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Canis ( Asturian )

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Canis.jpg

Canis ye un xéneru de mamíferos placentarios de la familia Canidae, orde de los carnívoros, qu'inclúi los perros, llobos, chacales, coyotes y dingos.

Carauterístiques

Les especies de Canis amuesen una gran variedá de tamaños, dende los 75 kg que puede algamar C. lupus —entá ye más en races especialmente escoyíes, como'l gran danés o'l mastín napolitanu— hasta los 12 de C. mesomelas —considerablemente menos en variedaes doméstiques de perru, que dacuando nun superen el kilogramu. Sicasí, nun son infrecuentes les cruces cuando la fisonomía permite, lo que complicó considerablemente l'establecimientu de les rellaciones xenétiques de les distintes especies.

Taxonomía

El númberu d'especies incluyíes nel xéneru Canis ye oxetu de disputes, si considerase al perru y al dingo como subespecies de Canis lupus (llobu) o como especies en derechu propiu, y si considérense o non Canis rufus y Canis lycaon, dambes con duldes sobro la so validez. Según "Mammal Species of the World", el xéneru Canis inclúi seis especies:[1]

El llobu coloráu (Canis rufus) y el llobu coloráu canadiense Canis lycaon son consideraos como subespecies de Canis lupus.

Referencies

  1. Wilson, Don; Reeder, DeeAnn, eds. (2005). «Canis». Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. (2005) en Wilson, Don: Mammal Species of the World, 3ª (n'inglés), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
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Canis: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Canis.jpg

Canis ye un xéneru de mamíferos placentarios de la familia Canidae, orde de los carnívoros, qu'inclúi los perros, llobos, chacales, coyotes y dingos.

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Canavar ( Azerbaijani )

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Qurd ya da Canavar (lat. Canis, Əski türkcə: 𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃[1]Börü) — Canidae fəsiləsindən yırtıcı məməli heyvan cinsi. Qurdun qidası ilin mövsümündən asılı olaraq müxtəlif növ gəmiricilər, quşlar, sürünənlər, onların yumurtaları, qurbağalar, kərtəkələlər, xırda yırtıcılar və kənd təsərrüfatı heyvanları təşkil edir. Yuvalarını qayalıqlarda və suya yaxın yerlərdə düzəldirlər.

Etimologiya

  • Farscadan gələn Canavar sözü (جانور) fars dilində "Qurd" yox, "qulyabani, xoxan, bədheybət varlıq, monster" anlamını daşıyır, lakin Azərbaycan dilinə "qurd" anlamında daxil olub.
  • Qurd indiki anlamında (köpəkkimilərdən bir yırtıcı heyvan) sözü birinci dəfə "Divanü Lüğat-it-Türk"də (1072-1074 illər) قُرتْ [kurt] şəkilində istifadə olunub və yazarın bildirdiyinə görə, qurd sözünü bu anlamda ancaq oğuzlar işlədir, başqa türk dillərində isə bu söz yalnız soxulcan anlamını daşıyır.
  • Börü (بُرى / 𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃) sözü bütün türk dillərində müxtəlif formalarda işlənilir (büre, börö, böri və s.) və tarixdəki ən əski qaynağı 731-ci ildə ölən Kültəkinin qəbirüstü yazısıdır.

Qısa məlumat

Qurdlar yaz başları cütləşirlər. Boğazlıq müddəti 63-65 gündür. Qışda cütləşir, yazda küçükləyirlər, 5-6 bala doğurlar. Balalar cütləşmədən iki ay sonra dünyaya gəlir. Bala dünyaya gələnə qədərsə erkək qurd dişisinin rahatlığı üçün əlindən gələni edir. Bunun üçün əvvəlcə erkək yerin altında bir yuva düzəldir və heç yorulmadan yuvanı və yuvaya gedən lağımı qazmağa başlayır. Lağımın uzunluğu adətən 9 metr olur. İşini başa çatdırdıqdan sonra isə hamilə yoldaşını yeraltı yoldan keçirərək yeni evinə aparır. Burda onu hər cür təhlükədən mühafizə edərək 2 ay müddətində dişisinə qulluq edir. Erkək qurd gecələr ova çıxır, əlinə nə keçirsə, toxunmadan dişisinə gətirir. Beləcə, 2 ayın tamamında bala dünyaya gəlir. Qurdların bir dəfəyə 4-dən 10-a qədər balası olur.

Balalar doğulduğu zaman gözləri görmür. Çəkik, mavi gözlər qurd balası doğulduqdan doqquz gün sonra gün işığını görməyə başlayır. Başlanğıcda balalarını ana südü ilə qidalandıran ana, iki həftə sonra onları süddən kəsir. Bundan sonra isə qəribə bir qidalanma taktikası başlayır. Balaların dişləri çıxmadığından, həmçinin mədələri möhkəm qidaya hazır olmadığından ana qurd mədəsindəki yarı həzm olunmuş qidaları qusaraq balalarını bununla doyuzdurur. Bir müddət sonra isə onlara erkəyi ilə bərabər yedikləri yeməkdən verməyə başlayır. Balalar 3 həftəlik olduqları zaman ana və ata birlikdə balaları yuvadan çölə çıxarır və onlara bundan sonra gündəlik həyata qatılaraq ovlamağı, başlarının çarəsinə baxmağı öyrədirlər.

Qurdlarda balası olan qurd ailəsinə çox qəribə bir diqqət olur. Məsələn, balaları olan erkək qurd bir gün ov tapa bilməmişsə, o günü ətrafdakı qohum qurdlar öz ovlarından həmin ailəyə pay aparırlar.

Qurdların arasında ailə bağları çox qüvvətlidir. Dişisi və balaları yuvada yatdıqları zaman erkək qurd bir təpənin başında oturaraq keşik çəkir. Hər hansı bir təhlükə hiss etdiyi anda isə ilk öncə kəsik-kəsik hürərək ailəsinə xəbər edir, daha sonra ucadan ulayaraq düşməni uzaqlaşdırmağı bacarır.

Balalar böyüyənə qədər ailədə bol sevgi nümayişi gözə dəyir. Ailənin bir üzvü tələyə düşmüş olsa, qohumları onu qurtarmaq üçün əllərindən gələni edərlər.

İnkişafa qaldıqda isə dişi qurdlar erkəklərə nisbətən daha tez böyüyürlər. Erkək üç yaşından əvvəl yetkin sayılmasa da, iki yaşındakı dişi artıq bala doğmağa hazır olur. On, on iki yaşına çatmış qurd qocalmağa başlayır və qurdların ən uzun ömürlüsü 20 yaşına qədər yaşayır.

Həyat tərzi

Onların baxışlarından "heyvanlığa" xas olmayan zəka süzülür. Yırtıcıdırlar, vəhşidirlər, ancaq təhrik edilmədikləri halda insanlara dişlərini qıcatmazlar. Qurdların əhliləşməklə araları yoxdur, azadlıqlarına çox bağlıdırlar. Ən hündür zirvələrə çıxmağı və ordan ətrafa nəzarət etməyi çox sevirlər. "Mərdlik" sözü onları ən yaxşı xarakterizə edən sözdür. Onlar azadlığın, hürriyyətin, cəsarətin, qəhrəmanlığın və çevikliyin simvoludurlar.

Erkək qurdlar əksər kişilərə örnək ola biləcək bir həyat tərzi yaşayırlar. Onlar ömürlərində yalnız bir dəfə bir dişi ilə cütləşər, bizim təbirimizcə desək, ailə qurar və həyatlarının sonunacan öz dişisinə sadiq qalarlar. Dişinin hər hansı bir səbəbdən öldüyü zaman isə erkək qurd dağlara çəkilər və yalquzaq həyatı yaşayaraq ölər. Əgər balaları varsa, onlara analarının yoxluğunu hiss elətdirməmək üçün hər şeyi edərlər. Məsələn, ananın etdiyi kimi balalarını yedirər, balalar yatarkən onları qarnının altında alaraq qucaqlayar, bərabər gəzməyə çıxar...

Görünüşü

Uzunluğu 105-160 sm. Quyruğunun uzunluğu 29-50sm. Quruluşu mütənasibdir. Beli bir qədər enişlidir, yalından sonra. Əzaları nisbətən hündür və güclüdür. Mülayim uzantılı, küt burunlu, enli almacıq sümüklü böyük başı var. Xırda gözləri aralı yerləşmişlər. Qulaqları üçbucaq formasındadır, kiçikdirlər, geniş yerləşmişlər. Tüklü quyruğu tullanma əyləminə çatır. Tük örtüyü qışda hündür, sıx, ama sərtdir. Rəngi ağımtıl-bozdan sarımtıl-qum rənginə qədər, çox vaxt narıncıvari ya da qaramtıl çalarlıdır. Qarın rəngi daha açıqdır. Bəzən belin ortasından uzunamasına qara zolaq olur.

Yayılma arealı. Həyat tərzi

Əvvəllər Şimal yarımkürəsinin bütün mülayim sahəsi üzrə yayılmışdılar. Hal-hazırda ABŞ və Avropa ərazisində tamamilə məhv olublar, ya da buna yaxın vəziyyətdədirlər. Əvvəlki tək, cənub ştatlarından başqa Kanadada geniş yayılıblar. ABŞ-da az sayda Minnesota ştatında və Alyaskada, eləcə də Yelloustoun və Qleşier milli parklarında və bəzi bitişik toxunulmamış yerlərdə qalıblar. Ola bilsin ki, Meksikanın insan məskənlərindən uzaq yerlərində də qorunublar. Avropada azsaylı populyasiyaları Kantabriyanın, Appeninin və Karpatların ucqar yerlərində qalıblar. Ayrı-ayrı başları italyan və transilvan Alplarında da qorunublar. Şərqi Avropada və Rusiya Federasiyasının Avropa hissəsində yayılıblar. Şərqdə bütün Sibirdə, Qafqazda, Türküstanda(Orta Asiyada), Monqolustanda, Tibetdə, Koreyada cənuba doğru Hindistan, Bəlucistan və Kəşmirə qədər geniş yayılıblar. Cənub-şərqi Asuyada İrandan Ərəbistana qədər yayılıblar. Qərbi, Şimali və Mərkəzi Avropada tamamilə məhv olublar. Müxtəlif yerlərdə, tundrada, meşələrdə, çöldə və səhraların qıraqlarında yaşayırlar. 3-4 min metr dəniz səviyyəsindən yuxarı da rast gəlmək olar. Adətən təkliklə, cütlərlə və ailə qruplarında birləşirlər. Nadir hallarda sürü şəklində. Oturaq, nadir hallarda köçəri həyat sürürlər.

Qidalanma

Dırnaqlıları, gəmiriciləri və dovşanları ovlayırlar. Yay vaxtı quş, eləcə də giləmeyvə və yumurta ilə qidalanırlar.

Cütləşmə. Laktasiya

Monoqamdırlar. Qızışma dövrü, coğrafiyadan asılı olaraq dəyişkəndir. Boğaz olma zamanı 62-75 gün. Dişi ildə bir dəfə balalayır. 9-14 qədər , ortalama 4-6 küçük gətirir. Dişi təbii şəraitdə təşkil olunan mağarada balalayır. Laktasiya təxminən 1,5 aydır. Erkək balaların tərbiyəsində iştirak edir. Cinsi yetkinlik iki yaşlarından başlayır.

Sayları

Ümumi sayları bəlli deyil. Kanadada onlar yetərincə çoxdur, Britaniya Kolumbiyasında və Yukonda 1979-cu ildə sayları 10 min idilər. ABŞ-da Alyaskada 1979-cu ildə 10-15 min , Minnesotada - 1200, MiçiqanViskonsin ştatlarında - 60, 1978-ci ildə Qleşier milli parkında (Montana ştatı)- 10- 20. 1980-cı ilin əvvəlində Meksikada canavarların sayı 50 -yə çatırdı. İberiyada, İspaniyada və Portuqaliyada 1980-ci ildə 200 keçmirdi. 1979-cu İtaliyada 100 yaxın idi; 1979-cu ildə Finlandiyada (hamısı Rusiyadan gəlmə) yenə -100. Rumıniyada - 2000; Polşada 1981-ci ildə - 517; 1973-cü ildə Qazaxıstanda 30 min; Qafqazda, Mərkəzi Sibirdə və Qırğızıstanda çoxsaylı idilər. 1980-ci ildə Türkiyədə çox azaldı, xüsusi ilə qərbində və şimal-qərbində. İranda 1979-cü ilə qədər 1500. Əfqanıstanda, xüsusi ilə dağlıq yerlərdə çoxsaylı idi. Pakistanın şimalında az deyil. Hindistanda 500-dən çox deyildilər. Monqolustanda çoxdurlar. Sayların azalması ovlanması bağlıdır.

Qurd müxtəlif xalqların mifologiyasında, folklorunda

Qurdlar müxtəlif xalqların mifologiyasında, folklorunda, deyimlərində yer alıb.

Canavarla bağlı əfsanələr

 src=
Roma şəhərin qurucuları Rem və Romul qardaşlarını əmizdirən qurd (XV əsrə aid antik heykəl)

Qədim Roma müəllifləri şəhərin qurucuları kimi Rem və Romul qardaşlarının adlarını çəkirlər. Əfsanəyə görə, zalım dayının əmri ilə meşəyə atılan qardaşları dişi bir canavar tapır və onlara süd verərək bəsləyir. Sonra tifilləri bir çoban tərbiyə edib boya-başa çatdırır.

Qurdla bağlı bu cür əfsanələr digər xalqların mifologiya və folklorunda da var. Məsələn, Cənubi Amerika hinduları qurdu döyüşə aparan sərkərdə kimi qəbul edirlər. Ümumiyyətlə, əgər Avrasiyada qurd daha çox yol göstərən kimi xarakterizə edilirsə, Qərbi Avropada ona daha çox ilkin başlanğıc kimi münasibət bəsləyirlər.

Qurdlarla bağlı Hans Bidermanın məşhur "Simvollar ensiklopediyası"nda xeyli maraqlı məlumatlar var. Məsələn, Qədim misirlilər qurd başlı tanrılara müharibə tanrısı kimi sitayiş edirdilər. Slavyan mifologiyasında isə qurda şərin elçisi kimi yanaşılır[2]. Yazdıqlarımızı ümumiləşdirərək belə nəticəyə gəlmək olur ki, bütün hallarda qurd bəşəriyyətin əzəl çağlarından insanların düşüncəsində, arzu və niyyətlərində özünə möhkəm yer eləyib. Türklər isə qurd kultuna xüsusi bir ehtiramla bağlıdırlar.

Türklərin Ərgenəkon dastanına görə, hiyləylə rastlaşaraq düşmənə yenilən türklərdən sağ qalan bir neçə nəfər qorunmaq üçün dağların arasında tək adamın zorla keçəcəyi yolla özlərinə kiçik yurd seçib, illərlə burada yaşayırlar. Bu məkana Ərgənəkon adı verən türklər düz dörd yüz il sonra həm özləri, həm də sürüləri o qədər çoxaldı ki, yurda sığmaz oldular. Qərara gəldilər ki, əvvəlki vətənlərinə qayıtsınlar. Türklər bu dağdan çıxmaq üçün çıxış yolu aradıqları zaman bir dəmirçi dedi: "Bu dağda dəmir mədəni var. Dəmiri əritsək, buradan çıxa bilərik". Beləcə, dağın geniş yerinə bir qat odun bir qat kömür qoyub od vurdular. Dəmir dağ əridi, türklər Ərgənəkondan çıxdılar və Bozqurdun onlara göstərdiyi yolla qurtuldular.

Bozqurdlar

 src=
Bozqurd 5 dekabr 1927-ci ildə dövriyyəyə buraxılmış 5 Türk Lirəsi banknotunun üzərində.

Bozqurdlar qurdların bir növüdür. Bozqurdlar, ümumiyyətlə, evcil heyvanlardan adətən qoyunlara, mallara və atlara tələ "qururlar" və onlar əsla quzulu qoyunlara hücum etməzlər. Maraqlıdır ki, onlar balası yanında olan heç bir heyvana yaxın durmurlar. Bozqurd sürüdən yalnız bir heyvanı tələf edər və bunun da yarısını özü yeyər. O biri yarısını isə varsa ailəsinə, yoxsa ova çıxa bilməyəcək qədər yaşlı olan bozqurdlara aparar.

Bozqurdlar qurdlar arasında gələnəyə ən çox bağlı varlıqlardır. Qış gecələrində Şimali Amerikanın ucsuz-bucaqsız düzənliklərində gecələyən insanlar qəribə bir hadisənin şahidi olublar. Onlar deyirlər ki, qurdlar onların yandırdıqları atəşin üç metr yaxınına qədər gəlmiş, dayanıb insanları seyr etmiş və heç bir hərəkət etmədən geri dönmüşlər. İnsanlar isə əsrlər boyunca bozqurda qarşı mənasız bir savaş elan etmiş və onların sayını get-gedə azaltmağa başlamışdır. Qurdlar da insanlardan gördüyü bu vəhşi davranış nəticəsində kimsəsiz bölgələrə çəkilmək məcburiyyətində qalmış və sayları xeyli azalmışdır.

Bozqurdlar məğrur və heç nəyə baş əyməyən heyvanlardır. Onlar heç bir zaman ev heyvanları ola bilməzlər. İnsanla dost olarlar, amma it, ya da başqa heyvan kimi insana tabe olmaz, kölələşməzlər. Çünki bozqurd ev itləri kimi havayı yemək üçün sahibinə yaltaqlanmaqdansa, hürr şəkildə aclıqdan ölməyi üstün tutur. Onlar məğlub ola bilərlər, amma əyilməzlər, öldürülərlər, diz çökməzlər, ovlanarlar, həbsə düşməzlər. Bu baxımdan, türklərin bozqurdları yüksək dəyərləndirmələri əbəs deyil. Belə ki, bozqurdlarda da qədim türk gələnəklərinə uyğun bir həyat tərzi var – ataya bağlıdırlar, bir təşkilat halında yaşayırlar və onlarda da hamının tabe olduğu lider var. Savaş zamanı bozqurdlar da türklər kimi yarım aypara şəklində sıralanaraq hücuma keçirlər. Bozqurdların daha bir maraqlı xüsusiyyətləri var – yeganə heyvandırlar ki, dişi taylarını dəhşətli dərəcədə qısqanırlar. Bütün bu kimi xüsusiyyətlərə görə, türklər azadlıqlarının timsalı olaraq Bozqurdu özlərinə simvol seçiblər. Məhz buna görə, Bozqurd türk hürriyyətinin, türk dəyanətinin simvoludur.

İstinadlar

  1. http://bitig.org/index.php?l=b&wi=177&lang=r&mod=3 𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃 [börü] бөрү
  2. Hans Biderman, "Simvollar ensiklopediyası".

Mənbə

  • "Yuxumda bir ağız qurd ular keçər..."
  • [2] В.Е. Соколов. Редкие и исчезающие животные. Млекопитающие. Москва "Высшая школа" 1986 səh.262
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Canavar: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Qurd ya da Canavar (lat. Canis, Əski türkcə: 𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃 — Börü) — Canidae fəsiləsindən yırtıcı məməli heyvan cinsi. Qurdun qidası ilin mövsümündən asılı olaraq müxtəlif növ gəmiricilər, quşlar, sürünənlər, onların yumurtaları, qurbağalar, kərtəkələlər, xırda yırtıcılar və kənd təsərrüfatı heyvanları təşkil edir. Yuvalarını qayalıqlarda və suya yaxın yerlərdə düzəldirlər.

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Canis ( Breton )

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Canis a zo ur genad e rummatadur ar bronneged, ennañ ar chas, ar bleizi, ar c'hoioted pe an aourgon.

Spesadoù

Lod eus ar spesadoù amañ-dindan a vez rummataet evel isspesadoù gant loenoniourien 'zo.

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Canis a zo ur genad e rummatadur ar bronneged, ennañ ar chas, ar bleizi, ar c'hoioted pe an aourgon.

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Canis ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Canis és un gènere que inclou moltes espècies de llops i xacals moderns, àdhuc el llop gris (Canis lupus) que es creu és l'antecessor del gos domèstic—femení gossa (també anomenat ca —femení: cussa) (C. lupus familiaris). Es classifiquen en entre 7 i 10 espècies, depenent de la font que s'usa. Hi ha moltes espècies extintes del gènere Canis. És un gènere molt antic (però molt avançat), que data del Miocè.





Xacal ratllat



Xacal de llom negre








Xacal comú





Gos



Llop




Coiot





Xacal d'Etiòpia




Gos salvatge asiàtic





Gos salvatge africà






Galeria

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Canis ( Czech )

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Canis (vlk) je rod psovitých šelem. Do rodu patří i dingo pralesní, zvaný též novoguinejský zpívající pes, jenže jeho klasifikace je stále nejasná.

