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Description

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This robust frog may be brown, reddish-brown or red above with a variable number of large, black spots and blotches on the back, sides, and legs. The spots are usually irregular-shaped, with indistinct edges and light centers. The skin on back and sides is often covered with small bumps and tubercles. The eyes are upturned. The lower abdomen and the undersides of the hind legs are usually colored by a reddish-orange or salmon-colored pigment that appears as though it has been painted on (Leonard et al. 1993; Nussbaum 1984; Stebbins 1985). Oregon spotted frogs have relatively short hind legs and extensive webbing between the toes of the hind feet. Sexually mature females range between 60 and 100 mm snout-vent length and males range between 45 and 75 mm (Licht 1975).Since nearly the time of its original description in 1853, the systematics of the "Western Spotted Frog" group has been a source of both confusion and debate. In 1996, however, a team led by David M. Green published the results of a study on the genetics of Spotted Frogs and concluded that the group actually contained two "sibling" species-the Oregon Spotted Frog and the Columbia Spotted Frog (Green et al. 1996 1997) . The decision to "split" the species was based upon the results of laboratory studies that indicated significant genetic differences, despite a lack of reliable morphological differences. Because the two species have allopatric ranges, they may be reliably identified based upon the location where a frog is encountered. See another account at californiaherps.com (http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/r.pretiosa.html).

References

  • Davidson, C. (1995). Frog and Toad Calls of the Pacific Coast: Vanishing Voices (recording). Library of Natural Sounds, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca.
  • Green, D. M., Kaiser, H., Sharbel, T. F., Kearsley, J. and McAllister, K. R. (1997). ''Cryptic species of spotted frogs, Rana pretiosa complex, in western North America.'' Copeia, 1997, 1-8.
  • Green, D. M., Sharbel, T. F., Kearsley, J. and Kaiser, H. (1996). ''Postglacial range fluctuation, genetic subdivision and speciation in the western North American Spotted Frog complex, Rana pretiosa.'' Evolution, 50, 374-390.
  • Leonard, W.P., Leonard, N. P., Storm, R.M., and Petzel, P.E. (1996). ''Rana pretiosa (Spotted Frog). Behavior and reproduction.'' Herpetological Review, 27(4), 195.
  • Licht, L. E. (1974). "Survival of embryos, tadpoles, and adults of the frogs Rana aurora aurora and Rana pretiosa pretiosa sympatric in southwestern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Zoology, 52(5), 613-627.
  • Licht, L.E. (1975). ''Comparative life history features of the Western Spotted Frog, Rana pretiosa, from lowland and high-elevation populations.'' Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53(9), 1254-1257.
  • McAllister, K.R. and Leonard, W.P. (1997). Washington State Status Report for the Oregon Spotted Frog. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA.
  • McDiarmid, R.W. and Altig, R. (1999). ''Research materials and techniques.'' Tadpoles: The Biology of Anuran Larvae. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 2–22.

