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Mutualism between treeshrews and pitcher plants

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Three species of Nepenthes pitcher plants from Borneo engage in a mutualistic interaction with mountain tree shrews...

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Tree shrew on Nepenthes rajah.mpg - YouTube

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Some pitcher plants have a mutualistic relationship with treeshrews (genus Tupaia). The pitchers exude a sugary reward on their lids and provide a perch for the visitor. The treeshrews eat the exudate and drop faeces into the pitchers, supplying the plant with valuable nitrogen.

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Tupaia (gènere) ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Tupaia és el gènere de tupaies amb el nombre més gran d'espècies i forma part de la família dels tupaids. El gènere inclou les següents espècies:

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Tupaia Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Eigentliche Spitzhörnchen ( German )

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Die Eigentlichen Spitzhörnchen oder Eigentlichen Tupajas (Tupaia) sind eine Säugetiergattung aus der Familie der Spitzhörnchen (Tupaiidae). Sie sind die bekannteste und mit fast 20 Spezies auch artenreichste Gattung ihrer Familie. Auch das Gewöhnliche Spitzhörnchen (Tupaia glis) gehört dazu.

Beschreibung

Von den anderen Spitzhörnchengattungen unterscheiden sich die Eigentlichen Spitzhörnchen vor allem durch die spärlichere Behaarung, den buschigen Schwanz und die kleinen Ohren. Ihre Fellfärbung variiert von rötlichbraun über olivgrün bis zu grau, wobei die Unterseite etwas heller gefärbt ist. Wie alle Spitzhörnchen haben sie eine lange Schnauze. Eigentliche Spitzhörnchen erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 14 bis 23 Zentimetern, wobei der Schwanz etwa genauso lang ist, und ein Gewicht von 100 bis 300 Gramm.

Verbreitung

 src=
Die Verbreitungsgebiete verschiedener Spitzhörnchenarten.
  • T. glis
  • T. ferruginea
  • T. discolor
  • T. chrysogaster
  • T. hypochrysa
  • T. salatana
  • T. longipes
  • Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Eigentlichen Spitzhörnchen reicht vom östlichen Indien und Nepal über Südostasien und die Philippinen bis zu den Inseln Borneo und Bali.

    Lebensweise

    Diese Tiere leben vorwiegend in Wäldern, manche Arten sind allerdings auch in Plantagen und manchmal sogar Gärten zu finden. Wie die meisten Spitzhörnchen sind sie tagaktiv. Die Nacht verbringen sie in Nestern in Baumwurzeln oder hohlen Baumstämmen verborgen, um tagsüber auf Nahrungssuche zu gehen. Die meisten Arten sind Bodenbewohner, können aber gut klettern.

    Das Sozialverhalten dieser Tiere dürfte je nach Art unterschiedlich sein. Manchmal findet man Paare, die in monogamen Beziehungen zusammenleben und ein gemeinsames Territorium besitzen, das sie mit Duftdrüsen markieren. Manchmal kommt es jedoch auch vor, dass sich das Revier eines Männchens mit dem von bis zu drei Weibchen überlappt und das Männchen auch bei der Paarung Anspruch auf diese drei Weibchen erhebt. Andere Arten sind sozialer und leben in Gruppen zusammen, wobei nur das dominante Männchen der Gruppe sich mit den Weibchen fortpflanzt.

    Nahrung

    Eigentliche Spitzhörnchen sind Allesfresser. Sie nehmen sowohl Insekten und kleine Wirbeltiere als auch Samen, Früchte und Blätter zu sich.

    Fortpflanzung

    Der Höhepunkt der Paarungszeit liegt zwischen Februar und Juni, obwohl sie sich das ganze Jahr über fortpflanzen können. Die Tragzeit beträgt rund sieben bis acht Wochen, dann kommen ein bis drei Jungtiere zur Welt, die zunächst nackt und blind sind.

    Die Tiere haben ein spezielles System der Aufzucht der Jungen entwickelt. Sie errichten zwei Nester, eines für die Eltern und eines für die Jungen. Nur alle zwei Tage kommt die Mutter beim Nest der Jungen vorbei, um sie für rund 15 Minuten zu säugen, die restliche Zeit verbringen diese allein im Nest. Mit rund zehn bis 20 Tagen öffnen sie die Augen und mit rund fünf Wochen werden sie entwöhnt. Die Geschlechtsreife tritt bereits mit rund drei Monaten ein.

    In freier Natur liegt die Lebenserwartung bei rund zwei bis drei Jahren, das höchste bekannte Alter eines Tieres in menschlicher Obhut betrug zwölf Jahre.

    Bedrohung

    Der Verlust des Lebensraumes und die Jagd stellen die Hauptbedrohung für diese Tiere dar. Insgesamt vier Arten werden als gefährdet oder bedroht gelistet, wobei für viele andere Arten keine genauen Daten vorliegen.

