Philomedes brenda (Baird 1850)

Philomedes brenda (Baird, 1850)

Cypridina Brenda Baird, 1850:181, pl. 23 [see Kornicker, 1982:3, for comprehensive synonomy].

Philomedes globosa.—MacGinitie, 1955:68, 72, 148.

Philomedes globosa globosa.—Chavtur, 1983:41.

Not Philomedes globosa digitatiformis Chavtur, 1983:40.

LECTOTYPE.—Dried and broken carapace in British Museum (Natural History), B.M. no. 1945.9.26 91; by subsequent designation (Silvester-Bradley, 1950:777).

MATERIALS.—For Beaufort Sea and Bering Sea material see appendix.

DISTRIBUTION.—Collected in the Beaufort Sea at shelf and upper slope depths (27–1926 m). Widespread in the Arctic Ocean and in the North Atlantic (to 54°N in eastern Atlantic, and 44°N in western Atlantic). Generally collected at shelf and upper slope depths. During breeding season adults also collected in plankton.

SUPPLEMENTARY DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (Figures 1–5a–c, 9a).—Carapace oval in lateral view with ventral margin more convex than dorsal margin; truncate prominent rostrum with anterior margin with minute protuberance on ventral corner; incisur deep; posteroventral corner evenly rounded or with minute projecting caudal process (Figures 1–3a, c–f).

Ornamentation (Figures 1, 2, 3d–f): Anteroventral margin just posterior to incisur with lip having minute projection at ventral end extending slightly past valve margin; valve surface with closely spaced oval fossae and abundant short pointed bristles; longer bristles sparsely distributed on valve.

Infold (Figure 3c, d, f): Rostral infold with 20–23 setose bristles forming row paralleling dorsal, anterior, and ventral margins of rostrum; 1 small bristle near middle of infold posterior to inner end of incisur; 15 spinous bristles present forming row at anterior end of ventral margin starting just posterior to minute projection at ventral end of lip posterior to incisur; infold of caudal process without “pocket” but with 3–7 minute bristles mostly forming row; many bristles (single or in groups of 3 or 4) present along inner edge of posteroventral and posterior infold; anteroventral infold with about 11 ridges parallel to margin.

Selvage (Figures 1, 9a): Fringed lamellar prolongation present along anterior, ventral, and posterior margins, but fringe absent in immediate vicinity of caudal process; selvage divided at inner end of incisur.

Central Adductor Muscle Attachments (Figure 3b): Consisting of about 14 individual ovoid attachments.

Size: USNM 157832, length 2.86 mm, height 2.01 mm; USNM 157836, length 3.06 mm, height 2.27 mm; USNM 158230, 4 ovigerous females: length 2.94 mm, height 2.07 mm; length 2.85 mm, height 1.97 mm; length 2.90 mm, height 2.09 mm; length 2.80 mm, height 1.93; USNM 157836, length 3.06 mm, height 2.27 mm.

First Antenna (Figure 4a): 1st and 2nd joints with long hairs and spines. 2nd joint with 3 spinous bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal, 1 lateral). 3rd joint short, with 3 spinous bristles (1 ventral, 2 dorsal). 4th joint long, with 5 spinous bristles (4 ventral, 1 dorsal). Sensory bristle of long 5th joint with 5 short marginal filaments and 5 longer terminal filaments. Medial bristle of 6th joint spinous. 7th joint: a-bristle spinous, about one-third longer than bristle of 6th joint; b-bristle with 1 proximal filament and 4 longer terminal filaments, about one-fourth longer than a-bristle; c-bristle with 5 short marginal filaments and 5 longer terminal filaments, almost same length as sensory bristle of 5th joint. 8th joint: d- and e-bristle bare with blunt tips, both longer than b-bristle; f-bristle with 4 short marginal filaments and 5 terminal filaments, about same length as c-bristle; g-bristle with 3 marginal filaments and 5 terminal filaments, about same length as sensory bristle.

Second Antenna (Figure 3g,h): Protopodite bare. Endopodite 2-jointed: 1st joint with 5 proximal bristles and 1 distal bristle; 2nd joint elongate with 1 spinous proximal bristle and 1 recurved, bare, terminal bristle (Figure 3g). Exopodite: 1st joint elongate with minute medial terminal bristle with open tip; bristles of joints 2–5 fairly short, bare; bristles of joints 6–8 broken (remaining part bare); 9th joint with 7 bristles (4 long, broken, 1 medium length, broken, 1 short, complete, with long marginal hairs, 1 very small, complete, bare); joints 2–8 with spines along distal edges; small basal spines present on joints 2–8; lateral spine not observed on 9th joint (Figure 3a).

Mandible (Figure 5a): Coxale endite hirsute, bifurcate, pectinate, with minute bristle near base. Basale: medial surface spinous, and with 3 pectinate bristles and 3 slender spinous bristles proximally near middle part of joint; ventral margin with 7 spinous bristles; dorsal margin with 2 single bristles near middle and 2 terminal. Exopodite about three-fourths length of dorsal margin of 1st endopodial joint, hirsute distally, terminating in spinous pointed tip, with 2 inner bristles near tip (distal of these shorter than other or both about same length). 1st endopodial joint with 4 ventral bristles. 2nd endopodial joint: dorsal margin with 9 bristles forming 2 or 3 groups; ventral margin with bristles forming 2 distal groups, 3 bristles in each group; medial surface with spines. End joint with 3 claws (shortest of these with few medial teeth, others with few lateral teeth), and 4 bristles.

Maxilla: Dorsal margins of precoxale and coxale with fringe of long hairs; coxale with hirsute dorsal bristle. Basale with 3 long bristles along distal margin. Exopodite small with short proximal bristle with few long hairs, and 2 terminal bristles, both with few long hairs. 1st endopodial joint with 1 alpha-bristle with few long hairs, and 4 beta-bristles with few long hairs (outer of these tending to be claw-like, with few short spines). End joint with several pectinate claw-like bristles and several annulate bristles. 3 endites with numerous pectinate and ringed bristles.

Fifth Limb (Figures 3i, 4b,c): Endites I to III with numerous bristles. 1st exopodial joint: main tooth consisting of 3 pectinate teeth followed by smooth peg-like tooth; anterior protuberance of largest of the main teeth smooth, rounded; anterior edge of joint with 2 bristles (outer of these with long hairs followed by short spines; inner bristle with short marginal spines); short stout bristle with hairs near base present on anterior side of outer corner of joint (Figure 4b). 2nd exopodial joint consisting of large flat tooth with 2 protuberances along inner margin; posterior side with small bristle near outer corner (Figure 3i). Inner lobe of 3rd exopodial joint with 3 bristles; outer lobe with 2 hirsute bristles. 4th and 5th joints fused, with total of 6 bristles with long proximal and short distal spines. Epipodial appendage with about 57 bristles.