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Distribution and Habitat

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The Oregon spotted frog once occurred from southwest British Columbia through western Washington and Oregon into northeastern California. Today the species is known from three localities in British Columbia, four localities in Washington and approximately twenty-four localities in Oregon (Marc Hayes pers. comm.) (McAllister and Leonard 1997; Green et al. 1997). In Washington, it occurs at elevations ranging from 40 to 620 meters (McAllister and Leonard 1997) . Oregon spotted frog populations occur in association with relatively large wetland complexes. Breeding occurs in shallow, relatively unshaded emergent wetlands. The breeding ponds, which are typically dry by mid- to late summer, range in depth from 2 to 14 inches during the breeding season, and are vegetated by low-growing emergent species such as grasses, sedges (Carex spp.), and rushes (Juncus spp.). After breeding adults disperse into adjacent wetland and riparian habitats. Adults remain active year-around near sea-level, but freezing temperatures apparently cause adults and juveniles to hibernate in streams, oxbows and springs at higher elevations.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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This species is rare and has undergone significant declines in range over the past half century. It is now presumed to be extirpated in California and is in serious jeopardy in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. The most probable cause for this frog's precipitous decline is the hydrological modification and destruction (draining, flooding, and filling) of specialized shallow-water, emergent wetlands used for breeding. However, introduced predators including bullfrogs and sport fishes pose serious threats from predation and from competition for critical habitats.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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Breeding occurs sometime in February or March at lower elevations, but does not occur until March or April at the two Washington sites in the Cascade Range (McAllister and Leonard 1997). The Oregon Spotted Frog exhibits strong fidelity to breeding sites and eggs are often deposited the same locations in successive years. Males arrive first, gathering in "lek-like" groups and float in the shallows, calling while awaiting the arrival of a female. Male advertisement calls, consisting of a rapid series of 5 to 50 faint "tapping" notes notes, are given throughout the breeding season (particularly on sunny days) and again in fall (Davidson 1995; Leonard et al. 1997). Most breeding takes place within a two-to-three-week "window" when most of eggs are deposited. However, breeding may be interrupted for up to several weeks by the onset of cold weather; in such cases a second bout of breeding may occur. Upon release, the ova are tightly packed in a mass roughly the size of a ping-pong ball, but within a few hours the mass swells to the size of an average-size human fist. Females usually lay their eggs atop or adjacent to other egg masses (some of the larger aggregations may contain more than 100 individual egg masses). The egg masses are not attached to vegetation, but are deposited in still, shallow waters atop submergent herbaceous vegetation or freely floating amongst clumps of emergent wetland plants such as sedges (Carex spp.) and rushes (Juncus spp). Often-times, the the upper portions of the egg masses protrude above the water surface resulting in severe egg mortality from freeze-thaw damage or desiccation. After a few weeks of embryonic development, thousands of small tadpoles emerge and cling to the remnants of the gelatinous egg masses, their densely packed, dark bodies acting as solar collectors and warming the water adjacent to the mass. After several days, the hatchlings become free-swimming tadpoles, using their minute brush-like mouthparts to feed upon algae, detritus, and, in some cases, bacteria (but see McDiarmid and Altig 1999). Tadpoles may grow to 90 mm total length before metamorphosing in their first summer or fall (Licht 1975) . Mortality of eggs, tadpoles, and newly metamorphosed frogs is high, and it is likely that only about 1% of an annual cohort survive to the first winter (Licht 1974) . Near sea-level sexual maturity is attained at age two, while at higher elevations one or two additional years is required (Licht 1975). Adults feed upon arthropods (e.g., spiders, insects), earthworms and other invertebrate prey. In turn, Oregon Spotted Frogs may be preyed upon by mink, river otter, raccoon, herons, bitterns, corvids and garter snakes (Licht 1974) , while larvae may be consumed by larvae of dragonflies, predacious diving beetles, fish, garter snakes and wading birds.
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Skokan skvrnkovaný ( Czech )

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Skokan skvrnkovaný (Rana pretiosa) je žába z čeledi skokanovitých.

Jeho tělo dosahuje délky 4 až 10 centimetrů, samice jsou pak mírně větší než samci. Jejich barva může být zelená až červenavě hnědá, na hlavě a zádech pak mají černé skvrnky. Na bocích je skokan skvrnkovaný načervenalý až lososový a jeho potravu tvoří především mouchy a malé ryby.

Do areálu rozšíření skokana skvrnkovaného patří americké státy Washington (okres Thurston) a Oregon (okresy Deschutes, Lane a Klamath) a kanadská provincie Britská Kolumbie. Dříve se nacházel i v Kalifornii, kde byl ovšem vyhuben. Na území svého rozšíření je tato řába pozorována jen vzácně, jejím přirozeným prostředím jsou mělké močály se sezónní nebo permanentní přítomností vody. Množení probíhá v mělkých částech močálů, kde je vegetace buď řídká nebo nízká. Jedná se o vysoce vodomilného živočicha, jehož úbytek může mít na svědomí změněná hydrologie, výskyt invazivních rostlin nebo predace rybami.

Skokan skvrnkovaný má dva poddruhy, jedním je Rana pretiosa luteiventris (Columbia spotted frog), druhým Rana pretiosa pretiosa.