    Die Arten

    Innere Systematik der Eigentlichen Spitzhörnchen nach Roberts et al. 2011[1]
    Tupaia


    Tupaia chrysogaster


    Tupaia longipes




    Tupaia glis


    Tupaia belangeri




    Tupaia everetti


    Tupaia gracilis



    Tupaia dorsalis




    Tupaia nicobarica


    Tupaia javanica




    Tupaia palawanensis



    Tupaia minor



    Tupaia picta



    Tupaia tana



    Tupaia montana


    Tupaia splendidula









    Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/3Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/4
    Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style
     src=
    Tana (Tupaia tana)

    Das Philippinen-Spitzhörnchen wurde vor allem im 20. Jahrhundert der monotypischen Gattung Urogale zugerechnet. Verschiedene molekulargenetische Untersuchungen zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts deckten aber eine Einbettung von Urogale in die Gattung Tupaia auf. Daher wurde im Jahr 2011 vorgeschlagen, erstere in letztere aufgehen zu lassen.[3][4][1]

    Literatur

    Einzelnachweise

    1. a b Trina E. Roberts, Hayley C. Lanier, Eric J. Sargis, Link E. Olson: Molecular phylogeny of treeshrews (Mammalia: Scandentia) and the timescale of diversification in Southeast Asia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60, 2011, S. 358–372
    2. a b c Eric J. Sargis, Neal Woodman, Aspen T. Reese, Link E. Olson: Using hand proportions to test taxonomic boundaries within the Tupaia glis species complex (Scandentia, Tupaiidae). Journal of Mammalogy 94 (1), 2013, S. 183–201 DOI: 10.1644/11-MAMM-A-343.1
    3. Kwai-Hin Han und Frederick H. Sheldon: Interspecific relationships and biogeography of some Bornean tree shrews (Tupaiidae: Tupaia), based on DNA hybridization and morphometric comparisons. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 70, 2000, S. 1–14
    4. Trina E. Roberts, Eric J. Sargis und Link E. Olson: Networks, Trees, and Treeshrews: Assessing Support and Identifying Conflict with Multiple Loci and a Problematic Root. Systematic Biology 58 (2), 2009, S. 257–270
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    Eigentliche Spitzhörnchen: Brief Summary ( German )

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    Die Eigentlichen Spitzhörnchen oder Eigentlichen Tupajas (Tupaia) sind eine Säugetiergattung aus der Familie der Spitzhörnchen (Tupaiidae). Sie sind die bekannteste und mit fast 20 Spezies auch artenreichste Gattung ihrer Familie. Auch das Gewöhnliche Spitzhörnchen (Tupaia glis) gehört dazu.

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    Tupaia ( Lingua Franca Nova )

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    Tupaia belangeri boden.jpg

    Tupaia es un mamal peti e insetivor cual sembla un scural con beco puntida, nativa de Asia sude-este.

    Scandentia

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    Tupaia ( Maltese )

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    Tupaia huwa ġeneru ta' mammiferi fil-klassi Mammalia, fis-sottoklassi Theria, fl-infraklassi Eutheria, fl-ordni Scandentia, fil-familja Tupaiidae ma' tliet ġeneri oħra bi 15-il speċi. Fil-fatt, dan il-ġeneru huwa l-iktar wieħed ta' suċċess fl-ordni Scandentia bl-akbar numru tà speċi.

    Tupaia huwa sottoġeneru wkoll, fil-ġeneru Tupaia stess u hemm 10 speċi ta' tupaji li jikklassifikaw rwieħhom taħt dan is-sottoġeneru.

    Lista tal-ispeċi tal-ġeneru Tupaia

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    Tupaia: Brief Summary ( Maltese )

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    Tupaia huwa ġeneru ta' mammiferi fil-klassi Mammalia, fis-sottoklassi Theria, fl-infraklassi Eutheria, fl-ordni Scandentia, fil-familja Tupaiidae ma' tliet ġeneri oħra bi 15-il speċi. Fil-fatt, dan il-ġeneru huwa l-iktar wieħed ta' suċċess fl-ordni Scandentia bl-akbar numru tà speċi.

    Tupaia huwa sottoġeneru wkoll, fil-ġeneru Tupaia stess u hemm 10 speċi ta' tupaji li jikklassifikaw rwieħhom taħt dan is-sottoġeneru.

