Fusarium solani is a species complex of at least 26 closely related filamentous fungi in the division Ascomycota, family Nectriaceae.[1] It is the anamorph of Nectria haematococca.[1] It is a common soil fungus and colonist of plant materials.[2] Fusarium solani is implicated in plant disease as well as human disease notably infection of the cornea of the eye.[1]
The genus Fusarium was described in 1809 by Link.[3] In the 1930s, Wollenweber and Reinking organized the genus Fusarium into sections, including Martiella and Ventricosum,[3] which were collapsed together by Snyder and Hansen in the 1940s to form a single species, Fusarium solani;[3] one of nine Fusarium species they recognized based on morphological features.[2] The current concept of F. solani is as a species complex consisting of multiple, closely related and morphologically poorly distinguishable, "cryptic" species with characteristic genetic differences.[4] There is a proposed concept for the entire genus - widely subscribed by specialists - that would include this complex.[5][6] However there is a smaller counterproposal that radically refiles the genus including making this complex into a genus Neocosmospora.[7] The fungus is allied with the sexual species, Nectria haematococca, in the family Nectriaceae (phylum Ascomycota).[1]
Like other species in its genus, Fusarium solani produces colonies that are white and cottony. However, instead of developing a pink or violet centre like most Fusarium species,[8] F. solani becomes blue-green or bluish brown.[1][8][9] On the underside, they may be pale, tea-with-milk-brown, or red-brown.[1] However, some clinical isolates have been blue-green or ink-blue on the underside.[1] F. solani colonies are low-floccose, loose, slimy, and sporadic.[1] When grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA), this fungus grows rapidly, but not as rapidly as Fusarium oxysporum.[9] In PDA, F. solani colonies reach a diameter of 64–70 mm in 7 days.[1]
F. solani has aerial hyphae that give rise to conidiophores laterally.[1] The conidiophores branch into thin, elongated monophialides that produce conidia.[1][9] Phialides that produce macroconidia are shorter than those that produce microconidia.[1] The macroconidia produced by F. solani are slightly curved, hyaline, and broad,[1] often aggregating in fascicles.[10] Typically the macroconidia of this species have 3 septa but may have as many as 4–5.[1][10] Microconidia have thickened basal cells and tapered, rounded apical cells.[1] However, some F. solani isolates have pointed, rather than rounded, macroconidia.[1] Microconidia are oval or cylindrical, hyaline, and smooth.[1] Some microconidia may be curved.[1] Microconidia typically lack septa, but occasionally they may have up to two.[1] Fusarium solani also forms chlamydospores most commonly under suboptimal growth conditions.[10] These may be produced in pairs or individually.[9][10] They are abundant, have rough walls, and are 6-11 μm.[1] F. solani chlamydospores are also brown and round.[11]
F. solani is found in soil worldwide.[2] However, a given species within the complex may not be as widespread[2] and may not have the same ecology as others in the complex.[10] In general, as a soil fungus, F. solani is associated with the roots of plants[1] and may be found as deep in the ground as 80 cm.[10] It is frequently isolated in tropic, subtropic, and temperate locations, and less frequently isolated from alpine habitats.[10] The pH of soil does not have a significant effect on F. solani, however, soil fumigation causes an increase in occurrence.[10] F. solani is typically sensitive to soil fungicides.[10] F. solani has been found in ponds, rivers, sewage facilities, and water pipes.[1] It has also been found in larvae and adults of the picnic beetle, is a symbiote of the ambrosia beetle.[10]
F. solani can be found in soils worldwide, where its chlamydospores overwinter on plant tissue/seed or as mycelium in the soil.[12] The pathogen enters hosts through developing roots, where it can infect the host. After infection, F. solani produces asexual macro and microconidia which are dispersed through wind and rain.[13] The pathogen can persist in the soil for a decade, and if left unchecked can cause complete crop loss.