Seznam druhů a podruhů

Související články

Reference

  1. Golden jackal: A new wolf species hiding in plain view. Science | The Guardian [online]. 2015 [cit. 2015-08-01]. Dostupné z: http://www.theguardian.com/science/grrlscientist/2015/jul/30/golden-jackal-a-new-wolf-species-hiding-in-plain-sight

Externí odkazy

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Canis (vlk) je rod psovitých šelem. Do rodu patří i dingo pralesní, zvaný též novoguinejský zpívající pes, jenže jeho klasifikace je stále nejasná.

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Canis ( Danish )

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Canis er en slægt i hundefamilien. Den omfatter hovedsageligt de større arter i familien som ulve og sjakaler.[1] Det videnskabelige navn på slægten er latin for "hund".[2]

Arter

Ifølge organisationen IUCN har slægten 7 arter:[3]

Herudover blev Canis anthus i 2015 anerkendt som en art. Den blev tidligere betragtet som den afrikanske gren af guldsjakalen.[4] Kæmpeulven Canis dirus uddøde i forhistorisk tid[5] og medregnes derfor ikke. Det er desuden omstridt om nordamerikanske underart af ulven, Canis lupus lycaon, er en selvstændig art (Canis lycaon) eller måske en krydsning mellem ulv og prærieulv.[6][7]

Kilder

  1. ^ Wilson & Reeder, (red.) (2005). "Canis". Mammal Species of the World (engelsk). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. CS1 maint: Date and year (link)
  2. ^ Harper, Douglas. "canine". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  3. ^ Canis på IUCN's rødliste, læst 31. januar 2016.
  4. ^ Klaus-Peter Koepfli, John Pollinger, Raquel Godinho, Jacqueline Robinson, Amanda Lea, Sarah Hendricks, Rena M. Schweizer, Olaf Thalmann, Pedro Silva, Zhenxin Fan, Andrey A. Yurchenko, Pavel Dobrynin, Alexey Makunin, James A. Cahill, Beth Shapiro, Francisco Álvares, José C. Brito, Eli Geffen, Jennifer A. Leonard, Kristofer M. Helgen, Warren E. Johnson, Stephen J. O’Brien, Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Robert K. Wayne: Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species. Current Biology 25 (16), 2015, side 2158–2165, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060
  5. ^ Canis dirus, The Paleobiology Databas, læst 31. januar 2016.
  6. ^ Bridgett M. vonHoldt, John P. Pollinger, Dent A. Earl, et al. (2011-05-12). A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids. Genome Res. 2011 21: 1294-1305 originally published online May 12, 2011. Besøkt 2013-09-08
  7. ^ Chambers, S. M.; Fain, S. R.; Fazio, B.; Amaral, M. (2012). "An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses". North American Fauna. 77: 1-67. doi:10.3996/nafa.77.0001. Hentet 2013-07-02.
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Canis: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Canis er en slægt i hundefamilien. Den omfatter hovedsageligt de større arter i familien som ulve og sjakaler. Det videnskabelige navn på slægten er latin for "hund".

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Wolfs- und Schakalartige ( German )

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Die Wolfs- und Schakalartigen (Canis, umgangssprachlich auch einfach Wölfe und Schakale genannt) sind eine Gattung der Hunde (Canidae). Sie umfasst die großen Wildhunde vom Wolfs- und Schakaltyp.

Allgemeines

Die Tiere dieser Gattung sind durch vergleichsweise lange Beine und einen zylinderförmigen, buschigen Schwanz charakterisiert. Diese Tiere erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 45 bis 160 Zentimetern, eine Schwanzlänge von 20 bis 55 Zentimeter und eine Schulterhöhe von 30 bis 80 Zentimeter. Das Gewicht variiert zwischen 6 und 80 Kilogramm.

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Gattung Canis umfasst Eurasien, Afrika sowie Nord- inkl. Mittelamerika. Durch den Menschen sind sie in Form des Dingos auch in Australien und Neuguinea und als Haushund heute weltweit verbreitet.

Systematik

Die Systematik der Gattung Canis ist noch nicht endgültig geklärt. Drei Arten werden „Schakal“ genannt, das ist jedoch keine systematische Bezeichnung. Umstritten ist der Artstatus des Rotwolfs; der Haushund wird entgegen früheren Systematiken nicht mehr als eigene Art geführt. Möglicherweise ist die Gattung Canis paraphyletisch in Bezug auf den Rothund und den Afrikanischen Wildhund.

Folgende Arten werden unterschieden:

Ausgestorbene Arten:

  • Canis arnensis (3,4 Ma, †)
  • Canis (Eucyon) cipio (8,2 Ma †), vermutlich die erste Art aus der Gattung Canis
  • Canis etruscus (3,4 Ma †)
  • Canis falconeri (2,6 Ma †)
  • Canis mosbachensis (0,787 Ma †)
  • Canis lepophagus (4–5 Ma †)
  • Canis donnezani (4,0–3,1 Ma †), vermutlicher Vorfahr der Wölfe
  • Canis edwardii (1,8 Ma †), erste Wolfsart in Nordamerika
  • Canis gezi
  • Canis nehringi
  • Canis ameghinoi
  • Canis michauxi
  • Canis adoxus
  • Canis cautleyi
  • Canis ambrusteri (0,8 Ma †)
Phylogenetische Systematik heutiger wolfartiger Vertreter der Canina aus der Unterfamilie Caninae Caninae 3.5 Ma 3.0 2.7 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1

Wolf (Canis lupus) und Haushund Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg


Himalaya-Wolf (Canis lupus filchneri) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III).jpg



Kojote (Canis latrans) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg



Afrikanischer Goldwolf (Canis anthus) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg



Äthiopischer Wolf (Canis simensis) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg



Goldschakal (Canis aureus) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg



Rothund (Cuon alpinus) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg



Afrikanischer Wildhund (Lycaon pictus) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg



2.6

Streifenschakal (Canis adustus) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg


Schabrackenschakal (Canis mesomelas) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg




Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse zwischen rezenten (heutigen) Vertretern in der Klade der wolfähnlichen Caniden, der Tribus Canina, Unterfamilie Caninae. Grundlage: Die Sequenz der nuklearen DNA (Kern-DNA),[1][2] außer für den Himalaya-Wolf, sowie die Sequenz der mitochondrialen DNA (mtDNA).[2][3] Zeiten in Millionen Jahren.[2]

Im Rahmen der Vorstellung der Genomsequenz des Haushundes wurde von Lindblad-Toh et al. 2005 eine phylogenetische Analyse der Hunde (Canidae) veröffentlicht. Im Rahmen dieser Darstellung wurde auf der Basis molekularbiologischer Daten die Monophylie der Gattung Canis angezweifelt. Demnach stellen der Streifenschakal und der Schabrackenschakal Schwesterarten dar, die als basalste Arten allen anderen Vertretern der Gattung sowie dem Rothund (Cuon alpinus) und dem Afrikanischen Wildhund (Lycaon pictus) gegenübergestellt werden.[1] Wenn diesen Ergebnissen nicht widersprochen wird, müssten entweder diese beiden Arten in die Gattung Canis aufgenommen werden, damit sie als monophyletische Gattung Bestand hat, oder Streifen- und Schabrackenschakal, wie dies vorsichtige Systematiker schon seit Langem tun,[4] der Bezeichnung „Thos Oken, 1816“ folgend in eine eigene gemeinsame Gattung Thos gestellt werden. Auch Zrzavý und Řičánková kamen 2004 zum obigen Ergebnis und schlugen die Abtrennung dieser beiden Schakale von der Gattung Canis vor; ihrem Vorschlag folgend sollten jedoch Streifen- und Schabrackenschakal in jeweils eigene monotypische Gattungen gestellt werden (als Schaeffia adusta beziehungsweise Lupulella mesomelas).[5]

 src=
Zeitleiste der Hunde (Canidae), Cerdocyonina oben, Canina mit Grauwolf (Canis lupus) unten. Beide Gruppen bilden zusammen die Tribus Canini (Echte Hunde).

Entwicklungsgeschichte

Die Gattung Canis scheint, etwa ab dem späten Miozän vor rund 6 Millionen Jahren erstmals aufgetaucht zu sein. Die ältesten Funde stammen aus dem Süden der USA und Mexiko. Als Vorfahren nimmt man die schakalgroße Gattung Eucyon an, die im Miozän in Nordamerika vorkam.[6]

Belege

  1. a b Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, C. M. Wade, T. S. Mikkelsen, E. K. Karlsson, D. B. Jaffe, M. Kamal, M. Clamp, J. L. Chang, E. J. Kulbokas, M. C. Zody, E. Mauceli, X. Xie, M. Breen, R. K. Wayne, E. A. Ostrander, C. P. Ponting, F. Galibert, D. R. Smith, P. J. Dejong, E. Kirkness, P. Alvarez, T. Biagi, W. Brockman, J. Butler, C. W. Chin, A. Cook, J. Cuff, M. J. Daly, D. Decaprio, S. Gnerre: Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. In: Nature. 438, Nr. 7069, Dezember 2005, S. 803–819. bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 6341006. (Abstract).
  2. a b c Klaus-Peter Koepfli, John Pollinger, Raquel Godinho, Jacqueline Robinson, Amanda Lea, Sarah Hendricks, Rena M. Schweizer, Olaf Thalmann, Pedro Silva, Zhenxin Fan, Andrey A. Yurchenko, Pavel . Dobrynin, Alexey Makunin, James A. Cahill, Beth Shapiro, Francisco . Álvares, José C. Brito, Eli Geffen, Jennifer A. Leonard, Kristofer M. Helgen, Warren E. Johnson, Stephen J. O'Brien, Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Robert K. Wayne: Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species. In: Current Biology. 25, Nr. 16, 17. August 2015, S. 2158–2165. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.
  3. Geraldine Werhahn, Helen Senn, Jennifer Kaden, Jyoti Joshi, Susmita Bhattarai, Naresh Kusi, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, David W. MacDonald: Phylogenetic evidence for the ancient Himalayan wolf: Towards a clarification of its taxonomic status based on genetic sampling from western Nepal. In: Royal Society Open Science. 4, Nr. 6, 2017, S. 170186. bibcode:2017RSOS....470186W. doi:10.1098/rsos.170186. PMID 28680672. PMC 5493914 (freier Volltext).
  4. Eberhard Trumler: Meine wilden Freunde. Die Wildhundarten der Welt. München, Piper Verlag, 1981. ISBN 3-492-02483-1. S. 68 f. — Für einen Überblick über die Thos/Canis-Debate siehe: Holger Homann: Thos vs. Canis. 2004 (englisch). (Memento vom 13. November 2014 im Internet Archive) Ursprünglich in: holgerhomann.us.
  5. Jan Zrzavý, Věra Řičánková: Phylogeny of Recent Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): Relative Reliability and Utility of Morphological and Molecular Datasets. In: Zoologica Scripta Band 33, Nr. 4, Juli 2004, S. 311–333, doi:10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00152.x.
  6. Xiaoming Wang, Richard H. Tedford, Mauricio Antón: Dogs, their fossil relatives & evolutionary history. Columbia University Press, New York, 2008. ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3

Literatur

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker’s mammals of the world. 6. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 (englisch).

Weblinks

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Wolfs- und Schakalartige: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Wolfs- und Schakalartigen (Canis, umgangssprachlich auch einfach Wölfe und Schakale genannt) sind eine Gattung der Hunde (Canidae). Sie umfasst die großen Wildhunde vom Wolfs- und Schakaltyp.

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Bweha (Canis) ( Swahili )

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Bweha au mbweha wa jenasi Canis katika familia Canidae ni wanyama wadogo kiasi wanaofanana na mbwa. Mbwa-nyika (coyote, Canis latrans) huitwa “bweha wa Amerika” pengine[1], lakini kwa kawaida spishi nne tu katika jenasi Canis huitwa bweha.

Spishi hizi huwinda wanyama wadogo hadi wakubwa kiasi, kama mamalia wadogo, ndege na watambaachi. Ili kufanya hiyo husaidiwa na miguu yao mirefu na mikubwa na mifupa ya miguu iliyounganika. Sifa hizi zinawapa bweha uwezo wa kukimbia umbali mrefu na kudumisha mbio za hadi km 16 (maili 9.9) kwa saa kwa vipindi virefu. Bweha hukiakia wakati wa utusitusi wa alfajiri na machweo.

Kwa kawaida sehemu ya kijamii ni jozi inayokaa pamoja abadi na inayokinga eneo lake dhidi ya jozi nyingine wakifukuza washindani wanaovamia na kuweka mkojo na mavi kwa mipaka ya eneo kama landmarks. Ukubwa wa eneo hili unatosha hudhurio la wanyama wazima wachanga ambao wanakaa pamoja na wazazi wao mpaka wanapata maeneo wao. Bweha wanaweza kujikonga katika makundi madogo, kwa mfano ili kula mzoga, lakini kwa kawaida huwinda peke yao au kwa jozi.

Uainishaji na mahusiano

Kwa sababu bweha wa jenasi Canis na mbwa-nyika wanafanana, Lorenz Oken waliwaweka katika jenasi wao wenyewe Thos, kutoka jina la Kiyanuni kwa bweha θώς (Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815, juzuu la tatu). Lakini wataalamu wachache wamemfuata.

Angel Cabrera, katika kitabu chake cha 1932 kuhusu wanyama wa Maroko, alijiuliza kwamba kuwepo kwa “cingulum” kwenye magego ya juu ya bweha na kutokuwepo kwa spishi nyingine za Canis kungesadikisha mgawanyiko wa jenasi Canis. Hatimaye alichagua kibadala cha jenasi isiyogawanyika na kurejea bweha kama Canis badala ya Thos[2].

Nadharia ya Oken ilikuwa imefufua mwaka 1914 na Edmund Heller ambaye alisadiki dhana jenasi tofauti. Majina ya Heller na designations alizozipatia spishi na nususpishi za bweha yanaendelea kutumika katika uainishaji wa kisasa ijapokuwa jenasi yao imebadilika tena kuwa Canis.

Tafiti za kisasa zimeonesha mahusiano baina ya spishi za bweha. Licha ya mishabaha yao bweha hawako kwenye tawi moja la mti wa familia Canidae. Bweha miraba na bweha mgongo-mweusi wamo mwenye tawi dhahiri la Canidae, ambapo bweha dhahabu ni karibu na mbwa-mwitu Habeshi (Canis simensis), mbwa-nyika (Canis latrans) na mbwa-mwitu wa Ulaya/mbwa-kaya (Canis lupus)[3]. Kwa sababu bweha miraba/mgongo-mweusi ni tofauti sana na bweha dhahabu (na pia wote wengine wa Canidae wanaofanana na mbwa-mwitu), imependekezwa kubadilisha jina la jenasi ya spishi hizi mbili hadi Lupulella kutoka Canis[4].

Hivi karibuni wataalamu wamefahamu kwamba bweha dhahabu wa Afrika ni spishi tofauti na yule wa Asia na Ulaya[5]. Jina “mbwa-mwitu dhahabu wa Afrika” linapendekezwa kwa spishi ya Afrika.

Spishi

Matumizi ya kale

 src=
Anubis na mumiani (maiti aliyehifadhiwa)

Mungu wa kale wa Misri, na wa chini duniani, Anubis, aliyezuia maiti wasioze, alionyeshwa kama mwanaume mwenye kichwa cha bweha.

Matumizi ya msimu

 src=
Bweha dhahabu
  • Taswira maarufu, japo si sahihi sana ya bweha kama wala mizoga kwa kiasi fulani imepelekea tafsiri mbaya.
  • Msemo ”umbweha” wakati fulani hutumika kuelezea kazi ifanywayo na mfanyakazi wa chini kwa ajili ya kuokoa mda ya mtu mkubwa (kwa mfano: mwanasheria mdogo anaweza kufanya kazi nyingi kwa niabu ya wakili). Hii imetokana na ile hadithi ya kwamba bweha humuongoza simba kwenye mawindo yake. Neno hili mli wakati mwingine hutumika kuelezea tabia ya mtu anayependa kujaribu kutumia na kufaidi mizoga ya mtu aliyepatwa na janga fulani. Mfano: kuvamia na kuiba kwenye kijiji kilicho kubwa na mafuriko na wakazi wake wamekimbia.
 src=
Pundamilia na bweha huko Kasoko ya Ngorongoro, Tanzania

Tanbihi

  1. Coyote (2004) by E.M. Gese & M. Bekoff
  2. Thos vs Canis
  3. Lindblad-Toh; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature 438 (7069): 803–819. . .
  4. Dinets V. The Canis tangle: a systematics overview and taxonomic recommendations. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii – Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2015;19(3):286-291.
  5. Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.; Godinho, R.; Robinson, J.; Lea, A.; Hendricks, S.; Schweizer, R. M.; Thalmann, O. et al. (2015-08-17). "Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species". Current Biology 25: 2158–65. . . http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822%2815%2900787-3.
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Bweha (Canis): Brief Summary ( Swahili )

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Bweha au mbweha wa jenasi Canis katika familia Canidae ni wanyama wadogo kiasi wanaofanana na mbwa. Mbwa-nyika (coyote, Canis latrans) huitwa “bweha wa Amerika” pengine, lakini kwa kawaida spishi nne tu katika jenasi Canis huitwa bweha.

Spishi hizi huwinda wanyama wadogo hadi wakubwa kiasi, kama mamalia wadogo, ndege na watambaachi. Ili kufanya hiyo husaidiwa na miguu yao mirefu na mikubwa na mifupa ya miguu iliyounganika. Sifa hizi zinawapa bweha uwezo wa kukimbia umbali mrefu na kudumisha mbio za hadi km 16 (maili 9.9) kwa saa kwa vipindi virefu. Bweha hukiakia wakati wa utusitusi wa alfajiri na machweo.

Kwa kawaida sehemu ya kijamii ni jozi inayokaa pamoja abadi na inayokinga eneo lake dhidi ya jozi nyingine wakifukuza washindani wanaovamia na kuweka mkojo na mavi kwa mipaka ya eneo kama landmarks. Ukubwa wa eneo hili unatosha hudhurio la wanyama wazima wachanga ambao wanakaa pamoja na wazazi wao mpaka wanapata maeneo wao. Bweha wanaweza kujikonga katika makundi madogo, kwa mfano ili kula mzoga, lakini kwa kawaida huwinda peke yao au kwa jozi.

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Canis ( Sicilian )

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Canis ( Tagalog )

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Ang Canis ay isang saring naglalaman ng 7 hanggang 10 buhay pang mga uri at maraming mga wala nang mga uri, kabilang ang mga lobo, koyote, at tsakal.

Mga lobo at aso

Mga sub-uri ng Canis lupus ang mga lobo at mga aso. Labis na kaiba ang itsura ng Amerikanong abong lobo mula sa mga lobong C. l. pallipes, C. l. arabscode: lat promoted to code: la , o C. l. chanco, na maaaring mas kahalintulad ng lobong ninuno ng pangkasalukuyang aso.[2]

May ilan pang ibang mga nasa taksang Canis na, sa isang panahon, ay dating tinuring na nakahiwalay na mga uri na itinuturing na ngayong sub-uri ng Canis lupus. Kasama rito ang dinggo (C. l. dingo) mual sa Australya at pulang lobo (C. l. rufus) mula sa Hilagang Amerika.[3]

Etimolohiya

Ang Canis ay salitang Latin para sa aso.

Mga species

This list is generated from data in Wikidata and is periodically updated by Listeriabot.
Edits made within the list area will be removed on the next update!

End of auto-generated list.

Mga sanggunian

  1. "Canis." The Paleobiology Database, PBDB.org
  2. Population Genetics: The dog that came in from the cold, nina G. M. Acland at E. A. Ostrander, Heredity (2002) 90, 201–202. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800224 Nakuha noong 30 Mayo 2008
  3. "Mammal Species of the World Canidae". Nakuha noong 2007-07-27.
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Canis ( Occitan (post 1500) )

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Lo genre Canis es un genre de mamifèrs carnivòrs de la familha dels canids que recampa los cans dont los dingos, los lops, los coiòts e los chacals. Son coma totes los canids, provesits d'un odorat excellent. Lors pupillas son redondas.

Lista de las espècias

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Canis ( Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch )

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D'Gattung Canis gehéiert zur Famill vun den Hënn (Canidae) mat am Ganzen 8 Aarten.

All Déieren aus der Gattung Canis si Jeeër mat laange Been oder Louderfrësser. Si ënnerscheede sech awer vum Kierperbau an vum Sozialbehuelen hir.

Déi verschidden Aarte sinn:

De Canis dirus ass eng ausgestuerwen Aart.

Um Spaweck

Commons: Canis – Biller, Videoen oder Audiodateien
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Canis ( Scots )

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Canis is a genus conteenin seiven tae 10 extant species, includin dugs, gray woufs, coyotes, an jackals, an mony extinct species.

