This is a very small Class, comprising a few species of curious structure. They are all of diminutive size, and all swim in the open ocean, rarely approaching the shore, except when washed thither by accident. They are all characterised by having a membranous expansion, resembling a large fin, on each side of the head. By means of these organs, the little Pteropod rows itself about in the open sea perpetually; being unfurnished with any means of crawling, or of affixing itself to any solid body. Some of these animals, as the genera Hyalæa and Cleodora for example, have the body enclosed in a shell of elegant form, and of a texture resembling the thinnest glass, for delicacy and transparency. The Cleodora pyramidata, one of the species of the latter genus, is of extreme delicacy and beauty. The shell is glassy and colourless; very fragile; nearly in the form of a triangular pyramid; with an aperture at its base, from which proceeds a long and slender glassy spine; and a similar spine projects from each side of the middle of the shell. The hinder part of the animal is globular and pellucid, and in the dark vividly luminous, presenting a singularly striking appearance, as it shines through its perfectly transparent lantern. Both of these are found floating in great numbers on the surface of the tropical sea.
Others are entirely destitute of a shelly covering, as is that little species which occurs in enormous profusion in the Arctic Seas, and which we now proceed to describe.
Genus Clio("Whale-food.")
These little creatures have an oblong membranous body, without a mantle; a head formed of two rounded lobes, each of which is furnished with three long tentacles, capable of being withdrawn into a fold of skin, or protruded at pleasure. The mouth, which is terminal, has two small fleshy lips; and two eyes, of elaborate structure, are placed at the back of the neck.
The species best known is that which is commonly called by our northern voyagers, Whale-food (Clione limacina). Though not more than an inch in length, it occurs in such countless millions as to form the principal part of the nourishment required by the most gigantic of living creatures. The Clio bears some slight resemblance to a butterfly just emerged from the chrysalis, before the wings are expanded. Near the head there is on each side a large fin or wing, by the motions of which it changes its place.These motions are amusing; and as the little creatures are so abundant, they make the dreary sea quite alive with their gambols as they dance merrily along. In swimming, the Clio brings the tips of its fins almost into contact, first on one side, then on the other. In calm weather they rise to the surface in myriads, for the purpose of breathing; but scarcely have they reached it before they again descend into the deep. Mr. Scoresby kept several of them alive in a glass of sea-water for about a month, when they gradually wasted away and died. The head of one of these little creatures exhibits a most astonishing display of the wisdom of God in creation. Around the mouth are placed six tentacles, each of which is covered with about three thousand red specks, which are seen by the microscope to be transparent cylinders, each containing about twenty little suckers, capable of being thrust out, and adapted for seizing and holding their minute prey.
Thus, therefore, there will be three hundred and sixty thousand of these microscopic suckers upon the head of one Clio: an apparatus for prehension perhaps unequalled in the creation.
-Philip Henry Gosse
Qanadıayalılar (lat. Pteropoda) — dəniz və okeanlarda yayılmış malyusk dəstəsi. Onlar agızları yaxınlığında qanada bənzər üzgəclərə sahibdirlər. İri dəniz canlılarının əsas qidasını təşkil edirlər. Qrenlandiya balinası gün ərzində 1,8 ton qanadıayaqlı yeyir.
Qanadıayalılar (lat. Pteropoda) — dəniz və okeanlarda yayılmış malyusk dəstəsi. Onlar agızları yaxınlığında qanada bənzər üzgəclərə sahibdirlər. İri dəniz canlılarının əsas qidasını təşkil edirlər. Qrenlandiya balinası gün ərzində 1,8 ton qanadıayaqlı yeyir.
Pteropoda (common name pteropods, from the Greek meaning "wing-foot") are specialized free-swimming pelagic sea snails and sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropods. Most live in the top 10 m of the ocean and are less than 1 cm long. The monophyly of Pteropoda is the subject of a lengthy debate; they have even been considered as paraphyletic with respect to cephalopods.[1] Current consensus, guided by molecular studies, leans towards interpreting the group as monophyletic.[2]
Pteropoda encompasses the two clades Thecosomata, the sea butterflies, and Gymnosomata, the sea angels. The Thecosomata (lit. "case-body"[3]) have a shell, while the Gymnosomata ("naked body") do not. The two clades may or may not be sister taxa; if not, their similarity (in that they are both pelagic, small, and transparent, and both groups swim using wing-like flaps (parapodia) which protrude from their bodies) may reflect convergent adaptation to their particular lifestyle.