F. solani have 5-13 chromosomes,[3][10] with a genome size of about 40 Mb.[3] The GC-content of its DNA is 50%.[10] Mycelium of F. solani is rich in the amino acid alanine, as well as a range of fatty acids including δ-aminobutyric-, palmitic-, oleic-, and linolenic acids.[10] Fusarium solani requires potassium for growth,[10] and develops a feathery pattern when potassium levels are below 3 mM.[3] In culture the following disaccharides are utilized (from most- to least preferential): mannose, rhamnose and sorbose.[10] This species can decompose cellulose at an optimal pH of 6.5 and temperature of 30 °C.[10] It can also metabolise steroids and lignin,[3] and reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+.[10] Fusarium solani produces mycotoxins like Fusaric acid and naphthoquinones.[1][14] Other toxins have also been isolated from F. solani, including:
F. solani is largely resistant to typical antifungal agents.[3] The most effective antifungals in treating F. solani infections are amphotericin B and natamycin; however, these agents have only modest success in the treatment of serious systemic infection.[3]
As of 2006, there has been increasing evidence that F. solani can act as a causal agent of mycoses in humans.[15] F. solani has been implicated in the following diseases: disseminated disease, osteomyelitis, skin infection, fungemia, and endophthalmitis.[16] Half of human disease involving Fusarium is caused by F. solani and it is involved in most cases of systemic fusariosis and corneal infections.[4] In immunocompromised patients, F. solani is one of the most common agents in disseminated and cutaneous infections.[1]
In the southern USA, fungal keratitis has been most commonly caused by F. solani, as well as F. oxysporum. Cases occur most frequently during harvest season as a result of corneal trauma from dust or plant material. Fungal spores come into contact with the damaged cornea and grow. Without treatment, the hyphae can grow into the cornea and into the anterior chamber of the eye.[17] F. solani is also a major cause of fungal keratitis in HIV positive patients in Africa.[1]
As of 2011, F. solani was implicated in cases of fungal keratitis involving the Bausch and Lomb ReNu contact lens solution.[4] Some strains of F. solani can produce a biofilm on soft contact lenses. However, when lenses are cleaned correctly with solution, these biofilms are prevented.[4] Prevention also includes leaving lenses in polyhexanide biguanide solution overnight to inhibit F. solani.[1] Other risk factors of contact lens-related Fusarium keratitis include use of daily-wear lenses beyond the recommended timeline and overnight wear.[4]
An investigation into a meningitis outbreak of 79 cases since October 2022, which had killed 35 people (34 of them women who had undergone cesarean section) in Durango (city) revealed contamination of bupivacaine with Fusarium solani in 4 batches, used by an anesthesiologist.[18] US news reported however, that the anesthesiologist used multi-dose vials of morphine, which he would administer in more than one patient for his anesthesias in the 4 private hospitals.[19] As of May 26, 2023 WHO had been asked to declare a public health emergency.[20]
As of June 1, 2023, a multistate outbreak of meningitis due to F. solani was ongoing among patients who underwent epidural anesthesia at two clinics in the Mexican city of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, with a total of 212 residents in 25 US states identified as being at risk, two of whom had died.[21]
F. solani is implicated in cutaneous infections of young turtles as well as infections of turtle egg shells.[1] It has also caused infections in Australian crocodile farms, sea lions and grey seals.[1] F. solani is a facultative pathogen of the castor bean tick. It is also lethal to southern pine beetles.[10]
F. solani rots the roots of its host plant.[22] It also causes soft rot of plant tissues by penetrating plant cell walls and destroying the torus.[10] It is implicated, along with Pythium myriotylum, in pod rot of the pods of groundnuts.[10] F. solani can cause damping off, corn rot, and root rot, as well as sudden death of soybeans (SDS). It is a very generalistic fungal species and has been known to infect peas, beans, potatoes, and many types of cucurbits.[23] Symptoms include general plant decline, wilting, and large necrotic spots on tap roots.
Recently the pathogen has also done serious damage to olive trees throughout the mediterranean.