References

  1. Linnæus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. p. 38. Retrieved November 23, 2015.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
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Canis ( Belarusian )

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Canis — род клясы сысуноў атрада драпежных сямейства сабачых.

Зьнешні выгляд

Цела высокае, ногі даўгія, хвост пушысты.

Віды

HB=Head and body length (даўжыня цела, см), T=Tail length (даўжыня хваста, см), SH=Shoulder height (вышыня, см), W=Weight (маса, кг)

Вонкавыя спасылкі

  • The IUCN (анг.)
  • Ronald M. Nowak Walker's carnivores of the world — JHU Press, 2005, p. 91—108 Google кнігі (анг.)
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Canis ( Lombard )

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Canis l'è 'n zèner de anemài carnìvor che aparté a la famìa bològica dei Canidae. Del zèner Canis fà part:

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Canis (taxon) ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Canis (taxon): Brief Summary ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Canis es un genere de canides, mammiferos carnivore que include le canes, lupos, chacales, coyotes e dingos.

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Tagalog )

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Ang Canis ay isang saring naglalaman ng 7 hanggang 10 buhay pang mga uri at maraming mga wala nang mga uri, kabilang ang mga lobo, koyote, at tsakal.

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Scots )

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Canis is a genus conteenin seiven tae 10 extant species, includin dugs, gray woufs, coyotes, an jackals, an mony extinct species.

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch )

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D'Gattung Canis gehéiert zur Famill vun den Hënn (Canidae) mat am Ganzen 8 Aarten.

All Déieren aus der Gattung Canis si Jeeër mat laange Been oder Louderfrësser. Si ënnerscheede sech awer vum Kierperbau an vum Sozialbehuelen hir.

Déi verschidden Aarte sinn:

Wollef (Canis lupus) Routwollef (Canis rufus); dacks als Ënneraart vum Wollef ugesinn Kojot (Canis latrans) Goldschakal (Canis aureus) Schabrackeschakal (Canis mesomelas) Streifeschakal (Canis adustus) Äthiopesche Wollef (Canis simensis) Kanadesche Wollef (Canis lycaon)

De Canis dirus ass eng ausgestuerwen Aart.

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Belarusian )

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Canis — род клясы сысуноў атрада драпежных сямейства сабачых.

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Occitan (post 1500) )

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Lo genre Canis es un genre de mamifèrs carnivòrs de la familha dels canids que recampa los cans dont los dingos, los lops, los coiòts e los chacals. Son coma totes los canids, provesits d'un odorat excellent. Lors pupillas son redondas.

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Hûnen ( Western Frisian )

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De hûnen (Latynske namme: Canis) foarmje in skaai fan 'e klasse fan 'e sûchdieren (Mammalia), it skift fan 'e rôfdieren (Carnivora), it ûnderskift fan 'e hûndieren (Caniformia), de famylje fan 'e hûneftigen (Canidae), de ûnderfamylje fan 'e echte hûneftigen (Caninae) en de tûke fan 'e echte hûnen (Canini). Dizze taksonomyske groep omfettet de hûnen, wolven, jakhalzen, prêrjewolven en in stikmannich oare, minder bekende bistesoarten.

Taksonomy

Der libje hjoed oan 'e dei acht oant tsien ûnderskate soarten út it skaai fan 'e hûnen, ôfhinklik fan 'e fraach oft men de hûn (Canis lupus familiaris) en de dingo (Canis lupus dingo) as ûndersoarten fan 'e grize wolf (Canis lupus) beskôget of as selsstannige soarten. De measte saakkundigen hâlde it derop dat it ûndersoarten fan 'e grize wolf binne, en dy yndieling is dêrom hjirûnder folge. Yn 2015 die út DNA-ûndersyk bliken dat de Afrikaanske goudwolf (Canis anthus), dy't oant doe ta as in fariant fan 'e goudjakhals (Canis aureus) beskôge wie, feitliks in aparte soarte is, dy't nauwer besibbe is oan 'e wolven as oan 'e jakhalzen.

Lichaamlike skaaimerken

De soarten fan it skaai fan 'e hûnen ferskille yn grutte fan 'e sealjakhals (Canis mesomelas), dy't maksimaal 13½ kg swier wurdt, oant de grize wolf, dy't mear as 75 kg weagje kin. De domestisearre hûn (Canis lupus familiaris) komt foar yn in grut tal rassen, dy't noch folle gruttere ferskillen yn lichemsgrutte fertoane, fan 'e chihuahua, dy't mar ½ kg weagje kin, oant de Ierske wolfshûn en de Deenske dogge, dy't útgroeie kinne oant mear as 80 kg.

Fersprieding

Soarten út it skaai fan 'e hûnen binne lânseigen op alle wrâlddielen mei útsûndering fan Antarktika. De grize wolf (Canis lupus) hat fan alle soarten fierwei it grutste ferspriedingsgebiet, dat rint fan it Ibearysk Skiereilân fia Jeropa, Noard-Aazje en Noard-Amearika oant yn Grienlân en fan noardlik Sibearje oant yn Araabje en Yndia. Men soe lykwols úthâlde kinne dat de hûn, dy't al lang lyn troch de minske domestisearre is en him ûntjûn hat ta ien fan 'e meast holden húsdieren, in noch gruttere fersprieding hat.

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De grize wolf (Canis lupus).
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De moannewolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus).
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De prêrjewolf (Canis latrans).
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De goudjakhals (Canis aureus).
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De Aziatyske wylde hûn of dhole (Cuon alpinus).
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De hyenahûn (Lycaon pictus).

Soarten

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Hûnen: Brief Summary ( Western Frisian )

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De hûnen (Latynske namme: Canis) foarmje in skaai fan 'e klasse fan 'e sûchdieren (Mammalia), it skift fan 'e rôfdieren (Carnivora), it ûnderskift fan 'e hûndieren (Caniformia), de famylje fan 'e hûneftigen (Canidae), de ûnderfamylje fan 'e echte hûneftigen (Caninae) en de tûke fan 'e echte hûnen (Canini). Dizze taksonomyske groep omfettet de hûnen, wolven, jakhalzen, prêrjewolven en in stikmannich oare, minder bekende bistesoarten.

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Káu-sio̍k ( Nan )

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Káu-sio̍k sī hâm lông, káu, coyote téng lūi ê chi̍t sio̍k tōng-bu̍t

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Kûçikê rast ( Kurdish )

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Kûçikê rast: Brief Summary ( Kurdish )

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Canis (wekî Kanîs bixwîne), anku cinsê gur û kûçikan, cinsekî ji 10 cureyên ji famîleya kûçikan yan Canidae ye wek kûçik, gur, gurê amerîkî yan kayotî, wawik û çend cureyên nemayî.

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Wulwer ( North Frisian )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

Wulwer (Canis) san ruuwdiarten uun det famile faan a hünjer (Canidae). Uk di kojoot an a schakaalen hiar diar mä tu.

Slacher

Canis adustus
Canis anthus
Gulschakaal (Canis aureus)
Canis dirus (†)
Kojoot (Canis latrans)
Wulew (Canis lupus)
Dingo (Canis lupus dingo)
(Hüs)hünj (Canis lupus familiaris)
Weederhünj
Ruad wulew (Canis rufus)
Canis mesomelas
Canis simensis

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Wulwer: Brief Summary ( North Frisian )

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Wulwer (Canis) san ruuwdiarten uun det famile faan a hünjer (Canidae). Uk di kojoot an a schakaalen hiar diar mä tu.

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Κύων (γένος) ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Κύων (λατ. Canis) είναι γένος των Κυνιδών που περιέχει πολλαπλά υπάρχοντα είδη, όπως τους λύκους, τα κογιότ, τα τσακάλια, τα ντίνγκο και τους σκύλους. Τα είδη αυτού του γένους διακρίνονται από το μέτριο έως το μεγάλο τους μέγεθος, τα ογκώδη, καλά ανεπτυγμένα τους κρανία και η οδοντοστοιχία τους, τα μακριά πόδια και τα σχετικά μικρά αυτιά και ουρές.[1]

Συλλογή

Παραπομπές

  1. Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea Cows, Wolves and Bears). Science Publishers, Inc. USA. pp. 124-129. (ISBN 1-886106-81-9).


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Κύων (γένος): Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Κύων (λατ. Canis) είναι γένος των Κυνιδών που περιέχει πολλαπλά υπάρχοντα είδη, όπως τους λύκους, τα κογιότ, τα τσακάλια, τα ντίνγκο και τους σκύλους. Τα είδη αυτού του γένους διακρίνονται από το μέτριο έως το μεγάλο τους μέγεθος, τα ογκώδη, καλά ανεπτυγμένα τους κρανία και η οδοντοστοιχία τους, τα μακριά πόδια και τα σχετικά μικρά αυτιά και ουρές.

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Карышкырлар ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

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 src=
Карышкырлар.

Карышкырлар (лат. Canis) – жырткыч сүт эмүүчүлөрдүн ит сымалдар тукумундагы уруусу. Дене узундугу 70–160 см, куйругунун узундугу 20–50 см. Буттары узун, жылына 2 жолу түлөйт. 6 түрү Евразия, Африка, Америка, Гренландияда кездешет. КМШ өлкөлөрүндө 2 түрү бар. Жаныбарлар менен азыктанат. Көбүнчө мал жайытында, талаа, чөлдө жашайт. Түсү сур, тундра карышкырлары куу, чөл карышкырлары саргыч. Өмүр бою жубу менен, кээде кышкысын үйүр болуп жүрүшөт. Ылаңдаган же өлгөн жаныбарды жеп, санитар ролун аткарат; табигый биоценоздо туяктуулардын санын жөнгө салып турат. 62–75 күн көтөрүп, 3–13 (демейде 4–6) бөлтүрүк тууйт. Бир айдан кийин аларды эт жегенге үйрөтөт. Күзүндө эле бөлтүрүктөр чоңдор менен кошо жашап, жаныбарларга кол салат. Мал чарбасына зыян келтирет.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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ნგერი ( Mingrelian )

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ნგერი რე ართ-ართი ჩხოლარი სუმი ტყარი ჯოღორიშობურეფიშ ფანიაშე. შქირუ გერი (Canis lupus) არძაშე უმოსო ჩინებული რე. ნგერი რე ჯოღორეფიში ფანიაშ არძაშე უმოსი დიდი ჩხოლარეფიშ მაკათური დო ხე ოორუე გვერდსფეროს. ჭითა ნგერი (Canis rufus) ჯვეშო ხედჷ ამერიკაშ აკოართაფილი შტატეფიშ ედომუშამ ტერიტორიას. აბისინიური ნგერი (Canis simensis) ხე ეთიოპიაშ რიხვა გვალეფს, თე ნგერი ასერდეშა ურათ რდჷ მერჩქინელი.

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የውሻ ወገን ( Amharic )

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የውሻ ወገን (Canis) ከውሻ በቀር ሌሎች ዝርያዎች አሉት።

እነዚህ ዝርዮች ሁሉ 78 ሐብለ በራሂ ጥንዶች (39 x 2) ስላሉዋቸው፣ እርስ በርስ ሊከለሱ ይቻላል።

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ዊኪፔዲያ ደራሲያን እና አርታኢዎች

Canis ( Ligurian )

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Taxonavigaçion

Canis

Superregno: Eukarya
Regno: Animalia (Metazoa)
Subregno: Eumetazoa
Superphylum: Bilateria: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Classi: Mammalia
Sottoclasse: Theria
Infraclasse: Placentalia
Ordine: Carnivora
Sottordine: Fissipedia
Famiggia: Canidae
Genere: Canis
Speçie: C.adustus - C.aureus - † C.dirus - C.latrans - C.lupus - C.mesomelas - C.rufus - C.simensis -

Nomme: Canis
Linnaeus 1758

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Жанавурар

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 src=
Жанавур
 src=
Туракь жанавур

Жанавурар (лат. Canis)

Жуьреяр

  • Яру жанавур — гьайван гьа хизандай кцlерин, амма какатзва маса сихилдик. Яру жанавур лугьузва вахтара кеферамерикадин туракь жанавурдизни (Canis rufus). Уьмуьрид яргъивал 25—40 йис кьван.
  • Хев галай жанавур

Элячlунар

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Canis

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Canis is a genus of the Caninae which includes multiple extant species, such as wolves, dogs, coyotes, and golden jackals. Species of this genus are distinguished by their moderate to large size, their massive, well-developed skulls and dentition, long legs, and comparatively short ears and tails.[3]

Taxonomy

The genus Canis (Carl Linnaeus, 1758) was published in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae[2] and included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, coyotes and jackals. All species within Canis are phylogenetically closely related with 78 chromosomes and can potentially interbreed.[4] In 1926, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) in Opinion 91 included Genus Canis on its Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology.[5] In 1955, the ICZN's Direction 22 added Canis familiaris as the type specimen for genus Canis to the official list.[6]

Canis is primitive relative to Cuon, Lycaon, and Xenocyon in its relatively larger canines and lack of such dental adaptations for hypercarnivory as m1–m2 metaconid and entoconid small or absent; M1–M2 hypocone small; M1–M2 lingual cingulum weak; M2 and m2 small, may be single-rooted; m3 small or absent; and wide palate.

The cladogram below is based on the DNA phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005),[8] modified to incorporate recent findings on Canis species,[9][10]

Canis

Canis latrans (coyote) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).png

Canis rufus (red wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate V) C. l. rufus mod.jpg

Canis lycaon (Algonquin wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate V).jpg

Canis lupus (gray wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).png

Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Tibetan mastiff (transparent background).png

Canis lupaster (African golden wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).png

Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).png

Canis aureus (golden jackal) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).png

In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group recommends that because DNA evidence shows the side-striped jackal (Canis adustus) and black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) to form a monophyletic lineage that sits outside of the Canis/Cuon/Lycaon clade, that they should be placed in a distinct genus, Lupulella Hilzheimer, 1906 with the names Lupulella adusta and Lupulella mesomelas.[11]

Evolution

See further: Evolution of the canids

The fossil record shows that feliforms and caniforms emerged within the clade Carnivoramorpha 43 million YBP.[12] The caniforms included the fox-like genus Leptocyon, whose various species existed from 24 million YBP before branching 11.9 million YBP into Vulpes (foxes) and Canini (canines). The jackal-sized Eucyon existed in North America from 10 million YBP and by the Early Pliocene about 6-5 million YBP the coyote-like Eucyon davisi[13] invaded Eurasia. The canids that had emigrated from North America to Eurasia – Eucyon, Vulpes, and Nyctereutes – were small to medium-sized predators during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene but they were not the top predators.

Skulls of dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus), gray wolf (C. lupus), eastern wolf (C. lycaon), red wolf (C. rufus), coyote (C. latrans), African golden wolf (C. lupaster), golden jackal (C. aureus) and black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas)

Around 5 million years ago, some of the Old World Eucyon evolved into the first members of Canis,[14] and the position of the canids would change to become a dominant predator across the Palearctic. The wolf-sized C. chihliensis appeared in northern China in the Mid-Pliocene around 4-3 million YBP. This was followed by an explosion of Canis evolution across Eurasia in the Early Pleistocene around 1.8 million YBP in what is commonly referred to as the wolf event. It is associated with the formation of the mammoth steppe and continental glaciation. Canis spread to Europe in the forms of C. arnensis, C. etruscus, and C. falconeri.[1]: p148 

For Canis populations in the New World, Eucyon in North America gave rise to early North American Canis which first appeared in the Miocene (6 million YBP) in south-western United States and Mexico. By 5 million YBP the larger Canis lepophagus, ancestor of wolves and coyotes, appeared in the same region.[1]: p58 

However, a 2021 genetic study of the dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus), previously considered a member of Canis, found that it represented the last member of an ancient lineage of canines originally indigenous to the New World that had diverged prior to the appearance of Canis, and that its lineage had been distinct since the Miocene with no evidence of introgression with Canis. The study hypothesized that the Neogene canids in the New World, Canis armbrusteri and Canis edwardii, were possibly members of the distinct dire wolf lineage that had convergently evolved a very similar appearance to members of Canis. True members of Canis, namely the gray wolf and coyote, likely only arrived in the New World during the Late Pleistocene, where their dietary flexibility and/or ability to hybridize with other canids allowed them to survive the Quaternary extinction event, unlike the dire wolf.[14]

Xenocyon (strange wolf) is an extinct subgenus of Canis.[15] The diversity of the Canis group decreased by the end of the Early Pleistocene to the Middle Pleistocene and was limited in Eurasia to the small wolves of the Canis mosbachensis–Canis variabilis group and the large hypercarnivorous Canis (Xenocyon) lycaonoides.[16] The hypercarnivore Xenocyon gave rise to the modern dhole and the African wild dog.[1]: p149 

Dentition and biteforce

Diagram of a wolf skull with key features labelled

Dentition relates to the arrangement of teeth in the mouth, with the dental notation for the upper-jaw teeth using the upper-case letters I to denote incisors, C for canines, P for premolars, and M for molars, and the lower-case letters i, c, p and m to denote the mandible teeth. Teeth are numbered using one side of the mouth and from the front of the mouth to the back. In carnivores, the upper premolar P4 and the lower molar m1 form the carnassials that are used together in a scissor-like action to shear the muscle and tendon of prey.[1]: 74 

Canids use their premolars for cutting and crushing except for the upper fourth premolar P4 (the upper carnassial) that is only used for cutting. They use their molars for grinding except for the lower first molar m1 (the lower carnassial) that has evolved for both cutting and grinding depending on the candid's dietary adaptation. On the lower carnassial the trigonid is used for slicing and the talonid is used for grinding. The ratio between the trigonid and the talonid indicates a carnivore's dietary habits, with a larger trigonid indicating a hypercarnivore and a larger talonid indicating a more omnivorous diet.[18][19] Because of its low variability, the length of the lower carnassial is used to provide an estimate of a carnivore's body size.[18]

A study of the estimated bite force at the canine teeth of a large sample of living and fossil mammalian predators, when adjusted for their body mass, found that for placental mammals the bite force at the canines (in Newtons/kilogram of body weight) was greatest in the extinct dire wolf (163), followed among the modern canids by the four hypercarnivores that often prey on animals larger than themselves: the African hunting dog (142), the gray wolf (136), the dhole (112), and the dingo (108). The bite force at the carnassials showed a similar trend to the canines. A predator's largest prey size is strongly influenced by its biomechanical limits.[20]

Behavior

Description and sexual dimorphism

There is little variance among male and female canids. Canids tend to live as monogamous pairs. Wolves, dholes, coyotes, and jackals live in groups that include breeding pairs and their offspring. Wolves may live in extended family groups. To take prey larger than themselves, the African wild dog, the dhole, and the gray wolf depend on their jaws as they cannot use their forelimbs to grapple with prey. They work together as a pack consisting of an alpha pair and their offspring from the current and previous years.[21] Social mammal predators prey on herbivores with a body mass similar to that of the combined mass of the predator pack.[22][23] The gray wolf specializes in preying on the vulnerable individuals of large prey,[24] and a pack of timber wolves can bring down a 500 kg (1,100 lb) moose.[25][26]

Mating behaviour

The genus Canis contains many different species and has a wide range of different mating systems that varies depending on the type of canine and the species.[27] In a study done in 2017 it was found that in some species of canids females use their sexual status to gain food resources. The study looked at wolves and dogs. Wolves are typically monogamous and form pair-bonds; whereas dogs are promiscuous when free-range and mate with multiple individuals. The study found that in both species females tried to gain access to food more and were more successful in monopolizing a food resource when in heat. Outside of the breeding season their efforts were not as persistent or successful. This shows that the food-for-sex hypothesis likely plays a role in the food sharing among canids and acts as a direct benefit for the females.[27]

Another study on free-ranging dogs found that social factors played a significant role in the determination of mating pairs. The study, done in 2014, looked at social regulation of reproduction in the dogs.[28] They found that females in heat searched out dominant males and were more likely to mate with a dominant male who appeared to be a quality leader. The females were more likely to reject submissive males. Furthermore, cases of male-male competition were more aggressive in the presence of high ranking females. This suggests that females prefer dominant males and males prefer high ranking females meaning social cues and status play a large role in the determination of mating pairs in dogs.[28]

Canids also show a wide range of parental care and in 2018 a study showed that sexual conflict plays a role in the determination of intersexual parental investment.[29] The studied looked at coyote mating pairs and found that paternal investment was increased to match or near match the maternal investment. The amount of parental care provided by the fathers also was shown to fluctuated depending on the level of care provided by the mother.

Another study on parental investment showed that in free-ranging dogs, mothers modify their energy and time investment into their pups as they age.[30] Due to the high mortality of free-range dogs at a young age a mother's fitness can be drastically reduced. This study found that as the pups aged the mother shifted from high-energy care to lower-energy care so that they can care for their offspring for a longer duration for a reduced energy requirement. By doing this the mothers increasing the likelihood of their pups surviving infancy and reaching adulthood and thereby increase their own fitness.