The group Pteropoda was established by Cuvier as "ptéropodes" in 1804.[4] François Péron and Charles Alexandre Lesueur thought the group to be larger, and so they also included the opisthobranch taxa (Phyllirhoë and Glaucus), the heteropoda taxa (Carinaria and Firola), and even the Ctenophora (Callianira). In 1810, these authors divided the whole group in two separate groups: Those with a shell and those without a shell.
In 1824, H.M.D. de Blainville named these two groups Gymnosomata and Thecosomata and named the combining order Aporobranchia instead of Pteropoda.[5] He rejected the additional genera, except Phyllirhoë which he upgraded to a third group that he called Psilosomata. Only much later was Phyllirhoë classified within the order Nudibranchia.
Other attempts were made to describe the Pteropoda: J.E. Gray divided the Pteropoda into Dactylobranchia (with just the genus Cavolinia) and Pterobranchia (including all the other genera).[6] Cuvier (and his followers) did not accept the classification by de Blainville; they preferred the original classification as described in Le Règne Animal.
Rang (1829) followed the Cuvierian classification but tried to include the character of having a distinct head or not.[7] The German naturalist L. Oken went one step further and, for the sake of symmetry, wanted each order to contain four families and each family to contain four genera.[8] P.A. 1829, divided the Pteropoda according to the size of their fins: "Macroptérygiens" (including only Pneumonoderma) and "Microptérygiens" (including all the others). W.B. Clark (1829) treated the Pteropoda as a family and emended the spelling to Pteropodidae (a name now re-used for a family of fruit bats)
Finally, all these attempts were abandoned and, as more and more species were described as a result of several scientific expeditions, the classification of the Pteropoda into Thecosomata and Gymnosomata was generally adopted.[a]
The relationship between these two clades is not unequivocally established, but it seems that they are sister taxa.[2]
Pteropods are estimated to have originated during the Early Cretaceous, around 133 million years ago, with the diversification into the major lineages occurring during the mid-late Cretaceous. The oldest known fossil pteropod is a member of Limacinidae from the early-middle Campanian deposits of the San Juan Islands.[9][10]
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A study was conducted on the West Coast of the United States to see ocean acidification's effects on pteropods.[12] Limacina helicina was used to test the sensitivity to decreasing pH.[12] This species of pteropod is potentially vulnerable to the corrosive waters associated with ocean acidification due to their calcium carbonate shell.[13] The shell of a pteropod was immersed in ocean water with the projected pH level that the water will reach by the year 2100. After a month and a half in the water, the shell had almost completely dissolved.[12]
Pteropods are found in all major oceans, usually 0–10 metres (0–33 ft) below the ocean surface and in all levels of latitude. Pteropods can be found lower than 10 meters, but in less amounts in terms of biomass, however, pteropod distribution is more spread out deeper based on findings. This can be explained as Pteropods from tropical areas become more common in deeper areas. They are not found commonly in the deep sea, in fact, few live lower than 500 meters below sea level. Continental shelves, areas containing many opportunities for nutrients, and productivity are locations in which Pteropods are usually populous, according to patterns in data. Springtime is a peak season for pteropoda, as they reach higher populations, though data shows that pteropoda south of the equator are less abundant seasonally. In addition, current data suggests that 93% of the world's pteropods are part of the Thecosomata family, while the 7% are Gymnosomata.[14]
Pteropoda (common name pteropods, from the Greek meaning "wing-foot") are specialized free-swimming pelagic sea snails and sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropods. Most live in the top 10 m of the ocean and are less than 1 cm long. The monophyly of Pteropoda is the subject of a lengthy debate; they have even been considered as paraphyletic with respect to cephalopods. Current consensus, guided by molecular studies, leans towards interpreting the group as monophyletic.