Sixth Limb (Figure 4d): 4 hirsute bristles in place of epipodial appendage. Endite I with 3 bristles (1 long, 2 short) with long marginal hairs; endite II with 1 proximal and 3 terminal bristles; endite III and IV each with 1 proximal and 8 terminal bristles. End joint with about 27 spinous bristles.

Seventh Limb (Figure 3j,k): Each limb with 34 bristles; peg side with 20 or 21 bristles (7 or 8 on terminal segment, 13 on proximal segments); comb side with 13 or 14 bristles (3 or 4 on terminal segments, 10 on proximal segment). Each bristle with up to 8 distal bells and marginal spines proximal to bells. Terminus consisting of comb with 9 alate teeth opposite 8 short pegs and 1 slightly longer sclerotized peg; sclerotized peg located just outside shorter pegs.

Furca (Figure 5b): Each lamella with 10 claws decreasing in length and width posteriorly along lamella; claw 1 with lateral and medial teeth forming row along posterior edge; lateral row with teeth of fairly uniform size; medial row with about 4 or 5 large distal teeth and smaller proximal teeth; remaining claws with teeth along posterior margins; the proximal 5 smaller claws also with spines along anterior margin; hairs present at base of claws and on margin of lamellae following claws.

Bellonci Organ (Figures 4e, 5c): Elongate with suture proximal to middle and rounded tip.

Eyes: Lateral eyes minute, unpigmented. Medial eye with brown pigment (Figures 4e, 5c).

Upper Lip (Figure 5c): Typical for genus.

Anterior of Body (Figure 5c): Single rounded process present between medial eye and upper lip.

Posterior of Body: Hairs forming rows dorsal to furca (Figure 5b).

Y-Sclerite: Typical for genus.

Eggs: USNM 157832 with 20 eggs in marsupium; USNM 157836 with 11 eggs.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE (Figures 5d–i, 6–8).—Carapace more elongate than that of adult female; ventral margin of rostrum forming right angle with anterior margin of valve ventral to rostrum; anteroventral corner of rostrum rounded; incisur much broader than that of female; caudal process narrow, evenly rounded (Figure 6).

Ornamentation: Surface with small shallow fossae, and widely scattered long bristles, some with broad base: bristles more numerous near posterior end of valves; ventral edge of valves with long slender bristles without broad bases; short pointed bristles (abundant on female valves) fairly sparse on male; 3 or 4 short bristles present along posterior edge of caudal process (Figure 5e,f).

Infold: Infold of rostrum with 19 bristles forming row parallel to outer edge of rostrum (Figure 5d); 1 small bristle present on infold just ventral to inner end of incisur (Figure 5d); anteroventral infold with 10 or 11 bristles forming row parallel to valve margin; infold along middle of ventral margin bare; numerous small slender bristles forming groups (1–4 bristles per group) present along narrow posteroventral and posterior list; infold of caudal process with 3 small bristles between list and valve edge (Figure 5e,f).

Selvage (Figure 6): Similar to that of female, except lamella prolongation having bare margin along only dorsal half of caudal process.

Size: USNM 157837, length 3.08 mm, height 1.87 mm; USNM 157834A, length 2.89 mm, height 1.81 mm; USNM 157834B, length 3.04 mm, height 1.79 mm; USNM 158418, length 2.87 mm, height 1.45 mm; USNM 158424, length 2.95 mm, height 1.66 mm; USNM 158420, 2 specimens: length 2.80 mm, height 1.69 mm; length 3.00 mm, height 1.73 mm.

First Antenna (Figure 7a): 1st joint with lateral hairs. 2nd joint with medial and lateral hairs and spines, and 2 bristles (1 lateral, 1 ventral). 3rd joint short, with medial spines forming rows, and 5 bristles (4 ventral, 1 dorsal). 5th joint wedged ventrally between 4th and 6th joints; sensory bristle with abundant filaments on proximal two-thirds, and about 5 terminal filaments. 6th joint with spinous medial bristle near dorsal margin. 7th joint: a-bristle about same size as bristle of 6th joint; b-bristle about one-third longer than a-bristle, with 3 marginal filaments (the distal of these subterminal), and 4 terminal filaments; c-bristle extemely long, with 12 short marginal filaments. 8th joint: d- and e-bristles bare, longer than b-bristle, with blunt tips; f-bristle similar to c-bristle; g-bristle about one-fourth longer than b-bristle, with 3 proximal and 5 terminal filaments.

Second Antenna: Protopodite bare. Endopodite 3-jointed (Figure 7b): 1st joint with 6 short bristles; elongate 2nd joint with 3 bristles near middle; elongate 3rd joint reflexed on 2nd, with 1 short proximal bristle, and ridged tip with 2 small bristles. Exopodite: long 1st joint with faint spines forming rows, but without small medial bristle on distal margin; 2nd joint about one-half length of 1st joint, with slender bristle (with few spines) having tip reaching 4th to 6th joint; 3rd joint about one-third longer than 2nd joint; joints 3–8 with long natatory bristles; 9th joint with 6 bristles (4 long, 2 short) all with long hairs; joints 2–8 with slender basal spines (basal spine of 8th joint almost as long as 9th joint).

Mandible (Figure 5g): Coxale endite consisting of small bifurcate process; minute bristle present near base of endite. Basale: dorsal margin with 4 bristles (1 near middle, 1 distal to middle, 2 subterminal); medial surface spinous, with 4 or 5 bristles in proximal ventral corner, and 1 closer to middle; ventral margin with 7 bristles, some with bases on lateral side. Exopodite hirsute, with 2 subterminal bristles. 1st endopodial joint with 4 spinous ventral bristles, and spines on medial surface. 2nd endopodial joint: medial surface with long spines forming rows; middle of dorsal margin with 10 or 11 bristles (some with bases on medial and lateral sides); ventral margin with 2 distal groups of bristles with short marginal spines (each group with 3 bristles). 3rd endopodial joint with 3 claws (with proximal ventral spines), and 4 ringed bristles.

Maxilla (Figure 8a,b): Limb reduced. Endite I with 10 hirsute ringed bristles; endite II obscure, with about 8 hirsute, mostly ringed, bristles; endite III longer than others, with about 8 hirsute bristles (at least 2 without rings). Precoxale and coxale with fringed dorsal margin; coxale with stout hirsute dorsal bristle. Basale with 3 hirsute distal bristles (1 medial, near dorsal margin, 1 medial and 1 lateral, both near ventral margin). Exopodite small, with 3 hirsute bristles (2 long, 1 short) (Figure 8b). Endopodite: 1st joint hirsute, with 1 hirsute alpha-bristle, and 4 hirsute beta-bristles; end joint with 11 or 12 weakly developed bristles, mostly bare.

Fifth Limb (Figure 7c): 1st endite with about 4 bristles; endites II and III each with about 7 bristles (not shown on illustrated limb). 1st exopodial joint with 1 stout, flat, hirsute, unringed bristle, and 1 slender ringed bristle. 2nd exopodial joint with stout, flat, hirsute, terminal process (appearing sclerotized at tip), 2 slender distal bristles, and 2 or 3 proximal bristles. 3rd exopodial joint with 3 (possibly 4) slender bristles on inner lobe and 2 stout hirsute bristles on outer lobe. 5th + 6th joints with clusters of hairs and 6 bristles. Epipodial appendage with about 60 bristles.