A study done in 2017 found that aggression between male and female gray wolves varied and changed with age.[31] Males were more likely to chase away rival packs and lone individuals than females and became increasingly aggressive with age. Alternatively, females were found to be less aggressive and constant in their level of aggression throughout their life. This requires further research but suggests that intersexual aggression levels in gray wolves relates to their mating system.

Tooth breakage

Dentition of a wolf showing functions of the teeth.

Tooth breakage is a frequent result of carnivores' feeding behaviour.[32] Carnivores include both pack hunters and solitary hunters. The solitary hunter depends on a powerful bite at the canine teeth to subdue their prey, and thus exhibits a strong mandibular symphysis. In contrast, a pack hunter, which delivers many shallower bites, has a comparably weaker mandibular symphysis. Thus, researchers can use the strength of the mandibular symphysis in fossil carnivore specimens to determine what kind of hunter it was – a pack hunter or a solitary hunter – and even how it consumed its prey. The mandibles of canids are buttressed behind the carnassial teeth to crack bones with their post-carnassial teeth (molars M2 and M3). A study found that the modern gray wolf and the red wolf (C. rufus) possess greater buttressing than all other extant canids and the extinct dire wolf. This indicates that these are both better adapted for cracking bone than other canids.[33]

A study of nine modern carnivores indicate that one in four adults had suffered tooth breakage and that half of these breakages were of the canine teeth. The highest frequency of breakage occurred in the spotted hyena, which is known to consume all of its prey including the bone. The least breakage occurred in the African wild dog. The gray wolf ranked between these two.[32][34] The eating of bone increases the risk of accidental fracture due to the relatively high, unpredictable stresses that it creates. The most commonly broken teeth are the canines, followed by the premolars, carnassial molars, and incisors. Canines are the teeth most likely to break because of their shape and function, which subjects them to bending stresses that are unpredictable in direction and magnitude.[34] The risk of tooth fracture is also higher when taking and consuming large prey.[34][35]

In comparison to extant gray wolves, the extinct Beringian wolves included many more individuals with moderately to heavily worn teeth and with a significantly greater number of broken teeth. The frequencies of fracture ranged from a minimum of 2% found in the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (Canis lupus irremotus) up to a maximum of 11% found in Beringian wolves. The distribution of fractures across the tooth row also differs, with Beringian wolves having much higher frequencies of fracture for incisors, carnassials, and molars. A similar pattern was observed in spotted hyenas, suggesting that increased incisor and carnassial fracture reflects habitual bone consumption because bones are gnawed with the incisors and then cracked with the carnassials and molars.[36]

Coyotes, jackals, and wolves

The gray wolf (C. lupus), the Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis), and the African golden wolf (C. lupaster) are three of the many Canis species referred to as "wolves". Species that are too small to attract the word "wolf" are called coyotes in the Americas and jackals elsewhere. Although these may not be more closely related to each other than they are to C. lupus, they are, as fellow Canis species, more closely related to wolves and domestic dogs than they are to foxes, maned wolves, or other canids which do not belong to the genus Canis. The word "jackal" is applied to the golden jackal (C. aureus), found across southwestern and south-central Asia, and the Balkans in Europe.

African migration

The first record of Canis on the African continent is Canis sp. A from South Turkwel, Kenya, dated 3.58–3.2 million years ago.[37] In 2015, a study of mitochondrial genome sequences and whole genome nuclear sequences of African and Eurasian canids indicated that extant wolf-like canids have colonised Africa from Eurasia at least 5 times throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene, which is consistent with fossil evidence suggesting that much of the African canid fauna diversity resulted from the immigration of Eurasian ancestors, likely coincident with Plio-Pleistocene climatic oscillations between arid and humid conditions.[38]: S1  In 2017, the fossil remains of a new Canis species, named Canis othmanii, was discovered among remains found at Wadi Sarrat, Tunisia, from deposits that date 700,000 years ago. This canine shows a morphology more closely associated with canids from Eurasia instead of Africa.[39]

Gallery

See also

References

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  26. ^ Anyonge, William; Roman, Chris (2006). "New body mass estimates for Canis dirus, the extinct Pleistocene dire wolf". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26: 209–212. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[209:NBMEFC]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 83702167.
  27. ^ a b Dale, Rachel; Marshall-Pescini, Sarah; Range, Friederike (2017-06-01). "Do females use their sexual status to gain resource access? Investigating food-for-sex in wolves and dogs". Current Zoology. 63 (3): 323–330. doi:10.1093/cz/zow111. ISSN 1674-5507. PMC 5804177. PMID 29491991.
  28. ^ a b Cafazzo, Simona; Bonanni, Roberto; Valsecchi, Paola; Natoli, Eugenia (2014-06-06). "Social Variables Affecting Mate Preferences, Copulation and Reproductive Outcome in a Pack of Free-Ranging Dogs". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): e98594. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...998594C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098594. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4048177. PMID 24905360.
  29. ^ Schell, Christopher J; Young, Julie K; Lonsdorf, Elizabeth V; Mateo, Jill M; Santymire, Rachel M (2018). "It takes two: Evidence for reduced sexual conflict over parental care in a biparental canid". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx150.
  30. ^ Paul, Manabi; Sau, Shubhra; Nandi, Anjan K.; Bhadra, Anindita (2017-01-01). "Clever mothers balance time and effort in parental care: a study on free-ranging dogs". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (1): 160583. arXiv:1607.01135. Bibcode:2017RSOS....460583P. doi:10.1098/rsos.160583. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5319321. PMID 28280555.
  31. ^ Cassidy, Kira A.; Mech, L. David; MacNulty, Daniel R.; Stahler, Daniel R.; Smith, Douglas W. (2017). "Sexually dimorphic aggression indicates male gray wolves specialize in pack defense against conspecific groups". Behavioural Processes. 136: 64–72. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2017.01.011. PMID 28143722. S2CID 32107025.
  32. ^ a b Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Hertel, Fritz (1993). "Tough Times at La Brea: Tooth Breakage in Large Carnivores of the Late Pleistocene" (PDF). Science. New Series. 261 (5120): 456–459. Bibcode:1993Sci...261..456V. doi:10.1126/science.261.5120.456. PMID 17770024. S2CID 39657617.
  33. ^ Therrien, François (2005). "Mandibular force profiles of extant carnivorans and implications for the feeding behaviour of extinct predators". Journal of Zoology. 267 (3): 249–270. doi:10.1017/S0952836905007430.
  34. ^ a b c Van Valkenburgh, B (1988). "Incidence of tooth breakage among large predatory mammals". Am. Nat. 131 (2): 291–302. doi:10.1086/284790. S2CID 222330098.
  35. ^ DeSantis, L.R.G.; Schubert, B.W.; Schmitt-Linville, E.; Ungar, P.; Donohue, S.; Haupt, R.J. (September 15, 2015). John M. Harris (ed.). "Dental microwear textures of carnivorans from the La Brea Tar Pits, California and potential extinction implications" (PDF). Science Series 42. Contributions in Science (A special volume entitled La Brea and Beyond: the Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County's excavations at Rancho La Brea). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County: 37–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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Canis: Brief Summary

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Canis is a genus of the Caninae which includes multiple extant species, such as wolves, dogs, coyotes, and golden jackals. Species of this genus are distinguished by their moderate to large size, their massive, well-developed skulls and dentition, long legs, and comparatively short ears and tails.

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Kaniso ( Esperanto )

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Disambig-dark.svg Tiu ĉi artikolo temas pri la genro de mamuloj. Pri la lingvo vidu ĉi tie.

Kaniso estas genro de kanisedoj, al kiu apartenas inter aliaj la hundo, la kojoto, kaj la lupo.

Nomo

Canis estas latina vorto, kiu signifas "hundo".

Evoluo

La genro Canis verŝajne evoluis antaŭ ĉirkaŭ 5 milionoj da jaroj el la genro Eucyon.

Kanisaj specioj kaj subspecioj

Specio Esperanta nomo Subspecioj[1] Loĝareoj Canis adustus Stria ŝakalo adustus, bweha, grayi, kaffensis, lateralis, notatus Afriko Canis aureus* Ora ŝakalo algirensis*, anthus*, aureus, bea*, cruesemanni, ecsedensis, indicus, lanka, lupaster*, maroccanus*, moreotica, naria, riparius*, soudanicus*, syriacus Orienta kaj centra Eŭropo, okcidenta kaj suda Azio, norda kaj orienta Afriko* †Canis dirus Terura lupo Ameriko
(formortinta antaŭ ĉirkaŭ 10mil jaroj) Canis latrans Kojoto cagottis, clepticus, dickeyi, frustror, goldmani, hondurensis, impavidus, incolatus, jamesi, latrans, lestes, mearnsi, microdon, ochropus, peninsulae, texensis, thamnos, umpquensis, vigilis Norda kaj centra Ameriko Canis lupus Griza lupo albus, alces, arabs, arctos, argunensis, bactrianus, baileyi, beothicus, bernardi, campestris, chanco, columbianus, communis, crassodon, dingo, familiaris (hundo), fuscus, halstromi, hattai, hodophilax, hudsonicus, irremotus, labradorius, laobetianus, ligoni, lupus, mackenzii, manningi, mogollonensis, monstrabilis, nubilus, occidentalis, orion, pallipes, pambasileus, signatus, tundrarum, youngi Nordameriko, Eŭropo, Azio, Aŭstralio Canis mesomelas Nigradorsa ŝakalo mesomelas, schmidti Suda kaj orienta Afriko Canis rufus Ruĝa lupofloridanus, †gregoryi, rufus Orienta Usono Canis simensis Etiopia lupo citernii, simensis Etiopio

* Iuj sciencistoj preferas meti la subspeciojn de ora ŝakalo vivantajn en Afriko en apartan genron, Canis anthus.[2]

Referencoj

  1. Planet'Mammifères (angle, france). Alirita 2017.08.12. Subspecioj kun demandosigno ne estas montrataj.
  2. K.-P. Koepfli kaj aliaj (2015-07-30). Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species (angle). Current Biology. Alirita 2017-08-12.
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Kaniso: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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Kaniso estas genro de kanisedoj, al kiu apartenas inter aliaj la hundo, la kojoto, kaj la lupo.

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Canis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Canis es un género de mamíferos placentarios de la familia Canidae, orden de los carnívoros, que incluye los perros, lobos, chacales, y coyotes.

Características

Las especies de Canis muestran una gran variedad de tamaños, desde los 75 kg que puede alcanzar C. lupus —más aún en razas especialmente seleccionadas, como el gran danés o el mastín napolitano— hasta los 12 kg de C. mesomelas —considerablemente menos en variedades domésticas de perro, que a veces no superan el kilogramo. Sin embargo, no son infrecuentes los cruces cuando la fisonomía lo permite, lo que ha complicado considerablemente el establecimiento de las relaciones genéticas de las distintas especies.

Las especies de este género se distinguen por su tamaño de moderado a grande, sus cráneos y dentición masivos y bien desarrollados, patas largas y orejas y colas comparativamente cortas.[1]

Origen y distribución

El género se originó probablemente en América del Norte a finales del Plioceno o comienzos del Pleistoceno, hace alrededor de un millón de años. Hoy se encuentra en estado salvaje en toda América, en Europa, en África, Asia y Australia; la expansión del perro ha sido paralela a la del ser humano, cubriendo casi todo el globo.

Taxonomía

El género Canis (Carl Linnaeus, 1758) fue publicado en la décima edición de Systema Naturae[2]​ e incluía a los carnívoros con apariencia de perro: el perro doméstico, lobos, coyotes y chacales.

Todas las especies de Canis están estrechamente relacionadas filogenéticamente con 78 cromosomas y pueden potencialmente cruzarse.[3]​ En 1926, la Comisión Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica (ICZN) en su Opinión 91 incluyó al Género Canis en sus Listas Oficiales e Índices de Nombres en Zoología.[4]​ En 1955, la Dirección 22 de ICZN agregó Canis familiaris como el espécimen tipo para el género Canis a la lista oficial. [3]

Especies

El cladograma siguiente se basa en la filogenia del ADN de Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005), modificado para incorporar hallazgos recientes sobre especies de Canis:[5][6]

Disputas

El número de especies incluidas en el género Canis es objeto de disputas, si se consideran al perro y al dingo como subespecies de Canis lupus o como especies en derecho propio, y si se consideran o no Canis rufus y Canis lycaon, ambas con dudas sobre su validez.

En 2019, un taller organizado por el Grupo de especialistas en cánidos de la SSC/UICN recomienda que debido a que la evidencia de ADN muestra que el chacal rayado (Canis adustus) y el chacal de lomo negro (Canis mesomelas) forman un linaje monofilético que se encuentra fuera de los clados de Canis/Cuon/Lycaon, que deben colocarse en un género distinto, Lupulella (Hilzheimer, 1906) con los nombres Lupulella adusta y Lupulella mesomelas.[7]

Especies extintas

Evolución

El registro fósil muestra que feliformes y caniformes emergieron dentro del clado Carnivoramorpha 43 millones de años antes del presente.[8]​ Los caniformes incluían el género Leptocyon, parecido a un zorro, cuyas diversas especies existían desde 24 millones de años antes del presente antes de ramificar 11,9 millones de años antes del presente en Vulpes (zorros) y Canini (caninos). El Eucyon del tamaño de un chacal existió en América del Norte a partir de 10 millones de años antes del presente y en el Plioceno temprano alrededor de 6-5 millones de años antes del presente el Eucyon davisi,[9]​ parecido a un coyote, invadió Eurasia. Los cánidos que habían emigrado de América del Norte a Eurasia (Eucyon, Vulpes y Nyctereutes) eran depredadores de tamaño pequeño a mediano durante el Mioceno tardío y el Plioceno temprano, pero no eran los principales depredadores.

Hace alrededor de 5 millones de años, algunos de los Eucyon del Viejo Mundo evolucionaron hasta convertirse en los primeros miembros de Canis,[10]​ y la posición de los cánidos cambiaría para convertirse en un depredador dominante en todo el Paleártico. Canis chihliensis, del tamaño de un lobo, apareció en el norte de China en el Plioceno medio alrededor de 4-3 millones de años antes del presente. Esto fue seguido por una explosión de la evolución de Canis en Eurasia en el Pleistoceno temprano alrededor de 1.8 millones de años antes del presente en lo que comúnmente se conoce como el evento del lobo. Está asociado con la formación de la estepa de mamut y la glaciación continental. Canis se propagó a Europa en forma de C. arnensis, C. etruscus y C. falconeri.[11]

Para las poblaciones de Canis en el Nuevo Mundo, Eucyon en América del Norte dio lugar a los primeros Canis de América del Norte que aparecieron por primera vez en el Mioceno (6 millones de años antes del presente) en el suroeste de Estados Unidos y México. Hacia 5 millones de años antes del presente, el Canis lepophagus más grande, antepasado de lobos y coyotes, apareció en la misma región.[11]

Sin embargo, un estudio genético de 2021 del lobo terrible (Aenocyon dirus), anteriormente considerado miembro de Canis, encontró que representaba al último miembro de un antiguo linaje de caninos originalmente indígenas del Nuevo Mundo que divergieron antes de la aparición de Canis, y que su linaje había sido distinto desde el Mioceno sin evidencia de introgresión con Canis. Por lo tanto, el estudio planteó la hipótesis de que los cánidos neógenos del Nuevo Mundo que anteriormente se clasificaban en Canis, como Canis armbrusteri y Canis edwardii, así como el propio lobo terrible, eran probablemente miembros del distinto linaje de lobos terribles que habían evolucionado de manera convergente apariencia similar a los miembros de Canis. Los verdaderos miembros de Canis, a saber, el lobo gris y el coyote, probablemente solo llegaron al Nuevo Mundo durante el Pleistoceno tardío, donde su flexibilidad dietética y/o capacidad para hibridar con otros cánidos les permitió sobrevivir al evento de extinción del Cuaternario, a diferencia del lobo terrible.[10]

Xenocyon (lobo extraño) es un subgénero extinto de Canis.[12]​ La diversidad del grupo Canis disminuyó a finales del Pleistoceno temprano hasta el Pleistoceno medio y se limitó en Eurasia a los pequeños lobos del grupo Canis mosbachensis-Canis variabilis y los grandes hipercarnívoros Xenocyon lycaonoides.[13]​ El hipercarnívoro Xenocyon dio lugar al cuón moderno y al perro salvaje africano.[11]

Referencias

  1. Geptner, V. G. (Vladimir Georgievich), 1901-1975.; Bannikov, A. G. (Andreĭ Grigorʹevich); Hoffmann, Robert S. (1989-). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08873-3. OCLC 17953816. Consultado el 9 de febrero de 2021.
  2. Linné, Carl von (1767). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis /. Typis Ioannis Thomae von Trattner,. Consultado el 9 de febrero de 2021.
  3. Wayne, Robert K.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (1999). «Origin, genetic diversity, and genome structure of the domestic dog». BioEssays (en inglés) 21 (3): 247-257. ISSN 1521-1878. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199903)21:33.0.CO;2-Z. Consultado el 9 de febrero de 2021.
  4. ALLEN, J. A. (16 de septiembre de 1910). «OPINIONS RENDERED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE». Science 32 (820): 380-382. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.32.820.380-a. Consultado el 9 de febrero de 2021.
  5. Broad Sequencing Platform members; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; Clamp, Michele et al. (2005-12). «Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog». Nature (en inglés) 438 (7069): 803-819. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/nature04338. Consultado el 9 de febrero de 2021. Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
  6. Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; Schweizer, Rena M.; Thalmann, Olaf et al. (2015-08). «Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species». Current Biology (en inglés) 25 (16): 2158-2165. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. Consultado el 9 de febrero de 2021. Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
  7. Alvares, Francisco; Bogdanowicz, Wieslaw; Campbell, Liz A.D.; Godinho, Rachel; Hatlauf, Jennifer; Jhala, Yadvendradev V.; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Krofel, Miha; Moehlman, Patricia D.; Senn, Helen; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Viranta, Suvi; Werhahn, Geraldine (2019). "Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations. CIBIO. Vairão, Portugal, 28th – 30th May 2019" (PDF). IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group.
  8. Wesley‐Hunt, Gina D.; Flynn, John J. (2005-01). «Phylogeny of the carnivora: Basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of ‘miacoidea’ relative to carnivora». Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (en inglés) 3 (1): 1-28. ISSN 1477-2019. doi:10.1017/S1477201904001518. Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2021.
  9. «Fossilworks: Eucyon davisi». fossilworks.org. Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2021.
  10. a b Perri, Angela R.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Mouton, Alice; Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Haile, James; Jamieson, Alexandra; Meachen, Julie et al. (13 de enero de 2021). «Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage». Nature (en inglés). ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03082-x. Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2021. Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
  11. a b c Wang, Xiaoming; Antón, Mauricio (2010). Dogs : their fossil relatives and evolutionary history. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-50943-5. OCLC 822229250. Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2021.
  12. Rook, L. 1994. The Plio-Pleistocene Old World Canis (Xenocyon) ex gr. falconeri. Bolletino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 33:71–82.
  13. Sotnikova, M.; Rook, L. (2010-02). «Dispersal of the Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Caninae) across Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene». Quaternary International (en inglés) 212 (2): 86-97. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.008. Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2021.

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Canis es un género de mamíferos placentarios de la familia Canidae, orden de los carnívoros, que incluye los perros, lobos, chacales, y coyotes.

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Koer (perekond) ( Estonian )

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Koer (Canis) on loomade perekond kiskjaliste seltsist koerlaste sugukonnast.

Eestikeelse nimetuse asemel on käibel ladinakeelne nimetus, sest hunte, koiotte ja šaakaleid ei nimetata tavaliselt koerteks.

Taksonoomia

Koera perekonnas on järgmised liigid (kodukoeral on näidatud ka mõned kunagised alamliigid):

Dingo arvatakse sageli koera liigi alla.

On pakutud ka niisugust koera perekonna käsitust, mille järgi perekond koer hõlmab alamperekondadena perekonnad koer, rebane (sealhulgas fennek ja hallrebane), polaarrebane, Lycalopex, Pseudalopex, pamparebane, Cerdocyon ja Atelocynus.

Etioopia hunt arvatakse mõnikord eraldi perekonnaks või alamperekonnaks.

Kodukoer arvatakse mõnikord hundi liiki.

Tumedat hunti on pakutud hundi alamliigiks.

Väikeste huntide populatsiooni Egiptuses ja Liibüas peeti enne 1981. aastat šaakali alamliigiks Canis aureus lupaster.

Hunt, tume hunt, ja koer ristuvad omavahel. Tõenäoliselt ei ole nendel omavahel põlvnemissuhteid, vaid nad põlvnevad kõik ühisest esivanemast.