Pteropoda encompasses the two clades Thecosomata, the sea butterflies, and Gymnosomata, the sea angels. The Thecosomata (lit. "case-body") have a shell, while the Gymnosomata ("naked body") do not. The two clades may or may not be sister taxa; if not, their similarity (in that they are both pelagic, small, and transparent, and both groups swim using wing-like flaps (parapodia) which protrude from their bodies) may reflect convergent adaptation to their particular lifestyle.
Pteropoda (nombre común de pterópodos, del griego que significa "pie de ala") son caracoles marinos pelágicos y babosas marinas especializados que nadan libremente, gasterópodos opistobranquios marinos. La mayoría vive en los 10 m superiores del océano y mide menos de 1 cm de largo. La monofilia de Pteropoda es objeto de un largo debate; incluso se han considerado parafiléticos con respecto a los cefalópodos.[1] El consenso actual, guiado por estudios moleculares, se inclina hacia la interpretación del grupo como monofilético.[2]
Pteropoda abarca los dos clados Thecosomata, las mariposas marinas y Gymnosomata, los ángeles marinos. Los Thecosomata (literalmente, "cuerpo-caja"[3]) tienen un caparazón, mientras que los Gymnosomata ("cuerpo desnudo") no. Los dos clados pueden ser o no taxones hermanos; si no, su similitud (en el sentido de que ambos son pelágicos, pequeños y transparentes, y ambos grupos nadan utilizando aletas en forma de alas (parapodios) que sobresalen de sus cuerpos) puede reflejar la adaptación a su estilo de vida particular.
El grupo Pteropoda fue establecido por Georges Cuvier como "ptéropodes" en 1804.[4] François Péron y Charles-Alexandre Lesueur pensaban que el grupo era más grande, por lo que también incluían los taxones de opistobranquios (Phyllirhoë y Glaucus), los taxones de heteropoda (Carinaria y Firola) e incluso el Ctenophora (Callianira). En 1810 estos autores dividieron a todo el grupo en dos grupos separados: los que tenían caparazón y los que no tenían caparazón.
En 1824 Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville nombró a estos dos grupos Gymnosomata y Thecosomata y nombró al orden de combinación Aporobranchia en lugar de Pteropoda.[5] Rechazó los géneros adicionales, excepto Phyllirhoë, que actualizó a un tercer grupo al que llamó Psilosomata. Sólo mucho más tarde Phyllirhoë fue clasificado dentro del orden Nudibranchia.
Se hicieron otros intentos para describir el Pteropoda. John Edward Gray dividió el Pteropoda en Dactylobranchia (con solo el género Cavolinia) y Pterobranchia (incluidos todos los demás géneros).[6] Cuvier (y sus seguidores) no aceptaron la clasificación de Blainville; prefirieron la clasificación original como se describe en Le Règne Animal.
En 1829 Paul Rang siguió la clasificación de Cuvier, pero trató de incluir el carácter de tener una cabeza distinta o no.[7] El naturalista alemán Lorenz Oken fue un paso más allá y, en aras de la simetría, quería que cada orden contuviera cuatro familias y que cada familia contuviera cuatro géneros.[8] Pierre André Latreille dividió los Pteropoda según el tamaño de sus aletas: "Macroptérygiens" (incluyendo sólo Pneumonoderma) y "Microptérygiens" (incluyendo todos los demás). En 1851, William Bullock Clark trató a los Pteropoda como una familia y modificó la ortografía a Pteropodidae (un nombre que ahora se usa para una familia de murciélagos frugívoros)
Finalmente, todos estos intentos fueron abandonados y, a medida que se describían más y más especies como resultado de varias expediciones científicas, se adoptó en general la clasificación de los Pteropoda en Thecosomata y Gymnosomata. Muchas de estas nuevas especies fueron descritas por primera vez por zoólogos franceses, por ejemplo, Jean René Constant Quoy y Joseph Paul Gaimard, Paul Rang, Alcide d'Orbigny y Louis François Auguste Souleyet.
