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Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors
Cassia occidentalis is a widely distibuted pantropical herb, thought to have originated in the tropical American region. Many farmers consider this plant a weed species that interferes with agricultural production, and it is treated with benzoate herbicides. It is often found growing at roadsides and other disturbed areas. Currently it is found in such disparate places as the Neotropics including locations as far north as Florida and in African locations such as Zimbabwe.

This herb, also known as Arsenic bean, is a taprroted annual that can attain a height of one meter. The solid stems manifest as erect or ascending. The emerging twigs and young stems are smooth sparsely glabrous. The petiolate leaves are alternate. Leaves may exhibit as compound, sometimes pinnate. Flowers are yellow or orange.
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Derivation of specific name

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
occidentalis: occidental, western
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=127100
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Description

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Erect annual or short-lived perennial herb, sometimes woody near the base. Leaves pinnate with 4 to 6 pairs of ovate-elliptic pointed leaflets, glabrous; margins ciliolate. Flowers in small clusters in the upper leaf axils, yellow. Pods flattened, mostly semi-erect.
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=127100
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Frequency

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Common
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=127100
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Flora of Zimbabwe

Insects whose larvae eat this plant species

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Catopsilia florella (African migrant, African vagrant)
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=127100
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Worldwide distribution

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Probably originating from tropical America, but now a pantropical weed
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=127100
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Flora of Zimbabwe

Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Ditremexa occidentalis (L.) Britton & Rose; Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. 5: 372. 1924.
Cassia falcala L. Sp. PI. 377. 1753.
Cassia occidenialis L. Sp. PI. 377. 1753.
Cassia frutescens Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. no. 2. 1768.
Cassia longisiliqita L.f. Siippl. 230. 1781.
Cassia caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 134. 1788.
Cassia lineata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 261. 1803.
Cassia ciliata Raf. Fl. Ludov. 100. 1817.
Senna occidentalis Link, Handb. 2: 140. 1831.
Annual or perennial, erect, 2 m. high or less, glabrous or nearly so. vStipules linear-lanceoate, acuminate, 4-6 mm. long', caducous; petiole 3-5 cm. long, bearing a large sessile globose gland near the base; leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate to ovate-lanceolate (rarely lanceolate), acute or acuminate, 3-7 cm. long; inflorescence racemose, axillary; few-flowered; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, caducous, 1-1.5 cm. long; sepals 6-9 mm. long; petals twice as long as the sepals; legume linear, flat, somewhat curved, 6-12 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, with thickened margins; seeds compressed, brown, dull, 4 mm. long, transverse.
Type locality: Jamaica.
Distribution: Virginia to Indiana, Missouri, Florida and Texas, south to Panama; West Indies. Coiombia to French Guiana, Bolivia and Paraguay. Old World tropics.
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bibliographic citation
Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose. 1928. (ROSALES); MIMOSACEAE. North American flora. vol 23(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Physical Description

provided by USDA PLANTS text
Annual, Herbs, Taproot present, Stems erect or ascending, Stems less than 1 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs glabrous or sparsely glabrate, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Extrafloral nectary glands on petiole, Stipules inconspicuous, absent, or caducous, Stipules deciduous, Stipules free, Leaves compound, Leaves even pinnate, Leaf or leaflet margins entire, Leaflets opposite, Leaflets 5-9, Leaflets 10-many, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Flowers solitary in axils, or appearing solitary, Flowers in axillary clusters or few-floweredracemes, 2-6 flowers, Inflorescences racemes, Inflorescence axillary, Bracts very small, absent or caducous, Flowers actinomorphic or somewhat irregular, Calyx 5-lobed, Calyx glabrous, Petals separate, Petals orange or yellow, Fertile stamens 6-8, Stamens heteromorphic, graded in size, Stamens completely free, separate, Filamen ts glabrous, Anthers opening by basal or terminal pores or slits, Style terete, Fruit a legume, Fruit stipitate, Fruit unilocular, Fruit freely dehiscent, Fruit elongate, straight, Fruit strongly curved, falcate, bent, or lunate, Fruits quadrangulate, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit compressed between seeds, Fruit glabrous or glabrate, Fruit 11-many seeded, Seed with elliptical line or depression, pleurogram, Seeds ovoid to rounded in outline, Seed surface smooth, Seeds olive, brown, or black.
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Dr. David Bogler
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USDA NRCS NPDC
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Senna occidentalis