Virulence of this agent in plants is controlled by the cutinase genes cut1 and cut2. These genes are upregulated by exposure to the plant’s cutin monomers.[24] F. solani is known to cause sudden death syndrome in soybeans, and it is also known to cause disease in other economically important crops such as avocado, citrus, orchids, passion fruit, peas, peppers, potato, and squash.[3]
The ubiquitous nature of F. solani gives rise to a plethora of management practices developed independently. One particular method is the use of the bacterial complex Burkholderia cepacia, which is a registered control method. This bacterial complex has been shown to produce several types of antibiotics (depending on the strain), and can act as a substitute for chemical pesticides.[25] Precautionary methods include planting during warm/dry weather, 3 plus years of crop rotation of non host species, and avoiding dense seed planting.[12]
In the 2023 Matamopros outbreak of F. solani meningitis CDC recommended liposomal amphotericin B 5mg/kg daily, up to 7.5-10mg per kg daily and voriconazole 6mg per kg twice a day induction, then 4mg per kg every 12 hours.[26]
F. solani has been investigated as a biological control for certain plants including leafy spurge, morning glory, striga, gourd, and water hyacinth.[3]
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Effects of F. solani on Alfalfa _Cultured_and_stained_deuteromycetes.jpg)
Hyphae of F. solani Fusarium solani is a species complex of at least 26 closely related filamentous fungi in the division Ascomycota, family Nectriaceae. It is the anamorph of Nectria haematococca. It is a common soil fungus and colonist of plant materials. Fusarium solani is implicated in plant disease as well as human disease notably infection of the cornea of the eye.
Neocosmospora solani (synonymes Nectria haematococca, Haematonectria haematococca) est une espèce de champignons ascomycètes parasites de plantes, de la famille des Nectriaceae.
Il est plus connu sous sa forme asexuée : Fusarium solani qui, en se combinant avec des bactéries (par exemple : Rhizobium radiobacter, Aeromonas et Pseudomonas) peut former des biofilms très résistants au chlore, dans les piscines y compris.
Cette espèce fait partie d'un groupe de quelques champignons dont la capacité à biodégrader (en incubateur) le benzo(a)pyrène a été démontrée (30 % du polluant biodégradé en 9 jours, en incubateur... d'autres espèces de ce groupe sont Penicillium cnaescens, Cladosporium cladosporioides et Talaromyces helicus)[6].
Neocosmospora solani (synonymes Nectria haematococca, Haematonectria haematococca) est une espèce de champignons ascomycètes parasites de plantes, de la famille des Nectriaceae.
Il est plus connu sous sa forme asexuée : Fusarium solani qui, en se combinant avec des bactéries (par exemple : Rhizobium radiobacter, Aeromonas et Pseudomonas) peut former des biofilms très résistants au chlore, dans les piscines y compris.
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc – gatunek grzybów z rodziny gruzełkowatych (Nectriaceae)[1]. Grzyb mikroskopijny, pasożyt fakultatywny roślin[2].
Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Fusarium. Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota, Fungi[1].
Po raz pierwszy zdiagnozował go w 1842 r. von Martius na bulwach ziemniaka[3]. Nadał mu nazwę Fusisporium solani. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał mu w 1881 r. P.A. Saccardo.
Synonimów nazwy naukowej ma ok. 60[4]:
Grzybnia hodowana na sztucznych pożywkach rozwija się umiarkowanie szybko. Optymalna temperatura wzrostu wynosi 28° C. Kolonia jest kłaczkowata, o barwie niebiesko-szaro-brązowej. Na wydłużonych bocznych strzępkach grzybni powietrznej tworzą się mikrokonidia. Są cylindryczne, hialinowe, o rozmiarach 9-16 × 2-4 μm. Czasami posiadają jedną przegrodę. Po 4-7 dniach na dobrze rozwiniętych i rozgałęzionych konidioforach tworzą się makrokonidia. Mają kształt od cylindrycznego do sierpowatego, często są nieco szersze na wierzchołku i mają wyraźną podstawę. Wymiary: 40-100 × 5-7,5 μm. Chlamydospory owalne, gładkie lub szorstkie, o rozmiarach 10-11 × 8-9 μm. Powstają zarówno pomiędzy komórkami strzępek, jak i na ich końcu, częściej w ciemności niż na świetle. Ich rozwój stymulowany jest przez obecność w kulturze bakterii glebowych. Homotaliczne szczepy. F. solani w hodowli na sztucznych pożywkach często wytwarzają perytecja[5].