Několik organizací propojených v Severozápadní aliancí zoologických zahrad a akvárií pracuje na projektech obnovení populace skokana skvrnkovaného. Patří mezi ně Vancouver Aquarium, Greater Vancouver Zoo, Woodland Park Zoo nebo The Evergreen State College. O zlepšení životního prostředí tohoto druhu se snaží i několik místních školních skupin.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Oregon spotted frog na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
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Skokan skvrnkovaný: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Skokan skvrnkovaný (Rana pretiosa) je žába z čeledi skokanovitých.

Jeho tělo dosahuje délky 4 až 10 centimetrů, samice jsou pak mírně větší než samci. Jejich barva může být zelená až červenavě hnědá, na hlavě a zádech pak mají černé skvrnky. Na bocích je skokan skvrnkovaný načervenalý až lososový a jeho potravu tvoří především mouchy a malé ryby.

Do areálu rozšíření skokana skvrnkovaného patří americké státy Washington (okres Thurston) a Oregon (okresy Deschutes, Lane a Klamath) a kanadská provincie Britská Kolumbie. Dříve se nacházel i v Kalifornii, kde byl ovšem vyhuben. Na území svého rozšíření je tato řába pozorována jen vzácně, jejím přirozeným prostředím jsou mělké močály se sezónní nebo permanentní přítomností vody. Množení probíhá v mělkých částech močálů, kde je vegetace buď řídká nebo nízká. Jedná se o vysoce vodomilného živočicha, jehož úbytek může mít na svědomí změněná hydrologie, výskyt invazivních rostlin nebo predace rybami.

Skokan skvrnkovaný má dva poddruhy, jedním je Rana pretiosa luteiventris (Columbia spotted frog), druhým Rana pretiosa pretiosa.

Několik organizací propojených v Severozápadní aliancí zoologických zahrad a akvárií pracuje na projektech obnovení populace skokana skvrnkovaného. Patří mezi ně Vancouver Aquarium, Greater Vancouver Zoo, Woodland Park Zoo nebo The Evergreen State College. O zlepšení životního prostředí tohoto druhu se snaží i několik místních školních skupin.

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Чăпар шапа ( Chuvash )

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Чăпар шапа

Чăпар шапа (лат. Rana pretiosa) — чăн шапасен йышĕн çĕрти-шыврисен тĕсĕ.

Вуламалли

  • Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 127. — 10 500 экз. — ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
  • Hillis, D.M. & Wilcox, T.P. (2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34(2): 299—314.

Каçăсем

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Чăпар шапа: Brief Summary ( Chuvash )

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 src= Чăпар шапа

Чăпар шапа (лат. Rana pretiosa) — чăн шапасен йышĕн çĕрти-шыврисен тĕсĕ.

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Oregon spotted frog

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The Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa, meaning "precious frog") is a member of the frog family Ranidae of order Anura. It is a medium-sized aquatic frog endemic to the Pacific Northwest and historically well distributed in the Puget Trough/Willamette Valley province and the Cascade Mountains of south-central Washington and Oregon.[4][5] It is relatively rare within its range and is listed globally as vulnerable.[1]

Distribution

Oregon spotted frogs can be found in south-western British Columbia, Canada, south through the Puget/Willamette Valley through and the Columbia River gorge in south-central Washington to the Cascade Range at least to the Klamath Valley in Oregon, USA.[1] They were previously found in California but have been extirpated there[6] and have also been extirpated from much of western Oregon and Washington. They can occur at an elevation of 20–1,570m asl.[1]

In Oregon, the Oregon spotted frog's current range is Deschutes, Lane and Klamath counties.[7] In Washington, Oregon spotted frogs occur in Thurston County.[4]