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    Tupaia (mammal)

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    Tupaia is a treeshrew genus in the family Tupaiidae that was first described by Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1821.[1][2] The name of this genus derives from the Malay word tupai meaning squirrel or small animal resembling a squirrel.[3]

    Characteristics

    Raffles described the genus as having an elongated snout, eight to 10 incisors, well-developed limbs, five-toed naked feet, and the sole furnished with projecting pads and sharp claws, with a habit and tail of a squirrel.[2]

    Marcus Ward Lyon published a revision of the genus in 1913, and also noted the squirrel-like appearance of Tupaia species, which only lack the long black whiskers and have smaller ears. They do not have any markings on the face, the naked area of the nose is finely reticulated, an oblique stripe on the shoulder is more or less distinct, and the tail is haired but not tufted. The braincase is about as wide as the maxillary tooth row is long. The temporal fossa is smaller than the orbit. The dental formula is 2.1.3.33.1.3.3. The first pair of upper incisors is longer than the second, while the second pair of lower incisors is slightly larger than the first and third pairs. The lower canines are better developed than the upper ones and stand high above the adjacent premolars. The size of head, body, and tail varies between species.[4]

    One outstanding characteristic of Tupaia species is their color vision. They have rod and cone visual receptors similar to humans and other primates.[5]

    Classification and taxonomic history

    When Diard and Duvaucel described the first specimen of the common treeshrew Tupaia glis in 1820, they considered it a species of Sorex.[6] T. everetti was moved back into the genus from Urogale, disbanding the latter, based on a 2011 molecular phylogeny.[7]

    Subsequent to Raffles' description of the genus, these additional Tupaia species were described:[1]

    In the past, various authors proposed to place treeshrews in the ordinal rank Insectivora, or considered them close relatives of primates. Since 1972, the treeshrew families Tupaiidae and Ptilocercidae are grouped in the order Scandentia.[25][26][27]

    Distribution and habitat

    Tupaia species range from northeastern India, Myanmar, Nicobar Islands eastward to some of the Philippine Islands, and from central China south to Java, Borneo and Sumatra, including islands on the southwest coast. They do not occur on Celebes, nor on islands to the east of Java, with the possible exception of Bali.[4]

    They inhabit the dense undergrowth of tropical forests. With the exception of T. minor, they are primarily terrestrial and forage on the forest floor, usually below 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). Since they are rarely seen crossing wide roads, populations likely are negatively affected by fragmentation of forests caused by logging operations.[28]

    Ecology and behaviour

    Early naturalists described wild-caught captive Tupaia specimens as restless, nervous, and rapidly reacting to sounds and movements.[4] Their auditory sensitivity is highly developed as the broad frequency range of their hearing reaches far into the ultrasonic.[29]

    The shape of the cheek-teeth of Tupaia species indicate they are foremost insectivores. Captive specimens were reported to hunt ants, flies, crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches, and small beetles. They hold their food between their forelegs while sitting on their haunches. After feeding, they smooth their heads and faces with both forepaws, and lick their lips and palms. They are also fond of water, both to drink and to bathe.[4] They fortify their diet with soft fruits that are mostly dispersed by birds. They swallow the pulp, but reject fibrous components, which they cannot digest due to their long and small intestines and rudimentary ceca.[30]

    The well-developed olfactory perception of treeshrews enables them to easily detect food among the leaf litter on the forest floor. Their sensitivity for odours coupled with scent-marking of their territories is important in their interaction with conspecifics.[31][32]

    Observations of Tupaia species in their natural habitats suggest they usually form monogamous pairs. Social behaviour differs between species and the available food resources in their territories. Where food is adequate and sufficient, they tolerate conspecifics without engaging in territorial disputes.[28] Common treeshrews observed in the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve defended diminishing food resources by chasing away residents of adjacent areas.[32]

    Birds of prey, snakes, and small carnivores are known to hunt treeshrews. Humans have no interest in killing them for food because of their unpleasant taste, and they are rarely seen as pests.[33]

    Reproduction and development

    Treeshrews share more similarity with rodents and squirrels than with primates in regards to their reproduction and development. In contrast to primates, which produce one baby with longer gestation periods, treeshrews generally have litters of two or three young and are only in utero about 45 days. Female treeshrews give birth in nests made of many dry leaves, and are known to leave the young unattended while returning occasionally to give them milk. Parental care of Tupaia is relatively limited.[34]

    The young remain in the nest for 33 days on average, developing gradually before they exit the nest. Ten identified embryonic developmental stages are seen in Tupaia species.[35] Baby treeshrews are sexually immature until about 90 days after birth.[26]

    Medical research

    Their close relationship to primates makes treeshrews important model organisms in human medical research. A study investigating the effects of the Borna disease virus on treeshrews has given new insight into neurological disease.[36]

    Since Tupaia species share so many similarities with primates, yet are more abundant and have more plentiful progeny than them, interest is increasing in using them as an alternative model for use in human medical research. Successful psychosocial studies were carried out, and dramatic behavioral, neuroendocrinal, and physiological changes occurred in subordinate males of Tupaia, similar to depressed human patients. Their susceptibility to viruses has also piqued interest in using them to study immune responses to infections such as hepatitis B.[37] Tupaia species have been used to overcome the limitations of using rodent models in the study of human biology and disease mechanisms, as well as the development of new drugs and diagnostic tools. Recent studies have used treeshrews to study infectious, metabolic, neurological, and psychiatric diseases, as well as cancers.[38]