Perekond Canis ilmus pliotseenis.

Iseloomustus

Perekonna Canis esindajatel on suhteliselt kõrge keha, pikad jalad ning kohev silindrikujuline saba.

Pupillid on eredas valguses tavaliselt ümarad.

Kuigi enamikul liikidel on saba lähedal lõhnanääre, ei tekita see nii vänget lõhna nagu rebase perekonna liikidel.

Koljul on suured otsmiku-urked ja oimuharjad on lähestikku, ühinedes sageli noolharjaks. Näokolju on koera perekonnal (välja arvatud etioopia hundil) suhteliselt lühem kui perekondadel rebane ja Pseudalopex.

Emasloomadel on 8 või 10 rinnanääret.

Välislingid

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Koer (perekond): Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Koer (Canis) on loomade perekond kiskjaliste seltsist koerlaste sugukonnast.

Eestikeelse nimetuse asemel on käibel ladinakeelne nimetus, sest hunte, koiotte ja šaakaleid ei nimetata tavaliselt koerteks.

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Canis ( Basque )

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Canis Carnivora ordeneko generoetako bat da. 7tik 10era espezie ditu bere barnean, txakurra, otsoak eta txakalak barne.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Canis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Canis Carnivora ordeneko generoetako bat da. 7tik 10era espezie ditu bere barnean, txakurra, otsoak eta txakalak barne.

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Koirat ( Finnish )

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Tämä artikkeli käsittelee Canis-suvun koiraeläinlajeja. Kesykoiran roduista katso luettelo koiraroduista. Koirat on myös lehti.
 src=
Koirien sukupuu

Koirat (Canis) on koiraeläinten heimoon kuuluva suku. Suku on varsin vanha, se on ollut olemassa mioseenikaudelta lähtien. Siihen luetaan nykyään kuuluvaksi kuusi lajia alalajeineen, vaikkakaan eri lajien luokittelusta ei olla aivan yksimielisiä. Lajien geenit ovat lähes identtiset. Lisäksi kaikki Canis-suvun lajit pystyvät lisääntymään keskenään, ja syntyneet risteymät ovat myös lisääntymiskykyisiä. Esimerkiksi punasusi ja dingo on toisinaan luokiteltu omiksi lajeikseen.

Taksonomia

Evoluutio

Caniformia ja Feliformia alkoivat kehittyä erilleen noin 43 miljoonaa vuotta sitten.[1] Nykyisiä kettuja muistuttanut Leptocyon suku kehittyi noin 34 miljoonaa vuotta sitten, siitä kehittyivät muun muassa ketut (Vulpes). Sukuun Canis luetteva Canis ferox kehittyi Eycyon davisista noin 5 miljoonaa vuotta sitten plioseenikaudella. Samalla alueella noin 3,5 miljoonaa vuotta sitten eli susimainen Canis lepophagus.[2]

Lajit

 src=
Suden (Canis lupus) ja hirviösuden (Canis dirus) luurangot rinnakkain.

Lähteet

  • Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (toim.): Canis Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed). 2005. Bucknell University. Viitattu 7.12.2011. (englanniksi)
  • Kauhala, Kaarina: Koiran villit sukulaiset. Juva: WSOY, 2000. ISBN 951-0-23728-0.
  • Tiede -lehti 13/2009, s. 40–45: Helena Telkänrannan artikkeli Miten sudesta tuli tanskandoggi ja kiinanharjakoira.

Viitteet

  1. John J Flynn: Phylogeny of the Carnivora: Basal Relationships Among the Carnivoramorphans, and Assessment of the Position of 'Miacoidea' Relative to Carnivora, s. 1 - 28. .
  2. R. Tedford: Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae), s. 1 - 218. .

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Koirat: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Tämä artikkeli käsittelee Canis-suvun koiraeläinlajeja. Kesykoiran roduista katso luettelo koiraroduista. Koirat on myös lehti.  src= Koirien sukupuu

Koirat (Canis) on koiraeläinten heimoon kuuluva suku. Suku on varsin vanha, se on ollut olemassa mioseenikaudelta lähtien. Siihen luetaan nykyään kuuluvaksi kuusi lajia alalajeineen, vaikkakaan eri lajien luokittelusta ei olla aivan yksimielisiä. Lajien geenit ovat lähes identtiset. Lisäksi kaikki Canis-suvun lajit pystyvät lisääntymään keskenään, ja syntyneet risteymät ovat myös lisääntymiskykyisiä. Esimerkiksi punasusi ja dingo on toisinaan luokiteltu omiksi lajeikseen.

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Canis ( French )

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Canis est un genre de mammifères carnivores de la famille des Canidés qui regroupe les chiens, les dingos, la plupart des loups, les coyotes et les chacals. Il est, comme tous les Canidés, pourvu d'un excellent odorat. Ses pupilles sont rondes.

La classification ou le statut de certaines populations est encore incertain car les Canidés forment une famille biologique qui n'a évolué que récemment et des croisements fertiles ont eu lieu et se perpétuent encore entre certaines espèces du genre Canis, compliquant d'autant plus les recherches faites sur les différents groupes dans ce taxon, dont l'histoire est également difficile à retracer tant les vestiges sont délicats à différencier[1],[2]. Par exemple, certaines espèces encore récemment incluses dans le genre Canis sont désormais considérées former un genre distinct, Lupulella[3],[4].

Taxinomie et systématique

Le genre compte six espèces actuelles (selon ITIS) :

Auquel on peut ajouter quatre espèces au statut discuté :

Et peut-être 52 espèces fossiles :

Les espèces discutées

Les études génétiques réalisées au XXIe siècle confirment que le Loup de l'Est serait bien une espèce du Nouveau Monde (Canis lycaon) à part entière, ainsi qu'il était classé autrefois, et non pas une sous-espèce (Canis lupus lycaon) du Loup gris comme on l'a suggéré par la suite[21].

Canis himalayensis Aggarwal, Kivisild, Ramadevi & Singh, 2007 et Canis indica Aggarwal, Kivisild, Ramadevi & Singh, 2007 sont des taxons qui ont été créés en 2007[22].

Les chacals d'Afrique orientale et australe (chacal à flanc rayé ex-Canis adustus et chacal à chabraques ex-Canus mesomelas) sont désormais considérés comme faisant partie d'un genre distinct, Lupulella[3],[4].

Liste des espèces et sous-espèces

Selon Catalogue of Life (11 juillet 2014)[23] et ITIS (11 juillet 2014)[24] :

Selon Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (11 juillet 2014)[25] :

Selon NCBI (11 juillet 2014)[26] :

  • Canis adustus
  • Canis aureus
  • sous-espèce Canis himalayensis
  • sous-espèce Canis indica
  • Canis latrans
  • Canis lupus
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus arctos
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus baileyi
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus campestris
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus chanco
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus desertorum
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus dingo
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus familiaris
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus hattai
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus hodophilax
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus labradorius
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus laniger
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus lupaster
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus lupus
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus mogollonensis
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus pallipes
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus signatus
    • sous-espèce Canis lupus × Canis lupus familiaris
  • Canis lycaon
  • Canis mesomelas
    • sous-espèce Canis mesomelas elongae
  • Canis rufus
  • Canis simensis

Selon Paleobiology Database (11 juillet 2014)[27] :

Notes et références

Notes

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .

Références

  1. (en) Référence Mammal Species of the World (3e éd., 2005) : Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758
  2. Le loup à l'origine du chien ? publié en 30/08/2001 sur le site de l'UMES
  3. a et b (en) Suvi Viranta, Anagaw Atickem, Lars Werdelin et Nils Chr. Stenseth, « Rediscovering a forgotten canid species », BMC Zoology, vol. 2, no 1,‎ décembre 2017, p. 6 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 6 décembre 2021)
  4. a et b (en) Jan Zrzavý, Pavel Duda, Jan Robovský et Isabela Okřinová, « Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora): Combining morphology, behaviour, genes and fossils », Zoologica Scripta, vol. 47, no 4,‎ juillet 2018, p. 373–389 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 6 décembre 2021)
  5. Référence Organismnames.com : Canis antiquus Laurillard 1843 consulté le=26 février 2022.
  6. (en) P. N. Bose, « Undescribed Fossil Carnivora from the Siválik Hills in the Collection of the British Museum », Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, Londres, vol. 36, nos 1-4,‎ 1880, p. 119-136 (ISSN et , OCLC , DOI , lire en ligne), p. 135.
  7. (en) Oswaldo Mooser et Walter W. Dalquest, « Pleistocene mammals from Aguascalientes, central Mexico », Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 56, no 4,‎ 1975, p. 781-820 (lire en ligne).
  8. (es) M. Crusafont-Pairó, « El primer representante del género Canis en el pontiense euroasiático (Canis cipio) », Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid, vol. 48,‎ 1950, p. 43-56 (ISSN ).
  9. Charles Depéret, Les animaux pliocènes du Roussillon, Paris, Librairie Polytechnique Baudry, 1890, 194 p..
  10. (en) Charles Lewis Gazin, « The late cenozoic vertebrate faunas from the San Pedro Valley, Ariz. », Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 92, no 3155,‎ 1942, p. 475-518 (lire en ligne).
  11. (en) Wade E. Miller et Oscar Carranza-Castañeda, « Late Tertiary Canids from Central Mexico », Journal of Paleontology, vol. 72, no 3,‎ mai 1998, p. 546-556 (lire en ligne).
  12. Référence Organismnames.com : Thos khomenkoi Bogachev 1938 consulté le=26 février 2022.
  13. (en) C. Stuart Johnston, « Preliminary report on the vertebrate type locality of Cita Canyon, and the description of an ancestral coyote », Am J Sci, vol. 35, no 5,‎ 1er mai 1938, p. 383-390 (DOI , lire en ligne).
  14. Référence Organismnames.com : Canis medius Blainville, 1843 consulté le=26 février 2022.
  15. (en) Richard Lydekker, « Contributions to a knowledge of the fossil vertebrates of Argentina. Part II. 3. On two argentine extinct carnivores. », Anales del Museo de La Plata. Paleontología Argentina, vol. 3, no 3,‎ 1894, p. 1-3.
  16. E. Ray Lankester, « On new Mammalia from the Red Crag », Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 3, vol. 14, no 83,‎ 1864, p. 353-360 (lire en ligne).
  17. Référence Organismnames.com : Canis robustus (Ameghino, 1889) consulté le=26 février 2022.
  18. (de) Johann Woldřich, « Über Caniden aus dem Diluvium », Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Vienne, Inconnu, vol. 39, no 2,‎ 1879, p. 97-148 (ISSN , OCLC , lire en ligne), p. 116.
  19. Référence Organismnames.com : Cynodon velaunus (Aymard, 1846) consulté le=27 février 2022.
  20. (zh) Yuzhu You & Guoqin Qi, 1972 : « New Material from the Pleistocene Mammal Fauna at Yuanmou, Yunnan ». Vert. PalAs, vol. 11, n. 1, p. 66-85.
  21. (en) P. J. Wilson et al. Mitochondrial DNA extracted from eastern North American wolves killed in the 1800s is not of gray wolf origin dans le Canadian journal of zoology, 2003, vol. 81, no5, pp. 936-940 (5 pages), édité par National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ISSN 0008-4301. Lire le résumé sur cat.inist
  22. R. K. Aggarwal, T. Kivisild, J. Ramadevi, L. Singh: Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, Volume 45 Issue 2 Page 163-172, May 2007
  23. Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 11 juillet 2014
  24. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 11 juillet 2014
  25. Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005), consulté le 11 juillet 2014
  26. NCBI, consulté le 11 juillet 2014
  27. Fossilworks Paleobiology Database, consulté le 11 juillet 2014

Annexes

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Canis: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Canis est un genre de mammifères carnivores de la famille des Canidés qui regroupe les chiens, les dingos, la plupart des loups, les coyotes et les chacals. Il est, comme tous les Canidés, pourvu d'un excellent odorat. Ses pupilles sont rondes.

La classification ou le statut de certaines populations est encore incertain car les Canidés forment une famille biologique qui n'a évolué que récemment et des croisements fertiles ont eu lieu et se perpétuent encore entre certaines espèces du genre Canis, compliquant d'autant plus les recherches faites sur les différents groupes dans ce taxon, dont l'histoire est également difficile à retracer tant les vestiges sont délicats à différencier,. Par exemple, certaines espèces encore récemment incluses dans le genre Canis sont désormais considérées former un genre distinct, Lupulella,.

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Canis ( Galician )

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Canis é un xénero da familia Canidae, orde dos carnívoros; o número exacto de especies é obxecto de disputas, se se consideran ao can e ao dingo coma subespecies de Canis lupus ou coma especies en dereito propio e se se consideran ou non Canis rufus e Canis lycaon, ambas con dúbidas sobre a súa validez. Polo tanto inclúe 6 especies seguras e outras 4 posíbeis.

O xénero orixinouse probabelmente en América do Norte a finais do Plioceno ou comezos do Plistoceno, hai arredor dun millón de anos. Hoxe atópase en estado salvaxe en toda América, en Europa, en África, Asia e Australia; a distribución do can é case coextensiva coa do ser humano, cubrindo case todo o globo.

As especies de Canis amósanos unha gran variedade de tamaños, dende os 75 kg que pode acadar C. lupus —máis aínda en razas especialmente seleccionadas, coma o gran danés ou o mastín napolitano— até os 12 de C. mesomelas —considerabelmente menos en variedades domésticas de can, que ás veces non superan o quilogramo. Aínda así, non son infrecuentes os cruces cando a fisonomía o permite, o que complicou considerabelmente o establecemento das relacións xenéticas das distintas especies.

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Canis ( Croatian )

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Canis, rod životinja iz reda zvijeri (carnivora) i porodice pasa canidae koji obuhaća pse, čagljeve, kojote i vukove. Predstavnici ovog roda su Canis adustus (prugasti čagalj), Canis aureus (zlatni čagalj) , Canis latrans (kojot), Canis lupus (vuk), Canis mesomelas (crnoleđi čagalj), Canis simensis (etiopski vuk) (ugrožen).

Vuk (Canis lupus) je bio prva životinja koju je čovjek udomaćio. Domaći pas (Canis lupus familiaris) i dingo (Canis lupus dingo) klasificiraju se kao njegove podvrste. [1]. Među raznim vrstama ovog roda postoje brojne podvrste

Izvori

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Canis, rod životinja iz reda zvijeri (carnivora) i porodice pasa canidae koji obuhaća pse, čagljeve, kojote i vukove. Predstavnici ovog roda su Canis adustus (prugasti čagalj), Canis aureus (zlatni čagalj) , Canis latrans (kojot), Canis lupus (vuk), Canis mesomelas (crnoleđi čagalj), Canis simensis (etiopski vuk) (ugrožen).

Vuk (Canis lupus) je bio prva životinja koju je čovjek udomaćio. Domaći pas (Canis lupus familiaris) i dingo (Canis lupus dingo) klasificiraju se kao njegove podvrste. . Među raznim vrstama ovog roda postoje brojne podvrste

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Canis ( Indonesian )

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Canis adalah genus mamalia yang terdiri dari sembilan spesies hewan karnivor yang isinya meliputi serigala, koyote, dan jackal. Anjing domestik (C. lupus familiaris) termasuk dalam genus ini walau anjing domestik dan dingo (C. lupus dingo) sebenarnya termasuk varietas (subspesies) serigala abu-abu (C. lupus). Kata Canis berasal dari bahasa Latin yang artinya "anjing".

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Canis adalah genus mamalia yang terdiri dari sembilan spesies hewan karnivor yang isinya meliputi serigala, koyote, dan jackal. Anjing domestik (C. lupus familiaris) termasuk dalam genus ini walau anjing domestik dan dingo (C. lupus dingo) sebenarnya termasuk varietas (subspesies) serigala abu-abu (C. lupus). Kata Canis berasal dari bahasa Latin yang artinya "anjing".

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Canis ( Italian )

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Canis Linnaeus, 1758 è un genere di canidi lupini che comprende le varie specie comunemente dette «cani», «lupi» e «sciacalli».

I membri di questo genere sono generalmente di taglia media e grande, con arti lunghi e adatti alla corsa, crani alti e robusti, zampe anteriori pentadattili, zampe posteriori tetradattili, e pupille ovali.[1] Il loro pelame è in genere ispido, e il colore solitamente uniforme (tranne che in certe varianti geografiche di C. lupus), con pellicce grigiastre con sfumature gialle e rossicce inframezzate con peli neri. In certe specie, i peli neri formano una notevole sella scura lunga la schiena e attorno le spalle. Il dimorfismo sessuale non è estremo, sebbene i maschi invariabilmente tendono a superare di grandezza le femmine.[2]

Si trovano in molteplici habitat diversi, dalle tundra ai deserti, mostrando preferenza per zone aperte dove abbondano gli ungulati. Sono canidi generalmente sedentari che formano coppie monogame che allevano i cuccioli in tane aperte. Il genere ha un areale vasto, estendendosi a nord fino al circolo polare artico e giù nelle zone equatoriali. Nel nuovo mondo, il suo areale ingloba tutto il Nordamerica, dall'arcipelago artico canadese alla Costa Rica. Nel vecchio mondo, vive in tutta l'Africa tranne che in Madagascar, e in tutta l'Eurasia tranne nell'Indocina orientale.[2] In Italia esistono solo due specie: C. lupus (il lupo grigio) e C. aureus (lo sciacallo dorato). Il primo è presente sulla penisola da circa 340-320.000 anni[3] mentre l'ultimo è un'aggiunta recente, che colonizza l'Italia nordorientale a partire dai primi anni ottanta.[4]

I canidi di questo genere sono di significanza pratica per l'uomo come predatori di bestiame e, meno importante, come portatori di rabbia. Il loro valore come animali da pelliccia è relativamente bassa.[2]

Descrizione

 src=
Un coyote (C. latrans) ululante

Aspetto

Sono canidi di dimensioni relativamente grandi, superando i 59 cm di lunghezza corporea e possedendo una coda che non supera la metà della lunghezza del corpo.[5] Il cranio di tutte le specie è robusto e fornito di seni frontali grandi.[6] La fronte è più o meno elevata e gonfia.[7] Con l'eccezione di C. simensis, il muso è più corto di quello delle volpi e delle licalopecie. I denti canini sono robusti e i carnassiali relativamente grandi.[6] Le specie più grandi, l'odierno C. lupus e l'estinto C. dirus, dispongono di una dentatura adatta al frantumare le ossa.[8] La formula dentaria è:[7]

3.1.4.2 3.1.4.3

La schiena e i fianchi sono spesso coperti di chiazze di nero più o meno ben definite.[5] Esemplari melanici sono stati segnalati in C. lupus,[9][10] C. latrans,[9] C. lupaster,[11] e C. aureus.[12]

Comportamento

Il principale vocalizzo di contatto è l'ululato, che si teorizza si sia evoluto dai tipici latrati canini attraverso la fusione di strofe latranti ritmiche. L'ululato viene infatti spesso preceduto da una serie di latrati acuti, e ha un effetto contagioso sui membri del branco, che si uniscono in cori, chiaramente importanti per il mantenimento di legami sociali. Contrariamente agli altri canidi, che esprimono l'aggressività con lo spalancamento delle fauci, i membri del genere Canis alzano il labbro superiore, mostrando così i denti canini. Questa espressione facciale viene spesso accompagnato dai ringhi.[13]

Ecologia

 src=
Sciacallo dorato (C. aureus) si nutre d'una carcassa di cervo pomellato

Con l'eccezione di C. simensis, che è un predatore specializzato di roditori afroalpini,[14] la maggior parte del genere consiste di specie con diete onnivore che includono invertebrati, anfibi, lucertole, serpenti, uccelli e piccoli mammiferi come i roditori, i lagomorfi e i giovani ungulati.[15][16] C. lupus, il più grande del genere, si specializza generalmente nella caccia ad individui vulnerabili di grossi ungulati come le renne, gli alci e i bisonti,[17] mentre l'estinto C. dirus cacciava i cammelli, i cavalli, i bradipi terrestri e i mammut.[18] Gli esemplari adulti tendono a non avere predatori abituali o concorrenti seri tranne specie dello stesso genere più grandi[19][20] e i felidi di taglia grossa.[21][22] Il genere è molto flessibile nelle sue preferenze ambientali, tranne C. simensis, che è limitato alle zone montane dell'Etiopia. La maggior parte dei Canis selvatici hanno areali vasti, evitando soltanto le foreste pluviali più fitte.[6] C. lupus in particolare ha l'areale naturale più esteso di qualsiasi altro mammifero carnivoro, dato la sua propensione alla dispersione dal territorio di nascita.[23]