Description

As adults, the Oregon spotted frogs can range from about 4.4–10.2 cm (1.75–4 in) in snout-vent length which is the distance from the snout of the frog to the hide end/vent of the frog. Similar to most amphibians, the females tend to be larger than the males for reproductive reasons. The coloration of this species varies with age.[4] As tadpoles, their back and tail musculature are brown and lack dark spotting, while the belly is a creamy white or aluminum color.[8] Juveniles are usually some shade of brown, but may sometimes be olive green. Adult Oregon spotted frogs can be brown or reddish brown and tend to become increasingly red with age.[4] Both juvenile and adult Oregon spotted frogs have black spots with light centers present on their heads and backs which tend to become larger, darker and get an increasingly ragged-edged appearance with age. Older frogs also tend to become brick red over most of their dorsal surfaces and are frequently red on their entire abdomen forward to their chest.[4] Juveniles are white or cream in color with reddish pigments on their underlegs and abdomen while adults show a vivid orange-red color on their underlegs and red surface pigments on their abdomen. The dorsal lateral folds tend to be lighter in color ranging from tan to orange.[4] The hind legs of the Oregon spotted frog are short relative to its body length and their groin tends to be uniformly gray but can sometimes be faintly mottled with gray markings and red-orange flecks. Their hind feet are fully webbed and the webbing normally extends onto the last segment of the longest toe. The Oregon spotted frog has eyes that are upturned and mostly uncovered by the eyelids when viewed from above.[8]

Habitat

The Oregon spotted frog is a highly aquatic frog that seldom strays from areas of standing water. Bodies of water (i.e., wetlands, lakes and slow-moving streams) that included zones of shallow water with abundant emergent or floating aquatic plants are suitable for the Oregon spotted frogs. Mats of aquatic vegetation are used for basking on and escaping danger by diving beneath the cover of the vegetation. These habitats often provide a thin layer of unusually warm water which the frogs appear to prefer.[4]

Oregon spotted frog, Rana pretiosa

Diet

Adult Oregon spotted frogs feed on a variety of live animal prey, including mostly insects, while Oregon spotted frog tadpoles feed on algae, rotting vegetation, and detritus.[4]

Reproduction

The Oregon spotted frog's reproduction is strictly aquatic and their late winter breeding season is brief, less than four weeks in duration. Males call quietly during the day or night from the vicinity of traditional oviposition sites, places where females lay their eggs in communal piles.[4] Ovipostition at selected sites is initiated when water temperatures reach 8 °C, but the timing of oviposition varies from late February-early March at lowland sites to late May-late June at montane sites in Oregon.[9]

They breed in warm shallow water, often 5.1–30.5 cm (2–12 in) deep in areas where grasses, sedges, and rushes are usually present. Adult females reportedly breed every year and probably produce a single egg mass each year. Though egg masses are occasionally laid singly, communal oviposition sites usually comprise the majority of the annual reproductive output. These communal clusters of egg masses are often composed of between 10 and 75 individual egg masses and in British Columbia it has been recorded that each egg mass contained an average of 643 eggs. They lay their eggs in fully exposed, shallow waters that are readily warmed by the sun so that development to hatching is hastened by warm conditions. However this also increases the vulnerability of the eggs to desiccation and/or freezing.[4]

Recently hatched R. pretiosa larvae near Olympia, WA.

Lifecycle

Once fertilized, the eggs of the Oregon spotted frog begin to enter the larval stage of their development very quickly. The larvae then hatch into tadpoles in 18–30 days and do not metamorphosize until 110–130 days after hatching in British Columbia, and potentially as short as 95 days in Oregon. After the transformation from a tadpole into a juvenile frog, the juveniles may remain around the breeding ponds for a period of time, although their emigration patterns are unknown. Once the Oregon spotted frog has reached adulthood, in British Columbia the males can become sexually mature within their second year and females are thought to become sexually mature in either their second or third year. In central Washington on the other hand, most males are sexually mature by the end of their first year and females become sexually mature by the middle of their second year. The longevity of the Oregon spotted frog is not well studied, but it is thought that these frogs have a relatively short life, generally living between two and five years.[9]

Subspecies

Columbia spotted frog Rana pretiosa luteiventris (Thompson, 1913) was initially described as subspecies of Rana pretiosa but has since been elevated to full species status.[10]

Conservation status

Oregon Spotted Frog Egg Mass Survey

The Oregon spotted frog is listed internationally on the IUCN Red List as vulnerable.[1] The Oregon spotted frog was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on 29 August 2014.[11] It is listed as endangered in Canada[12] under the Species at Risk Act. Its decline has also been linked to areas inhabited by the introduced bullfrog and related to loss and degradation of breeding habitat such as may result from dam construction, alteration of drainage patterns, dewatering due to urban and agricultural use of water, excessive livestock grazing, and other human activities that reduce or eliminate lentic shallow water.[1]