Sixth Limb (Figure 8c): Endite I with 2 bristles; endite II with 4 bristles (1 proximal, 3 terminal); endite III with 9 bristles (1 proximal, 8 terminal): endite IV with 8 or 9 bristles (1 proximal, 7 or 8 terminal). End joint with 21 bristles. 3 bristles in place of epipodial appendage.

Seventh Limb: Each limb with 37 or 38 bristles: peg side with 21 or 22 bristles (8 on terminal segment, 13 or 14 on proximal segments): comb side with 12–15 bristles (4 or 5 on terminal segment, 11 or 12 on proximal segments). Each bristle with up to 6 bells, some bristles with few distal marginal spines. Terminus obscure on specimen examined, consisting of comb with about 9 alate teeth opposite about 4 short pegs and 1 slightly longer sclerotized peg (Figure 5h,i).

Furca (Figure 7d): Each lamella with 9 claws decreasing in length and width posteriorly along lamella; claw 1 with lateral and medial teeth forming row along posterior edge; teeth in medial row slightly larger than those in lateral row but without large distal teeth as on claw 1 of female; some teeth in both rows smaller than others; remaining claws with teeth along posterior margin; teeth on proximal 3 claws very fine; claws 1–6 with long medial hairs forming row near base; anterior edge of right lamella with few faint spines and distal hairs; hairs present on edge of lamella between claws 7–9 and following claw 9.

Bellonci Organ (Figure 7e): Elongate with suture proximal to middle and tapering to narrowly rounded tip.

Eyes (Figure 7e): Lateral eyes well developed, slightly larger than medial eye, with brown or black pigment, each eye with about 28 ommatidia. Medial eye bare, with brown pigment.

Upper Lip (Figure 7e): Typical for genus, with anterior processes at tip.

Copulatory Organ (Figure 7d): Consisting of short narrow lobes.

Anterior of Body: Margin immediately above lip hirsute (Figure 7e).

Posterior of Animal: Hairs present along dorsal margin and lateral surfaces dorsal to furca (Figure 7d).

Y-Sclerite (Figure 7d): Typical for genus.

Philomedes brenda (Baird, 1850)

Cypridina Brenda Baird, 1850a:181, pl. 23.—Sutherland, 1852: 203.

Cypridina globosa Liljeborg, 1853:171, pl. 17: figs. 2–10; pl. 18: figs. 1–3, 7.—Grube, 1859:322, pl. 12, fig. 1; 1861:93, pl. 5: fig. 1.—Sars, 1863:252.—Lönnberg: 1903:51.

Philomedes longicornis Liljeborg, 1853:176, pl. 22: figs. 4–6, 14–16.—Baird, 1860:202, pl. 71: figs. 5a-c.—Sars: 1866:107 [preprint 1865].

Cypridina excisa Stimpson, 1854:39, fig. 28.—Whiteaves, 1901:217.

Asterope Groenlandica Fischer, 1855:660, pl. 20: figs. 26–34.

Cypridina isabella Baird, 1860:202 [manuscript name].

Bradycinetus globosus.—Sars, 1866:110 [preprint 1865].

Bradycinetus Brenda.—Brady, 1868a:128.—Brady and Robertson, 1876:187.—Norman, 1877:206.

Bradycinetus brenda.—Brady, 1868b:466, pls. 33: figs. 1–5, 41: fig. 5; 1880:153, 159 [excluding Bay of Biscay].—Brady and Robertson, 1872:70.

Philomedes globosus.—Sars, 1869:355; 1922:12, pl. 5–7.—Lilljeborg, 1876:3.—Hansen, 1887:255.—Aurivillius, 1896: 195, 211.—Stephensen, 1912:551; 1929:1, 5; 1936:18; 1938:2, 17, 18.—Broch, 1927:9.—Klie, 1929:2, 3, figs. 1, 2.—Blake, 1933:230 [questionable identification].—Akatova, 1957:428.—Elofsson, 1966:54, 55, 57, 63, 64.—Hulings, 1967:311 [part].—Bossanyi, 1967:43.—Perkins, 1974:225.

Philomedes brenda.—Sars, 1872:280; 1886:74; 1890:15; 1909:40.—Norman, 1891:119, 121.—Brady and Norman, 1896:654. pl. 51: figs. 1–3, pl. 56: figs. 1–3.—Vanhöffen, 1897:285, 291, pl. 1: fig. 3.—Müller, 1898:40, figs. 1–3; 1901:10, figs. 18, 19; 1912:32 [part]; 1931:23.—Scott, 1899:89; 1901:349; 1905:228.—Brady, 1903:99.-Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 1903: pt. B 200, 206, pt. D 255–257, 276, 277, 303, 305; 1904: pt. B 62, 80–82, pt. C 4, pt. D 26, 27, 58, 120, 121, 144, 156, 157, 162, 163, 226, 236; 1905: pt. B 101, pt. D 148, 149, 183. 1906: 97. 1909:114.—Schmitt, 1904:255.—Nordgaard, 1905:40.—Linko, 1907:195, 220.—Sharpe, 1908:428, pl. 65: figs. 1, 2.—Norman and Brady, 1909:359.—Paulsen, 1909:38.—Deryugin, 1915:147.—Stephensen, 1917a [1913 appears on title page]:353; 1917b [preprint 1916]:306.—Ostenfeld, 1931:641.—Sylvester-Bradley, 1950:777.—Iles, 1963:111.—Neale, 1965:259, 268.—Puri, 1971:165.

Philonedes brenda.-Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 1903: pt. B 207, 208, pt. D 244, 245, 302, 303.

Philomedes Brenda.—Apstein, 1911:168, pl. 23: map 4.

Philomedes (Philomedes) globosa.—Skogsberg, 1920:381, figs. 66–69.

Philomedes globosa.—Soot-Ryen, 1927:18.—Fage, 1934:251, 255–258, 260.—Granata and Caporiacco, 1949:8, 38 [part], 44, 49, 50, pl. 1: fig. 4, pl. 4: figs. 1–6.—Poulsen, 1962:346.

Cypridina norvegica.—Spärck, 1937:26 [ident. by Stephensen, 1938:2 as P. globosus].

Philomedes (Philomedes) globosus.—Elofson, 1941:234; 1943:2, 3; 1969:12.—Hagerman, 1965:49, 52, 53, 65, 66.

Philomeeds globosus.—Neale, 1965:259.

LECTOTYPE.—Dried and broken carapace, in British Museum (Natural History), B.M. no. 1945.9.26 91; by subsequent designation (Sylvester-Bradley, 1950:777).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—20 mi [32.19 km] east of Noss, Shetland Islands, depth 146–164 m.