Tassonomia

Le relazioni filogenetiche tra le diverse specie di Caninae furono esplorate in uno studio svolto nel 2005 in base alle sequenze nucleari estratte dai nuclei cellulari. Il risultante albero filogenetico dimostrò che il cane e il lupo grigio sono taxa sorelle, con il caberù rappresentando la specie più basale. Fu inoltre scoperto che il genere è parafilettico, poiché gli sciacalli africani (C. adustus e C. mesomelas) risultarono più basali del licaone e del cuon, ambedue tradizionalmente considerati al di fuori del genere Canis.[24] Certi studiosi, di conseguenza, hanno proposto di assegnare i due sciacalli africani a generi diversi: Schaeffia per C. adustus e Lupulella per C. mesomelas[25][26] o Lupulella per ambedue.[26][27][28]

Tramite delle analisi sul genoma mitocondriale e nucleare di vari canidi lupini africani nel 2015, fu dimostrato che i canini tradizionalmente considerati conspecifici con lo sciacallo dorato eurasiatico sono invece una specie a sé stante filogeneticamente più derivata, battezzata successivamente C. lupaster, ovvero lupi africani.[29][30] Studi complementari a quest'ultimo mostrarono che il lupo indiano e himalayano, tradizionalmente considerati sottospecie di lupo grigio, sono invece più imparentati al lupo africano che al lupo grigio, con il lupo himalayano avente il lupo africano come antenato materno e un antenato paterno intermedio tra il lupo africano e il lupo grigio.[29][31][32]

Ibridazione

Magnifying glass icon mgx2.svgLo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Coydog, Coywolf, Lupo ibrido, Canis lupus lycaon, Canis lupus rufus e Sciacallo ibrido.
 src=
Il lupo rosso, frutto d'un antico incrocio tra il lupo grigio e il coyote

Tutti i membri del genere possono incrociarsi e produrre prole fertili. Nel caso dei lupi e dei coyote, l'ibridazione è facilitata dalla loro diversificazione relativamente recente, avvenuta 6.000-117.000 anni fa.[33] Il lupo rosso e orientale, ambedue variamente considerati in passato come sottospecie di lupo grigio o specie separate, sono frutti di incroci passati tra lupi e coyote,[33][34] con 60% del DNA del primo risalente al coyote e 40% al lupo grigio.[34]

Il sequenziamento dell'intero genoma dei Canis dimostrò che c'è parecchio flusso genico tra il caberù e il lupo africano nell'areale nordoccidentale di quest'ultimo. Fu inoltre scoperto che il lupo africano ebbe origine da un canino con 72% del suo DNA risalente al lupo grigio e 28% al caberù. Fu scoperto che ci sia flusso genico tra i lupi grigi, i lupi africani e gli sciacalli dorati nella penisola del Sinai.[35]

Ci sono inoltre prove di ibridazione tra il lupo grigio e lo sciacallo dorato, con 15% del genoma dei lupi in Israele risalente agli sciacalli.[36] I lupi grigi mediorientali contengono infatti il tasso più alto di DNA di sciacallo, che compare in livelli meno elevati nei lupi europei, asiatici e nordamericani. Nel caso dei lupi nordamericani, che sono separati dagli sciacalli dorati geograficamente, l'ibridazione probabilmente avvenne prima della diversificazione dei lupi eurasiatici e nordamericani.[35]

Storia evolutiva

Origini

Il genere ebbe origine in Nordamerica durante il Miocene superiore, circa 6 milioni di anni fa, quando le temperature globali cominciarono ad abbassarsi e le vaste foreste e savane vennero gradualmente rimpiazzate con pianure e tundra.[37] Canis probabilmente deriva da una popolazione di Eucyon,[38] canidi di taglia piccola simili a volpi, che si diversificarono rapidamente dopo l'estinzione dei borofagini, grossi canidi simili alle iene.[37][39] La scomparsa dei borofagini aprì una nicchia ecologica che favoriva lo sviluppo di una nuova forma di canide intelligente di taglia media adatta alla corsa.[37] I primi membri di Canis si distinguevano dai loro antenati per le dimensioni leggermente superiori e gli adattamenti progressivi verso una vita dedicata alla corsa. I fossili più antichi del genere sono stati rinvenuti negli Stati Uniti sudoccidentali e nelle parti confinanti del Messico. Canis lepophagus apparve nel Pliocene nelle stesse zone un milione di anni più tardi.[38]

Il wolf event eurasiatico

Durante il Miocene superiore, dei membri del genere ancora simili al Eucyon ancestrale attraversarono il ponte di Bering e si moltiplicarono in numerose specie diverse in Asia durante il Pliocene inferiore, raggiungendo poco dopo l'Europa. Con la formazione della steppa dei mammut e la progressiva glaciazione del continente durante il Pliocene medio, fecero la loro prima apparenza Canis di dimensioni grandi simili ai lupi odierni, un evento popolarmente nominato il "wolf event". Ciò fu seguito dall'estinzione totale dei canidi simili a Eucyon in Eurasia presso la fine del Pliocene.[40] Il genere colonizzò successivamente l'Europa, diversificandosi in Canis arnensis, Canis etruscus e Canis falconeri.[23] C. etruscus fu il primo del suo genere ad espandersi in Europa, arrivando 2,2 milioni di anni fa, mentre C. arnensis seguì 1,9 milioni di anni fa.[41][42] Quest'ultimo è probabilmente l'antenato diretto dell'odierno sciacallo dorato.[43]

I lupi propriamente detti apparvero successivamente durante il Pleistocene medio, a circa 500.000-300.000 anni fa.[40] Il sequenziamento dell'intero genoma dei canidi lupini dimostrò che la stirpe che condusse al lupo e al coyote ebbe origine da un'antica ibridazione tra un membro del genere Canis e una popolazione fantasma di canini imparentati con il cuon.[35] I lupi furono inizialmente concorrenti con le iene macchiate per il ruolo di predatore alfa nell'Eurasia, evitando le prede grandi predilette dalle iene a favore di ungulati più piccoli come i camosci e i cervi. Presero il sopravvento durante i cambiamenti climatici dell'Ultimo massimo glaciale, che risultò nell'estinzione delle iene, apparentemente svantaggiati in ambienti caratterizzati da frequenti innevamenti.[44][45][46][47]

In Italia, i reperti fossili di lupo più antichi provengono da un sito di La Polledrara di Cecanibbio, a 20 km nord-ovest da Roma, e risalgono dai 340-320.000 di anni fa.[3]

Ritorno nel Nordamerica

 src=
Scheletro di C. dirus, il membro più grande del genere, estinto durante il Quaternario

C. lupus colonizzò il Nordamerica durante il tardo Rancholabreano attraverso il ponte di Bering in almeno tre migrazioni separate, ognuna delle quali rappresentata da diverse clade di lupi grigi eurasiatici. Tra i primi a migrare vi fu un ecomorfo[48] ipercarnivoro di struttura robusta che non si espanse oltre l'inlandsis del Wisconsin, probabilmente per la presenza nel sud di C. dirus. Entrambi si estinsero durante il Quaternario senza lasciare discendenti.[49] La prima stirpe di lupi a insediarsi in modo permanente nel Nordamerica fu quella degli antenati di C. l. baileyi, in seguito spinti verso sud da C. l. nubilus. C. l. nubilus fu a sua volta spinto verso est e verso sud dal più grosso C. l. occidentalis, processo che continua ancora oggi.[50] C. latrans, i cui antenati non attraversarono mai il ponte di Bering, fu costretto attraverso la concorrenza ecologica con i lupi nuovi arrivati ad evolversi in la forma gracile odierna.[51]

Arrivo in Africa

 src=
Il caberù (C. simensis), indigeno del corno d'Africa, è un cacciatore specializzato di roditori afroalpini e il membro del genere più a rischio d'estinzione

Il Canis fossile più antico in Africa è Canis sp. A da South Turkwel in Kenya, datato a 3,58-3,2 milioni di anni fa.[52] Nel 2015, uno studio sulle sequenze mitocondriali e nucleari dei canidi africani ed eurasiatici rivelò che gli odierni canidi lupini hanno colonizzato l'Africa dall'Eurasia almeno cinque volte durante il Pliocene-Pleistocene, così confermando i reperti fossili che dimostrano che la maggior parte della diversità canina in Africa fu il risultato dell'immigrazione da parte di antenati eurasiatici, probabilmente coincidendo con le oscillazioni climatiche del Pliocene-Pleistocene tra condizioni aride ed umide.[29][53] Gli antenati dell'odierno C. simensis colonizzarono le montagne del corno d'Africa e si svilupparono in predatori specializzati di roditori, dato la loro abbondanza negli ambienti afroalpini. Questo adattamento si è riflettuto nella morfologia del cranio, allungato con denti ampiamente spaziati. Fu durante questo periodo che la specie raggiunse il suo picco, in un areale abbastanza connesso. Questo scenario mutò circa 15.000 anni fa con l'arrivo dell'attuale periodo interglaciale, che fu la causa della frammentazione dell'areale della specie, isolando le popolazioni.[14]

Specie odierne

Rapporti con l'uomo

Aggressioni

Tra le specie odierne, solo il lupo grigio è stato segnalato, sebbene raramente, a cacciare ripetutamente gli umani: dalla metà del secolo fino al 2002, ci sono stati otto attacchi fatali nell'Europa e la Russia e più di 200 nell'Asia meridionale.[66] Tra il 2005 e il 2010, due persone sono state uccise da lupi non-rabbiosi nel Nordamerica.[67][68] Attacchi da parte di coyote sono aumentati con la rapida colonizzazione dei centri urbani da parte di questa specie: dati forniti dall'USDA, il California Department of Fish and Wildlife e altre fonti dimostrano che ci furono 367 attacchi contro gli umani, 165 di cui avvenuti in California, con una fatalità.[69] Escludendo casi di rabbia, gli attacchi, sia da parte dei lupi che dei coyote, tendono a raggiungere il culmine durante le stagioni delle cucciolate, e le vittime sono per la maggior parte bambini.[66]

Nelle culture umane

Sono personaggi consueti nella mitologia e folclore delle varie culture umane con cui condividono l'areale. I coyote e gli sciacalli vengono normalmente raffigurati come imbroglioni che si comportano come eroi picareschi che si ribellano alle convenzioni sociali con i loro stratagemmi e l'umorismo.[54][70] Certe culture native americane[71] e africane occidentali[72][73] li raffigurano come i compagni delle divinità, se non divinità loro stessi. Il lupo grigio, a sua volta, fu stimato nelle mitologie baltiche, celtiche, slavoniche, turche, greche, latine e trace, sebbene ebbe un ruolo più ambivalente in quello dei germani[74] e dei persiani.[75]

Note

  1. ^ Luigi Boitani, Sandro Lovari & Augusto Vigna Taglianti (Curatori), Fauna d'Italia. Mammalia III. Carnivora-Artiodactyla, Calderini, Bologna, 2003, p. 20
  2. ^ a b c (EN) V. G. Heptner & N. P. Naumov, Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), Science Publishers, Inc., USA, 1998 pp. 124-129, ISBN 1-886106-81-9
  3. ^ a b (EN) Anna Paola Anzidei, Grazia Maria Bulgarelli, Paola Catalano, Eugenio Cerilli, Rosalia Gallotti, Cristina Lemorini, Salvatore Milli, Maria Rita Palombo, Walter Pantano e Ernesto Santucci, Ongoing research at the late Middle Pleistocene site of La Polledrara di Cecanibbio (central Italy), with emphasis on human–elephant relationships, in Quaternary International, vol. 255, 2012, p. 171, DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.005.
  4. ^ Luigi Boitani, Sandro Lovari & Augusto Vigna Taglianti (Curatori), Fauna d'Italia. Mammalia III. Carnivora-Artiodactyla, Calderini, Bologna, 2003, p. 53
  5. ^ a b (EN) D. R. Rosevear, The carnivores of West Africa, London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1974, p. 35, ISBN 1-175-10030-7
  6. ^ a b c (EN) Clutton-Brock, J., Corbet, G.G., and Hills, M. (1976). "A review of the family Canidae, with a classification by numerical methods." Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. 29, 119–199.
  7. ^ a b (EN) R. I. Pocock, "Canis", The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia – Volume 2, London: Taylor and Francis, 1941, pp. 80–82
  8. ^ (EN) François Therrien, Mandibular force profiles of extant carnivorans and implications for the feeding behaviour of extinct predators, in Journal of Zoology, vol. 267, n. 3, 2005, p. 249, DOI:10.1017/S0952836905007430.
  9. ^ a b (EN) T. M. Anderson, B. M. Vonholdt, S. I. Candille, M. Musiani, C. Greco, D. R. Stahler, D. W. Smith, B. Padhukasahasram, E. Randi, J. A. Leonard, C. D. Bustamante, E. A. Ostrander, H. Tang, R. K. Wayne e G. S. Barsh, Molecular and Evolutionary History of Melanism in North American Gray Wolves, in Science, vol. 323, n. 5919, 2009, pp. 1339-1343, Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1339A, DOI:10.1126/science.1165448, PMC 2903542, PMID 19197024.
  10. ^ (EN) Khosravi, R. (2014) "Is black coat color in wolves of Iran an evidence of admixed ancestry with dogs?", Journal of Applied Genetics, DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0237-6
  11. ^ Mostafa Saleh, Mahmoud Younes, Moustafa Sarhan & Fouad Abdel-Hamid (2018) Melanism and coat colour polymorphism in the Egyptian Wolf Canis lupaster Hemprich & Ehrenberg (Carnivora: Canidae) from Egypt, Zoology in the Middle East, 64:3, 195-206, DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2018.1475117
  12. ^ (EN) Ambarlı, Hüseyin & Bilgin, C. Can. "First Record of a Melanistic Golden Jackal (Canis aureus, Canidae) from Turkey". Mammalia. Volume 0, Issue 0, Pages 1–4, ISSN (Online) 1864-1547, ISSN (Print) 0025-1461, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2012-0009, December 2012.
  13. ^ (EN) R. Estes, The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates, University of California Press, 1992, p. 389, ISBN 0-520-08085-8
  14. ^ a b (EN) D Gottelli, J Marino, C Sillero-Zubiri e S Funk, The effect of the last glacial age on speciation and population genetic structure of the endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) (PDF), in Molecular Ecology, vol. 13, n. 8, 2004, pp. 2275-2286, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02226.x, PMID 15245401 (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 maggio 2013).
  15. ^ (EN) Herschel Thomas Gier, "Ecology and behavior of the coyote (Canis latrans)", in Michael W. Fox (a cura di), The Wild Canids. Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology, and Evolution, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1974, pp. 247–262. ISBN 0-442-22430-3
  16. ^ (EN) R. D. Rosevear, The carnivores of West Africa, London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1974, pp. 38–44, ISBN 1-175-10030-7
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  18. ^ (EN) Joan Brenner Coltrain, John M. Harris, Thure E. Cerling, James R. Ehleringer, Maria-Denise Dearing, Joy Ward e Julie Allen, Rancho La Brea stable isotope biogeochemistry and its implications for the palaeoecology of late Pleistocene, coastal southern California, in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 205, 3–4, 2004, pp. 199-219, DOI:10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.12.008.
  19. ^ (EN) G. Giannatos (2004) Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal Canis aureus L. in Greece, WWF Greece: 1–47
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  54. ^ a b c d e (EN) Y.V. Jhala e P.D. Moehlman. 2004. Golden jackal Canis aureus. In C. Sillero-Zubiri, M. Hoffman, & D. W. MacDonald (curatori), Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs - 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 156-161. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, ISBN 2-8317-0786-2
  55. ^ Alfred Edmund Brehm, La vita degli animali. Descrizione generale del mondo animale, Volume 1, Mammiferi, traduzioni di Gaetano Branca e Stefano Travella, Unione Tipografico-editrice torinese, 1872, p. 466.
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  59. ^ CANE, in Enciclopedia Italiana, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
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Canis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Canis Linnaeus, 1758 è un genere di canidi lupini che comprende le varie specie comunemente dette «cani», «lupi» e «sciacalli».

I membri di questo genere sono generalmente di taglia media e grande, con arti lunghi e adatti alla corsa, crani alti e robusti, zampe anteriori pentadattili, zampe posteriori tetradattili, e pupille ovali. Il loro pelame è in genere ispido, e il colore solitamente uniforme (tranne che in certe varianti geografiche di C. lupus), con pellicce grigiastre con sfumature gialle e rossicce inframezzate con peli neri. In certe specie, i peli neri formano una notevole sella scura lunga la schiena e attorno le spalle. Il dimorfismo sessuale non è estremo, sebbene i maschi invariabilmente tendono a superare di grandezza le femmine.

Si trovano in molteplici habitat diversi, dalle tundra ai deserti, mostrando preferenza per zone aperte dove abbondano gli ungulati. Sono canidi generalmente sedentari che formano coppie monogame che allevano i cuccioli in tane aperte. Il genere ha un areale vasto, estendendosi a nord fino al circolo polare artico e giù nelle zone equatoriali. Nel nuovo mondo, il suo areale ingloba tutto il Nordamerica, dall'arcipelago artico canadese alla Costa Rica. Nel vecchio mondo, vive in tutta l'Africa tranne che in Madagascar, e in tutta l'Eurasia tranne nell'Indocina orientale. In Italia esistono solo due specie: C. lupus (il lupo grigio) e C. aureus (lo sciacallo dorato). Il primo è presente sulla penisola da circa 340-320.000 anni mentre l'ultimo è un'aggiunta recente, che colonizza l'Italia nordorientale a partire dai primi anni ottanta.

I canidi di questo genere sono di significanza pratica per l'uomo come predatori di bestiame e, meno importante, come portatori di rabbia. Il loro valore come animali da pelliccia è relativamente bassa.

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Canis (genus) ( Latin )

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Haec commentatio vicificanda est ut rationibus qualitatis propositis obtemperet.
Quapropter rogamus ut corrigas praecipue introductionem, formam, nexusque extra et intra Vicipaediam.

Canis (binomen a Linnaeus anno 1758) est genus Canidarum. Comprehendit canes, lupos, coiotes:

Species

Nexus interni

Nexus externi

Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Canis" apud Vicispecies.
Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Canis (genus) spectant.
stipula Haec stipula ad biologiam spectat. Amplifica, si potes!
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Canis (genus): Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Canis (binomen a Linnaeus anno 1758) est genus Canidarum. Comprehendit canes, lupos, coiotes:

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Suņi ( Latvian )

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Suņu ģints (Canis) pieder pie suņu dzimtas (Canidae) plēsējiem. Suņu ģintī saskaņā ar jaunākajiem ģenētiskajiem pētījumeim ir 11 mūsdienās dzīvojošas sugas, ieskaitot vilkus, šakāļus un koijotus[1]. Vilki, dingo un suņi ir pelēkā vilka (Canis lupus) pasugas.

Canis latīņu valodā nozīmē "suns".

Suņu sistemātika

Pelēkajam vilkam (Canis lupus) šobrīd ir izdalītas apmēram 50 pasugas, no kurām ir aprakstītas 39 pasugas, ieskaitot mājas suni un dingo. Bāzes pasuga ir Eirāzijas pelēkais vilks (Canis lupus lupus). Vilku sistemātika nav nobeigta, un var tikt laika gaitā mainīta un precizēta. Ir vilku veidi, kurus pēdējā laikā uzskata par atsevišķām sugām, lai gan vēl nesen tās tika uzskatītas par pelēkā vilka pasugām, piemēram, sarkanais vilks (Canis rufus), Indijas vilks (Canis pallipes), Himalaju vilks (Canis himalayensis), Etiopijas vilks (Canis simensis) un austrumu vilks (Canis lycaon).

Galerija

Atsauces

  1. «Mammal Species of the World - Browse: Canidae». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2009. gada 4. janvārī. Skatīts: 2009. gada 20. janvārī.

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Suņi: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Suņu ģints (Canis) pieder pie suņu dzimtas (Canidae) plēsējiem. Suņu ģintī saskaņā ar jaunākajiem ģenētiskajiem pētījumeim ir 11 mūsdienās dzīvojošas sugas, ieskaitot vilkus, šakāļus un koijotus. Vilki, dingo un suņi ir pelēkā vilka (Canis lupus) pasugas.

Canis latīņu valodā nozīmē "suns".

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Canis ( Malay )

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Canis atau genus anjing ialah satu genus yang mengandungi tujuh hingga 10 spesies ekstan, termasuk anjing bela jinak, serigala, koyote, dan jakal, dan banyak spesies pupus.

 src=
Garis masa dan hubungan (Tedford & Wang)

Etimologi

Nama Canis bermaksud "anjing" dalam bahasa Latin. Kata kanin datang daripada bentuk kata sifat, caninus ("berkenaan dengan anjing"). Keluarga kanin mempunyai taring jongang, digunakan untuk membunuh mangsa. Kata canis merupakan kata sepunca kepada kata bahasa Yunani "kūon" (bahasa Yunani: κύων) yang juga bermaksud "anjing".