Recovery program

Several organizations associated with the NW Zoo and Aquarium Alliance[13] are working on recovery projects for the Oregon spotted frog.[6] These include the Vancouver Aquarium,[14] the Greater Vancouver Zoo,[15] the Woodland Park Zoo,[16] the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife,[17] Northwest Trek Wildlife Park, and Evergreen State College.[18] School groups are also involved in enhancing habitat for the Oregon spotted frog by managing canarygrass and bullfrogs. Education of naturalists resulted in detection of new sites.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Geoffrey Hammerson, Christopher Pearl (2004). "Rana pretiosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T19179A8848383. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T19179A8848383.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Conservation International & NatureServe. 2004. Rana pretiosa. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 1 June 2015.
  3. ^ National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1. Hastings, D. and P.K. Dunbar. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS [access date: 2015-03-16].
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kelly R. McAllister & William P. Leonard (July 1997). "Washington State Status Report for the Oregon Spotted Frog". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  5. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  6. ^ a b "NW Zoo and Aquariaum Alliance Species Recovery Projects". Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  7. ^ "Endangered Species Fact Sheet: Oregon spotted frog". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
  8. ^ a b Leonard, William P. (1993). Amphibians of Washington and Oregon (third ed.). Seattle Audubon Society.
  9. ^ a b "Rana pretiosa: Oregon Spotted Frog".
  10. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  11. ^ "Species Fact Sheet: Oregon spotted frog, Rana pretiosa". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  12. ^ "COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Oregon Spotted Frog Rana pretiosa in Canada" (PDF). Committee on the Status of Endangered Species in Canada. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  13. ^ "The NW Zoo & Aquarium Alliance". Archived from the original on 16 October 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  14. ^ "Vancouver Aquarium recovery project".
  15. ^ "Greater Vancouver Zoo recovery project". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008.
  16. ^ "Frog recovery program making headlines".
  17. ^ "Oregon spotted frog released into the wild to halt population crash".
  18. ^ Sullivan, Jennifer (6 July 2009). "Researchers stunned by inmates' success raising endangered frogs". The Seattle Times.
  19. ^ Dodge, John (30 September 2011). "Students aid endangered spotted frog. Wetlands: Program aims to boost numbers of Oregon spotted frog". The Olympian.
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Oregon spotted frog: Brief Summary

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The Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa, meaning "precious frog") is a member of the frog family Ranidae of order Anura. It is a medium-sized aquatic frog endemic to the Pacific Northwest and historically well distributed in the Puget Trough/Willamette Valley province and the Cascade Mountains of south-central Washington and Oregon. It is relatively rare within its range and is listed globally as vulnerable.

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Rana pretiosa ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Rana pretiosa[2]​ es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Ranidae.

Distribución geográfica

Esta especie se encuentra entre los 20 y 1570 m sobre el nivel del mar en el oeste de América del Norte, habita en:

  • los Estados Unidos, en el oeste de Oregón, el oeste de Washington y el extremo norte de California;
  • Canadá, en el extremo sur de Columbia Británica, en el valle de Fraser.[3]

Descripción

Rana pretiosa mide de 40 a 100 mm (las hembras son significativamente más grandes que los machos). Su color varía de verde a marrón rojizo con manchas negras en la cabeza y el dorso.

Publicación original

  • Baird & Girard, 1853 : Communication, on behalf of Prof. Baird and himself, upon a species of frog, and another of toad, which they had recently described from specimens in the Herpetological Collections of the U.S. Exploring Expedition. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 6, p. 378-379[4]

Referencias

  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2018). «Rana pretiosa». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2018.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 1 de junio de 2019.
  2. NCBI : Rana pretiosa especie de anfibio anuro Consultado el 1 de junio de 2019
  3. AmphibiaWeb : Rana pretiosa (Baird & Girard, 1853) Consultado el 1 de junio de 2019
  4. Amphibian Species of the World: Rana pretiosa (Baird & Girard, 1853) Consultado el 1 de junio de 2019

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Rana pretiosa: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Rana pretiosa​ es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Ranidae.