La relación entre estos dos clados no está establecida de manera inequívoca, pero parece que son taxones hermanos.[2]
Se realizó un estudio en la costa oeste de los Estados Unidos para ver los efectos de la acidificación del océano en los pterópodos.[9] Se utilizó Limacina helicina para probar la sensibilidad a la disminución del pH.[9] Esta especie de pterópodo es potencialmente vulnerable a las aguas corrosivas asociadas con la acidificación del océano debido a su caparazón de carbonato de calcio.[10] El caparazón de un pterópodo se sumergió en agua del océano con el nivel de pH proyectado que el agua alcanzará para el año 2100. Después de un mes y medio en el agua, el caparazón se había disuelto casi por completo.[9]
Los pterópodos se encuentran en todos los océanos principales, generalmente de 0 a 10 metros (0 a 33 pies) por debajo de la superficie del océano y en todos los niveles de latitud. Los pterópodos se pueden encontrar a menos de 10 metros, pero en menor cantidad en términos de biomasa, sin embargo, la distribución de los pterópodos está más extendida según los hallazgos. Esto se puede explicar porque los pterópodos de áreas tropicales se vuelven más comunes en áreas más profundas. No se encuentran comúnmente en las profundidades del mar, de hecho, pocos viven a menos de 500 metros bajo el nivel del mar. Las plataformas continentales, las áreas que contienen muchas oportunidades de nutrientes y la productividad son lugares en los que los pterópodos suelen estar poblados, según los patrones de los datos. La primavera es una temporada alta para los pterópodos, ya que alcanzan poblaciones más altas, aunque los datos muestran que los pteropodos al sur del ecuador son menos abundantes estacionalmente. Además, los datos actuales sugieren que el 93% de los pterópodos del mundo son parte de la familia Thecosomata, mientras que el 7% son Gymnosomata.[11]
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|doi-access= ignorado (ayuda) |doi-access= ignorado (ayuda) Pteropoda (nombre común de pterópodos, del griego que significa "pie de ala") son caracoles marinos pelágicos y babosas marinas especializados que nadan libremente, gasterópodos opistobranquios marinos. La mayoría vive en los 10 m superiores del océano y mide menos de 1 cm de largo. La monofilia de Pteropoda es objeto de un largo debate; incluso se han considerado parafiléticos con respecto a los cefalópodos. El consenso actual, guiado por estudios moleculares, se inclina hacia la interpretación del grupo como monofilético.
Pteropoda abarca los dos clados Thecosomata, las mariposas marinas y Gymnosomata, los ángeles marinos. Los Thecosomata (literalmente, "cuerpo-caja") tienen un caparazón, mientras que los Gymnosomata ("cuerpo desnudo") no. Los dos clados pueden ser o no taxones hermanos; si no, su similitud (en el sentido de que ambos son pelágicos, pequeños y transparentes, y ambos grupos nadan utilizando aletas en forma de alas (parapodios) que sobresalen de sus cuerpos) puede reflejar la adaptación a su estilo de vida particular.
Les ptéropodes (Pteropoda) sont un ancien ordre de la classe des mollusques comprenant ceux qui ont de chaque côté du corps un appendice en forme d'aile, servant à la natation.
Ce taxon regroupe les anciens ordres Thecosomata et Gymnosomata.
Ces espèces comptent parmi celles qui se montrent vulnérables et sensibles à l'acidification des océans (naturelle ou d'origine humaine)[1]
Selon World Register of Marine Species (20 octobre 2021)[2] :
Les ptéropodes (Pteropoda) sont un ancien ordre de la classe des mollusques comprenant ceux qui ont de chaque côté du corps un appendice en forme d'aile, servant à la natation.
Ce taxon regroupe les anciens ordres Thecosomata et Gymnosomata.
