Maidenhairs And Shoelace Ferns

Pteridaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales,^[2] including some 1150 known species in ca 45 genera^[3] (depending on taxonomic opinions), divided over five subfamilies.^[4] The family includes four groups of genera that are sometimes recognized as separate families: the adiantoid, cheilanthoid, pteridoid, and hemionitidoid ferns. Relationships among these groups remain unclear, and although some recent genetic analyses of the Pteridales suggest that neither the family Pteridaceae nor the major groups within it are all monophyletic, as yet these analyses are insufficiently comprehensive and robust to provide good support for a revision of the order at the family level.

Description

Members of Pteridaceae have creeping or erect rhizomes. The leaves are almost always compound and have linear sori that are typically on the margins of the leaves and lack a true indusium, typically being protected by a false indusium formed from the reflexed margin of the leaf.

Taxonomy

Traditional groups

As traditionally defined, the groups within Pteridaceae are as follows:

• Adiantoid ferns (tribe Adianteae Gaudich. 1829^[5]); epipetric, terrestrial or epiphytic in moist habitats, rachis often dichotomously branching; sori relatively small and discrete with sporangia born on the false indusium rather than the leaf blade proper; only one genus:
  • Adiantum L. – maidenhair ferns^[6][7]
• Cheilanthoid ferns; primarily epipetric in semiarid habitats; leaves mostly with well-developed scales or trichomes, often bipinnate or otherwise highly compound; sporangia mostly born in marginal sori with false indusia that are +/- continuous around the leaf margins; several genera, including:
  • Argyrochosma (J.Sm.) Windham – false cloak ferns
  • Aspidotis (Nutt. ex Hook.) Copel. – lace ferns
  • Astrolepis D.M.Benham & Windham – cloak ferns
  • Cheilanthes Sw. – lip ferns
  • Myriopteris Fée – lace lip ferns
  • Notholaena R.Br. – cloak ferns
  • Pellaea Link – cliff brakes^[6][7]
• Pteridoid ferns (tribe Pterideae J. Sm 1841^[8]); terrestrial and epipetric in moist habitats; leaves mostly without prominent scales or trichomes, most often pinnate but sometimes more compound; sporangia born in marginal sori with false indusia that are +/- continuous around the leaf margins; several genera, including:
  • Pteris L. – brakes
  • Onychium Kaulf.^[6][7]
• Parkerioid ferns (tribe Parkerieae Brongn. 1843^[9]); aquatic in swamps and/or mangroves, including:
  • Acrostichum L. – leather ferns
  • Ceratopteris Brongn.^[6][7]
• Hemionitidoid ferns; terrestrial, epipetric or epiphytic in moist or semiarid habitats; leaves simple, pinnate, or more compound; sporangia born in linear non-marginal, exindusiate sori or sometimes in marginal sori; several genera, including:
  • Anogramma Link
  • Cryptogramma R.Br. – rock brakes
  • Eriosorus Fée
  • Hemionitis L.
  • Jamesonia Hook. & Grev.
  • Pityrogramma Link – gold ferns^[6][7]
• Vittarioid ferns (tribe Vittarieae C. Presl 1836^[10]); primarily epiphytic in tropical regions and all have simple leaves with sori that follow the veins and lack true indusia:
  • Anetium Splitg. 1840
  • Antrophyum Kaulf. 1875
  • Hecistopteris (L.) Sm. 1842
  • Monogramma Comm. ex Schkuhr 1809
  • Vittaria (L.) Sm. 1793 – Shoestring fern

Subfamilies

Based on phylogenetic research, Christenhusz et al. (2011) divided the Pteridaceae genera into five subfamilies.^[11] These roughly correspond with the groups listed above, with the main difference being that adiantoid and vittarioid ferns are combined under the Vittarioideae subfamily name. The approach was followed by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).^[2]

• Cryptogrammoideae S.Linds.

Genera: Coniogramme, Cryptogramma, Llavea

• Parkerioideae (J.Sm.) R.M.Tryon

Genera: Acrostichum, Ceratopteris

• Pteridoideae C.Chr. ex Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel

Genera: Actiniopteris, Anogramma, Austrogramme, Cerosora, Cosentinia, Gastoniella, Jamesonia (incl. Eriosorus and Nephopteris), Onychium, Pityrogramma, Pteris (incl. Neurocallis & Platyzoma), Pterozonium, Syngramma, Taenitis, Tryonia

• Cheilanthoideae W.C.Shieh

Genera: Adiantopsis, Aleuritopteris, Allosorus, Argyrochosma, Aspidotis, Astrolepis, Bommeria, Calciphilopteris, Cheilanthes, Cheiloplecton, Doryopteris, Gaga, Hemionitis, Lytoneuron, Mildella, Myriopteris, Notholaena, Ormopteris, Paragymnopteris, Parahemionitis, Pellaea, Pentagramma, Trachypteris

• Vittarioideae (C.Presl) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel

Genera: Adiantum, Ananthacorus, Antrophyopsis, Antrophyum, Haplopteris, Hecistopteris, Polytaenium, Radiovittaria, Rheopteris, Scoliosorus, Vaginularia, Vittaria

Phylogenic relationships

Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era.^[12] Smith referred to the ferns as monilophytes, dividing them into four groups. The vast majority of ferns were placed in the Polypodiopsida.

In 2016, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group divided order Polypodiales into six suborders. Pteridaceae is the sole family in suborder Pteridiineae, with 52 genera. The suborder has the same circumscription as Smith et al. used for the family. The phylogenetic relationship between these six suborders is shown in this cladogram:^[2]

Polypodiales

Saccolomatineae

Lindsaeineae

Pteridiineae

Dennstaedtiineae

Aspleniineae

Polypodiineae

The oldest fossil of the family is Heinrichsia from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber of Myanmar, which cannot be assigned to modern grouping of the family. Molecular clock evidence suggests a diversification of the family during the Late Cretaceous.^[13]

Phylogeny of Pteridaceae.

Distribution and habitat

Mostly terrestrial or epipetric (growing on rock).

References