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Rana pretiosa ( Basque )

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Rana pretiosa Rana generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Ranidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Rana pretiosa: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Rana pretiosa Rana generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Ranidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Rana pretiosa ( French )

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Rana pretiosa, la Grenouille maculée de l'Oregon, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Ranidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre entre 20 et 1 570 m d'altitude dans l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord[1],[2] :

Description

 src=
Rana pretiosa

Rana pretiosa mesure de 40 à 100 mm (les femelles sont sensiblement plus grandes que les mâles). Sa coloration varie du vert au brun-roux avec des taches noires sur la tête et le dos[3].

Publication originale

  • Baird & Girard, 1853 : Communication, on behalf of Prof. Baird and himself, upon a species of frog, and another of toad, which they had recently described from specimens in the Herpetological Collections of the U.S. Exploring Expedition . Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 6, p. 378-379 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Rana pretiosa: Brief Summary ( French )

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Rana pretiosa, la Grenouille maculée de l'Oregon, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Ranidae.

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Rana pretiosa ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

Rana pretiosa is een kikker uit de familie echte kikkers (Ranidae).[2]

Naamgeving

Er is nog geen Nederlandse naam voor deze soort, de Engelse naam is gevlekte Oregonkikker. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Spencer Fullerton Baird en Charles Frédéric Girard in 1853. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Rana temporaria pretiosa gebruikt.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De lengte is maximaal 10 centimeter, en mannetjes blijven kleiner. De tekening lijkt wat op die van luipaardkikkers vanwege de groene tot bruine basiskleur en de vlekkentekening op de rug, maar de vlekken zijn zwart tot donkerbruin en kunnen zowel licht- als donkeromrand zijn. Ook zijn de vlekken vrij regelmatig verspreid hoewel onregelmatig van vorm terwijl bij de meeste andere luipaardkikkers de vlekken vaak veel onregelmatiger verdeeld zijn over de rug. Er komen ook exemplaren voor die geen vlekken hebben of zeer veel kleine vlekjes. Op de zijkant van de kop zit een lichtere streep, de buik heeft vage vlekken en is bij deze soort oranje tot rood gekleurd. De ogen staan iets meer naar boven gericht en de achterpoten zijn opvallend kort maar hebben volledige zwemvliezen.

Verspreiding en habitat

Rana pretiosa komt voor delen van Noord-Amerika en is endemisch in de Verenigde Staten.[3] De kikker komt voor in de staten Washington, Oregon en uiterst noordoostelijk Californië, maar in deze laatste staat is er 15 jaar geleden ooit een juveniel aangetroffen, en het is onwaarschijnlijk dat deze soort daar nog voorkomt. Sinds 2014 wordt het dier in de Verenigde Staten als bedreigd beschouwd.[4]

Rana pretiosa is zeer sterk aan water gebonden en komt er zelden uit; alleen om te zonnen en soms om te jagen, maar er wordt ook wel in het water gegeten. De habitat bestaat uit bossen en weiden met conifeer-achtige begroeiing, van laaglanden tot 1500 meter boven zeeniveau, altijd bij begroeide meren, plassen en andere grotere watermassa's. Bij de minste verstoring springt de kikker in het water, zwemt naar de bodem en verstopt zich soms urenlang.

Algemeen

De paartijd begint al vroeg in de lente en de eitjes worden in een grote tros gelegd en drijven op het water; ze zijn dus niet geheel ondergedoken. Wat ei-afzetplaats betreft is Rana pretiosa niet erg kieskeurig; als het maar ondiep is en zowel permanente als tijdelijke wateren worden gebruikt. Het voedsel bestaat uit kleine visjes, insecten en andere kleine dieren die ze aankunnen.

Referenties
  1. (en) Rana pretiosa op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Rana pretiosa.
  3. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Rana pretiosa.
  4. Oregon Spotted Frog Now a Threatened Species. Nature World News (28 augustus 2014). Geraadpleegd op 31 augustus 2014.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Rana pretiosa - Website Geconsulteerd 10 februari 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Rana pretiosa - Website
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Rana pretiosa: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Rana pretiosa is een kikker uit de familie echte kikkers (Ranidae).