    In 2013, the Virology Journal published an article that documents the use of the northern treeshrew (T. belangeri) as medical models for the H1N1 influenza virus. This was advantageous because other possible candidates such as guinea pigs, rats, mice, and other rodents leave gaps in the information, especially regarding clinical symptoms and transmission. Tupaia, though, displays moderate systemic and respiratory symptoms, as well as pathological changes in the respiratory tract, supporting its use as a beneficial model in H1N1 research.[39]

    References

    1. ^ a b c Helgen, K.M. (2005). "Tupaia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
    2. ^ a b c Raffles, T. S. (1821). "Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity, under the Direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough; with additional Notices illustrative of the Natural History of those Countries". The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Linnean Society of London. XIII: 239–340.
    3. ^ Wilkinson, R. J. (1901). A Malay-English dictionary Kelly & Walsh Limited, Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama.
    4. ^ a b c d e Lyon, M. W., Jr. (1913). Tree shrews: An account of the mammalian family Tupaiidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 45:1–188.
    5. ^ Shriver, J .G., Noback, C. R. (1967). Color Vision in the Tree Shrew (Tupaia glis). Folia Primatologia 6: 161−169.
    6. ^ Diard, P.M., Duvaucel, A. (1820). "Sur une nouvelle espèce de Sorex — Sorex Glis". Asiatick researches, or, Transactions of the society instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature of Asia, Volume 14: 470–475.
    7. ^ Roberts, T.E.; Lanier, H.C.; Sargis, E.J.; Olson, L.E. (2011). "Molecular phylogeny of treeshrews (Mammalia: Scandentia) and the timescale of diversification in Southeast Asia". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 60 (3): 358–372. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.021. PMID 21565274.
    8. ^ Wagner, J. A. (1841). Das peguanische Spitzhörnchen. In: Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband 2. Erlangen: Expedition des Schreber'schen Säugethier- und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes. Pp. 42–43.
    9. ^ Miller, G. S. Jr. (1903). Seventy New Malayan Mammals. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 1–73.
    10. ^ Lyon Jr, M. W. (1906). "Mammals of Banka, Mendanau, and Billiton Islands, between Sumatra and Borneo". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 1906.
    11. ^ Schlegel, H. (1857). Tana dorsalis. In: Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Boekdrukkerij van Nys, Breda. Page 59.
    12. ^ a b c Thomas, Oldfield (1892). "On some new mammalia from the East-Indian Archipelago". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 6 (9): 250–254. doi:10.1080/00222939208677313. ISSN 0374-5481.
    13. ^ Raffles, T. S. (1821). "XVII. Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, Made on Account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and Its Vicinity, under the Direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough; with Additional Notices Illustrative of the Natural History of Those Countries". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 1: 239–274.
    14. ^ Thomas, O. (1893). Description of a new Bornean Tupaia. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6 (12): 53–54.
    15. ^ Thomas, O. (1895). "On some mammals collected by Dr. E. Modigliani in Sipora, Mentawei Islands". Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Genova Ser 2. 14: 661–672.
    16. ^ Horsfield, T. (1824). Zoological researches in Java, and the neighbouring islands. London: Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen.
    17. ^ Thomas, O. (1893). On some new Bornean Mammalia. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (11): 341–347.
    18. ^ Günther, A. G. (1876). Remarks on some Indian and, more especially, Bornean Mammals. Proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the Zoological Society of London: 424–428.
    19. ^ Matschie, P. (1898). Säugethiere von den Philippinen. Sitzungsbericht der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 38–43.
    20. ^ Zelebor, J. (1868). Cladobates Nicobaricus. In: Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde. Zoologischer Theil, Band 1 Säugethiere. Wien: Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. Pp. 17–19.
    21. ^ Thomas, O. (1894). On the Palawan Representative of Tupaia ferruginea. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6 (13): 367.
    22. ^ Lyon, M. W. (1913). Treeshrews: an account of the mammalian family Tupaiidae. Vol. 45. US Government Printing Office.
    23. ^ Gray, J. E. (1865). Notice of a Species of Tupaia from Borneo, in the Collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the Zoological Society of London: 322.
    24. ^ Mein, P. and Ginsburg, L. (1997). Les mammifères du gisement miocène inférieur de Li Mae Long, Thaïlande : systématique, biostratigraphie et paléoenvironnement. Geodiversitas 19(4): 783–844.
    25. ^ Butler, P. M. (1972). The problem of insectivore classification. In: K. A. Joysey and T. S. Kemp (eds.) Studies in vertebrate evolution. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Pp. 253−265.
    26. ^ a b Martin, R. D. (1968). Reproduction and Ontogeny in tree-shrews (Tupaia belangeri), with reference to their general behaviour and taxonomic relationships. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 25(4): 409–495.
    27. ^ McKenna, M. C., Bell, S. K. (1997). Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York.
    28. ^ a b Emmons, L. (2000). Tupai: A field study of Bornean treeshrews. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
    29. ^ Peterson, E. A., Wruble, S. D., Ponzoli, V. I. (1968). Auditory responses in tree shrews and primates. Journal of Auditory Research 8(3): 345–355.
    30. ^ Emmons, L. H. (1991). Frugivory in Treeshrews (Tupaia). The American Naturalist. 138(3): 642–649.
    31. ^ Gould, E. (1978). The behavior of the moonrat, Echinosorex gymnurus (Erinaceidae) and the pentail shrew, Ptilocercus lowi (Tupaiidae) with comments on the behavior of other insectivora. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 48(1): 1–27.
    32. ^ a b Kawamichi, T. and Kawamichi, M. (1979). Spatial Organization and Territory of Tree Shrews (Tupaia glis). Animal Behavior 27(2): 381–393.
    33. ^ Cisneros, L. (2005). "Tupaia glis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web.
    34. ^ Collins, P. M. and Tsang, W. N. (1987). Growth and reproductive development in the male treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri) from birth to sexual maturity. Biology of reproduction 37(2): 261–267.
    35. ^ Kuhn, H, and Schwaier, A. (1973). Implantation, early placentation, and the chronology of embryogenesis in Tupaia belangeri. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 142(3): 315–340.
    36. ^ Sprankel, H., Richarz, K., Ludwig, H. and Rott, R. (1978). Behavior Alterations in Tree Shrews Induced by Borna Disease Virus. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 165(1): 1–18.
    37. ^ Cao, J., Yang, E. B., Su, J. J., Li, Y., Chow, P. (2003). The Tree Shrew: Adjuncts and Alternatives to Primates as Models for Biomedical Research. Journal of Medical Primatology. 32(3): 123–130.
    38. ^ Xu, L., Zhang, Y., Liang, B., Lü, L. B., Chen, C. S., Chen, Y. B., Yao, Y. G. (2013). Tree shrews under the spot light: emerging model of human diseases. Dongwuxue Yanjiu 34(2): 59–69. (in Chinese)
    39. ^ Yang, Z. F., Zhao, J., Zhu, Y. T., Wang, Y. T., Liu, R., Zhao, S. S., Li, R. F., Yang, C., Li, J., Zhong, N. S. (2013). The tree shrew provides a useful alternative model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus. Virology Journal 10 (1): 111.
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    Tupaia (mammal): Brief Summary