Ces espèces comptent parmi celles qui se montrent vulnérables et sensibles à l'acidification des océans (naturelle ou d'origine humaine)
Pteropoda (dari kata Yunani yang artinya "kaki sayap") adalah siput laut pelagik. Monofili Pteropoda adalah subyek perdebatan panjang; mereka bahkan dianggap sebagai parafiletik dengan dibandingkan dengan sefalopoda.[1] Konsensus saat ini, yang dipandu oleh kajian molekuler, menafsirkan bahwa kelompok tersebut adalah monofiletik.[2]
Pteropoda (dari kata Yunani yang artinya "kaki sayap") adalah siput laut pelagik. Monofili Pteropoda adalah subyek perdebatan panjang; mereka bahkan dianggap sebagai parafiletik dengan dibandingkan dengan sefalopoda. Konsensus saat ini, yang dipandu oleh kajian molekuler, menafsirkan bahwa kelompok tersebut adalah monofiletik.
Gli Pteropodi (Pteropoda Cuvier, 1804) sono un ordine di molluschi gasteropodi marini eterobranchi della infraclasse Euthyneura[1], noti comunemente come "farfalle di mare"[2].
Gli pteropodi si caratterizzano per la presenza di un piede modificatosi a formare un paio di appendici laterali a forma di ali, dette parapodi, che consentono loro di spostarsi nuotando. La maggior parte delle specie è di piccole dimensioni, inferiori a 1 cm. Possono essere privi di conchiglia (sottordine Gymnosomata) o dotati di una delicata conchiglia translucente (Euthecosomata e Pseudothecosomata).[3]
Gli pteropodi dotati di conchiglia rivestono un ruolo importante nel ciclo del carbonio, legando l'anidride carbonica atmosferica e dell'acqua marina sotto forma di carbonato di calcio.[4][5] In virtù di tale caratteristica, tali organismi risultano notevolmente vulnerabili al processo di acidificazione degli oceani.[6][7]
Sono molluschi planctonici con distribuzione cosmopolita, diffusi a tutte le latitudini, dai poli all'equatore. La maggior parte delle specie compie più o meno pronunciate migrazioni verticali quotidiane, spingendosi in superficie durante la notte e trascorrendo le ore diurne in profondità.[4]
L'ordine Pteropoda comprende tre sottordini, cinque superfamiglie e 15 famiglie:[1]
Gli Pteropodi (Pteropoda Cuvier, 1804) sono un ordine di molluschi gasteropodi marini eterobranchi della infraclasse Euthyneura, noti comunemente come "farfalle di mare".
Pteropoda (nama am pteropod, daripada bahasa Yunani bererti "kaki sayap") ialah satu istilah digunakan untuk yang kini dianggap sebagai dua kelompok taksonomi terpisah untuk siput laut dan lintah bulan laut pelagos bebas berenang terkhas, gastropod opistobrank laut. Perkataan "Pteropoda" tidak lagi mempunyai kegunaan tepat secara sains, tetapi nama vernakular "pteropod" masih digunakan sebagai kemudahan.
Perkataan ini digunakan untuk kedua-dua klad Thecosomata dan juga untuk klad Gymnosomata. Thecosomata mempunyai cangkerang, sementara Gymnosomata pula tidak. Kedua-dua klad ini pada kenyataan tidak sangat berkait rapat, sungguhpun ada keserupaan superfisial, yang padanya kedua-duanya pelagik, kecil, dan lut sinar, dan kedua-dua kelompok berenang menggunakan flap kesayapan (parapodia) yang protrud dari badan.
Pteropoda (nama am pteropod, daripada bahasa Yunani bererti "kaki sayap") ialah satu istilah digunakan untuk yang kini dianggap sebagai dua kelompok taksonomi terpisah untuk siput laut dan lintah bulan laut pelagos bebas berenang terkhas, gastropod opistobrank laut. Perkataan "Pteropoda" tidak lagi mempunyai kegunaan tepat secara sains, tetapi nama vernakular "pteropod" masih digunakan sebagai kemudahan.
Perkataan ini digunakan untuk kedua-dua klad Thecosomata dan juga untuk klad Gymnosomata. Thecosomata mempunyai cangkerang, sementara Gymnosomata pula tidak. Kedua-dua klad ini pada kenyataan tidak sangat berkait rapat, sungguhpun ada keserupaan superfisial, yang padanya kedua-duanya pelagik, kecil, dan lut sinar, dan kedua-dua kelompok berenang menggunakan flap kesayapan (parapodia) yang protrud dari badan.
