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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 5.4 years (captivity) Observations: In the wild these animals live over 4 years (Bernhard Grzimek 1990). One captive specimen lived for 5.4 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Trophic Strategy

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Lemuroid ringtail possums forage, on average, 16 m above the ground. They are almost exclusively folivorous, specializing in low fibrous leaves, with little variation. Lemuroid ringtail possums eat leaves only from a handful of tree species, preferring young foliage. Preferred tree species are Queensland maple (Flindersia brayleyana), brown quandong (Elaeocarpus ruminatus), and bollywood (Litsea leefeana). If there are no young leaves to be eaten they take mature leaves from their preferred trees, as opposed to eating young leaves from another species. Lemuroid ringtail possums eat other parts of trees as well, particularly the flower buds from brown bollywood (Litsea leefeana) and the fleshy covering of yellow walnut (Beilschmiedia bancroftii).

Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Carpet pythons (Morelia spilota) and rufous owls (Ninox rufa) are the only known predators of Hemibelideus lemuroides. Both predators hunt these possums in the forest canopy.

Lemuroid ringtail possum families band together in a tight cluster when they sense danger. This may dissuade predators from engaging due to sheer numbers. Also, this allows adults to keep their young safely in the pack's middle.

Known Predators:

  • carpet pythons (Morelia spilota)
  • rufous owls (Ninox rufa)
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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Lemuroid ringtail possums are small to medium sized animals, with a body length of 30 to 38 cm and a tail length of 30 to 35 cm. Male weights range from 810 to 1060 g, females from 750 to 1140 g. Covered in long fur, the body is uniformly colored: brownish-gray on the back, head, and shoulders, with a yellowish underbelly. A rare white form of H. lemuroides has been documented and is found in unusually high proportions on Mount Carbine. The tail is covered in the same dark fur, with only the tip being bare. The bare tip acts as a friction pad to allow H. lemuroides to climb and grab objects. The highly prehensile tail also aids in steering when these possums throw themselves from tree to tree in great leaps. Each forelimb ends in 5 freestanding digits with an extended hallux to improve grip. Sharp nails on the end of each digit are long and curved, acting like a grappling hook. On the hindlimbs, the second and third toes are fused, making H. lemuroides syndactylous. The most distinctive feature of lemuroid ringtail possums, and the feature most often used by field researchers to identify them, is the color of their eyeshine. The eyeshine, or the color the tapetum lucidum appears to reflect, is bright yellow. Lemuroid ringtail possums are the only animals in the area to have yellow eyeshine.

Adults and young can only be distinguished by comparing body size and eye markings. Young are slightly smaller, have silvery eyeshine, and their eyes are closer together. However, these features are not easy to distinguish when the animals are high up in the canopy.

Lemuroid ringtail possums are very distinctive because of their odd assortment of possum, lemur, and glider-like features. The similarities between these possums and lemurs are in facial characteristics, including short snouts, large, forward-facing eyes, and small ears. Furthermore, similar to gliders, H. lemuroides have skeletal and musculature adaptations to accommodate a leaping lifestyle. Sometimes said to represent an early morphological stage of gliding, H. lemuroides have a flap of skin along their sides that is about 25 mm wide.

Range mass: 750 to 1140 g.

Range length: 30.5 to 38 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

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Lemuroid ringtail possums have not been held in captivity, nor have any been recorded long term in the wild. Judging by close relatives monitored in the wild, an average life expectancy might be as long as 12 to 15 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
4.0 years.

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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Lemuroid ringtail possums are strictly arboreal. Their habitat is further limited by both elevation and preference for particular tree types. Favoring the high canopies of the rainforest, they are found above 480 meters and 900 meters on the Atherton and Mount Carbine Tablelands, respectively. Furthermore, lemuroid ringtail possums are found only in mature forests, not secondary or regrowth forests.

Range elevation: 900 (high) m.

Average elevation: 480 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution

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The range of lemuroid ringtail possums is restricted to the northeastern rainforests of Queensland, Australia. Hemibelideus lemuroides are found in an area of only 300,000 hectares in two rainforests in the Atherton Tablelands and Mount Carbine Tablelands areas.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Lemuroid ringtail possums may disperse the seeds of some of the fruits they eat.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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There are no known positive effects of Hemibelideus lemuroides on humans.

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse effects of Hemibelideus lemuroides on humans.