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    Tupaia is a treeshrew genus in the family Tupaiidae that was first described by Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1821. The name of this genus derives from the Malay word tupai meaning squirrel or small animal resembling a squirrel.

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    Tupaia ( Spanish; Castilian )

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    Tupaia es el género de tupayas con mayor número de especies y forma parte de la familia de los Tupaiidae, orden Scandentia. El género incluye las siguientes especies:

    Referencias

    • HELGEN, K. M. Order Scandentia. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 104-109.
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    Tupaia: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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    Tupaia es el género de tupayas con mayor número de especies y forma parte de la familia de los Tupaiidae, orden Scandentia. El género incluye las siguientes especies:

    Tupaya de Belanger (Tupaia belangeri) Tupaya de vientre dorado (Tupaia chrysogaster) Tupaya rayada (Tupaia dorsalis) Tupaya común (Tupaia glis) Tupaya esbelta (Tupaia gracilis) Tupaya de Java (Tupaia javanica) Tupaya de pies largos (Tupaia longipes) Tupaya pigmea (Tupaia minor) Tupaya de las islas Calamian (Tupaia moellendorffi) Tupaya de montaña (Tupaia montana) Tupaya de las islas Nicobar (Tupaia nicobarica) Tupaya de Palawan (Tupaia palawanensis) Tupaya pintada (Tupaia picta) Tupaya de cola roja (Tupaia splendidula) Tupaya grande de Borneo (Tupaia tana)
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    Tupaia (generoa) ( Basque )

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    (RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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    Tupaia (generoa): Brief Summary ( Basque )

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    Tupaia Scandentia familiako generoa da, Thomas Stamford Rafflesek 1821ean deskribatu zuena.

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    Tupaia (genre) ( French )

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    Tupaia est un genre de mammifères de la famille des Tupaïdés (Tupaiidae). Il regroupe plusieurs espèces de toupayes[1], appelés aussi tupaïa ou tupaja, des petits animaux qui ressemblent un peu à des écureuils, mais ne sont pas des rongeurs.

    Liste d'espèces

    Selon ITIS (17 déc. 2010)[2] et Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (17 déc. 2010)[3] :

    Notes et références

    1. toupaye dans le dictionnaire Larousse
    2. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 17 déc. 2010
    3. Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005), consulté le 17 déc. 2010
    4. Tupaia belangeri Notice d'autorité de la Bnf
    5. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa et ab (en) Murray Wrobel, 2007. Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Elsevier, 2007. (ISBN 0444518770), 9780444518774. 857 pages. Rechercher dans le document numérisé
    6. a et b Meyer C., ed. sc., 2009, Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales. consulter en ligne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.

