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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: Little is known about the longevity of these animals, but one specimen was still alive after 11.6 years in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Mueller, R. 2000. "Pteropus conspicillatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pteropus_conspicillatus.html
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Rachel Mueller, University of California, Berkeley
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Conservation Status

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The "vulnerable" status is based on a listing by the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage for the Queensland Nature Conservation Act (QDEH 1994). QDEH only considers a species' status within Queensland, so a species that is stable or common

elsewhere in Australia may still be on the Queensland listing.

However, P. conspicillatus is fairly common throughout its limited range.

Due to habitat modification, P. conspicillatus is now feeding closer to the ground within reach of a paralysis tick; the tick causes deaths within the colonies, particularly of young bats.

(Cyplus On-Line--Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy; Chambers, 1998; Richards and Hall, 1998)

CITES: appendix ii

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Mueller, R. 2000. "Pteropus conspicillatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pteropus_conspicillatus.html
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Rachel Mueller, University of California, Berkeley
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Benefits

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Flying foxes cause an estimated $20 in damage to fruit crops annually in Australia; the proportion of this damage inflicted by P. conspicillatus is not known. In addition, P. conspicillatus and other species of flying foxes have caused power outages by "roosting" on electrical wires.

(Mickleburgh et al, 1992; Tideman, 1998)

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Mueller, R. 2000. "Pteropus conspicillatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pteropus_conspicillatus.html
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Rachel Mueller, University of California, Berkeley
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Benefits

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Pteropus conspicillatus is an important disperser of many rainforest species. Plants that are adapted to bat dispersal tend to have light-colored fruits, in contrast to the brightly-colored fruits of species adapted to avian dispersal and pollination. As a result, P. conspicillatus is an integral part of the rainforest ecosystem. Tourist visits to the tropical forest in Far North Queensland are economically important to the region.

In addition, P. conspicillatus is eaten both by aboriginal and non-aboriginal Australians. The growth and harvest of these animals as a food source has been proposed as an economically profitable and ecologically sustainable practice.

(Mickleburgh et al, 1992; Tideman, 1998; Richards, 1995)

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Mueller, R. 2000. "Pteropus conspicillatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pteropus_conspicillatus.html
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Rachel Mueller, University of California, Berkeley
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Trophic Strategy

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Pteropus conspicillatus is a frugivore specialist (sensu Richards, 1995), meaning >90% of its diet consists of the fruits of forest trees and palms. This species locates its food visually; thus, fruits pollinated by P. conspicillatus are light-colored and stand out against the dark upper rainforest canopy. Common fruits eaten include citrus, mango, Northern Bloomwood, and Apple Box. In addition, Pteropus conspicillatus raids orchards.

(Richards, 1995; Chambers, 1998)

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Mueller, R. 2000. "Pteropus conspicillatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pteropus_conspicillatus.html
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Distribution

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The range of Pteropus conspicillatus comprises Northeast Queensland, Australia above 19 degrees South; the Halmahera Islands; and New Guinea and adjacent islands.

(Martin, 1995)

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Mueller, R. 2000. "Pteropus conspicillatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pteropus_conspicillatus.html
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Rachel Mueller, University of California, Berkeley
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Habitat

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Pteropus conspicillatus occupies primary and secondary growth tropical rainforest. Roosting generally occurs in dead trees or trees stripped of their foliage.

(Richards, 1995)

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

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Mueller, R. 2000. "Pteropus conspicillatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pteropus_conspicillatus.html
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Rachel Mueller, University of California, Berkeley
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Morphology

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This species is sexually dimorphic in size.

Females weigh 510-665 g, while males weigh 950-100 g.

Forearm length is 157-181 mm and head and body length is 220-240mm.

Pteropus conspicillatus is black with a yellow mantle. The fur surrounding the eyes is yellow-green, giving the appearance of spectacles.

(Flannery, 1995; Andersen, 1912; Chambers, 1998)

Range mass: 510 to 1000 g.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Mueller, R. 2000. "Pteropus conspicillatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pteropus_conspicillatus.html
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Rachel Mueller, University of California, Berkeley
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Reproduction

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Female P. conspicillatus reach sexual maturity at two years of age. Copulation occurs between March and May, followed by a 7-month gestation period. Generally, females give birth to one young per year. Young bats are weaned after four months.

(Chambers, 1998; Martin et al. 1995).

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average gestation period: 180 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

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Mueller, R. 2000. "Pteropus conspicillatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pteropus_conspicillatus.html
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Spectacled flying fox

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The spectacled flying fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), also known as the spectacled fruit bat, is a megabat that lives in Australia's north-eastern regions of Queensland. It is also found in New Guinea and on the offshore islands including Woodlark Island, Alcester Island, Kiriwina, and Halmahera.

The spectacled flying fox was listed as a threatened species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. They were considered vulnerable due to a significant decline in numbers as a result of loss of their prime feeding habitat and secluded camp sites. It has also been reported that spectacled flying foxes skim over the surface of water to drink and are sometimes eaten by crocodiles.[3] The species was classified as endangered by the IUCN in 2020.[1]

In February 2019 the Australian government upgraded the threatened status from vulnerable to endangered, after almost a third of the bat population died in a severe heatwave in Queensland in late 2018.[4]

Description

Spectacled flying fox

The head and body length is 22–25 cm, forearm 16–18 cm, weight 400–1000 g. A large spectacled flying fox has pale yellow or straw-colored fur around its eyes. The mantle is pale yellow and goes across the back, neck, and shoulders. Some have pale yellow fur on the face and top of the head.

