenadiers off the benthopelagic ocean bottoms.[41]

Range and habitat

Cuvier's has a cosmopolitan distribution in deep, offshore waters from the tropics to the cool, temperate seas. In the North Pacific, it occurs as far north as the Aleutians and in the North Atlantic as far north as Atlantic Canada in the west to Shetland in the east. In the Southern Hemisphere, it occurs as far south as Tierra del Fuego, South Africa, southern Australia, New Zealand, and the Chatham Islands. It also frequents such inland bodies of waters as the Gulfs of Mexico and the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas.[44] The Mediterranean population might be genetically distinct from the North Atlantic population(s).[45]

Cuvier's beaked whale may be one of the most common and abundant of the beaked whales, with a worldwide population likely well over 100,000. An estimated 80,000 are in the eastern tropical Pacific, nearly 1,900 are off the west coast of the United States (excluding Alaska), and more than 15,000 are off Hawaii.[2] The population in the Gulf of Mexico is extremely small and appeals have been made to have them made a protected species in this area.[46] As of 2019 this was rejected on the basis that there was insufficient scientific evidence to consider them a distinct population segment (DPS) under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).[47]

Interactions with humans

A whale beached in Newfoundland

Whaling and fishing

Before 1955, it is estimated that Japanese whalers caught anywhere from 3 to 35 Cuvier's every year.[48] From 1955 until the 1990s, more than 4,000 Cuvier's beaked whales were reportedly caught. The species has reportedly been caught incidentally in fisheries in Colombia, in the Italian swordfish fishery, and in a drift gillnet fishery off California and Oregon on the U.S. west coast, where between 22 and 44 individuals died each year from 1992 to 1995.[48] Cuvier's beaked whale is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS) and the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS). The species is further included in the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia (Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU) and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU).[49]

Sonar and military maneuvers

Cuvier's beaked whale seems to have a bad reaction to sonar. Strandings and beachings often occur near naval bases where sonar may have been in use. Cuvier's beaked whale has been observed in Hawaii avoiding diving for food or avoiding an area where sonar is in use. A higher incidence of strandings has been recorded in noisy seas such as the Mediterranean and multiple mass strandings have occurred following operations by the Spanish Navy in the Canary Islands.[50][51] In 2019, a review of evidence on the mass strandings of beaked whales linked to naval exercises where sonar was used concluded the effects of mid-frequency active sonar are strongest on Cuvier's beaked whales but vary among individuals or populations, and the strength of the whales' response may depend on whether the individuals had prior exposure to sonar. The report considered the most plausible explanation of the symptoms of decompression sickness such as gas embolism found in stranded whales to be the whales' response to sonar. It noted no more mass strandings had occurred in the Canary Islands once naval exercises using sonar were banned there, and recommended the ban be extended to other areas such as the Mediterranean, where mass strandings continue to occur.[52][53]

See also

References

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  3. ^ a b "Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)". NOAA Fisheries. December 29, 2021.
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Cuvier's beaked whale: Brief Summary

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The Cuvier's beaked whale, goose-beaked whale, or ziphius (Ziphius cavirostris) is the most widely distributed of all beaked whales in the family Ziphiidae. It is smaller than most baleen whales yet large among beaked whales. Cuvier's beaked whale is pelagic, inhabiting waters deeper than 300 m (1,000 ft). It has the deepest and longest recorded dives among whales at 2,992 m (9,816 ft) and 222 minutes, though the frequency and reasons for these extraordinary dives are unclear. Despite its deep-water habitat, it is one of the most frequently spotted beached whales.

The species was named Ziphius cavirostris by Georges Cuvier, based on a skull fragment which he believed to be a fossil from an extinct species. He reused the genus name Ziphius from an undetermined species mentioned by historical sources. The species name cavirostris, from Latin cavus "hollow" and rostrum "beak", refers to a bony structure (cavity) anterior of the nares (the bones of the nose), now known as the prenarial basin. It is now known to be unique to males of this species.

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Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
in all oceans

Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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Distribution

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The distribution of Cuvier's beaked whales is poorly known and is based mainly on stranding records (Leatherwood et al. 1976). In the western Atlantic, strandings have been reported from Nova Scotia along the eastern USA coast south to Florida, around the Gulf of Mexico, and within the Caribbean.

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat

provided by World Register of Marine Species
from tropics to polar regions, oceanic

Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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WoRMS Editorial Board
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Jacob van der Land [email]

IUCN Red List Category

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Least Concern (LC)

Reference

IUCN (2008) Cetacean update of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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Perrin, William [email]