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    Tupaia (genre): Brief Summary ( French )

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    Tupaia est un genre de mammifères de la famille des Tupaïdés (Tupaiidae). Il regroupe plusieurs espèces de toupayes, appelés aussi tupaïa ou tupaja, des petits animaux qui ressemblent un peu à des écureuils, mais ne sont pas des rongeurs.

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    Tupaia (xénero) ( Galician )

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    Tupaia é un xénero de mamíferos placentarios da orde dos escandentios,[1] que é o tipo da familia dos tupaíidos, e a que máis especies comprende.[2]

    Taxonomía

    Descrición

    O xénero foi descrito en 1821 polo naturalista británico Thomas Stamford Raffles, en Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13: 256, que sinalou como especie tipo a Tupaia ferruginea Raffles, 1821, até entón coñecida como Sorex glis Diard, 1820, xa que cando Diard e Duvaucel describiron por primeira vez estra especie en 1820, considerábana como un esciúrido do xénero Sorex.[3].

    Etimoloxía

    Tupaia deriva do malaio tupai, "esquío" ou "pequeno animal que semella un esquío".[4]

    Clasificación

    Na actualidade, segundo o MSW, o SIIT e a UICN, no xénero recoñécensa as especies seguintes:[1][5][6]

    Galería

    Notas

    1. 1,0 1,1 Tupaia en MSW.
    2. Tupaiidae en MSW.
    3. Diard, P. M. & Duvaucel, A. (1820): "Sur une nouvelle espèce de Sorex — Sorex Glis". Asiatick researches, ou Transactions of the society instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature of Asia, Volume 14: 470–475.
    4. Wilkinson, R. J. (1901): A Malay-English dictionary. Kelly & Walsh Limited, Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama.
    5. Tupaia no SIIT.
    6. Especies do xénero Tupaia na UICN.

    Véxase tamén

    Bibliografía

    • Kowalski, Kazimierz (1981): Mamíferos. Manual de teriología. Madrid: H. Blume Ediciones. ISBN 84-7214-229-9.
    • Kriegs, J. O. et al. (2007): "Evolutionary history of 7SL RNA-derived SINEs in Supraprimates". Trends Genet. 23 (4): 158–161.
    • Madsen, O.; Scally, M.; Douady C. J. et al. (2001): "Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals". Nature 409 (6820): 610–614.
    • Murphy, W. J. et al. (2001): "Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals". Nature 409 (6820): 614–618.
    • Vaughan, T. A. (1986): Mammalogy. Third Edition. Fort Worth, Texas, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
    • Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005): Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
    • Yates, T. L. (1984): "Insectivores, elephant shrews, tree shrews, and dermopterans" en Anderson, S. & J. K. Jones, Jr., eds. Orders and Families of Recent Mammals of the World. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 117–144.

    Outros artigos

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    Tupaia (xénero): Brief Summary ( Galician )

    provided by wikipedia gl Galician

    Tupaia é un xénero de mamíferos placentarios da orde dos escandentios, que é o tipo da familia dos tupaíidos, e a que máis especies comprende.

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    Tupaia ( Italian )

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    Tupaia è un genere di mammiferi dell'ordine degli Scandentia.

    Descrizione

     src=
    Esemplare di tupaia comune.

    Con il nome tupai gli indigeni malesi sono soliti chiamare indifferentemente sia gli scoiattoli che le tupaie vere e proprie: in effetti, soprattutto nella forma del corpo e nelle lunghe e folte code, le tupaie ricordano molto gli scoiattoli, e come questi sono animali diurni e arboricoli, sebbene come arrampicatori siano assai più scadenti. Presentano inoltre ancora il muso lungo ed appuntito, la formula dentaria e le orecchie piccole, glabre e tondeggianti, degli insettivori, fra i quali un tempo venivano classificate.

    Biologia

    Le tupaie comprendono specie erbivore e insettivore. Le loro abitudini sono generalmente diurne.

    Distribuzione

    Il genere è diffuso essenzialmente nell'Asia sudorientale (parte dell'India, Indocina, Malaysia, Indonesia, Filippine).

    Tassonomia

    Il genere Tupaia, un tempo erroneamente ritenuto appartenente ai Primati, è oggi collocato nell'ordine degli Scandentia.

    Viene tradizionalmente suddiviso in due sottogeneri: Tupaia e Lyonogale.

