The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in nine genera[2] that are not very distinct, distributed primarily in the temperate areas of Europe and the Mediterranean basin, but also found in North America; a limited number of species are found in South America. Most Cistaceae are subshrubs and low shrubs, and some are herbaceous. They prefer dry and sunny habitats. Cistaceae grow well on poor soils, and many of them are cultivated in gardens.
They often have showy yellow, pink or white flowers, which are generally short-lived. The flowers are bisexual, regular, solitary or borne in cymes; they usually have five, sometimes three, petals (Lechea). The petals are free, usually crumpled in the bud, and sometimes in the open flower (e. g. Cistus incanus). It has five sepals, the inner three of which are distinctly wider, and the outer two are narrow and sometimes regarded as bracteoles. The sepal arrangement is a characteristic property of the family.
The stamens are numerous, of variable length, and sit on a disc; filaments are free. The ovary is superior, usually with three carpels; placentation is parietal, with two or more ovules on each placenta. The fruit is a capsule, usually with five or ten valves (three in Helianthemum). The seeds are small, with a hard, water-impermeable coating, weighing around 1 mg.[3][4][5][6][7]
Recently the neotropical tree Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea is placed here, following APG IV (2016)[8]
The ability of Cistaceae to thrive in many Mediterranean habitats follows from two important ecological properties: mycorrhizal ability and fast renewal after wildfire. Most Cistaceae have the ability to create symbiotic relationship with root fungi of the genus Tuber.[9][10] In this relationship, the fungus complements the root system in its task of absorbing water and minerals from the soil, and thus allows the host plant to dwell on particularly poor soils. In addition, an interesting quality of T. melanosporum is its ability to kill all vegetation except the host plant within the reach of its mycelium, and thus to give its host some sort of "exclusiveness" for the adjacent land area.[10]
Cistaceae have also optimally adapted to the wildfires that frequently eradicate large areas of forest. The plants cast their seeds in the soil during the growth period, but they do not germinate in the next season. Their hard coating is impermeable to the water, and thus the seeds remain dormant for a long period of time. This coating together with their small size allows these plants to establish a large seed bank rather deep in the soil. Once the fire comes and kills the vegetation in the area, the seed coating softens or cracks as a result of the heating, and the surviving seeds germinate shortly after the fire. This mechanism allows the Cistaceae to produce a large number of young shoots simultaneously and at the right time, and thus to obtain an important advantage over other plants in the process of repopulating the area.[3][11]
Molecular analyses of angiosperms have placed Cistaceae within the Malvales, forming a clade with two families of tropical trees, Dipterocarpaceae and Sarcolaenaceae.[12][13] Recent phylogenetic studies confirm the monophyly of Cistaceae on the basis of plastid sequences and morphological synapomorphies.[14]
Within Cistaceae, eight genera are recognized, including five in the Mediterranean (Cistus, Fumana, Halimium, Helianthemum, Tuberaria) and three in the temperate regions of North America (Crocanthemum, Hudsonia, Lechea). These eight genera can be grouped into five major lineages within Cistaceae:
Cistus, Halimium and Helianthemum are widely cultivated ornamental plants. Their soil requirements are modest, and their hardiness allows them to survive well even the snowy winters of Northern Europe.
Some Cistus species, mostly C. ladanifer, are used to produce an aromatic resin, used in the perfume industry.
The ability of Cistaceae to create mycorrhizal relation with truffle mushroom (Tuber) prompted several studies about using them as host plants for truffle cultivation. The small size of Cistus shrubs could prove favorable, as they take up less space than traditional hosts, such as oak (Quercus) or pine (Pinus), and could thus lead to larger yield per field unit.
Cistaceae has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies,[15] a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".[16]
In the Victorian language of flowers, the gum cistus of the Cistaceae plant family symbolized imminent death.
These generic names inside Cistaceae were defined in various publications,[17][18] but their members were synonymised with the eight accepted genera by later research.