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

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The status of H. lemuroides is stable, but precarious. Populations currently seem healthy but the habitats that they depend on have so far been spared from extensive logging. Lemuroid ringtail possum populations decreased by 97% in secondary forests compared to primary. This is probably because of their reliance on old trees for dens, their reliance on the leaves of only a few, slow-growing tree species, and their preference for high, continuous forest canopies. Any threat to their primary forest habitats will severely threaten their populations.

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Communication among lemuroid ringtail possums is not well understood. When a young possum is separated from its mother, the young cry with a keening squeak. Reports differ when describing the behavior of adults. Some say that adults are silent, while others maintain that adults reply to lost offspring with a haunting howl. There is no record of groups communicating vocally. If an threat is sensed, all lemuroids in the area are alerted without vocalizations. They congregate in a group, back to back, maintaining physical contact with each other.

Both sexes of Hemibelideus lemuroides secrete a cream colored fluid, which they rub over themselves. Secretions, accompanied by a strong musky odor, are stimulated when lemuroids are disturbed or handled. This may be a form of communicating identity, reproductive state, or other factors.

Lemuroid ringtail possums have large, forward facing eyes adapted to night vision. It is assumed that through vision they locate food, predators, and fellow possums.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Untitled

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Hemibelideus literally translates as "half-glider" ('belideus' being a diminutive form of Petaurus, meaning "glider"). It was once thought that Hemibelideus lemuroides were gliding possums.

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Little is known about the mating system of Hemibelideus lemuroides. Adults have a strong, long lasting pair bond. Monogamous couples raise their offspring together, forage for food together, and share a den. The exact duration of the pair bond is unknown, but it lasts well into the period when the offspring finally become autonomous, about 9 months after birth.

Mating System: monogamous

Young are born in early August and crawl into the pouch on the female's underside. The young remains in the pouch until November, drinking milk from the mother. While the mother has two teats in her pouch, only one offspring is reared at a time. After 6 to 7 weeks, the young leave the pouch and ride on the mother’s back for another 6 months, from October to April.

Information about sexual maturity is unknown, but we can look for generalizations among their close relatives. Petauroides volans reach sexual maturity after 2 years, lemuroid ringtail possumss may have a similar pattern.

Breeding interval: Lemuroid ringtail possumss breed once yearly.

Breeding season: Mating probably occurs in mid winter (late June, July).

Range number of offspring: 1 (high) .

Average weaning age: 4 months.

Average time to independence: 6 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average number of offspring: 1.

Parental investment after birth lasts 9 months. The offspring is carried in the mother's pouch for the first 4 months, receiving food and protection. Young Hemibelideus lemuroides are altricial, unable to provide for themselves. The young suckles milk from its mother until it leaves the pouch. Then both parents are active in caring for their young. Lemuroid ringtail possums are social, and the core unit is the adult parents and their single young. Single-family units are often seen foraging with other family groups. Outside of the family, however, there is no hierarchical social structure.

The offspring follow and learn from both parents for another 5 months before gaining independence. During this time, they rarely intentionally leave their parents' side. Both parents spend considerable amounts of time protecting and teaching the offspring. They often remain in close proximity, even when the young have reached adulthood.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning

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Humfleet, J. 2006. "Hemibelideus lemuroides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hemibelideus_lemuroides.html
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Jennifer Humfleet, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Lemuroid ringtail possum

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The lemuroid ringtail possum (Hemibelideus lemuroides), also known as the lemur-like ringtail possum or the brushy-tailed ringtail, is a truly singular member of the ringtail possum group. It was once thought that they were greater gliders (Petauroides volans); Hemibelideus literally translates as "half-glider" (belideus being a diminutive form of Petaurus, meaning "glider").[3] Named for their facial characteristics visually similar to the unrelated primate lemurs, with short snouts, large, forward-facing eyes and small ears, they are similar to other gliding possums in their musculo-skeletal adaptations to accommodate a leaping lifestyle. Their long, prehensile tail is a further adaptation to their arboreal habitat.[3]

In Queensland, Australia

It has a bushier tail when compared to other ringtails, and can be distinguished from the greater glider by its lack of gliding membrane and much shorter, hairless ears. It is a social possum, and is found in two main colour forms: the more common brownish-gray form,[3] with a yellowish underbelly, and a rare white form, which occurred in the Daintree Rainforest and was last seen in 2005 in Mount Lewis National Park, and in 2008 believed to have been nearly extinct.[4][5][6]