Od innych gatunków Fusarium odróżnia go kilka charakterystycznych cech. Makrokonidia mają średnio 3-4 przegrody, są lekko zakrzywione i mają dość grube ściany. Owalne lub nerkowate mikrokonidia tworzą się obficie na bardzo długich monofialidach. Chlamydospory powstają obficie[3].
Formą płciową (teleomorfą) jest Nectria haematococca[5].
F. solani jest szeroko rozprzestrzeniony, występuje na całym świecie. Pasożytuje na licznych gatunkach roślin wywołując u nich choroby zwane fuzariozami. Wśród uprawianych roślin z rodziny dyniowatych poraża melona, dynię i ogórka, wywołując u nich fuzaryjną zgorzel dyniowatych. U bobu wywołuje fuzaryjną zgorzel bobu. Atakuje także fasolę i ziemniaki. W glebie może przetrwać przez wiele lat[3]. Czynnikami sprzyjającymi infekcjom i rozwojowi patogenu jest duża wilgotność gleby oraz występowanie w niej nicieni, patogen wnika bowiem do korzeni roślin głównie przez wykonane przez nich rany. Przy dużej obecności w glebie nicienia Nematria haematococca fuzarioza roślin może przybrać charakter epidemii[5].
Teleomorfa Nectria haematococca żyje jako saprotrof na korze wielu gatunków drzew i krzewów, oraz na obumierających pędach różnych gatunków roślin zielnych. Jest częsta w krajach o klimacie ciepłym, w krajach o klimacie umiarkowanym spotykana jest rzadziej[2].
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc – gatunek grzybów z rodziny gruzełkowatych (Nectriaceae). Grzyb mikroskopijny, pasożyt fakultatywny roślin.
Haematonectria haematococca je grzib[21], co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Berk. & Broome, a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Samuels & Rossman 1999. Haematonectria haematococca nŏleży do zorty Haematonectria i familije Nectriaceae.[22][23] Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.[22]
_Cultured_and_stained_deuteromycetes.jpg)
Haematonectria haematococca je grzib, co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Berk. & Broome, a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Samuels & Rossman 1999. Haematonectria haematococca nŏleży do zorty Haematonectria i familije Nectriaceae. Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.
Fusarium solani là tên của một loài nấm sợi thuộc một phức hợp gồm ít nhất 26 loài có mối liên hệ với nhau thuộc ngành Ascomycota, họ Nectriaceae[1]. Chúng là loài sinh sản vô tính và thường được biết dến là loài sinh sống đất và là loài thực vật mở đường đầu tiên[2]. Fusarium solani gây bệnh cho cả cây trồng và cả con người, đáng chú ý nhất là màng mắt sẽ bị viêm khi tiếp xúc với chúng.[1]
Tương tự như nhiều loài cùng chi, thế hệ tiếp theo mà Fusarium solani sinh sản ra thì có màu trắng và giống như sợi bông. Tuy nhiên, thay vì phát triển thành màu hồng hoặc màu tím như hầu hết các loài thuộc chi này[3], chúng lại phát triển có màu xanh lam hoặc màu nâu hơi xanh[1][3][4]. Bên dưới có màu hơi nhạt, màu trà có sắc của màu nâu sữa hoặc nâu đỏ[1]. Khi tụ thành một đám, chúng có ít mào lông, nhớt, xốp và rời rạc[1]. Khi nuôi cấy bằng dung dịch nước đường-khoai tây thì chúng phát triển rất nhanh chóng khi đạt đường kính là 64 - 70 mm chỉ trong 7 ngày[1]. Nhưng nó phát triển không nhanh bằng một loài cùng chi với nó là Fusarium oxysporum.[4]
Nhìn chung thì Fusarium solani có mối liên kết với rễ của cây và có thể tìm thấy ở độ sâu 80 cm[5]. Chúng sinh sống ở những khu vực nhiệt đới, cận nhiệt đới hoặc những nói có khí hậu ôn hòa và không sinh sống ở những vùng núi cao[5]. Đối với chúng thì độ pH của đất không ảnh hưởng đến chúng cho lắm nhưng sự hun khói đất lại khiến chúng xuất hiện nhiều[5]. Nó nhạy cảm đối với những loại thuốc diệt nấm trong đất[5] và được tìm thấy ở trong ao, sông, hệ thống cống rãnh và ống dẫn nước[1]. Ngoài ra, trên cơ thể của các loài thuộc chi Glischrochilus cũng có thể có những cá thể còn non và trưởng thành.[5]
_Sacc._5393379.jpg)
|định dạng= cần |url= (trợ giúp) (ấn bản 2). New York: Marcel Dekker. tr. 400–425. ISBN 0824706838. |định dạng= cần |url= (trợ giúp). Washington: ASM Press. tr. 305. ISBN 9781555816605. |định dạng= cần |url= (trợ giúp). New York: Marcel Dekker. tr. 90. ISBN 0824794028. Fusarium solani là tên của một loài nấm sợi thuộc một phức hợp gồm ít nhất 26 loài có mối liên hệ với nhau thuộc ngành Ascomycota, họ Nectriaceae. Chúng là loài sinh sản vô tính và thường được biết dến là loài sinh sống đất và là loài thực vật mở đường đầu tiên. Fusarium solani gây bệnh cho cả cây trồng và cả con người, đáng chú ý nhất là màng mắt sẽ bị viêm khi tiếp xúc với chúng.
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., 1881
Фуза́риум (фуза́рий) паслёновый (лат. Fusárium soláni) — вид грибов-аскомицетов, относящийся к роду Фузариум (Fusarium) семейства Нектриевые (Nectriaceae). Ранее это название использовалось только применительно к анаморфной стадии гриба.
Представляет собой комплекс морфологически сходных филогенетических видов.
Колонии на картофельно-декстрозном агаре (PDA) белые или кремовые, воздушный мицелий необильный. Часто образует спородохии, окрашенные в кремовые или сине-зелёные тона. Иногда образует фиолетовую или коричневатую пигментацию.
Макроконидии при культивировании на агаре с гвоздичными листьями (CLA) веретеновидно-серповидные, несколько изогнутые до почти прямых, с 3—7 септами. Верхняя и нижняя клетки закруглённые. Макроконидии с 3 септами 30—45 × 4,5—5,5 мкм. Микроконидии яйцевидные, эллипсоидальные или почковидные, одноклеточные или двуклеточные (редко трёхклеточные), собраны в слизистые головки на верхушке длинных фиалид. Часто образуются парные шаровидные или яйцевидные хламидоспоры.
От комплекса Fusarium oxysporum отличается более длинными фиалидами, несущими головки более широких микроконидий.
Широко распространённый гриб, часто выделяемый из почвы и в качестве фитопатогена.
Важнейший фитопатоген, вызывающий гниль клубней картофеля, плодов томата, зерновках злаков.
Относится к категории BSL-2 потенциально патогенных микроорганизмов. Может вызывать кератит и эндокардит, а также аллергические реакции.
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Michelia 2 (7): 296 (1881). — Fusisporium solani Mart., Kartoff.-Epid. Letzt. Jahre: 20 (1842).
Фуза́риум (фуза́рий) паслёновый (лат. Fusárium soláni) — вид грибов-аскомицетов, относящийся к роду Фузариум (Fusarium) семейства Нектриевые (Nectriaceae). Ранее это название использовалось только применительно к анаморфной стадии гриба.
Представляет собой комплекс морфологически сходных филогенетических видов.