MATERIAL.—Through the courtesy of Dr. Lars Wallin, Zoological Museum, Uppsala University, Sweden, I received a vial with 4 specimens in alcohol and containing 2 labels: 1, “Uppsala Univ. Zool. Mus. Typsamlingen, nr 469,” and 2, “Cypridina globosa, Grönland, U. Kröyer dedit., No. 3501.” According to Dr. Wallin the specimens are syntypes of Philomedes globosus (Liljeborg, 1853). He also stated (in litt., 1979) that no specimens from Scandinavia that can be referred to Lilljeborg's paper of 1853 are in the museum's collection. I examined 1 adult female from this vial and made 2 slides of the mandibles and 7th limbs. The specimen is designated UUZM 3501, number 1, herein briefly described. All specimens have been returned to Uppsala.

I also received from Dr. Wallin, a vial containing numerous specimens in alcohol and 3 labels: 1, “Uppsala Univ. Zool. Mus.,” 2, “Lilljeb. saml., No. 3499,” and 3, “Cypridina globosa Bergen i Norge. 1858, Lillj. No. 3499.” I examined 2 adult females and designated them UUZM 3499, numbers 1 and 2, and briefly describe them herein. Some of the appendages were mounted on 4 slides. All the specimens have been returned to Uppsala. According to Dr. Wallin (in litt. 1979) these specimens had been examined by Lilljeborg. Also received were vials containing specimens of Philomedes globosus from the Skagarrack worked on by Elofson (1941). The 7th limbs of 2 of these specimens were examined and found to conform with those from Norway and Greenland, but are not described further herein.

Greenland and Foxe Bay, Northwest Territories (collected by Captain R.A. Bartlett): USNM 77792A, 1 adult male, USNM 77792B, 3 specimens, sta 134; USNM 77793, 5 specimens, sta 135; USNM 77794, 1 adult female, sta 136; USNM 77790, 1 juvenile, Murchison Sound; USNM 77791, 2 specimens, sta 97; USNM 81640A, 1 ovigerous female, USNM 81640B, 1 adult female, N.E. Greenland; USNM 81638A, B, 2 adult males, Melville Bay; USNM 81635, 5 specimens, Northumberland Island; USNM 81636, 1 juvenile, Murchison Sound; USNM 81637, 1 juvenile, Murchison Sound; USNM 81641, 1 early instar, Angmagssalik; USNM 81642A, 1 ovigerous female, USNM 81642B, 1 adult male, USNM 81642C, 12 specimens, USNM 81642D, 2 specimens, Foxe Basin; USNM 81643A, 1 ovigerous female, USNM 81643B, 10 specimens, Foxe Basin.

Nova Scotia: USNM 158229, 1 A-1 female, USNM 157940, 12 specimens, U.S. Fish Commission Albatross, sta 2466; USNM 157873, 157932, 2 adult males, M/V Canso Condor, sta 111. Cape Breton Island and Newfoundland, R/V Vema: USNM 157951A, B, 2 ovigerous females, USNM 157952, 35 specimens, sta V-16-45; USNM 157941A, B, 1 ovigerous female, 1 A-1 male, sta V-16-64; USNM 157953, 1 ovigerous female, sta V-17-114.

Grand Manan: British Museum (Natural History) number 1857.118, 1 ovigerous female. This specimen had been identified as Cypridina excisa Stimpson by Stimpson (1854:39).

REMARKS CONCERNING SYNONYMY.—The argument by Skogsberg (1920:396) for not considering Philomedes globosa (Liljeborg, 1853) to be a junior synonym of Philomedes brenda (Baird, 1850a), because the description and illustrations of Baird (1850a:181, pl. 23) indicate that the species are not conspecific, became moot when Sylvester-Bradley (1950:777) selected a lectotype for P. brenda. Unfortunately, the lectotype is a “dried and broken carapace” so that despite the assurances of Sylvester-Bradley that P. brenda and P. globosa are conspecific, doubt will remain. Nevertheless, I have accepted Sylvester-Bradley's conclusion that P. globosa is a junior synonym of P. brenda.

Hulings (1967:311) tentatively identified as Philomedes globosus specimens collected at 6 R/V Vema stations off Newfoundland and Labrador. His identified specimens could not be located; however, the Smithsonian collections contain samples collected at 4 of the 6 stations listed by Hulings. One of the samples (from sta V-16-64) contains Philomedes brenda plus a new species of Philomedes, but the remaining 3 samples contain only the new species. Therefore, in the above synonymy of P. brenda I have listed Hulings’ identifications as “part.”

I concur with most referrals in the synonymy of Philomedes globosa of Skogsberg (1920:381, 382). An exception is Philomedes brenda identified by Sharp (1908) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which was excluded by Skogsberg because the shell illustrated by Sharp differs in shape from that of P. brenda. I include Sharp's identification in the synonymy because of finding in the present study only 2 species of Philomedes in the general area, and the large size of Sharp's specimen suggest that it is P. brenda. I have assumed that the shell was not accurately drawn by Sharp. Sharp's specimen could not be located for examination. I include in the synonymy Cypridina excisa Stimpson (1854:39), from Grand Manan, although Skogsberg (1920:398) omitted the species because Stimpson's illustration does not resemble Philomedes. I do so because the shape and size of an ovigerous female of the type-series at the British Museum is similar to that of P. brenda; its shape does not closely resemble that illustrated by Stimpson. Additional specimens studied by Stimpson could not be located. I question Blake's (1933:230) identification of Philomedes globosus from Maine. I have been unable to locate these specimens.

Brady (1871:292) identified specimens from the Bay of Biscay as Bradycinetus brenda but later Brady and Norman (1896:650) referred them to Cypridina mediterranea Costa, 1845. Both Skogsberg (1920:399) and Fage (1934:255) agree that the specimens are not members of Philomedes. Later references to Philomedes brenda in the Bay of Biscay are apparently based on the original misidentification of Brady (1871:292). These are Brady (1872:53–59) as Bradycinetus Brenda, Brady (1879:213) as Philomedes Groenlandica and Bradycinetus Brenda, and McKenzie et al. (1979:8) as Philomedes brenda. Müller (1912:32) included Brady's (1871:292) specimens of Bradycinetus brenda from the Bay of Biscay in the synonomy of Philomedes brenda, but he (p. 11) also included the same specimens in the synonomy of Cypridina mediterranea. Müller (1912:32) questionably included Brady's (1879:213) specimens of Philomedes groenlandica (Fischer, 1855:660) in the synonomy of Philomedes brenda. I hereby refer these identifications to Cypridininae genus and species indeterminate, because the information is inadequate to refer them to a particular genus.

I am referring both ?Philomedes interpuncta (Baird, 1850b:257) and Bradycinetus species identified by Brady (1870:450) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Philomedes species indeterminate, because P. interpuncta has not been subsequently identified from that vicinity, and Bradycinetus is a junior synonym of Philomedes.