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Жаба плямиста ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Опис

Загальна довжина досягає 4—10 см. Спостерігається статевий диморфізм: самиця більша за самця. За своєю будовою схожа на інших представників свого роду. Забарвлення коливається від зеленого до коричневого з чорними плямами на голові та спині. Звідси походить назва цього земноводного.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє долини річок, сухі долини, міжріччя. Значний час тримається у воді. Зустрічається на висоті від 20 до 1570 м над рівнем моря. Доволі стійка до низьких температур, більш вимоглива до вологості. Здатна під час дощів долати великі відстані. Активна вдень. Живиться личинками лускокрилих, равликами, мокрицями. Пуголовки вживають гниючу рослинність.

Парування й розмноження відбувається у воді. Самиця наприкінці лютого- на початку березня відкладає на мілині. В одному місці можуть відкладати кілька самиць. Загальна чисельність такої кладки становить від 598 до 643 яйця. Через 18—30 днів з'являються пуголовки. Метаморфоз триває від 95 до 130 діб (залежності від температури води).

Розповсюдження

Мешкає у штатах Орегон, Вашингтон, Каліфорнія (США) та провінції Британська Колумбія (Канада).

Джерела

  • Hillis, D.M. & Wilcox, T.P. (2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34(2): 299–314.
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Пятнистая лягушка ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Rana pretiosa
Baird & Girard, 1853

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ITIS 173458 NCBI 69834 Международная Красная книга
Status iucn3.1 VU ru.svg
Уязвимые виды
IUCN 3.1 Vulnerable: 19179

Пятнистая лягушка[1] (Rana pretiosa) — вид земноводных из семейства настоящих лягушек.

Общая длина достигает 4—10 см. Наблюдается половой диморфизм: самка крупнее самца. По своему строению похожа на других представителей своего рода. Окраска колеблется от зелёного до коричневого цвета с чёрными пятнами на голове и спине. Отсюда происходит название этого земноводного.

Любит долины рек, сухие долины, междуречье. Значительное время держится в воде. Встречается на высоте от 20 до 1570 метров над уровнем моря. Довольно устойчива к низким температурам, более требовательна к влажности. Способна во время дождей преодолевать большие расстояния. Активна днем. Питается личинками чешуекрылых, улитками, мокрицами. Головастики употребляют гниющую растительность.

Спаривание и размножение происходит в воде. Самка в конце февраля — начале марта откладывает на мели. В одном месте могут откладывать несколько самок. Общая численность такой кладки составляет от 598 до 643 яйца. Через 18—30 дней появляются головастики. Метаморфоз длится от 95 до 130 суток (зависимости от температуры воды).

Живёт в штатах Орегон, Вашингтон, Калифорния (США) и провинции Британская Колумбия (Канада).

Примечания

  1. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 127. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
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copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Пятнистая лягушка: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Пятнистая лягушка (Rana pretiosa) — вид земноводных из семейства настоящих лягушек.

Общая длина достигает 4—10 см. Наблюдается половой диморфизм: самка крупнее самца. По своему строению похожа на других представителей своего рода. Окраска колеблется от зелёного до коричневого цвета с чёрными пятнами на голове и спине. Отсюда происходит название этого земноводного.

Любит долины рек, сухие долины, междуречье. Значительное время держится в воде. Встречается на высоте от 20 до 1570 метров над уровнем моря. Довольно устойчива к низким температурам, более требовательна к влажности. Способна во время дождей преодолевать большие расстояния. Активна днем. Питается личинками чешуекрылых, улитками, мокрицами. Головастики употребляют гниющую растительность.

Спаривание и размножение происходит в воде. Самка в конце февраля — начале марта откладывает на мели. В одном месте могут откладывать несколько самок. Общая численность такой кладки составляет от 598 до 643 яйца. Через 18—30 дней появляются головастики. Метаморфоз длится от 95 до 130 суток (зависимости от температуры воды).

Живёт в штатах Орегон, Вашингтон, Калифорния (США) и провинции Британская Колумбия (Канада).

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cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии