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Stingrays

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Stingrays are related to sharks (some folks call them “flattened sharks”), unfortunately while sharks may be family, they are also the biggest predators of stingrays.Stingrays often take on the color of their environment for defense.Stingrays spend a lot of time motionless, partially buried under sand.Stingrays are usually docile and harmless, though they will use their barbed tails in defense (usually if they are stepped on).Stingrays may be as small as a few inches or up to 5 to 7 feet long,Stingrays have no bones, they are primarily made of cartilage.Stingrays are carnivores, hunting their prey (small fish, crabs, shrimp) at night.Stingrays use their sense of smell and special electro-receptors to hunt their prey.Stingrays have a lifespan of 15 to 25 years.

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Myliobatiformes

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Camouflaged porcupine ray

Myliobatiformes (/mɪliˈɒbətɪfɔːrmz/) is one of the four orders of batoids, cartilaginous fishes related to sharks.[4][5] They were formerly included in the order Rajiformes, but more recent phylogenetic studies have shown the myliobatiforms to be a monophyletic group, and its more derived members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the skates.[6][7]

Classification

Nelson's Fishes of the World arranges the Myliobatiformes as:[8][9]

  1. ^ a b Genetic evidence now places Zanobatidae in Rhinopristiformes[1][2] or as sister taxon to Rhinopristiformes.[3]
  2. ^ a b Recognised as family by some authorities[10]

The family Aetobatidae is recognised by some authorities. It contains the genus Aetobatus, which is otherwise part of Myliobatinae. [11][10]

References

  1. ^ Naylor, G.J.P.; Caira, J.N.; Jensen, K.; Rosana, K.A.M.; Straube, N.; Lakner, C. (2012). "Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species". In Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.). Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (2 ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 31–56.
  2. ^ Aschliman; Nishida; Miya; Inoue; Rosana; Naylord (2012). "Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012. PMID 22209858.
  3. ^ Last, P.R.; Séret, B.; Naylor, G.J.P. (2016). "A new species of guitarfish, Rhinobatos borneensis sp. nov. with a redefinition of the family-level classification in the order Rhinopristiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Zootaxa. 4117 (4): 451–475. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4117.4.1. PMID 27395187.
  4. ^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. "Myliobatiformes". WoRMS. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  5. ^ "Order Summary for Myliobatiformes". FishBase. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  6. ^ Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (fourth ed.). John Wiley. pp. 69–82. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  7. ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "Myliobatiformes: Stingrays". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  8. ^ Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World (4 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
  9. ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). "Division Batomorphi—rays". Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 80–95. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  10. ^ a b Naylor, GJP; Yang, L; Corrigan, S; de Carvalho, MR (2016). "Phylogeny and Classification of Rays". In Last, Peter; Naylor, Gavin; Séret, Bernard; White, William; de Carvalho, Marcelo; Stehmann, Matthias (eds.). Rays of the World. Csiro Publishing. pp. 10–15. ISBN 9780643109148.
  11. ^ White, William T.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2016). "Resurrection of the family Aetobatidae (Myliobatiformes) for the pelagic eagle rays, genus Aetobatus". Zootaxa. 4139 (3): 435. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.10. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27470816.
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Myliobatiformes: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN
Camouflaged porcupine ray

Myliobatiformes (/mɪliˈɒbətɪfɔːrmiːz/) is one of the four orders of batoids, cartilaginous fishes related to sharks. They were formerly included in the order Rajiformes, but more recent phylogenetic studies have shown the myliobatiforms to be a monophyletic group, and its more derived members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the skates.

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