†Cistinocarpum roemeri, a middle Oligocene macrofossil from Germany is described as an ancestor of extant Cistaceae. Tuberaria fossil pollen have been found in Pliocene formations of Germany.[19]
The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in nine genera that are not very distinct, distributed primarily in the temperate areas of Europe and the Mediterranean basin, but also found in North America; a limited number of species are found in South America. Most Cistaceae are subshrubs and low shrubs, and some are herbaceous. They prefer dry and sunny habitats. Cistaceae grow well on poor soils, and many of them are cultivated in gardens.
They often have showy yellow, pink or white flowers, which are generally short-lived. The flowers are bisexual, regular, solitary or borne in cymes; they usually have five, sometimes three, petals (Lechea). The petals are free, usually crumpled in the bud, and sometimes in the open flower (e. g. Cistus incanus). It has five sepals, the inner three of which are distinctly wider, and the outer two are narrow and sometimes regarded as bracteoles. The sepal arrangement is a characteristic property of the family.
The stamens are numerous, of variable length, and sit on a disc; filaments are free. The ovary is superior, usually with three carpels; placentation is parietal, with two or more ovules on each placenta. The fruit is a capsule, usually with five or ten valves (three in Helianthemum). The seeds are small, with a hard, water-impermeable coating, weighing around 1 mg.
Recently the neotropical tree Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea is placed here, following APG IV (2016)
La famille des Cistaceae (Cistacées) est constituée de plantes dicotylédones ; elle comprend moins de 200 espèces réparties en 8 à 10 genres.
Le nom vient du genre Cistus qui a été donné à ces plantes par Joseph Pitton de Tournefort. Il est assez proche des formes utilisées dans l'antiquité grecque et latine (en grec ancien, κίσθος, et en latin, cisthos chez Pline). « Ciste » est la francisation du grec kistos, « boîte, capsule » qui évoque la forme du fruit[1].
Ce sont des arbustes, des plantes herbacées, poilues ou velues, pérennes ou annuelles, à feuilles simples souvent opposées, à fleurs solitaires ou en cymes, à 5 pétales libres, des régions tempérées à sub-tropicales surtout présents autour du bassin méditerranéen.
Parmi les différents genres, on peut citer dans la flore de France :
Plusieurs espèces et hybrides de Cistus, Halimium et Helianthemum sont cultivés comme plantes ornementales.
Les feuilles de plusieurs espèces de Cistus produisent le ladanum, résine aromatique jadis utilisée en médecine.
La classification phylogénétique situe cette famille dans l'ordre des Malvales.
La classification phylogénétique APG IV (2016) incorpore dans cette famille les Pakaraimaea (auparavant Dipterocarpaceae).
Selon Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (16 octobre 2016)[3] :
Selon NCBI (16 octobre 2016)[4] :
Selon DELTA Angio (16 octobre 2016)[5] :
Selon ITIS (16 octobre 2016)[6] :
Selon NCBI (21 juin 2010)[7] :
La famille des Cistaceae (Cistacées) est constituée de plantes dicotylédones ; elle comprend moins de 200 espèces réparties en 8 à 10 genres.
키스투스과(Cistaceae)는 아욱목에 속하는 속씨식물 과의 하나이다. 꽃이 필 때, 크가 작은 꽃들이 넓게 뒤덮인 모습이 특히 아름답다. 이 과 식물은 8개 속에 약 170-200여 종으로 이루어져 있으며, 유럽과 대서양 분지의 온대 지역에 주로 분포하지만, 북아메리카에서도 발견된다. 제한된 일부 종이 남아메리카에 자생한다. 키스투스과 식물의 대부분은 아관목과 작은 관목이며, 일부는 초본식물이다. 건조하고 햇빛이 드는 서식지에서 자생한다. 메마른 땅에서도 잘 자라며, 상당수가 정원용으로 재배된다.
