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Gavotí de Scripps ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El gavotí de Scripps (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) és un ocell marí de la família dels àlcids (Alcidae), que antany era inclòs en el gènere Brachyramphus. Ha estat considerat conespecífic del gavotí de Xantus (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus).

D'hàbits pelàgics i costaners cria a terra o dins de caus que de l'illa Santa Bàrbara, propera a la costa de Califòrnia, i a les illes Guadalupe i San Benito, de Baixa Califòrnia. Es dispersen a la llarga de la costa del Pacífic des de Baixa Califòrnia fins al sud de Canadà.


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Gavotí de Scripps: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El gavotí de Scripps (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) és un ocell marí de la família dels àlcids (Alcidae), que antany era inclòs en el gènere Brachyramphus. Ha estat considerat conespecífic del gavotí de Xantus (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus).

D'hàbits pelàgics i costaners cria a terra o dins de caus que de l'illa Santa Bàrbara, propera a la costa de Califòrnia, i a les illes Guadalupe i San Benito, de Baixa Califòrnia. Es dispersen a la llarga de la costa del Pacífic des de Baixa Califòrnia fins al sud de Canadà.


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Scripps's murrelet

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Scripps's murrelet (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) is a small seabird found in the California Current system in the Pacific Ocean. This auk breeds on islands off California and Mexico. It is threatened by predators introduced to its breeding colonies and by oil spills.[1]

This species and the Guadalupe murrelet were considered conspecific and were known collectively as Xantus's murrelet until 2012. The two species are now considered distinct based on a lack of evidence of interbreeding at a shared nesting colony on the San Benito Islands, differences in facial pattern and bill shape, and differences in vocalizations and genetics.[2][3][4]

Description and range

This species is a small black and white auk with a small head and thin sharp bill. It resembles the closely related Craveri's murrelet, with which it shares the distinction of being the most southerly living of all the auk species. It breeds on islands in the Channel Islands of California, the largest colonies being on the Coronado Islands [1] and on Santa Barbara Island, and also several islands off Baja California, including Isla Guadalupe. After the breeding season it disperses north at sea, usually to offshore waters, as far as British Columbia.

Behavior

Scripps's murrelet chicks leave the nest for the ocean at just two days old.

Scripps's murrelet feeds at sea (but on average not as far from land as Guadalupe murrelet), often in association with large pelagic predatory fish like tuna, on larval fish like anchovies, sardines and Sebastes rockfish. Like all auks it is a wing-propelled diver, chasing down prey under the water with powerful wingbeats. There is some speculation that it may feed cooperatively in pairs, as it is almost always observed in pairs, even during the non-breeding season. It flies well, and can take off without taxiing.

It nests in loose scattered colonies on arid islands, typically in small crevices and caves and under dense bushes. It returns to the colony only at night, laying two eggs which are incubated for about a month. As in other synthliboramphine murrelet species (e.g. the ancient murrelet) the chicks are highly precocial, leaving the nest within two days of hatching and running actively towards the sea, where the parents call to them. Once at sea the family swims to offshore waters.

Little is known about their time at sea due to difficulties in studying them in this habitat. A female shot at Isla Guadalupe at the end of June was moulting its primary remiges (flight feathers) and unable to fly.[5]

Status and conservation

By the end of the 20th century, the Xantus's murrelet complex was considered to be among the most endangered species of auk.[6] This has changed since, but not because the present species' status has improved, but because other auks have become rarer.

Scripps's murrelet is mainly threatened by oil spills, as much of its population lives near the busy shipping lanes connecting Los Angeles to other ports. Because a large part of its small population nests in such a small area, a single catastrophic oil spill could have far reaching implications. It is also threatened by introduced species such as rats and feral cats; this threat has been lessened lately by efforts to restore its habitat by removing introduced predators. In 2001 and 2002, Island Conservation, the Channel Islands National Park, California Department of Fish and Game, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration removed invasive rats from Anacapa Island.[7] This effort was paid for by a trust fund from an oil spill settlement.