Thecosomata of zeevlinders zijn een clade van de Gastropoda (slakken of buikpotigen).
De Cavolina tridentata komt vrijwel overal voor, de Cymbulia peroni en de Hylocylis striata vinden we vooral in de Middellandse Zee; de Clione limacina leeft in de koude wateren van de Noordpool.
De clade is als volgt ingedeeld:[1]
Pteropoda (Pelseneer, 1888) is de verouderde benaming van een orde die in tweeën is gesplitst: Gymnosomata Blainville, 1824 en Thecosomata Blainville, 1824.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesThecosomata of zeevlinders zijn een clade van de Gastropoda (slakken of buikpotigen).
Skallbærende vingesnegler (Thecosomata) er bløtdyr og er en gruppe av snegler som lever fritt i havet.
Skallbærende vingesnegler er vanligvis under 1 centimeter store. Skallet kan ha ulike former hos de enkelte arter. Sneglens fot er todelt og ganske stor, den fungerer som «vinger» eller «svømmeføtter». Skallet og sneglen er ofte fargeløs og kan være vanskelig å se.
De er frittsvømmenede i havet og blir ført med strømmen. De lever av plankton. Om natten kommer de opp til overflaten for å spise. Før det lysner av dag (om dagen) lever det dypere i havet. De lar seg synke ved å holde foten («vingene») rett opp.
Skallbærende vingesnegler har betydning som mat, særlig for fisk og trolig hvaler.
Skallbærende vingesnegler er søstergruppe til skalløse vingesnegler.
Slektskapsforholdene mellom delgruppene er ikke avklart og den systematiske inndelingen er under konstant revisjon. Derfor finnes det flere måter å systematisk dele de inn i ulike grupper.
Denne inndelingen følger Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. 2005. Inndelingen inkluderer familiegrupper som er utdødde, basert på funn av fossiler. De er merket med †.
Skallbærende vingesnegler (Thecosomata) er bløtdyr og er en gruppe av snegler som lever fritt i havet.
Pteropoda (também grafado Pterópodes[1]) é uma classe obsoleta de moluscos, que incluía as "borboletas-do-mar[2]", dividida nas ordens Gymnosomata e Thecosomata, presentemente consideradas subordens de Opisthobranchia[3].
Pteropoda (também grafado Pterópodes) é uma classe obsoleta de moluscos, que incluía as "borboletas-do-mar", dividida nas ordens Gymnosomata e Thecosomata, presentemente consideradas subordens de Opisthobranchia.
有殼翼足亞目（学名：Thecosomata），又名披殼亞目，亦稱為海蝶（Sea butterflies）或振翅蝸牛（flapping snails），為分類學亞目的海生蝸牛。她們為終生浮游（holoplanktonic）軟體動物門腹足綱的後鰓目中。
此分類以往被稱為翼足類（pteropods）。此名稱在科學上已經不準確，但仍然因為方便理由而仍然被使用。翼足類的名稱可以應用在有殼翼足亞目的海蝶及裸殼翼足亞目（Gymnosomata）的海天使（sea angels）上。軟體動物中有殼翼足亞目擁有外殼，而裸殼翼足亞目則沒有。
終生浮游的意思為此類蝸牛的終生都以浮游狀態度過。此情況不同於常見的海棲腹足綱生物，即只在幼蟲時期才是浮游狀態。
海蝶可以自由在水中浮動及游泳，並由水流帶動。以上原因引致其身體上的種種適應機能產生。其鰓及外殼在部分科中消失。她們的足部以翼狀葉，即疣足（parapodia）形式出現，令此小生物的身軀能夠以緩慢拍翼方式推動。部分時間她們會以腹面向上，依照水流自然流動。她們因為其透明外殼、極為脆弱及長度小於一厘米的關係，所以很難可以觀察到。其石灰質的外殼為兩側對稱（Bilateral symmetry），並有不同形狀包括盤繞狀、針狀、三角形及球狀。
人們對海蝶的行為所知甚少，但她們以奇特的捕食手法見稱。她們主要為浮游生物的被動捕食者，但有時亦為真正的獵人。她們以黏液的網纏住浮游生物，其闊度可達5厘米，比其身體大很多。她們在受到騷擾後會捨棄其網及緩慢拍翼離去。當下降至較深水的地方時，她們會保持其翼向上。每天她們跟隨其浮游生物獵物在水柱垂直遷移。在晚上她們在水面獵食，在早上則回到深海。她們間中會以大群出現，並在沖上岸上的漂浮殘骸（flotsam）中發現，此情況在澳大利亞的東岸更為顯著。
海蝶在電子遊戲歡迎光臨!動物之森（Animal Crossing: Wild World）出現，她們可以在海洋中捕獲。
本分類過往包括下列各科：
根據2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》，有殼翼足亞目被分拆成為真有殼翼足亞目和擬有殼翼足亞目這兩個亞目，翼足目之下變成由三個亞目組成，分別如下[1][2]：
有殼翼足亞目（学名：Thecosomata），又名披殼亞目，亦稱為海蝶（Sea butterflies）或振翅蝸牛（flapping snails），為分類學亞目的海生蝸牛。她們為終生浮游（holoplanktonic）軟體動物門腹足綱的後鰓目中。
此分類以往被稱為翼足類（pteropods）。此名稱在科學上已經不準確，但仍然因為方便理由而仍然被使用。翼足類的名稱可以應用在有殼翼足亞目的海蝶及裸殼翼足亞目（Gymnosomata）的海天使（sea angels）上。軟體動物中有殼翼足亞目擁有外殼，而裸殼翼足亞目則沒有。
終生浮游的意思為此類蝸牛的終生都以浮游狀態度過。此情況不同於常見的海棲腹足綱生物，即只在幼蟲時期才是浮游狀態。
익족류(翼足類, Pteropoda)는 자유롭게 헤엄치는 것이 특징인 원양의 바다 달팽이와 바다 민달팽이 분류군이며, 해양 후새류 복족류이다. 그리스어로 "날개가 있는-발"(wing-foot)이라는 뜻을 지닌 용어이며, 최근에는 크게 2개 그룹으로 나누고 있다. "익족류"(Pteropoda)라는 용어는 이제 과학적으로는 실제 사용하지 않지만, 편의를 위해 통영 표기로는 여전히 사용되고 있다.
이 용어는 "바다나비"라고도 불리는 유각익족류(Thecosomata) 그리고 "바다천사"로 불리는 무각익족류(Gymnosomata)에도 또한 적용된다. 유각익족류가 조가비를 가지고 있는 반면에, 무각익족류는 조가비를 가지고 있지 않다. 이 두 분류군은 둘 다 원양에서 살며 작고 투명하다는 겉모습의 유사성, 그리고 두 분류군 모두 몸에 돌출되어 있는 날개같은 판(측각)을 사용하여 헤엄을 친다는 점에도 불구하고 실제로 아주 밀접한 관련이 있는 것이 아니다.
익족류는 1804년 조르주 퀴비에가 처음 명명했다.[1] 프랑수아 페론(François Péron)과 샤를르 르쉬외르(Charles Alexandre Lesueur)는 이 분류군을 더 큰 분류군으로 생각했으며, 그래서 후새류와 농발거미, 그리고 심지어 유즐동물까지도 포함시켰다. 1810년 이 저자들은 익족류를 2개의 별도 그룹, 조가비를 가지고 있는 그룹과 그렇지 않은 그룹으로 나누었다.
1824년 앙리 마리 블랭빌(Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville)은 이들 2개 그룹을 무각익족류와 유각익족류로 명명하고, 익족류 대신에 아포로브랜치아목(Aporobranchia)에 통합했다.[2] 필리로이속(Phyllirhoë)을 제외하고 추가 속을 거부했고, 프실로소마타(Psilosomata)라고 명명한 일종의 세 번째 분류군으로 수정했다. 다만 필이로이속은 더 나중에 나새류로 분류했다.