Granata and Caporiacco (1949:38) list Philomedes globosa as having been collected at station 1101 (43°02′N, 8°42′15″E) which is in the Mediterranean Sea. On page 8 of the same paper, however, where the species is discussed, station 1101 is not one of the stations listed, and the Mediterranean is not given as one of the localities. Because of the discrepancy, and because P. brenda has not been reported from the Mediterranean by others, I hereby refer the specimens collected at station 1101 to Philomedes species indeterminate, and do not recognize P. brenda occurring in the Mediterranean. In the synonomy of P. brenda presented herein the specimens of Granata and Caporiacco are listed as “part.”

The species Philomedes brenda is recorded in the literature more than any other member of the Cypridinacea. In a card file being prepared for publication of the Cypridinacea in Crustaceorum Catalogus, the species name in one of its forms appears on 175 cards (Cohen and Kornicker, in prep.). Many of the older references, which contain identifications made at a time when anatomical details of the Cypridinacea were not well known, as well as references merely noting that the species has been collected in geographic areas where it has previously been reported, and also references that are not based on new collections or identifications, are omitted from the synonomy. On the other hand, some of the references included in the synonomy are based on the species having been listed in the literature without adequate documentation as to the correctness of the identification and, therefore, are subject to change should the original material be restudied.

DISTRIBUTION.—Based only on published reports that may be viewed with some degree of confidence, the southern limit of P. brenda in the eastern Atlantic and North Sea appears to be about 54°N (Figure 1). On the Atlantic side of England, the southernmost locality is the Isle of Man (about 54°N) (Iles, 1963:111). In addition to many earlier reports of P. brenda at 54°–56°N in the North Sea off England is that of Bossanyi (1967:43), who collected a specimen on the bottom of Cambois Bay (about 55°10′N). Earlier reports include Norman (1863:266; 1865:26), Brady (1868b:467; 1903:90, 99, 100), Brady and Robertson (1876:187), Brady and Norman (1896:655), Norman and Brady (1909:359), Apstein (1911:168, pl. 23: fig. 4). Some reports suggest that P. brenda may at times be collected farther south than 54°N—to about 50°N. For example, Stephensen (1938:3) states that P. brenda extends south to the Sound, Great Britain; if the “Sound” refers to Plymouth Sound, the range is extended to about 50°20′N. Klie (1944:4) reports P. brenda in both the southern and northern parts of the North Sea, but I know of no data supporting the occurrence of the species in the North Sea south of about 54°N. According to Bate (in litt., 1981), the specimen of P. brenda sectioned for a study of the ostracode carapace (Bate and East, 1972:189) came from the Scilly Isles, which are just south of 50°N, southwest of Lands End, England.

In the western Atlantic the southernmost locality at which the species has been collected is off Nova Scotia (44°00′N, 63°30′W) in a surface net. But bottom specimens have been collected off Nova Scotia only north of about 44°40′N (Grand Manan, N.S.). Blake's (1933:230) bottom specimens, whose identity requires confirmation, were collected off the Mount Desert Region, Maine, at a latitude of about 44°N. Benthic collections probably more accurately record where populations normally live, because when the adults rise to the surface during breeding season, currents may sweep them into unfavorable environments.

The species has been reported from the northern coast of Russia as far west as the vicinity of Novaya Zemlya and the Kara Sea, and from many subarctic and arctic islands (Elofson, 1969:14, 15, fig. 7). The approximate known range of the species is shown in Figure 1. In addition, but not shown on Figure 1, the species occurs in the Beaufort Sea (Kornicker and Cohen, in prep). As suggested by Elofson (1969:15) the species is probably circumpolar. It may be restricted, however, to the shelf and upper slope of seas bordering the Arctic Ocean because no specimens were collected in plankton from 3 drifting Arctic ice islands, (ARLIS-I, ARLIS-II, and T-3 (Fletcher's Island)) (Leung, 1975:45). Bottom samples are required to confirm the distribution of the species in the Arctic Ocean, because P. brenda is seldom encountered in plankton, even in areas where it is abundant in the benthos (see discussion by Skogsberg, 1920:364).

Elofson (1969:15) observed that in Arctic waters P. brenda had been collected at depths of 3–300 m, and probably as deep as 500 m, and in boreal regions (Skagerrack) at depths of 13–358 m. He (p. 15) considered the rarity of this species in the Skagerrack above depths of 40–50 m to be the result of boreal submergence. In the new localities reported herein, where depth is known, P. brenda was collected on the bottom in the vicinity of Greenland at a single station at 37 m; and in the Foxe Basin, Northwest Territories, at 2 stations at depths of 58.5–67.7 m. At 1 station in the vicinity of Newfoundland the species was collected on the bottom at 265 m. At 3 stations in the vicinity of Nova Scotia, the species was collected on the bottom at depths of 122.5–448 m. Two adult males were captured in a surface tow off Nova Scotia where the bottom depth is 173.7 m. Blake (1933:230) reported the species on the bottom in 13.7–18.3 m off Maine, but the identification requires confirmation. Stimpson reported the species (as Cypridina excisa) at a water depth of 7–9 m off Grand Manan, Nova Scotia. Schmitt (1904:255) reported the species in 2 bays of Anticosti Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. He did not mention either collecting depths, or sex and stage of maturity of specimens, and his identifications require confirmation. The known depth range of the species in the vicinity of Maine, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland is 7–448 m, more-or-less shelf to upper slope depths.

Norman (1891:108) collected Philomedes brenda in several fiords along the eastern edge of “East Finmark” [Finnmark], Norway, which forms a small part of the western boundary of the Barents Sea. Elofson (1941:237) referred to the locality as “Ostfinmarken,” but on page 14 in the 1969 English translation of Elofson's publication, the locality was mistranslated as “eastern Finland.” A similar error apparently was made by Müller (1901:10) as previously noted by others (Apstein, 1911:168; Skogsberg, 1920:402). The species is not known to occur in the vicinity of Finland.

The locality MacKenziebucht (Elofson, 1941:237), which appears as Mackenzie Bay in the 1969 English translation (p. 15), is on the eastern coast of Greenland (73°25′N, 21°30′W), and should not be confused with MacKenzie Bay on the Beaufort Sea, which was not visited by the Swedish Arctic Expedition, 1900. The name used by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names for the Greenland bay is MacKenzie Bugt [“bugt” being the local term for bay] (Dr. R. Randall, U.S. Board on Geographic Names, pers. comm.).