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2020). "Synthliboramphus scrippsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T62101249A178995789. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T62101249A178995789.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Birt, T. P.; H.R. Carter; D.L. Whitworth; A. McDonald; S.H. Newman; F. Gress; E. Palacios; J.S. Koepke & V.L. Friesen (2012). "Rangewide population genetic structure of Xantus's Murrelet, (S. hypoleucus)". Auk. 129: 44–55. doi:10.1525/auk.2011.11011. S2CID 86799974.
  3. ^ Jehl, J. R. Jr. & S.I. Bond (1975). "Morphological variation and species limits in murrelets of the genus Endomychura". Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 18: 9–24. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.15542. PDF copy
  4. ^ Keitt, B.S. (2005). "Status of Xantus's Murrelet and its nesting habitat in Baja California, Mexico" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 33: 105–114.
  5. ^ Thayer, John E. & Bangs, Outram (1908). "The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island" (PDF). Condor. 10 (3): 101–106. doi:10.2307/1360977. hdl:2027/hvd.32044072250186. JSTOR 1360977.
  6. ^ IUCN Redlist (1988, 1994, 2000)
  7. ^ "Anacapa Island Restoration Project". Island Conservation. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
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Scripps's murrelet: Brief Summary

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Scripps's murrelet (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) is a small seabird found in the California Current system in the Pacific Ocean. This auk breeds on islands off California and Mexico. It is threatened by predators introduced to its breeding colonies and by oil spills.

This species and the Guadalupe murrelet were considered conspecific and were known collectively as Xantus's murrelet until 2012. The two species are now considered distinct based on a lack of evidence of interbreeding at a shared nesting colony on the San Benito Islands, differences in facial pattern and bill shape, and differences in vocalizations and genetics.

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mérgulo de Scripps (Synthliboramphus scrippsi)[2]​ es una especie de ave caradriforme de la familia Alcidae encontrada en el sistema de la corriente de California en el océano Pacífico. Se reproduce en las islas frente a California y México. Está amenazado por introducción de depredadores en sus colonias de cría y por los derrames de petróleo.

Esta especie y el mérgulo californiano aliclaro (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus) se consideraron conespecíficas hasta 2012. Ahora las dos especies se consideran distintas basado en la falta de evidencia de cruzamiento en una colonia de anidación compartida en las islas de San Benito, diferencias en el patrón facial y la forma del pico, y las diferencias en las vocalizaciones y genética.[3][4][5]

Referencias

  1. Birdlife International (2014). «Synthliboramphus scrippsi». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 13 de enero de 2015.
  2. «Mérgulo californiano aliclaro (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) Green & Arnold, 1939». en Avibase. Consultado el 20 de febrero de 2015.
  3. Birt, T. P., H.R. Carter, D.L. Whitworth, A. McDonald, S.H. Newman, F. Gress, E. Palacios, J.S. Koepke, and V.L. Friesen (2012). «Rangewide population genetic structure of Xantus's Murrelet, (S. hypoleucus)». Auk 129: 44-55. doi:10.1525/auk.2011.11011.
  4. Jehl, J. R., Jr., and S.I. Bond (1975). «Morphological variation and species limits in murrelets of the genus Endomychura». Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 18: 9-24. copia en PDF
  5. Keitt, B.S. (2005). «Status of Xantus's Murrelet and its nesting habitat in Baja California, Mexico». Marine Ornithology 33: 105-114.

Bibliografía

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mérgulo de Scripps (Synthliboramphus scrippsi)​ es una especie de ave caradriforme de la familia Alcidae encontrada en el sistema de la corriente de California en el océano Pacífico. Se reproduce en las islas frente a California y México. Está amenazado por introducción de depredadores en sus colonias de cría y por los derrames de petróleo.

Esta especie y el mérgulo californiano aliclaro (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus) se consideraron conespecíficas hasta 2012. Ahora las dos especies se consideran distintas basado en la falta de evidencia de cruzamiento en una colonia de anidación compartida en las islas de San Benito, diferencias en el patrón facial y la forma del pico, y las diferencias en las vocalizaciones y genética.​​​

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi ( Basque )

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi Synthliboramphus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Alcidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Synthliboramphus scrippsi: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi Synthliboramphus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Alcidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Guillemot de Scripps ( French )

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi

Le Guillemot de Scripps (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Alcidae, autrefois considéré comme une sous-espèce du Guillemot de Xantus (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus).

Répartition

Cet oiseau vit dans les Channel Islands de Californie et sur les îles au large de la Baja California, au Mexique.

Annexes

Références taxinomiques

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Guillemot de Scripps: Brief Summary ( French )

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi

Le Guillemot de Scripps (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Alcidae, autrefois considéré comme une sous-espèce du Guillemot de Xantus (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus).

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi ( Italian )

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L'urietta di Scripps (Synthliboramphus scrippsi (Green & Arnold, 1939)) è un uccello marino della famiglia degli Alcidi, diffuso sulle coste pacifiche del Nord America.

Sistematica

Synthliboramphus scrippsi non ha sottospecie, è monotipico.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2016, Synthliboramphus scrippsi, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 3 giugno 2019.

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'urietta di Scripps (Synthliboramphus scrippsi (Green & Arnold, 1939)) è un uccello marino della famiglia degli Alcidi, diffuso sulle coste pacifiche del Nord America.