This possum is found in a small area of only about 300,000 hectares in total, between Ingham and Cairns in Queensland, Australia, and in an isolated population on the Mount Carbine Tableland,[4] both within the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area.[6] They are strictly arboreal and live in the high canopies of mature forests and favour particular tree types, usually found above 480–900 metres in elevation. Body length is 30–38 cm and tail length 30–35 cm, weighing between 810 and 1140 grams.[3]

Stephen Williams, researcher on climate change and biodiversity at the Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change at James Cook University, Queensland, stated that none were seen for several years after the heat waves of 2005, when first a few were spotted (three were observed in the Daintree National Park, on Cape York Peninsula in 2009[7]) then increasing numbers as they slowly recovered.[6] Williams said in 2009 that there was no reason to believe the white variant would be impacted more than the brown.[7]

Then the next heatwave in struck in November 2018, when the Cairns region was hit by the highest temperatures since records began – even the highest mountain in the wet tropics reached 39 °C. Many tropical species cannot cope with extreme heat, not having evolved mechanisms to cool their bodies down, according to Williams; they can die from temperatures above 29 degrees. He said that over the past 15 years systematically species have started to disappear from the lower elevations, causing the total populations to decline as they are constrained to smaller areas at higher elevations. This puts pressure on creatures living in the mountain summits such as the lemuroid possum, which have nowhere else to go; the nearest rainforest is 1000 kilometres away.[6]

References

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Burnett, S.; Winter, J. (2019). "Hemibelideus lemuroides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T9869A21962427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T9869A21962427.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d Humfleet, Jennifer (2006). "Hemibelideus lemuroides: lemuroid ringtail possum". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  4. ^ a b Menkhorst, Peter (2001). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press. p. 98.
  5. ^ Malkin, Bonnie (3 December 2008). "Australia's white possum could be first victim of climate change". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
  6. ^ a b c d Deacon, Ben (3 February 2019). "As the cloud forests get hotter, the white lemuroid possum gets closer to extinction". ABC News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  7. ^ a b Schwarten, Evan (27 March 2009). "'Extinct' possum found in Daintree". Nine News. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2010.

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Lemuroid ringtail possum: Brief Summary

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The lemuroid ringtail possum (Hemibelideus lemuroides), also known as the lemur-like ringtail possum or the brushy-tailed ringtail, is a truly singular member of the ringtail possum group. It was once thought that they were greater gliders (Petauroides volans); Hemibelideus literally translates as "half-glider" (belideus being a diminutive form of Petaurus, meaning "glider"). Named for their facial characteristics visually similar to the unrelated primate lemurs, with short snouts, large, forward-facing eyes and small ears, they are similar to other gliding possums in their musculo-skeletal adaptations to accommodate a leaping lifestyle. Their long, prehensile tail is a further adaptation to their arboreal habitat.

In Queensland, Australia

It has a bushier tail when compared to other ringtails, and can be distinguished from the greater glider by its lack of gliding membrane and much shorter, hairless ears. It is a social possum, and is found in two main colour forms: the more common brownish-gray form, with a yellowish underbelly, and a rare white form, which occurred in the Daintree Rainforest and was last seen in 2005 in Mount Lewis National Park, and in 2008 believed to have been nearly extinct.

This possum is found in a small area of only about 300,000 hectares in total, between Ingham and Cairns in Queensland, Australia, and in an isolated population on the Mount Carbine Tableland, both within the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area. They are strictly arboreal and live in the high canopies of mature forests and favour particular tree types, usually found above 480–900 metres in elevation. Body length is 30–38 cm and tail length 30–35 cm, weighing between 810 and 1140 grams.

Stephen Williams, researcher on climate change and biodiversity at the Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change at James Cook University, Queensland, stated that none were seen for several years after the heat waves of 2005, when first a few were spotted (three were observed in the Daintree National Park, on Cape York Peninsula in 2009) then increasing numbers as they slowly recovered. Williams said in 2009 that there was no reason to believe the white variant would be impacted more than the brown.

Then the next heatwave in struck in November 2018, when the Cairns region was hit by the highest temperatures since records began – even the highest mountain in the wet tropics reached 39 °C. Many tropical species cannot cope with extreme heat, not having evolved mechanisms to cool their bodies down, according to Williams; they can die from temperatures above 29 degrees. He said that over the past 15 years systematically species have started to disappear from the lower elevations, causing the total populations to decline as they are constrained to smaller areas at higher elevations. This puts pressure on creatures living in the mountain summits such as the lemuroid possum, which have nowhere else to go; the nearest rainforest is 1000 kilometres away.

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