Galeri

Lihat juga

Rujukan

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Canis atau genus anjing ialah satu genus yang mengandungi tujuh hingga 10 spesies ekstan, termasuk anjing bela jinak, serigala, koyote, dan jakal, dan banyak spesies pupus.

 src= Garis masa dan hubungan (Tedford & Wang)
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Canis ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Canis is een geslacht van zoogdieren uit de familie hondachtigen waar onder andere de coyote, jakhalzen, wolf en hond bij horen. De wetenschappelijke naam van het geslacht werd in 1758 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus.[1] Er zijn zeven tot negen moderne soorten – het aantal hangt ervan af of men hond en dingo als aparte soorten beschouwt of als ondersoorten van de wolf.

Verschillen

De soorten verschillen in grootte van de zadeljakhals, die tot 13,5 kilogram zwaar wordt, tot de wolf, die wel 75 kilogram zwaar kan worden. Huishonden kennen nog grotere verschillen, van de chihuahua, die slechts 500 gram zwaar kan zijn, tot de Ierse wolfshond en de Duitse dog, die 80 kilogram zwaar kunnen worden.

Verspreiding

De leden van het geslacht Canis leven in Noord-Amerika, Europa, Azië en Afrika. De gewone wolf heeft van alle wilde soorten het grootste verspreidingsgebied, dat zich uitstrekt van Spanje en Zweden via Siberië, Arabië en Noord-India tot Groenland en Mexico. De meeste soorten leven in open gebieden als prairies en savannes, maar de wolven leven voornamelijk in wouden.

Soorten

Het geslacht omvat de volgende soorten:

Historische soorten

De volgende soorten zijn uitgestorven:

  • Canis acutus
  • Canis africanus
  • Canis anceps
  • Canis antiquus
  • Canis apolloniensis
  • Canis armbrusteri
  • Canis arnensis
  • Canis atrox
  • Canis avus
  • Canis brachypus
  • Canis brevirostris
  • Canis cautleyi
  • Canis cedazoensis
  • Canis chiliensis
  • Canis cipio
  • Canis condoni
  • Canis dirus (Reuzenwolf)
  • Canis edwardii
  • Canis ensenadensis
  • Canis etruscus
  • Canis falconeri
  • Canis ferox
  • Canis khomenkoi
  • Canis kuruksaensis
  • Canis lepophagus
  • Canis lupaster
  • Canis lycanoides
  • Canis majori
  • Canis medius
  • Canis megamastoides
  • Canis michauxi
  • Canis moreni
  • Canis mosbachensis
  • Canis nehringi
  • Canis neschersensis
  • Canis palaeoplatensis
  • Canis petenyi
  • Canis protojubatus
  • Canis protoplatensis
  • Canis robustus
  • Canis strandi
  • Canis suessi
  • Canis temerarius
  • Canis terblanchei
  • Canis troglodytes
  • Canis ursinus
  • Canis variabilis
  • Canis velaunus
  • Canis volgensis
  • Canis yuanmoensis
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae ed. 10: 38
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Canis: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Canis is een geslacht van zoogdieren uit de familie hondachtigen waar onder andere de coyote, jakhalzen, wolf en hond bij horen. De wetenschappelijke naam van het geslacht werd in 1758 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus. Er zijn zeven tot negen moderne soorten – het aantal hangt ervan af of men hond en dingo als aparte soorten beschouwt of als ondersoorten van de wolf.

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Hundeslekten ( Norwegian )

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Hundeslekten (Canis) er en slekt med store rovpattedyr (Carnivora) i hundefamilien (Canidae) og inkluderer sju til ni arter. Navnet Canis er latin og betyr både hund og hjørnetann.

Arter

De fem artene i hundeslekten kan bestå som et antall underarter, som igjen kan være inndelt i raser og varianter.

Alle artene er mer eller mindre nært beslektet. Det betyr at nesten alle artene er i stand til å pare seg med hverandre og få levedyktig avkom. I naturen ser imidlertid artene ut til å forbli separate arter, selv om noe hybridisering kan foregå der utbredelsesområdene overlapper hverandre. Det er mulig små forskjeller i den sosiale strukturen gjør dem sosialt inkompatible, selv når det ikke eksisterer en genetisk artsbarriere. Tamhunden utgjør et visst unntak fra denne tilsynelatende reglen, og hybridisering mellom hund og flere av artene er kjent. For eksempel er den største trusselen for etiopisk ulv er nettopp hybridisering.

Det endelige slektskapet mellom artene i hundeslekten er fortsatt uavklart, men to av sjakalene har blitt innlemmet i en egen slekt; Lupulella. C. anthus ble lagt til her 30. juli 2015.[1] Det er en nyoppdaget ulv, som man tidligere trodde var en gullsjakal. Det er også stor sannsynlighet for at himalayaulv (C. lupus himalayensis) vil få status som selvstendig art, fordi ny forskning viser at den oppsto før ulv og er unik genetisk. Enn så lenge betraktes den imidlertid som en underart.

Inndeling

Inndelingen følger i hovedsak Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005),[2] med noen nye oppdateringer. Inndelingen av søramerikanske rever følger Tchaicka et al. (2016).[3] Inndelingen av sjakaler i en selvstendig gruppe følger Atickem et al. (2018).[4]

Treliste
Utdødd i nyere tid.

Fylogeni

Inndelingen under følger Rutkowski et al. (2015) og viser at stripe- og svartryggsjakal danner en basal klade i stamtreet, før Lycaon og Cuon, noe som isåfall gjør Canis parafyletisk.[5] Dette antyder at de to artene kanskje må flyttes til en egen slekt, men dette spørsmålet er ikke avklart. Det er imidlertid igangsatt studier som forhåpentlig vil gi oss et svar snart.





stripesjakal Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg



svartryggsjakal Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg







1,9 mya 1,3 mya


tamhund/dingo Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXVII).jpg



ulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg




prærieulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg




gullulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg




gullsjakal Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg




etiopisk ulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg




asiatisk villhund Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg





afrikansk villhund Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg






Se også

Referanser

  1. ^ Koepfli et al., (2015) Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species, Current Biology, 25(16) 2158–2165, 17 August 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060 Besøkt 2015-08-01
  2. ^ Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; Clamp, Michele; Chang, Jean L.; Kulbokas, Edward J.; Zody, Michael C.; Mauceli, Evan; Xie, Xiaohui; Breen, Matthew; Wayne, Robert K.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Ponting, Chris P.; Galibert, Francis; Smith, Douglas R.; Dejong, Pieter J.; Kirkness, Ewen; Alvarez, Pablo; Biagi, Tara; Brockman, William; Butler, Jonathan; Chin, Chee-Wye; Cook, April; Cuff, James; Daly, Mark J.; Decaprio, David; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803 in 803–19. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
  3. ^ Tchaicka, L., Freitas, T. R. O. D., Bager, A., Vidal, S. L., Lucherini, M., Iriarte, A., ... & Wayne, R. K. (2016). Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae). Genetics and molecular biology, 39(3), 442-451. DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189
  4. ^ Atickem, A., Stenseth, N. C., Drouilly, M., Bock, S., Roos, C., & Zinner, D. (2018). Deep divergence among mitochondrial lineages in African jackals. Zoologica Scripta, 47(1), 1-8. DOI: doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12257
  5. ^ Rutkowski, R., Krofel, M., Giannatos, G., Ćirović, D., Männil, P., Volokh, A.M., Lanszki, J., Heltai, M., Szabó, L., Banea, O., Yavruyan, E., Hayrapetyan, V., Kopaliani, N., Miliou, A., Tryfonopoulos, G.A., Lymberakis, P., Penezić, A., Pakeltytė, G., Suchecka, E. & Bogdanowicz, W. (2015). A European Concern? Genetic Structure and Expansion of Golden Jackals (Canis aureus) in Europe and the Caucasus. PLoS ONE, 10(11), e0141236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141236

Eksterne lenker

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Hundeslekten: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Hundeslekten (Canis) er en slekt med store rovpattedyr (Carnivora) i hundefamilien (Canidae) og inkluderer sju til ni arter. Navnet Canis er latin og betyr både hund og hjørnetann.

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Wilk (rodzaj ssaka) ( Polish )

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 src= Ten artykuł dotyczy rodzaju ssaka z rodziny psowatych. Zobacz też: wilk szary (nazywany potocznie „wilkiem”) oraz inne znaczenia tego słowa. Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wikisłownik Hasło w Wikisłowniku

Wilk[20] (Canis) – rodzaj ssaka z rodziny psowatych (Canidae).

Występowanie

Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące w Eurazji, Ameryce Północnej, Afryce i Australii[21].

Systematyka

Nazewnictwo

  • Canis: łac. canis – pies[22] (por. pies domowy, Canis lupus familiaris).
  • Alopsis: gr. αλωπός alōpos – jak lis, od αλωπηξ alōpēx, αλωπεκος alōpekos – lis; οψις opsis – wygląd[23]. Nomen nudum.
  • Thos: gr. θώς thōs, θωός thōos - zwierzę drapieżne rodzaju wilka, prawdopodobnie szakal[24].
  • Lupus: łac. lupus – wilk[25].
  • Vulpicanis: rodzaj Vulpes Frisch, 1775, lis; rodzaj Canis Linnaeus, 1758[26]. Gatunek typowy: Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758.
  • Sacalius: Sacalius – szakal[27].
  • Lyciscus: zdrobnienie gr. λυκος lýkos – wilk[28].
  • Oxygous: gr. όξύγοος oksygoos – przeraźliwy płacz; aluzja do charakterystycznego długiego wycia szakala złocistego brzmiącego jak lament lub płacz[29]. Gatunek typowy: Oxygous indicus Hodgson, 1841 (= Canis aureus indicus Hodgson, 1833).
  • Lupulus: zdrobnienie łac. lupus – wilk[30].
  • Neocyon: gr. νεος neos – nowy; κυων kuōn, κυνος kunos – pies[31]. Gatunek typowy: Canis latrans Say, 1823.
  • Simenia: lokalna nazwa kaberu używana w Etiopii[32]. Gatunek typowy: Canis simensis Rüppell, 1840.
  • Dieba: Dieb, lokalna nazwa dla C. anthus używana w Afryce Północnej[33]. Gatunek typowy: Canis anthus Cuvier, 1820.
  • Mamcanisus: modyfikacja zaproponowana przez meksykańskiego przyrodnika Alfonso Luisa Herrerę w 1899 roku polegająca na dodaniu do nazwy rodzaju przedrostka Mam (od Mammalia)[34].

Podział systematyczny

Do rodzaju należą następujące żyjące współcześnie gatunki[20][21]:

oraz wymarłe:

Przypisy

  1. Canis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. C. Linneaus: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Wyd. 10. T. 1. Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, s. 38. (łac.)
  3. C. S. Rafinesque: Analyse de la Nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Palermo: Aux dépens de l'auteur, 1815, s. 59. (fr.)
  4. a b L. Oken: Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. T. 3. Cz. 2. 1816, s. 1039. (niem.)
  5. H. M. D. de Blainville. Rapport sur un mémoire de M. Jourdan concernant deux nouvelles espèces de mammifères de l'Inde. „Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie”. Seconde Série. 8, s. 279, 1837 (fr.).
  6. Smith 1839 ↓, s. 129.
  7. Smith 1839 ↓, s. 206.
  8. Smith 1839 ↓, s. 160.
  9. B. H. Hodgson. Classified Catalogue of Mammals of Nepal, corrected to end of 1840, first printed in 1832. „Calcutta Journal of Natural History, and Miscellany of the Arts and Sciences in India”. 2 (6), s. 213, 1841 (ang.).
  10. P. Gervais: Histoire naturelle des mammifères avec l'indication de leurs moeurs et de leurs rapports avec les arts, le commerce et l'agriculture. Paryż: L. Curmer, 1855, s. 60. (fr.)
  11. Gray 1868 ↓, s. 506.
  12. Gray 1868 ↓, s. 494.
  13. J. E. Gray: Catalogue of carnivorous, pachydermatous and edentate Mammalia in the British Museum. Londyn: 1869, s. 180. (ang.)
  14. A. L. Herrera: Sinonimia vulgar y cientifica de los principales vertebrados mexicanos. Mexico: Officina Tipografica de la Secretan'a de Foment, 1899, s. 29. (hiszp.)
  15. Hilzheimer 1906 ↓, s. 365.
  16. Hilzheimer 1906 ↓, s. 363.
  17. Hilzheimer 1906 ↓, s. 364.
  18. I. Krumbiegel. „Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift”. 49, s. 591, 1949 (niem.).
  19. I. Krumbiegel. „Säugetierk. Mitt.”, s. 02, 1953 (niem.).
  20. a b Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 147-148. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  21. a b Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Canis. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2015-07-10]
  22. Kazimierz Kumaniecki: Słownik łacińsko-polski.. Warszawa: PWN, 1975, s. 546.
  23. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 89.
  24. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 676.
  25. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 387.
  26. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 708.
  27. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 614.
  28. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 388.
  29. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 491.
  30. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 386.
  31. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 452.
  32. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 632.
  33. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 231.
  34. Palmer 1904 ↓, s. 25.

Bibliografia

  1. C. E. H. Smith: Dogs. Cz. 1. Edynburg: W.H. Lizars, 1839, s. 17-266. (ang.)
  2. publikacja w otwartym dostępie – możesz ją przeczytać J. E. Gray. Notes on the Skulls of the Species of Dogs, Wolves, and Foxes (Canidae) in the Collection of the British Museum. „Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London”, s. 492-525, 1868 (ang.). [dostęp 2017-01-12].
  3. M. Hilzheimer. „Der Zoologische Garten”. 47, 1906 (niem.).
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Wilk (rodzaj ssaka): Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Wilk (Canis) – rodzaj ssaka z rodziny psowatych (Canidae).

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Canis ( Portuguese )

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Canis é um género da família Canidae que inclui o cão, o lobo, o coiote e o chacal. O número exato de espécies é ainda objeto de disputas entre pesquisadores, Wozencraft (2005) lista 6 espécies; enquanto Nowak (1999), IUCN e Grzimek's (2005) aceitam 7 espécies. Há ainda disputas quanto a posição do cão, do dingo e do Canis hallstromi como espécies próprias.

O gênero se originou provavelmente na América do Norte no final do Plioceno ou começo do Pleistoceno. Hoje se encontra em estado selvagem em toda América, Europa, Ásia e África; foi introduzido na Austrália e Nova Guiné; e no estado domesticado coexiste com o homem, podendo ser encontrado em quase todos os lugares do globo.

As espécies mostram uma grande variedade de tamanhos, desde o lobo com 75 kg ao chacal-de-dorso-negro com 12 kg. A coloração também é bastante variada entre as diferentes espécies.

O Lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815), um canídeo da América do Sul, originalmente foi descrito como sendo uma espécie do gênero Canis, porém estudos recentes confirmaram que o lobo-guará não está relacionado a este gênero[2]. Em classificações mais antigas ou desatualizadas ainda é possível encontrar o Lobo-guará nomeado pelos sinônimos Canis brachiurus ou Canis jubatus.

Espécies

Espécies Pré-históricas

  • C. acutus
  • C. africanus - Lobo-africano
  • C. anceps
  • C. antiquus
  • Canis apolloniensis Koufos e Kostopouos, 1997
  • Canis armbrusteri Gidley, 1913 - Lobo-de-Armbrusters
  • C. arnensis
  • C. atrox
  • C. avus
  • C. brachypus
  • C. brevirostris
  • C. cautleyi
  • Canis cedazoensis Mooser e Dalquest, 1975
  • C. chiliensis
  • C. cipio
  • C. condoni
  • C. dirus Leidy, 1858 - Lobo pré-histórico
  • Canis edwardii Gazin, 1942 - Lobo-de-Edward
  • C. ensenadensis
  • C. etruscus
  • C. falconeri
  • Canis ferox Miller e Carranza-Castaneda, 1998
  • C. khomenkoi
  • C. kuruksaensis
  • Canis lepophagus Johnston, 1938
  • C. lupaster
  • C. lycanoides
  • C. majori
  • C. medius
  • C. megamastoides
  • C. michauxi
  • C. moreni
  • C. mosbachensis Soergel, 1925
  • C. nehringi
  • C. neschersensis
  • C. palaeoplatensis
  • C. petenyi
  • C. protojubatus
  • C. protoplatensis
  • C. robustus
  • C. strandi - Lobo-de-Strand
  • C. suessi
  • C. temerarius
  • C. terblanchei
  • C. troglodytes
  • C. ursinus
  • C.variabilis
  • C. velaunus
  • C. volgensis
  • C. yuanmoensis

Notas

  1. Sinônimos de acordo com McKenna e Bell (1997).
  2. Perini, F. A.; Russo, C. a. M.; Schrago, C. G. (2010). «The evolution of South American endemic canids: a history of rapid diversification and morphological parallelism». Journal of Evolutionary Biology (em inglês). 23 (2): 311–322. ISSN 1420-9101. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01901.x
  3. Considerado por Wozencraft (2005) como subespécie do Canis lupus provisoriamente.

Referências

  • WOZENCRAFT, W. C. (2005). Order Carnivora. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3ª edição. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 532-628.
  • McKENNA, M. C.; BELL, S. K. (1997). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. 631 p.

Ver também

 title=
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Canis: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Canis é um género da família Canidae que inclui o cão, o lobo, o coiote e o chacal. O número exato de espécies é ainda objeto de disputas entre pesquisadores, Wozencraft (2005) lista 6 espécies; enquanto Nowak (1999), IUCN e Grzimek's (2005) aceitam 7 espécies. Há ainda disputas quanto a posição do cão, do dingo e do Canis hallstromi como espécies próprias.

O gênero se originou provavelmente na América do Norte no final do Plioceno ou começo do Pleistoceno. Hoje se encontra em estado selvagem em toda América, Europa, Ásia e África; foi introduzido na Austrália e Nova Guiné; e no estado domesticado coexiste com o homem, podendo ser encontrado em quase todos os lugares do globo.

As espécies mostram uma grande variedade de tamanhos, desde o lobo com 75 kg ao chacal-de-dorso-negro com 12 kg. A coloração também é bastante variada entre as diferentes espécies.

O Lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815), um canídeo da América do Sul, originalmente foi descrito como sendo uma espécie do gênero Canis, porém estudos recentes confirmaram que o lobo-guará não está relacionado a este gênero. Em classificações mais antigas ou desatualizadas ainda é possível encontrar o Lobo-guará nomeado pelos sinônimos Canis brachiurus ou Canis jubatus.

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Canis ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Canis este un gen format din 7 - 10 specii extante, care include câini, lupi, coioți, șacali, și multe specii extincte.

Etimologie

Denumirea Canis înseamnă "câine" în Latină. Cuvântul canine provine de la adjectivul, caninus ("de câine"), de la care a apărut termenul dinți canini. Familia canine au dinți canini evidențiați, pentru a ucide prada.

Sistematica

Genul Canis cuprinde 6-7 specii existente și numeroase subspecii. [2]

Canis adustus – Șacalul dungat
Canis aureus – Șacalul auriu sau Șacalul asiatic sau Șacalul
Canis latrans – Coiotul sau Lupul preriilor
Canis lupus - Lupul cenușiu sau Lupul
Canis lupus familiaris – Câinele domestic sau Câinele
Canis lupus dingo – Câinele dingo sau Dingo
Canis mesomelas – Șacalul negru pe spate
Canis rufus – Lupul roșu
Canis simensis – Lupul abisinian, Lup etiopian

Note

Galerie

Vezi și

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Canis este un gen format din 7 - 10 specii extante, care include câini, lupi, coioți, șacali, și multe specii extincte.

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Pes ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Članek govori o živalskem rodu Canis. Za domačo žival glej domači pes. Za druge pomene glej Pes (razločitev).

Canis adustus
Canis aureus - zlati šakal
Canis dirus (izumrl)
Canis latrans - kojot
Canis lupus - sivi volk
Canis mesomelas - podsedliški šakal
Canis simensis - etiopski volk

Pès (in pəs) (znanstveno ime Canis) je rod, ki vključuje današnje vrste volkov in šakalov, vključno s sivim volkom (Canis lupus), ki naj bi bil prednik udomačenega psa (Canis lupus familiaris). Obstaja 7 do 10 vrst, odvisno od tega kateri vir uporabiš. Šakali so bili včasih v svojem lastnem rodu Thor, ampak ta klasifikacija se danes ne uporablja več. Nekateri znanstveniki menijo, da v rod Canis spada tudi rdeči volk, ki je sicer v samostojnem rodu Cuon. Drugi bližnji rodovi so Lycaon (afriški divji pes) in, bolj oddaljeni, Pseudalopex in druge južnoameriške lisice. V rodu Canis je veliko izumrlih vrst, sa je ta rod že zelo star, iz miocenske dobe.