    Le specie del sottogenere Tupaia sono caratterizzati dalla maggiore tendenza alla vita in ambiente terricolo, dalla quale derivano vari adattamenti come dimensioni medio-grandi, muso allungato e conico per "grufolare" nel terreno alla ricerca del nutrimento, coda non molto lunga rispetto al corpo, spesso con depositi di grasso alla base, unghie appuntite e tozze, utili per scavare o per spostare pietre, occhi maggiormente orientati lateralmente per una visione a 360° dell'ambiente circostante.
    Le specie del sottogenere Lyonogale sono caratterizzati da uno stile di vita arboricolo, dal quale derivano vari adattamenti come le piccole dimensioni, utili per muoversi in un ambiente intricato come la foresta, il muso più corto e tozzo, la coda lunga per meglio bilanciarsi, le unghie sottili e appuntite, per meglio ancorarsi ai rami lisci e scivolosi, gli occhi maggiormente orientati frontalmente per una visione binoculare, utili per valutare con precisione le distanze di salto.

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    Tupaia: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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    Tupaia è un genere di mammiferi dell'ordine degli Scandentia.

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    Tupaia ( Dutch; Flemish )

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    Tupaia is een geslacht van zoogdieren uit de familie van de echte toepaja's (Tupaiidae).

    Soorten

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    Tupaia: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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    Tupaia is een geslacht van zoogdieren uit de familie van de echte toepaja's (Tupaiidae).

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    Tupaia (slekt) ( Norwegian )

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    For den historiske personen, se Tupaia


    Tupaia er en slekt av trespissmus. Det er den vanligste og mest artrike slekten, og er de dyrene man vanligvis snakke rom når man bruker ordet «trespissmus». Alle er ekornstore smådyr som lever i trær i Sørøst-Asia. Navnet Tupaia betyr nettopp ekorn eller ekornliknende på malayisk.[1] De er insektetere eller nektarspisere, om mange av artene er pollinatorer for flere plantetyper, blant annet banafamilien.[2]

    Arter

    Synonymer

    Slekten Tupaia har hatt en rekke publiserte synonymer gjennom tidene. Noen skyldes forvirring om hva som var beskrevet fra før, og noen er rene skrivefeil: Chladobates Schinz, 1824
    Cladobates F. Cuvier, 1825
    Gladobates Schinz, 1824
    Glipora Jentink, 1888
    Glirisorex Scudder, 1882
    Glisorex Desmarest, 1822
    Glisosorex Giebel, 1855
    Hylogale Temminck, 1827
    Hylogalea Schlegel and Mueller, 1843
    Lyonogale Conisbee, 1953
    Palaeotupaia Chopra and Vasishat, 1979
    Sorex-glis É. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, 1822
    Tana Lyon, 1913
    Tapaia Gray, 1860
    Tupaja Haeckel, 1866
    Tupaya É. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, 1822

    Referanser

    1. ^ Wilkinson, R. J. (1901). A Malay-English dictionary Kelly & Walsh Limited, Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama.
    2. ^ Nur, N. (1976). «Studies on Pollination in Musaceae» (PDF). Anales of Botany. 40 (2): 167-177. Besøkt 7. januar 2016.

    Eksterne lenker

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    Tupaia (slekt): Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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    For den historiske personen, se Tupaia


    Tupaia er en slekt av trespissmus. Det er den vanligste og mest artrike slekten, og er de dyrene man vanligvis snakke rom når man bruker ordet «trespissmus». Alle er ekornstore smådyr som lever i trær i Sørøst-Asia. Navnet Tupaia betyr nettopp ekorn eller ekornliknende på malayisk. De er insektetere eller nektarspisere, om mange av artene er pollinatorer for flere plantetyper, blant annet banafamilien.

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    Tupaja ( Polish )

    provided by wikipedia POL
    Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wikisłownik Hasło w Wikisłowniku

    Tupaja[2] (Tupaia) – rodzaj ssaka z rodziny tupajowatych[3][2].

    Występowanie

    Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej[3].

    Gatunki

    Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki[2][3]:

    Przypisy

    1. Tupaia, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
    2. a b c W. Cichocki, A. Ważna, J. Cichocki, E. Rajska, A. Jasiński, W. Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 27. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
    3. a b c Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Tupaia. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 19 stycznia 2009]
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    Tupaja: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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    Tupaja (Tupaia) – rodzaj ssaka z rodziny tupajowatych.

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    Tupaia ( Portuguese )

    provided by wikipedia PT

    Tupaia é um gênero de mamífero da família Tupaiidae.

    Espécies

    Referências

    • HELGEN, K. M. Order Scandentia. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 104-109.
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    Tupaia: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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    Tupaia é um gênero de mamífero da família Tupaiidae.

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    Tupaia ( Swedish )

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    Tupaia är ett släkte i familjen spetsekorrar med 15 arter.

    Kännetecken

    Arterna i släktet har inte lika tät hårbeklädnad som andra spetsekorrar. De kännetecknas dessutom av en yvig svans och små öron. Pälsens färg varierar mellan rödbrun, olivgrön och grå, undersidan är vanligen ljusare. Liksom andra spetsekorrar har de en långdragen nos. Dessa djur når en kroppslängd mellan 14 och 23 centimeter och därtill kommer en ungefär lika lång svans. Vikten ligger mellan 100 och 300 gram.