Habitat

Spectacled flying foxes are forest dwellers and rainforests are their preferred habitat. They prefer to roost in the middle and upper canopy strata in the full sun. Colonies of the spectacled flying fox can be found in rain forests, mangroves, and paperbark and eucalypt forests.[3] There is evidence of increasing urbanisation.[5]

Diet

The spectacled flying fox's natural diet is rainforest fruits, riparian zone flowers, and flowers from Myrtaceae (primarily Eucalyptus and Syzygium species) and fruits from the Moraceae (figs) and Myrtaceae (primarily Syzygium).[6][7]

Life cycle

Spectacled flying foxes have one pup annually. Females are capable of breeding at one year of age.[8] Males probably do not breed until three to four years of age. They are polygamous (similar to the grey-headed flying fox, Pteropus poliocephalus). Female to male ratio may be as high as 2:1.[8] Conception occurs April to May. Sexual activity is continuous from about January to June. Females give birth to one young per year in October to December. Juveniles are nursed for over five months, and on weaning, congregate in nursery trees in the colony. The juveniles fly out for increasing distances with the colony at night and are 'parked' in nursery trees, often kilometres distant from the colony, and are brought back to the colony in the morning.[9]

Life expectancy

Spectacled flying foxes typically live to be around 12 to 15 years old, but in captivity can exceed 30 years of age. Natural causes of mortality include predation mainly by rufous owls and pythons, death by paralysis tick when bats climb low to the ground to feed, and the death of babies that are born too early when either something goes wrong in the fetus' development, or the mother suffers from prolonged stress. Flying foxes are also frequently killed in human-related incidents such as landing on power lines, and getting entangled in nets or barbed wire.[10][11] Most wild flying foxes are assumed to live much shorter lives.[8]

Conservancy

In 2012, the Queensland Government reintroduced the issuing of permits which allows farmers and fruit-growers (with permits)to kill limited numbers of flying foxes in order to protect crops.[12][13] The shooting of bats had been banned by the previous Qld Labor government after advice from the Qld Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (AWAC) that the practice was inhumane.

In February 2019, the Australian Department of the Environment and Energy announced that the national status of the spectacled flying fox was going to be revised from vulnerable to endangered. This was in response to heat waves in the 2018-19 summer that resulted in mass die-offs of the species, resulting in the deaths of over 20,000 individuals. It is estimated that a third of its total population was lost during the extreme heat waves. Humane Society International had nominated the species for an endangered listing some years earlier.[4][14]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b Roberts, B.; Eby, P.; Westcott, D. (2020). "Pteropus conspicillatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18721A22080456. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18721A22080456.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Species Profile and Threats Database: Pteropus conspicillatus — Spectacled Flying-fox".
  3. ^ a b "Spectacled Flying-fox". Australian Museum. 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  4. ^ a b Cox, Lisa (19 February 2019). "Spectacled flying fox declared endangered after Queensland heatwave wipeout". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  5. ^ Tait, Jessica; Perotto-Baldivieso, Humberto L.; McKeown, Adam; Westcott, David A. (2014). "Are Flying-Foxes Coming to Town? Urbanisation of the Spectacled Flying-Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) in Australia". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109810. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9810T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109810. PMC 4190360. PMID 25295724.
  6. ^ Australian Museum Business Services (2004). The Provision of Data for Draft National Fauna Survey Standards: Bats Draft Report to the Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage.
  7. ^ Richards, G.C. (1987). "Aspects of the Ecology of Spectacled Flying-foxes, Pteropus conspicillatus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Tropical Queensland". Australian Mammalogy. 10 (2): 87–88.
  8. ^ a b c Garnett, S.T.; Whybird, O.A.; Spencer, H.G. (1999). "Conservation status of the Spectacled Flying-fox Pteropus conspicillatus". Australian Zoologist. 31: 38–54. doi:10.7882/az.1999.006.
  9. ^ Richards, GC & Spencer, HJ (1998). "Spectacled Flying-fox, Pteropus conspicillatus (Gould, 1850)". In: Strahan, R, ed. The Mammals of Australia.
  10. ^ Hall, L.S. (1995). "Bare-backed Fruit-bat Dobsonia moluccensis", pp. 430–431 in Strahan, R, ed. The Mammals of Australia. Chatswood, NSW: Reed Books.
  11. ^ Flannery, T.F. (1995). The mammals of New Guinea. Revised and updated edition. Chatswood, N.S.W: Reed Books
  12. ^ Michael, Peter (16 December 2012). "Queensland farmers approved for lethal Damage Mitigation Permits to shoot and kill flying foxes". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  13. ^ "Damage mitigation permits for crop protection". Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. Queensland Government. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  14. ^ "23,000 dead: HSI calls for urgent spectacled flying-fox endangered listing". Humane Society International. 19 December 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
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Spectacled flying fox: Brief Summary

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The spectacled flying fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), also known as the spectacled fruit bat, is a megabat that lives in Australia's north-eastern regions of Queensland. It is also found in New Guinea and on the offshore islands including Woodlark Island, Alcester Island, Kiriwina, and Halmahera.

The spectacled flying fox was listed as a threatened species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. They were considered vulnerable due to a significant decline in numbers as a result of loss of their prime feeding habitat and secluded camp sites. It has also been reported that spectacled flying foxes skim over the surface of water to drink and are sometimes eaten by crocodiles. The species was classified as endangered by the IUCN in 2020.

In February 2019 the Australian government upgraded the threatened status from vulnerable to endangered, after almost a third of the bat population died in a severe heatwave in Queensland in late 2018.

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