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Scripps' alk ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De Scripps' alk (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) is een vogel uit de familie Alcidae (alken).

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor op de Channel Islands (Californië) en de eilanden nabij westelijk Baja California (Mexico).

Externe link

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Scripps' alk: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Scripps' alk (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) is een vogel uit de familie Alcidae (alken).

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Scripps californiaalka ( Swedish )

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Scripps californiaalka[2] (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) är en vadarfågel i familjen alkor som enbart förekommer i ett litet område i nordvästra Mexiko och sydvästligaste USA.[3]

Utseende

Sripps californiaalka är en 24 centimeter lång svartvit alka med svart ovansida och vit undersida, även undersidan av vingen. Det svarta på huvudet sträcker sig till näbben. Näbben är ganska kort och kraftig. Runt ögat syns en bruten vit ögonring. Lätet är ett gällt visslande som ibland avges i serier.[1]

Den närbesläktade guadalupealkan (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus) har mer vitt på ansiktet och örontäckarna som bildar en halvmåne framför och över ögat, medan sotvingad californiaalka (S. craveri) har ett brutet bröstband, det svarta på huvudet sträcker sig under näbben samt avvikande näbbform och sotfärgade vingundersidor.[1]

Utbredning och systematik

Arten häckar på Channel Islands utanför södra Kalifornien, USA och mindre öar utmed västra Baja California i nordvästra Mexiko.[3] Tidigare betraktades den som underart till Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (guadalupealka, tidigare vitvingad californiaalka), men anses nu vara en fullgod art efter studier som visar på reproduktiv isolering på San Benito Islands och skillnader i morfologi, genetik och läten.[4]

Levnadssätt

Arten häckar på branta sluttningar och klippor med sparsam växtlighet.[5] Kring ön Santa Barbara lever den av fisklarver, framför allt stillahavsansjovis (Engraulis mordax).[6][7] Fågeln anländer till häckningskolonierna i Channel Islands i mitten av februari och häckar mest intensivt från slutet av mars till slutet av april.[8] Den lägger två ägg med åtta dagars mellanrum som ruvas i cirka 34 dagar.[8]

Status och hot

Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar arten som sårbar på basis av dess begränsade utbredningsområde på några få öar och skär och det faktum att den verkar minska i antal till följd av invasiva predatorer. Skulle den påträffas häckande vid fler än tio lokaler kan den i framtiden nedgraderas till en lägre hotkategori. Världspopulationen uppskattas till mellan 10.000 och 20.000 vuxna individer.[1]

Namn

Fågelns svenska och vetenskapliga artnamn hedrar tidningsägaren Robert Paine Scripps (1895-1938).[9]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d] Birdlife International 2014 Synthliboramphus scrippsi Från: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2015-01-04.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2014) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9 <http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download>, läst 2015-01-01
  4. ^ Birt, T.P., Carter, H.R., Whitworth, D.L., McDonald, A., Newman, S.H., Gress, F., Palacios, E., Koepke, J.S. & Friesen, V.L. (2012) Rangewide population genetic structure of Xantus’s Murrelet (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus). Auk 129(1): 44–55.
  5. ^ Drost, C. A.; Lewis, D. B. 1995. Xantus' Murrelet {iSynthliboramphus hypoleucas). In: Poole, A.; Gill, F. (ed.), The birds of North America, No. 164, pp. 1-24. The Academy of Natural Sciences, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Philadelphia, and Washington, DC.
  6. ^ Hunt, G. L.; Butler, J. L. 1980. Reproductive ecology of Western Gulls and Xantus' Murrelets with respect to food resources in the southern California Bight. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries investigations. Reports 21: 62-67.
  7. ^ Hunt, G. J.; Pitman, R. L.; Naughton, M.; Winnett, K.; Newman, A.; Kelly, P. R.; Briggs, K. T. 1981. Summary of marine mammals and seabird surveys of the southern Californian Bight area, 1975-1978.
  8. ^ [a b] Jones, H.P., Williamhenry III, R., Howald, G.R., Tershy, B.R. and Croll, D.A. 2005. Predation of artificial Xantus’s murrelet (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus scrippsi) nests before and after black rat (Rattus rattus) eradication. Environmental Conservation 32: 320-325.
  9. ^ Jobling, J. A. (2016). Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology. Ur del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2016). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Hämtad från www.hbw.com.

Externa länkar

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Scripps californiaalka: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Scripps californiaalka (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) är en vadarfågel i familjen alkor som enbart förekommer i ett litet område i nordvästra Mexiko och sydvästligaste USA.

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi ( Vietnamese )

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi là một loài chim trong họ Alcidae.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Synthliboramphus scrippsi là một loài chim trong họ Alcidae.

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