    Utbredning

    Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig från östra Indien och Nepal över Sydostasien till Filippinerna samt öarna Borneo och Bali.

    Levnadssätt

    Släktets medlemmar lever främst i skogen, ibland vistas de på odlingsmark eller till och med i trädgårdar. Liksom de flesta spetsekorrar är de aktiva på dagen. De vilar på natten i bon som är gömd bland rötter eller trädens håligheter. De flesta arterna lever på marken men de har bra förmåga att klättra i träd.

    Individernas sociala beteende är troligen beroende på art. Hos vissa arter lever individerna i monogama par med ett revir och som markeras med sekret från doftkörtlarna. Hos andra arter har varje hane ett revir som överlappas med territorierna av upp till tre honor. Hanen har vanligen rätt att para sig med dessa honor. En tredje variant är större grupper där bara alfahanen har rätten att para sig med flockens honor.

    Föda

    Dessa spetsekorrar är allätare som livnär sig av insekter, mindre ryggradsdjur, frön, frukter och blad.

    Fortplantning

    Arterna i släktet kan para sig hela året men oftast sker parningen mellan februari och juni. Efter dräktigheten som varar i sju till åtta veckor föder honan ett till tre ungdjur. Dessa är i början blinda och nakna.

    Släktets spetsekorrar har utvecklad ett speciellt system för ungarnas uppfostring. De bygger två bon, en för föräldrarna och en för ungdjuren. Bara varannan dag besöker honan ungarnas bo för att dia dem i loppet av cirka 15 minuter, annars måste ungarna klara sig själv. Efter tio till tjugo dagar öppnar ungarna sina ögon för första gången och efter ungefär fem veckor slutar honan att ge di. Nyfödda individer blir efter cirka tre månader könsmogna.

    Vilda individer har vanligen en livslängd mellan två och tre år. I fångenskap kan de bli upp till 12 år gamla.

    Hot

    Liksom flera andra djur i samma utbredningsområde hotas arterna av levnadsområdets förstöring samt av jakt. IUCN listar Tupaia chrysogaster och Tupaia nicobarica som stark hotade (endangered) men för flera arter saknas populationsdata[1].

    Arter

     src=
    Tupaia tana, teckning av Joseph Smit

    Wilson & Reeder (2005) listar 15 arter[2]:

    Referenser

    Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 20 februari 2009.

    Noter

    1. ^ TupaiaIUCN:s rödlista Arkiverad 27 juni 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., besökt 31 januari 2010.
    2. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Tupaia (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4

    Tryckta källor

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    Tupaia: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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    Tupaia är ett släkte i familjen spetsekorrar med 15 arter.

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    Tupaia ( Vietnamese )

    provided by wikipedia VI

    Tupaia là một chi động vật có vú trong họ Tupaiidae, bộ Scandentia. Chi này được Raffles miêu tả năm 1821.[1] Loài điển hình của chi này là Tupaia ferruginea Raffles, 1821 (= Sorex glis Diard, 1820).

    Các loài

    Chi này gồm các loài:

    Chú thích

    1. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Tupaia”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

    Tham khảo

    Liên kết ngoài

     src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Tupaia tại Wikimedia Commons


    Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến động vật có vú này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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    Tupaia: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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    Tupaia là một chi động vật có vú trong họ Tupaiidae, bộ Scandentia. Chi này được Raffles miêu tả năm 1821. Loài điển hình của chi này là Tupaia ferruginea Raffles, 1821 (= Sorex glis Diard, 1820).

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    樹鼩屬 ( Chinese )

    provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

    共15種,見內文。

    樹鼩屬(學名Tupaia),樹鼩科的一屬,包括約15種:

    小作品圖示这是一篇與哺乳动物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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    樹鼩屬: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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    청서번티기속 ( Korean )

    provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    청서번티기속(Tupaia)은 투파이아과 또는 투파이과(Tupaiidae)에 속하는 포유류 속의 하나이다. 1821년, 라플레스(Thomas Stamford Raffles)가 처음 기술했다.[1][2] "투파이"(tupai)는 말레이어다람쥐를 의미한다.[3]

    하위 종

    각주

    1. Helgen, K.M. (2005). Tupaia. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 104쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
    2. Raffles, T. S. (1821). “Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity, under the Direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough; with additional Notices illustrative of the Natural History of those Countries.”. 《The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London》 (Linnean Society of London) XIII: 239–340.
    3. Wilkinson, R. J. (1901). A Malay-English dictionary Kelly & Walsh Limited, Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama.
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    청서번티기속: Brief Summary ( Korean )

    provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    청서번티기속(Tupaia)은 투파이아과 또는 투파이과(Tupaiidae)에 속하는 포유류 속의 하나이다. 1821년, 라플레스(Thomas Stamford Raffles)가 처음 기술했다. "투파이"(tupai)는 말레이어다람쥐를 의미한다.

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