익족류를 다르게 기술하려는 시도도 있었다. 존 에드워드 그레이는 익족류를 닥틸로브란키아(Dactylobranchia, 거북고둥속(Cavolinia)만으로 구성)와 프테로브란키아(Pterobranchia, 나머지 모든 익족류 포함)로 구분했다.[3] 퀴비에(그의 제자)는 블랭빌의 분류를 인정하지 않았고, 그들은 〈구조에 의해 분류된 동물계 (Le Règne Animal)〉라고 이름지은 원래의 분류 체계를 선호했다.
1829년 폴 랭(Paul Rang)은 퀴비에의 분류 체계를 계승했으나 뚜렷이 구별되는 머리가 있는 지를 가리는 특징을 포함시키려고 시도했다.[4] 독일인 박물학자 로렌츠 오켄은 대칭성을 찾기 위해 한 발짝 더 나갔고, 각각의 목이 4개의 과를 포함하고, 각 과는 4개의 속을 포함하기를 원했다.[5] 피에르 앙드레 라트레유(Pierre André Latreille)는 익족류를 지느러미의 크기에 따라 "Macroptérygiens"(오직 Pneumonoderma 포함)와 "Microptérygiens" (나머지 모두 포함)로 구분했다. 1851년 윌리엄 블록 클라크(William Bullock Clark)는 익족류를 하나의 과로 취급했으며, Pteropodidae(현재는 과일박쥐과 이름으로 사용되고 있다.)라는 이름으로 철자를 수정했다.
수많은 과학 탐사의 결과로써 점점 더 많은 종들이 기술됨에 따라서 마침내 이 모든 시도를 포기했으며, 유각익족류(Thecosomata)와 무각익족류(Gymnosomata)로 나누는 익족류 분류가 일반적으로 채택되었다. 이 많은 신종들은 프랑스 동물학자들, 예를 들면 쿠아(Jean René Constant Quoy) 그리고 기마드(Joseph Paul Gaimard), 랭(Paul Rang), 오르비니(Alcide d'Orbigny) 그리고 솔리예트(Louis François Auguste Souleyet) 등이 처음 기술했다.
그렇기 때문에 익족류(Pteropoda)라는 이름은 속명에 기원을 두고 있지 않으며, 별도의 과 그룹 이름으로도 유효하지 않다.
2010년 요르거(Jörger)와 그의 공저자들[6] 은 익족류(익족류는 무각익족류(Gymnosomata)와 유각익족류(Thecosomata)의 2개 분류군을 포함한다.)를 진후새류로 옮겨서 분류했다.
이새류하이새류 (비자고둥상과 포함) - 하이새류는 요르거(Jörger) 등의 연구(2010년)에서는 별도의 분기군을 형성하지 않는다.[6]
직신경류 진후새류두순류 s.s.
범유폐류 진유폐류익족류(翼足類, Pteropoda)는 자유롭게 헤엄치는 것이 특징인 원양의 바다 달팽이와 바다 민달팽이 분류군이며, 해양 후새류 복족류이다. 그리스어로 "날개가 있는-발"(wing-foot)이라는 뜻을 지닌 용어이며, 최근에는 크게 2개 그룹으로 나누고 있다. "익족류"(Pteropoda)라는 용어는 이제 과학적으로는 실제 사용하지 않지만, 편의를 위해 통영 표기로는 여전히 사용되고 있다.
이 용어는 "바다나비"라고도 불리는 유각익족류(Thecosomata) 그리고 "바다천사"로 불리는 무각익족류(Gymnosomata)에도 또한 적용된다. 유각익족류가 조가비를 가지고 있는 반면에, 무각익족류는 조가비를 가지고 있지 않다. 이 두 분류군은 둘 다 원양에서 살며 작고 투명하다는 겉모습의 유사성, 그리고 두 분류군 모두 몸에 돌출되어 있는 날개같은 판(측각)을 사용하여 헤엄을 친다는 점에도 불구하고 실제로 아주 밀접한 관련이 있는 것이 아니다.