provided by wikipedia EN

Senna occidentalis [Indian vernacular name Usaya ki Fali[2]] is a pantropical plant species, native to the Americas.[1] The species was formerly placed in the genus Cassia.

Vernacular names in English include septicweed,[3] coffee senna,[4] coffeeweed, piss-a-bed,[5] Mogdad coffee, negro-coffee, senna coffee, Stephanie coffee, stinkingweed or styptic weed.[6]

The plant is reported to be poisonous to cattle,[7] because it contains a known toxic derivative of anthraquinone called emodin.[8] and the seeds contain chrysarobin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9-anthrone) and N-methylmorpholine.[9]

Uses

In Jamaica the seeds are roasted, brewed and served as tea to treat hemorrhoids, gout, rheumatism, and diabetes.

Seeds

Mogdad coffee seeds can be roasted and used as a substitute for coffee. They have also been used as an adulterant for coffee. There is apparently no caffeine in Mogdad coffee.

Despite the claims of being poisonous, the leaves of this plant, Dhiguthiyara in the Maldivian language,[10] have been used in the diet of the Maldives for centuries[11] in dishes such as mas huni and also as a medicinal plant.[12]

This plant is mainly used for the treatment of bone fractures and bone dislocation as an herbal treatment in India.

Toxicity

Almost all parts (leaf, root, seeds) of the plant are used as food and medicine by tribal populations in India. However, consumption of Bana Chakunda seeds has been identified as a possible cause of death of tribal children due to acute Encephalopathy (see Acute HME syndrome).[13][14] Once the plant was identified as the cause, the number of deaths plummeted.[15]

The same thing happened in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where 16 outbreaks were recorded.[16] This was a record in comparison to the clinical study of 1979, at which eight calves died after contracting dyspnea, neutrophilia and tachycardia from consumption of the plant.[17]

Description

C. occidentalis L. Sp. Pl. 377. 1753; DC. Prodr. 2 : 497. 1825 ; Baker, in Hook. F. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 262, 1878; Heinig, Enum. 401. 1907 ; Ohashi in Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 144. 1966; Deb. D.B. Fl. Tripura State 1 : 119. 1981; C. planisiliqua L. Sp. Pl. 377. 1753; Senna occidentalis Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 : 343. 1832.

Plant: annual undershrub, subglabrous, foetid, few feet high.

Leaves: alternate, compound, paripinnate; rachis channelled, presence of a gland at the base of the rachis; stipulate, stipules obliquely cordate, acuminate; leaflets 4–5 pairs, size (3.7 cm X 2 cm- 7 cm X 3.5 cm), oblate to oblong – lanceolate; acuminate, margin ciliate, glabrous or pubescence.

Inflorescence: axillary corymb and terminal panicle.

Flowers: complete, bisexual, slightly irregular, zygomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous, pedicelate; bractate, bracts white with pinkish tinge, thin, ovate- acuminate, caducous; yellow.

Calyx: sepals 5, gamosepalous, tube short, 5 lobed, obtuse, glabrous, imbricate, odd sepal is anterior.

Corolla: petals 5, polypetalous, alternisepalous, sub-equal, with distinct claw, conspicuously veined, ascending imbricate, posterior petal is the innermost.

Androecium: stamens 10, free, unequal in size, 7 perfect and 3 reduced to staminode, filaments unequal, anther dithecous, basifixed, introrse and dehiscing by terminal pores.

Gynoecium: carpel 1, ovary superiour, unilocular, many ovuled, marginal placentation; style simple; stigma terminate, capitate.