VARIABILITY IN SIZE.—Skogsberg (1920:382) recorded the length of the female carapace as 2.3–3.1 mm, but observed that specimens are larger at high latitudes. Specimens from the Skagerrak averaged about 2.4–2.6 mm in length, whereas specimens from Greenland and Spitzbergen had carapaces as long as 2.9–3.1 mm. In the present study the 2 measured females from off Bergen, Norway (about 60°23′N) have lengths of 2.55 mm and 2.63 mm (Table 1). The 5 females from Greenland and the Northwest Territories (66°43′–77°42′N) have lengths of 2.70–2.87 mm. The lengths of the 5 females from off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (44°40′–50°53′N) have lengths of 2.77–2.85 mm. Thus, the increase in size at higher latitudes does not appear to take place in the western Atlantic. Although the data are few, the lengths of adult males apparently are also unaffected by latitude in the western Atlantic (Table 1). Perkins (1974:225) attributed the larger size of P. brenda in the vicinity of Greenland to the waters there being colder than in the North Sea and Skagerrak. That hypothesis is not upset by the large size of the specimens off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland where water temperatures, because of the southward moving Labrador Current, are lower than in the vicinity of Scandinavian countries bathed by the relatively warm Norwegian Current (see Hazel, 1970:E3–E11; Briggs, 1974:254). Although it is probable that the difference in size between the Scandinavian and colder water populations is the result of temperature, the possibility of genetic differences between the populations should not be discounted. Because the species is abundant in seas around Sweden and Norway, as well as around Greenland, it may be an ideal subject for comparative studies of chemistry and chromosomes. Breeding experiments, behavioral studies, and more detailed morphological analyses may also be in order. If size should be found to reflect genetic differences, it may be concluded that the western Atlantic population is more closely related to the cold-water Greenland and Spitsbergen populations than to the Scandinavian population.

REMARKS CONCERNING PEGS OPPOSITE COMB OF 7TH LIMB.—Skogsberg (1920:391, fig. 69: 16) described the pegs opposite the comb of the female 7th limb as follows: “Dorsally of the end comb there are a number (seven to nine, in most cases eight) of rather low, smooth, chitinous pegs, in most cases arranged in two irregular parallel rows running longitudinally.” His figure of the pegs agrees with the description.

The specimens of P. brenda that I initially studied had been collected in the northwestern Atlantic in the vicinity of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. These differed slightly from Skogsberg's description. One of the pegs opposite the comb of the 7th limb differed from the remaining pegs, generally in being narrower and in bearing a more rounded tip. On some specimens the narrow peg was slightly longer than the others and appeared more strongly sclerotized (based on its being slightly amber in color, rather than colorless like the others). A study of pegs of the 7th limbs of specimens from the localities studied by Skogsberg revealed that, contrary to Skogberg's description, one of the pegs differed from the others in a way similar to pegs of the specimens from the northwest Atlantic.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE FROM NOVA SCOTIA (Figure 2a-i).—Shape of carapace and ornamentation approximately similar to that described and illustrated by Skogsberg (1920:392, fig. 66: 1,2 and shown herein, Figure 2a,h).

Infold: Rostral infold with about 23 bristles; 1 small bristle present at inner end of incisur; anteroventral infold with about 9 bristles forming row along list; posterior infold with numerous bristles along list forming groups of 1–6 bristles (Figure 2b); 4 small bristles between list and posteroventral corner of valve (caudal process) (Figure 2b); 1 fairly long bristle on list near middle of posterior valve margin; no “pocket” on infold of caudal process.

Selvage: About 10 stout hairs with bases on lateral side near middle present along anteroventral selvage; no hairs with bases on medial side as on female Philomedes dentata Poulsen, 1962 (fig. 152c).

Central Adductor Muscle Attachments (Figure 2i): Consisting of elongate and oval scars.

Size: USNM 157873, length 2.78 mm, height 1.63 mm; USNM 156932, length 2.97 mm, height 1.71 mm.

First Antenna: Similar to 1st antenna described by Skogsberg (1920:392, fig. 67: 8,9) with following exceptions: dorsal bristle of 4th joint extending just past distal margin of 8th joint rather than just past distal end of 6th joint; sensory bristle of 5th joint with 5 rather than 4 terminal filaments (Skogsberg, p. 392, describes 4 distal filaments, but shows 5 on illustration (fig. 67: 9)), b-bristle of 7th joint with 2nd filament closer to tip of bristle, and tip with 4 (Figure 2c) rather than 5 terminal filaments (Skogsberg, p. 392, describes 4 distal filaments, but shows 5 on illustration (fig. 67: 9)).

Second Antenna: Similar to that described by Skogsberg (1920:392, fig. 67: 10,11).

Mandible: Similar to that described by Skogsberg (1920:393, fig. 68: 13). Exopodite: On USNM 157873 distal bristle 83–100 percent, of length of exopodite, and proximal bristle 119–125 percent, both bristles bare (Figure 2d,e). 3rd endopodial joint: all three claws with fine teeth forming short rows on both medial and lateral sides of claws except near tip (Figure 2f).

Maxilla: Limb similar to that described by Skogsberg, 1920:394), also with only 4 beta-bristles on 1st endopodial joint. (Endite bristles not counted.)

Fifth Limb: Similar to that described by Skogsberg (1920:394, fig. 68: 15). Epipodial appendage with 54 bristles (USNM 157873).

Sixth Limb: The number of bristles on endites I-IV similar to that of the female described by Skogsberg (1920:390). End joint of USNM 157873 with 18–21 bristles, and 3 bristles in place of epipodial appendage.

Seventh Limb: With total of 28–31 bristles: 16 on peg side (dorsal), and 12–15 on comb side (ventral); each bristle with up to 7 bells and generally without marginal spines. Terminus with comb bearing 6–7 teeth, some alate proximally and spinous distally; 4 pegs opposite comb, one of these slightly longer and appearing to be more sclerotized than others (Figure 2g).

Furca: Each lamella with 9 claws. Furca similar to that described by Skogsberg (1920:396, fig. 66: 7).

Bellonci Organ (Figure 2k): Differs from that illustrated by Skogsberg (1920, fig. 66: 5) in being slightly broader in middle than at proximal end and in having well-defined suture just proximal to middle; tip rounded.

Eyes (Figure 2k): Medial eye bare, pigmented brown in preserved specimen. Lateral eye about same size as medial eye, pigmented brown in preserved specimen, with 20 ommatidia.

Upper Lip (Figure 2k): Typical for genus, with minute anterior processes.

Y-Sclerite: Typical for genus.

Posterior of Body: Long hairs present on lower part of posterior of body near furca; short spines on posterodorsal corner just dorsal to girdle (girdle is sclerite connected to dorsal socket of Y-sclerite).

Parasites: A cryptoniscid isopod attached to dorsal part of body of USNM 157873 just posterior to heart region was loaned to Dr. Jarl-Ove Strömberg for further study.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE FROM N.W. GREENLAND.—Carapace shape and ornamentation similar to that of adult male from Nova Scotia (Figure 2j).

Size: USNM 81638A, length 2.82 mm, height 1.70 mm; USNM 81638B, length 2.73 mm, height 1.57 mm; USNM 77792A, length 2.77 mm, height 1.64 mm.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE FROM FOXE BASIN, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES.—Carapace shape and ornamentation similar to adult males from other localities.

Size: USNM 81642B, length 2.87 mm, height 1.75 mm.

DESCRIPTION OF A-1 FEMALE FROM NOVA SCOTIA (Figure 3).—Carapace in lateral view similar to that of adult female described by Skogsberg (1920:382, fig. 66: 3) (Figure 3a).