Fruit: pod, dehiscent, woody, 12.5 cm X 0.7 cm, glabrous, recurved, subcompressed, distinctly torulose, 23-30 seeded.

References

  1. ^ a b Rotton, H. & Klitgård, B. (2021). "Senna occidentalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T130525346A158506718. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  2. ^ Gupta AK (May 2008). "Cassia occidentalis poisoning causes fatal coma in children in western Uttar Pradesh" (PDF). Indian Pediatr. 45 (5): 424–424. PMID 18515940.
  3. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Senna occidentalis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  4. ^ "Plant species and sites" (PDF). Government of Australia. Retrieved 1 May 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Allsopp, Richard (1996). Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. p. 441. ISBN 9789766401450.
  6. ^ Allsopp, Richard (1996). Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. p. 604. ISBN 9789766401450.
  7. ^ Barth, AT; Kommers, GD; Salles, MS; Wouters, F; de Barros, CS (1994). "Coffee Senna (Senna occidentalis) poisoning in cattle in Brazil". Vet Hum Toxicol. 36 (6): 541–5. PMID 7900275.
  8. ^ Chukwujekwu, J.C.; Coombes, P.H.; Mulholland, D.A.; van Staden, J. (2006). "Emodin, an antibacterial anthraquinone from the roots of Cassia occidentalis". South African Journal of Botany. 72 (2): 295–297. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2005.08.003.
  9. ^ Kim, Hyeong L.; Camp, Bennie J.; Grigsby, Ronald D. (1971). "Isolation of N-methylmorpholine from the seeds of Cassia occidentalis (coffee senna)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 19 (1): 198–199. doi:10.1021/jf60173a026. PMID 5540753.
  10. ^ "Thimaaveshi – Catalogue of Plants – Edition II" (PDF). October 2009.
  11. ^ "List of food items in 'Maldives Coding System'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
  12. ^ Xavier Romero-Frias (2003). The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Nova Ethnographia Indica. ISBN 8472548015.
  13. ^ "Experts' report on Malkangiri kids death evokes mixed reaction". 19 November 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  14. ^ Nadiya Chand Kanungo (25 November 2016). "Strange: Now M'giri kids' deaths linked to Chakunda Plant rather rich in medicinal properties". The Daily Pioneer. Bhubaneswar. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  15. ^ Vashishtha VM; Kumar A; John TJ; Nayak NC (2007). "Cassia occidentalis poisoning as the probable cause of hepatomyoencephalopathy in children in western Uttar Pradesh" (PDF). Indian Journal of Medical Research. 125 (6): 756–762. PMID 17704552. S2CID 12820053.
  16. ^ Carmo, Priscila M.S.; Irigoyen, Luiz Francisco; Lucena, Ricardo B.; Fighera, Rafael A.; Kommers, Glaucia D.; Barros, Claudio S.L. (February 2011). "Spontaneous coffee senna poisoning in cattle: report on 16 outbreaks". Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira. Rio de Janeiro. 31 (2): 139–146. doi:10.1590/S0100-736X2011000200008.
  17. ^ Rogers, R.J.; Giboson, J.; Reichmann, K.G. (September 1979). "The Toxicity of Cassia occidentalis for Cattle". Australian Veterinary Journal. 55 (9): 408–412. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb05590.x. PMID 543831.

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wikipedia EN

Senna occidentalis: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Senna occidentalis [Indian vernacular name Usaya ki Fali] is a pantropical plant species, native to the Americas. The species was formerly placed in the genus Cassia.

Vernacular names in English include septicweed, coffee senna, coffeeweed, piss-a-bed, Mogdad coffee, negro-coffee, senna coffee, Stephanie coffee, stinkingweed or styptic weed.

The plant is reported to be poisonous to cattle, because it contains a known toxic derivative of anthraquinone called emodin. and the seeds contain chrysarobin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9-anthrone) and N-methylmorpholine.

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