Ornamentation: Surface with abundant short and few long bristles similar to those illustrated by Skogsberg (1920: fig. 66: 4). Minute process at tip of ventral corner of rostrum; broad process at anteroventral corner of valve (Figure 3b).

Infold: Rostral infold with 16 or 17 long bristles forming row; infold near inner end of incisur with 1 small bristle; anteroventral infold striated, with 8–14 bristles along list; posteroventral corner including narrow caudal process with numerous bristles forming groups of 1–6 bristles along list; 6–7 small bristles present between list and edge of valve (Figure 3c,d).

Selvage: Hairs along edge of lamellar prolongation of selvage along rostrum and anteroventral valve margin ventral to incisur long, about same width as lamellar prolongation; no hairs on medial side of lamellar prolongation, but some on lateral side. Lamellar prolongation just ventral to caudal process area narrowing and without fringe; prolongation not observed along caudal process.

Size: USNM 158229, length 2.44 mm, height 1.74 mm.

First Antenna: 1st joint with lateral hairs forming rows near distal dorsal margin. 2nd joint with 3 spinous distal bristles (dorsal bristle reaching to middle of 4th joint, ventral bristle reaching just past distal end of 4th joint, lateral bristle about same length as dorsal bristle). 3rd joint with 3 spinous bristles (1 ventral, 2 dorsal). 4th joint with 4 spinous bristles (1 dorsal, 3 ventral). Bristle of 5th joint with 5 proximal and 4–5 terminal filaments. 6th joint with spinous medial bristle. 7th joint: a-bristle spinous; b-bristle with 1 filament near middle and 3 terminal filaments; c-bristle with 4 proximal and 5 terminal filaments. 8th joint: d- and e-bristles bare with blunt tips; f-bristle with 4 proximal and 4–5 terminal filaments; g-bristle with 3 proximal and 4–5 terminal filaments, b- and f-bristles about 4/5 length of sensory bristle of 5th joint, remaining bristles about same length as sensory bristle. (Limb quite similar to that of adult female described by Skogsberg, 1920:384.)

Second Antenna: Protopodite bare. Endopodite 2-jointed: 1st joint with 5 bare bristles (4 proximal, 1 slightly distal); 2nd joint elongate with 1 long, spinous, ventral bristle proximal to middle, and 1 bare terminal bristle; except for having 5 instead of 6 bristles on 1st joint, endopodite similar to that of adult female described by Skogsberg (1920:385, fig. 67: 12). Exopodite: bristles of joints 2–8 short, bare; 9th joint with 6 bristles (shortest 2 of these with short marginal spines, others bare or with few ventral spines).

Mandible: Exopodite of USNM 158229 with distal bristle 108 percent and proximal bristle 117 percent of stem (Figure 3e). Limb similar to that of adult female described by Skogsberg (1920:385). Ventral (posterior) margin of 2nd endopodial joint with bristles forming 2 distal groups, each with 3 bristles. All 3 claws of 3rd endopodial joint with few medial and lateral teeth near middle. Skogsberg (1920:386) states that the distal bristle of the exopodite is slightly longer than the proximal bristle. This must be an inadvertant error, because the reverse is true; e.g., measurements given by Poulsen, 1962:352, and personal observation of specimen from Norway.

Maxilla: In general similar to that of adult female described by Skogsberg (1920:386, fig. 68: 14) but left limb of USNM 158229 apparently aberrant in having 2 alpha-bristles on 1st endopodial joint, both bristles with 2 or 3 short spines; right limb with single alpha-bristle with wreaths of long spines.

Fifth Limb: Similar to that of adult female described by Skogsberg (1920:388). Small teeth not developed, or only slightly developed along inner margin of large tooth forming 2nd exopodial joint of USNM 158229 (Figure 3f,g). (Although small teeth were not mentioned in description of Skogsberg, they are present on a specimen that I examined from Norway; Figure 4h,i).

Sixth Limb: Similar to that of adult female described by Skogsberg (1920:390).

Seventh Limb (Figure 3h,i): One limb with 41 bristles (23 on peg side, 18 on comb side), other limb with 24 bristles on peg side, but most bristles broken off comb side. Bristles strongly tapering (juvenile character) and without marginal spines; each bristle with 2–5 bells. One limb with 7 comb teeth opposite 7 short pegs (Figure 3); other limb with same number of pegs but with only 4 comb teeth (aberrant) (Figure 3h); one of the pegs appearing slightly more sclerotized than others. (Differences between the 7th limbs of USNM 158229 and limbs of adult female described by Skogsberg, (1920:390, fig. 69: 16) mostly attributable to relative growth stage of specimens.)

Furca: (Figure 3k) Claw 1 of right lamella anterior to claw 1 of left lamella; each lamella with 9 claws; claws 1–6 with hairs forming cluster on claws near base; claw 7–9 without these hairs; claw 1 with teeth forming row along lateral and medial posterior edges; claws 2–5 with single row of teeth along posterior edge; claws 6–9 with slender teeth and spines forming rows along anterior and posterior edges; anterior edge of lamella and medial side near claw 1 with long and short hairs; lamella following claws with short hairs.

Bellonci Organ (Figure 3J,l): Elongate, tapering from medial eye to slight indentation near center, then tapering slightly to rounded tip; suture present just proximal to middle indenture.

Eyes: Lateral eye minute, unpigmented, elongate with several small cells (ommatidia?) (Figure 31). Medial eye unpigmented bare (Figure 3j,l).

Upper Lip (Figure 3l): Projecting anteriorly, with minute processes at tip, hirsute ventrally.

Anterior of Body (Figure 3l): Single sclerotized anterior process between medial eye and upper lip.

Posterior of Body (Figure 3k): Hirsute dorsal to furca. Small spinous process just dorsal to sclerotized girdle.

Y-Sclerite (Figure 3k): Typical for genus.

Gut Content: Foraminifera, crustacean fragments, debris.

Epizoa: Stalked vaselike protistans present on appendages.

DESCRIPTION OF A-1 MALE FROM CAPE BRETON ISLAND.—Carapace similar in shape to that of A-1 female described herein.

Size: USNM 157941B, length 2.48 mm, height 1.72 mm.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE FROM BERGEN, NORWAY (Figure 4a-o).—Shape of carapace similar to that described and illustrated by Skogsberg (1920:382, fig. 66: 3) (Figure 4a). Anteroventral process digitate (Figure 4b). Posterior edge of valve in vicinity of caudal process without digitations.

Ornamentation: Ornamentation similar to that described and illustrated by Skogsberg (1920:382, fig. 66: 4).

Infold: Rostral infold with 20–21 bristles forming row along ventral and anterior margins; 1 small bristle present near inner end of incisur; anteroventral infold with about 12 ridges; anteroventral list with 17–19 bristles; posterior list with numerous small bristles forming groups of 1–6 bristles (Figure 4c); about 8 small bristles between posterior list and valve margin (Figure 4c).

Selvage: Without medial hairs on anteroventral lamellar prolongation.

Size: UUZM 3499, specimen number 1, length 2.63 mm, height 1.87 mm; UUZM 3499, specimen number 2, length 2.55 mm, height 1.75 mm.

First Antenna: Medial side of 1st joint with scattered spines and hairs forming rows. 2nd joint with abundant hairs and spines. Shorter of dorsal bristles of 3rd joint without long hairs. 4th joint with 5 bristles, (1 dorsal, 4 ventral).

Second Antenna: UUZM 3499, specimen number 1: Exopodite: 1st joint with minute distal medial bristle; right limb without basal spine on 6th joint; left limb without basal spine on 7th joint. Endopodite: left limb aberrant with 2nd joint bearing 1 long ventral bristle and elongate terminal process bearing short bristle (Figure 4d); right limb with 2 ventral (1 long, 1 short) and 1 terminal bristle on 2nd joint. UUZM 3499, specimen number 2: Exopodite with basal spines on joints 2–8. Endopodite: left limb with 2 bristles on 2nd joint, right limb with 3. Both specimens with bristles of joints 6–8, and long bristles of joint 9 broken.

Mandible: Exopodite of right limb of UUZM 3499, specimen number 1, with distal bristle 96 percent and proximal bristle 164 percent of stem (Figure 4e); left limb with distal bristle 157 percent and proximal bristle 178 percent of stem (Figure 4f). Lateral side of longest claw (lateral claw) with few faint teeth proximal to middle (Figure 4g).

Fifth Limb: Large tooth of 2nd exopodial joint with 2 small teeth along inner margin (Figure 4h,i).

Seventh Limb (Figure 4m-o): Tips of UUZM 3499, specimen number 2, with 8 or 9 claws opposite 8 or 9 pegs; most pegs short with squarish tips, but 1 more slender than others and with rounded tip; latter peg appearing slightly more sclerotized than others.

Furca (Figure 4j,k): Each lamella with 10 claws; claws decrease in length along lamella; claws 1–5 without numerous spines along anterior margin present on claws 6–10; medial teeth near middle of claw 1 larger than teeth along lateral edge of claw; claw 2 with few faint distal medial teeth as well as teeth forming row along lateral edge.

Bellonci Organ (Figure 4l): Organs on both specimens examined appearing to have suture proximal to middle. [Skogsberg (1920:392) did not observe a suture.]

Eyes (Figure 4l): Lateral eye elongate, with numerous minute cells scattered throughout, and without pigment. Medial eye brown.

Upper Lip (Figure 4l): Typical for genus, with minute processes at anterior tip, and hirsute ventrally.

Anterior of Body (Figure 4l): With single sclerotized, rounded process between medial eye and upper lip.

Posterior of Body (Figure 4j,k): Spinous.

Y-Sclerite (Figure 4j): Typical for genus.

Parasites: Cyproniscus cypridinae Sars, 1899: 1 adult and 2 juvenile females on UUZM 3499, specimen number 1;2 juvenile females on UUZM 3499, specimen number 2.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE FROM GREENLAND (UUZM 3501, Specimen Number 1).—Carapace shape, ornamentation, infold, and selvage similar to that of specimen from Bergen, Norway.

Size: Length 2.73 mm, height 1.94 mm.

First Antenna: Similar to that of adult female from Norway, but bristles of joints 7 and 8 not examined in detail.

Second Antenna: Endopodites with 2 bristles on 2nd joints (1 ventral, 1 terminal). Prodopodite and exopodite similar to those of adult female from Norway; joints 6–9 with broken bristles.

Mandible: Exopodite of left limb with distal bristle 131 percent and proximal bristle 173 percent of stem; exopodite of right limb with distal bristle 123 percent of stem and proximal bristle broken. Largest claw of end joint with lateral teeth forming row near ventral margin extending from near base to just past middle of claw, not forming distal row as on Philomedes dentata Poulsen (1962: fig. 153″).

Seventh Limb: Each limb with 8 or 9 pegs (7–8 short, 1 longer); comb with 9 teeth similar to those of adult female from Norway.

Furca: Each lamella with 10 claws.

Bellonci Organ and Eyes: Similar to those of adult female from Norway.

Posterior of Body: Hirsute, without posterodorsal process.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE FROM CAPE BRETON ISLAND.—Carapace shape and ornamentation similar to that of previously described females (Figure 4p,q).

Size: USNM 157953, length 2.84 mm, height 2.00 mm; USNM 157941A, length 2.85 mm, height 1.99 mm.

Eggs: USNM 157941A, 18 eggs; USNM 157593, 6 eggs.

DESCRIPTION OF ADDITIONAL ADULT FEMALE FROM GREENLAND.—Carapace shape and ornamentation similar to that of previously described adult females.

Size: USNM 81640, length 2.85 mm, height 1.97 mm; USNM 77794, length 2.84 mm, height 2.11 mm.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE FROM FOXE BASIN, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES.—Carapace shape and ornamentation similar to that of previously described adult females.

Size: USNM 81642A, length 2.87 mm, height 1.96 mm; USNM 81643A, length 2.70 mm, height 1.91 mm.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE FROM NEWFOUNDLAND.—Carapace shape and ornamentation similar to that of previously described adult females.

Size: USNM 157951A, length 2.77 mm, height 1.91 mm; USNM 157951B, length 2.79 mm, height 1.97 mm.

Eggs: USNM 157951A, 21 eggs; USNM 157951B, 20 eggs.

SUPPLEMENTARY DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE FROM GRAND MANAN (specimen identified as Cypridina excisa by Stimpson, 1854:39).—Shape of carapace and ornamentation fairly similar to that described and illustrated by Skogsberg (1920:392, fig. 66: 3).

Size: British Museum (Natural History) number 1857.118 (specimen preserved in alcohol) length 2.81 mm, height 1.73 mm.

Furca: Each lamella with 10 claws decreasing in length posteriorly along lamella.

COMPARISONS.—In addition to P. brenda, only Philomedes dentata Poulsen (1962:349), bears 6 or more short pegs on the tip of the 7th limb. Taking into account some of the morphological characters described in the present paper that expand Skogsberg's description of P. brenda, P. dentata differs from P. brenda in having numerous long hairs on the medial side of the anteroventral lamellar prolongation of the selvage, and in having flat teeth distally on the lateral side of the longest claw on the end joint of the mandible. Another difference may be the absence of a narrow peg with rounded tip among the short, flat-tipped pegs on the 7th limb described and illustrated by Poulsen (1962:354, fig. 153e).

Gulf of St. Lawrence (unspecified region), lower St. Lawrence estuary, Prince Edward Island (from the northern tip of Miscou Island, N.B. to Cape Breton Island south of Cheticamp, including the Northumberland Strait and Georges Bay to the Canso Strait causeway); North and South Slope of Anticosti Island

circalittoral of the Gulf and estuary