Vrste in podvrste rodu Canis

Canis adustus Zlati šakal Kojot Canis adustus Canis aureus Canis latrans Canis adustus adustus Canis aureus algirensis Canis latrans cagottis Canis adustus bweha Canis aureus algirensis Canis latrans clepticus Canis adustus grayi Canis aureus algirensis Canis latrans dickeyi Canis adustus kaffensis Canis aureus anthus Canis latrans frustror Canis adustus lateralis Canis aureus aureus Canis latrans goldmani Canis adustus notatus Canis aureus bea Canis latrans hondurensis Canis aureus cruesemanni Canis latrans impavidus Canis aureus indicus Canis latrans incolatus Canis aureus lupaster Canis latrans jamesi Canis aureus moreotica Canis latrans latrans Canis aureus naria Canis latrans mearnsi Canis aureus riparius Canis latrans microdon Canis aureus soudanicus Canis latrans ochropus Canis aureus syriacus Canis latrans peninsulae Canis latrans texensis Canis latrans thamnos Canis latrans umpquensis Canis latrans vigilis Sivi volk Podsedliški šakal Rdeči volk Etiopski volk Canis lupus Canis mesomelas Canis rufus Canis simensis Canis lupus albus Canis mesomelas mesomelas Canis rufus floridanus Canis simensis citernii Canis lupus alces Canis mesomelas schmidti Canis rufus gregoryi Canis simensis simensis Canis lupus arabs Canis rufus rufus Canis lupus arctos Canis lupus baileyi Canis lupus beothucus Canis lupus bernardi Canis lupus campestris Canis lupus chanco Canis lupus columbianus Canis lupus crassodon Canis lupus dingo Canis lupus familiaris Canis lupus filchnevi Canis lupus floridanus Canis lupus fuscus Canis lupus gregoryi Canis lupus griseoalbus Canis lupus hattai Canis lupus hodophilax Canis lupus hudsonicus Canis lupus irremotus Canis lupus labradorius Canis lupus ligoni Canis lupus lycaon Canis lupus mackenzii Canis lupus manningi Canis lupus mogollonensis Canis lupus monstrabilis Canis lupus nubilus Canis lupus occidentalis Canis lupus orion Canis lupus pallipes Canis lupus pambasileus Canis lupus tundrarum Canis lupus youngi Canis dirus (izumrli) Canis dirus

Sklici

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Pès (in pəs) (znanstveno ime Canis) je rod, ki vključuje današnje vrste volkov in šakalov, vključno s sivim volkom (Canis lupus), ki naj bi bil prednik udomačenega psa (Canis lupus familiaris). Obstaja 7 do 10 vrst, odvisno od tega kateri vir uporabiš. Šakali so bili včasih v svojem lastnem rodu Thor, ampak ta klasifikacija se danes ne uporablja več. Nekateri znanstveniki menijo, da v rod Canis spada tudi rdeči volk, ki je sicer v samostojnem rodu Cuon. Drugi bližnji rodovi so Lycaon (afriški divji pes) in, bolj oddaljeni, Pseudalopex in druge južnoameriške lisice. V rodu Canis je veliko izumrlih vrst, sa je ta rod že zelo star, iz miocenske dobe.

 src= Domači pes
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Canis ( Swedish )

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Canis är ett släkte i familjen hunddjur vilket främst omfattar de större arterna inom familjen som vargar och schakaler.[1] Det vetenskapliga namnet på släktet är latin för "hund".[2]

Utseende

Arterna i släktet har jämförelsevis långa extremiteter och yvig svans. I dagsljus är deras pupill rund. Liksom hos släktet Vulpes har arterna inom släktet Canis en körtel på bakdelen nära svansroten men sekretet luktar inte lika stark. Detaljer i skallkonstruktion skiljer även släktet från andra hunddjur.[3] Kroppslängden (huvud och bål) är 45–160 centimeter, svanslängden 20–55 centimeter, mankhöjden 30–80 centimeter och vikten 6–80 kilogram. Vargen är generellt den största arten, men vissa populationer, till exempel på Arabiska halvön, är mindre än några av de andra släktmedlemmarna. Minst är schabrakschakal och sidstrimmig schakal.[3]

Utbredning

Det ursprungliga utbredningsområdet för släktet omfattar Eurasien och Afrika samt Nord- och Centralamerika.[4] Med människans hjälp, genom introducering av tamhund och dingo till andra världsdelar, finns släktet idag över hela jorden (undantaget Antarktis).

Systematik

Systematiken för släktet Canis är inte helt klarlagt, och bland annat är rödvargens ställning omstridd.[1] De flesta auktoriteter betraktar både tamhund och dingo som underarter till varg. Möjligtvis är släktet Canis parafyletisk angående asiatisk vildhund och afrikansk vildhund. Enligt en genetisk studie (Lindblad-Toh et al. 2005) är dessa två arter nära släkt med guldschakal, prärievarg, varg, rödvarg och etiopisk varg, men inte med schabrakschakal och sidstrimmig schakal. Jättevargen ingick inte i studien.[5]

Följande lista följer IUCN:[4]

Jättevarg (Canis dirus) dog ut i förhistorisk tid[6] och listas därför inte av IUCN.

Källor

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Canis (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
  2. ^ Harper, Douglas. "canine". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  3. ^ [a b] Nowak, R. M. (1999) sid. 655-672.
  4. ^ [a b] Canis på IUCN:s rödlista, läst 31 januari 2016.
  5. ^ Kerstin Lindblad-Toh et al.: Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature 438, december 2005; sid. 803-819. (Abstract).
  6. ^ Canis dirus, The Paleobiology Databas, läst 31 januari 2016.

Tryckta källor

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

Externa länkar

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Canis: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Canis är ett släkte i familjen hunddjur vilket främst omfattar de större arterna inom familjen som vargar och schakaler. Det vetenskapliga namnet på släktet är latin för "hund".

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Canis ( Turkish )

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Türler

Metne bakınız.

Dış bağlantılar Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'de Canis ile ilgili taksonomi bilgileri bulunur.

Canis, köpekgiller (Canidae) familyasında sınıflandırılan köpekleri, çakalları ve kurtların büyük bir bölümünü içeren memeli cinsi. Bu cinste yer alan türler orta ve büyük boyutları, iri ve gelişmiş kafatasları ve diş yapılarıyla, uzun bacakları, görece kısa kulak ve kuruklarıyla ayırt edilirler.[1] Tüm köpekgiller gibi güçlü bir koku alma duyusuna sahiptirler. Göz bebekleri yuvarlaktır.

Görece yakın geçmişte evrimleşmiş olan ve bu cins içinde yer alan türlerin dölverimli melezlerin hâlâ ortaya çıkmaya devam ettiği köpekgiller familyasında bazı popülasyonların durumu ve bilimsel sınıflandırması kesinliğe kavuşamamıştır.

Cins adı olarak kullanılan Canis Latince "köpek" anlamına gelmektedir.

Türler

Kaynakça

Özel

  1. ^ Heptner & Naumov 1998, s. 124-1299.

Genel

  • Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). "1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA". Mammals of the Soviet Union. II. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. ISBN 1-886106-81-9.(İngilizce)
Familya: Köpekgiller (Canidae)

Bu şablon nesli tükenmiş türleri içermemektedir.

Oymak: Asıl tilkiler (Vulpini)
Kutup tilkisi Kutup tilkisi (A. lagopus) İri kulaklı tilki İri kulaklı tilki (O. megalotis) Urocyon Boz tilki (U. cinereoargenteus) • Ada boz tilkisi (U. littoralis) Vulpes Kızıl tilki (V. vulpes) • Bengal tilkisi (V. bengalensis) • Afgan tilkisi (V. cana) • Güney Afrika tilkisi (V. chama) • Karsak (V. corsac) • Tibet tilkisi (V. ferrilata) • Cüce tilki (V. macrotis) • Soluk tilki (V. pallida) • Kum tilkisi (V. rueppelli) • Ova tilkisi (V. velox) • Çöl tilkisi (V. zerda)
Oymak: Asıl köpekler (Canini)
Kısa kulaklı tilki Kısa kulaklı tilki (A. microtis) Canis Kurt (C. lupus) • Kızıl kurt (C. rufus) • Kır kurdu (C. latrans) • Altın çakal (C. aureus) • Kara sırtlı çakal (C. mesomelas) • Çizgili çakal (C. adustus) • Habeş kurdu (C. simensis) Yengeç yiyen tilki Yengeç yiyen tilki (C. thous) Yeleli kurt Yeleli kurt (C. brachyurus) Asya yaban köpeği Asya yaban köpeği (C. alpinus) Falkland tilkisi Falkland tilkisi (D. australis) Afrika yaban köpeği Afrika yaban köpeği (L. pictus) Rakun köpeği Rakun köpeği (N. procyonoides) Pseudalopex And tilkisi (P. culpaeus) • Arjantin gri tilkisi (P. griseus) • Darwin tilkisi (P. fulvipes) • Pampa tilkisi (P. gymnocercus) • Peru çöl tilkisi (P. sechurae) • Brezilya dövüş tilkisi (P. vetulus) Çalı köpeği Çalı köpeği (S. venaticus)
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Canis: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Canis, köpekgiller (Canidae) familyasında sınıflandırılan köpekleri, çakalları ve kurtların büyük bir bölümünü içeren memeli cinsi. Bu cinste yer alan türler orta ve büyük boyutları, iri ve gelişmiş kafatasları ve diş yapılarıyla, uzun bacakları, görece kısa kulak ve kuruklarıyla ayırt edilirler. Tüm köpekgiller gibi güçlü bir koku alma duyusuna sahiptirler. Göz bebekleri yuvarlaktır.

Görece yakın geçmişte evrimleşmiş olan ve bu cins içinde yer alan türlerin dölverimli melezlerin hâlâ ortaya çıkmaya devam ettiği köpekgiller familyasında bazı popülasyonların durumu ve bilimsel sınıflandırması kesinliğe kavuşamamıştır.

Cins adı olarak kullanılan Canis Latince "köpek" anlamına gelmektedir.

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Пес ( Ukrainian )

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У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Собака (значення).

Зміст

Назва

Canis — латинська назва тварини[1]. Пес — від др. й псл. пьсъ; загальноприйнятої етимології не має[2].

Види роду Canis

Типовий вид роду Canisпес свійський (Canis familiaris L.), з назвою якого пов'язана і назва всієї родини — псові (Canidae).

Види групи «шакал»

Side-striped Jackal.jpg Canis adustus Шакал смугастий Golden wolf sa02.jpg Canis aureus Шакал звичайний Canis mesomelas.jpg Canis mesomelas Шакал чепрачний

Види групи «вовк»

Kojote2010 cut.JPG Canis latrans Койот Canis dirus Sergiodlarosa.jpg Canis dirusВовк жахливий Eurasian Wolf in Skansen Zoo 1.jpg Canis lupus Вовк звичайний Bartel USFWS pdza rw8.jpg Canis rufus Вовк рудий Canis simensis.jpg Canis simensis Вовк ефіопський

Раніше до роду Canis відносили також види:

Renardflaire.jpg Vulpes vulpes Лисиця звичайна Vulpes corsac 2010.JPG Vulpes corsac Корсак/Лис степовий Alopex lagopus qtl1.jpg Alopex lagopus Песець Nyctereutes procyonoides 4 (Piotr Kuczynski).jpg Nyctereutes procyonoides Єнот уссурійський

Рід Canis в Україні

Пси представлені у фауні України такими видами:

Аборигенним видом роду в Україні є вовк, стан популяцій якого суттєво залежить від ставлення до нього людей. Наразі степовий підвид вовка зник і на його місце вселився шакал.

Шакал з'явився в межах території України близько 1998 року і до 2005 року сформував стійкі популяції в межах усіх приморських областей, але найбільш стабільні — на Одещині в заплавах Дунаю і Дністра. Відомі знахідки також в Криму, на Миколаївщині, Донеччині й Луганщині.

Пес свійський — один з найчисельніших видів ссавців в Україні загалом (після людей, пацюків і сільськогосподарських ссавців разом узятих). У багатьох місцях пси формують стабільні групи здичавілих тварин (слід розрізняти свійських, бродячих і здичавілих псів). Нерідко пса свійського розглядають як одомашнену форму вовка (тобто як той самий вид). Відомі гібриди між здичавілими псами і вовками.

Див. також

Примітки

  1. Palmer, T. S. Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals // North American Fauna. — 1904. — № 23. — С. 157.
  2. Етимологічний словник української мови : у 7 т. : т. 4 : Н — П / укл.: Р. В. Болдирєв та ін. ; ред. тому: В. Т. Коломієць, В. Г. Скляренко ; редкол.: О. С. Мельничук (гол. ред.) та ін. — К. : Наукова думка, 1989. — С. 359. — ISBN 966-00-0590-3.

Посилання


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Пес: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Собака (значення).
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Chi Chó ( Vietnamese )

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Mục từ "Canis" dẫn đến bài này. Xin đọc về các nghĩa khác tại bài Canis (định hướng).

Chi Chó (Canis) là một chi sinh vật bao hàm 7-10 loài vật hiện còn tồn tại (tỉ như chó nhà, chó sói, chó sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ, chó rừng) và nhiều loài sinh vật khác đã tuyệt chủng.

Từ nguyên

Tên khoa học của chi Chó (Canis) có nghĩa là "chó" trong tiếng La Tinh. Trong tiếng Anh, tính từ canine cũng bắt nguồn từ tính từ caninus của tiếng La Tinh ("thuộc về loài chó"). Danh từ "canine" hay "canine tooth" trong tiếng Anh cũng dùng để ám chỉ răng nanh vì chó có nanh to và sắc như dao cạo - dùng để cắn xé con mồi.

Phân loại

Chó sói, chó nhà và chó hoang Úc

Chó sói, chó nhàchó rừng Úc là các Phân loài của Canis lupus. Phân loài chó sói Á-Âu được đặt tên khoa học là Canis lupus lupus nhằm phân biệt với các phân loài chó sói khác như sói Iran, sói Ả Rập hay sói Tây Tạng. Chó sói Á-Âu tỏ ra có quan hệ huyết thống gần gũi hơn cả với loài chó nhà (Canis lupus familiaris) hiện nay.

Một số chuyên gia cho rằng một số phân loài của Canis lupus thật ra là các loài riêng biệt trong chi Chó. Danh sách các loài "nghi ngờ" này bao hàm cả chó sói Himalaya, chó sói Ấn Độ, sói đỏ ở Bắc Mỹ và chó sói phương Đông. Chó hoang Úc hay chó hoang Dingo (C. lupus dingo) và chó nhà (C. lupus familiaris) cũng được xem là một phân loài của Canis lupus mặc dù ít ai nghĩ hay đề cập tới chúng với cái tên "chó sói".[2]

Chó sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ, các loài "chó sói" khác và chó rừng

Không chỉ có loài C. lupus được gọi tên là chó sói mà một số loài khác trong chi này cũng vậy, tuy nhiên phần lớn trong số chúng đã tuyệt chủng hoặc ít được công chúng biết đến. Một trong số đó, loài chó sói Canis dirus tuyệt chủng cách đấy 10 nghìn năm được biết đến khá rộng rãi nhờ hàng nghìn hóa thạch của chúng được tìm thấy và trưng bày tại hồ hắc ín La Brea tại Los Angeles, California.

Canis dirus là một ví dụ điển hình cho thấy từ "chó sói" không được định nghĩa một cách chặt chẽ, vì nhiều loại "chó" vẫn được gọi là chó sói dù chúng không thuộc loài chó sói "chuẩn" Canis lupus. Các ví dụ khác là loài chó sói Ethiopia Canis simensis; loài này từng trải qua nhiều lần thay tên đổi họ vì hình thái nhỏ con dễ khiến nó bị nhìn nhầm là chó rừng hay cáo, tuy nhiên các kết quả nghiên cứu di truyền và phân loài học đã đem đến cái tên chó sói Ethiophia.

Các loài chó còn lại, với kích thước nhỏ hơn chó sói nhiều, được gọi là chó rừng (jackal) hay chó sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ (coyote). Mặc dù chúng không có quan hệ huyết thống gần gũi với nhau hơn là với chó sói, dầu sao chúng vẫn là thành viên của chi Chó và vì vậy quan hệ huyết thống của chúng gần với chó sói và chó nhà hơn là với các loài cáo, sói bờm hay các loài "chó" không thuộc chi Chó khác. Cái tên "chó rừng" (jackal) được áp dụng cho 3 loài của chi Chó: Chó rừng vằn hông (Canis adustus), Chó rừng lưng đen (Canis mesomelas)Chó rừng lông vàng (Canis aureus), các loài này có thể được tìm thấy ở Bắc Phi, bán đảo Ban Căng, Tây Nam Á và vùng phía Nam của Trung Á.

Khu vực Bắc Mỹ chỉ có một loài chó "nhỏ" duy nhất là chó sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ, loài này lại được phân bổ hết sức rộng rãi và chiếm lĩnh các khu vực định cư của chó sói trước đây. Chúng có thể được tìm thấy ở lục địa Canada, ở tất cả các bang lục địa của Hoa Kỳ, Mêhicô (trừ bán đảo Yucatán), và ở khu vực Trung tâm và ven bờ Thái Bình Dương của Trung Mỹ, xuống tận tới vùng phía Bắc của Panama.

Hình ảnh

Xem thêm

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Canis Linnaeus 1758 in The Palaeobiology Database
  2. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Genus Canis”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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Bài viết này cần thêm chú thích nguồn gốc để kiểm chứng thông tin. Mời bạn giúp hoàn thiện bài viết này bằng cách bổ sung chú thích tới các nguồn đáng tin cậy. Các nội dung không có nguồn có thể bị nghi ngờ và xóa bỏ. (tháng 7 năm 2010)
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Chi Chó: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Mục từ "Canis" dẫn đến bài này. Xin đọc về các nghĩa khác tại bài Canis (định hướng).

Chi Chó (Canis) là một chi sinh vật bao hàm 7-10 loài vật hiện còn tồn tại (tỉ như chó nhà, chó sói, chó sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ, chó rừng) và nhiều loài sinh vật khác đã tuyệt chủng.

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Волки ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Волки (значения).
Научная классификация
промежуточные ранги
Домен: Эукариоты
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Отряд: Хищные
Подотряд: Собакообразные
Семейство: Псовые
Род: Волки
Международное научное название

Canis Linnaeus, 1758

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Систематика
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ITIS 180595NCBI 9611EOL 14460FW 41198

Во́лки (лат. Canis) — род млекопитающих из семейства псовых (Canidae).

Виды

Слово «волк» содержат также названия видов животных других родов семейства псовых: гривистый волк (Chrysocyon brachyurus), красный волк (Cuon alpinus), а также вымершего представителя отряда хищных сумчатых — сумчатого волка (Thylacinus cynocephalus).


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Волки: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Во́лки (лат. Canis) — род млекопитающих из семейства псовых (Canidae).

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犬属 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

犬屬(学名:Canis)是個包括現今的胡狼等物種的,其中包括被認為是家犬Canis lupus familiaris)祖先的灰狼Canis lupus)。犬屬大約包含7至10個物種,根據分類的來源而有不同。胡狼曾經是一個種,但這種分類法現在已不再被使用了。遺傳學上的證據顯示,豺屬可能也是犬屬的一部份。另外,与犬屬較近的屬是非洲野犬屬,而較遠的則有偽狐屬和其他的南美胡狼。犬屬中還有許多已經滅絕的物種。這是一個很古老的屬,可追溯至中新世的時期。

種和亞種

側紋胡狼 亞洲胡狼 郊狼 (Canis adustus) (Canis aureus) (Canis latrans) Canis adustus adustus Canis aureus algirensis Canis latrans cagottis Canis adustus bweha Canis aureus anthus Canis latrans clepticus Canis adustus gray Canis aureus aureus Canis latrans dickeyi Canis adustus kaffensis Canis aureus bea Canis latrans frustror Canis adustus lateralis Canis aureus cruesemanni Canis latrans goldmani Canis adustus notatus Canis aureus indicus Canis latrans hondurensis Canis aureus lupaster Canis latrans impavidus Canis aureus moreotica Canis latrans incolatus Canis aureus naria Canis latrans jamesi Canis aureus riparius Canis latrans latrans Canis aureus soudanicus Canis latrans mearnsi Canis aureus syriacus Canis latrans microdon Canis latrans ochropus Canis latrans peninsulae Canis latrans texensis Canis latrans thamnos Canis latrans umpquensis Canis latrans vigilis Canis latrans colatus Canis latrans harriscrooki Canis latrans irvingtonensis Canis latrans lestes Canis latrans orcutti Canis latrans riviveronis Canis latrans var 黑背胡狼 紅狼 衣索比亞狼 印度狼 (Canis lupus) (Canis mesomelas) (Canis rufus) (Canis simensis) (Canis indica) 苔原狼 Canis lupus albus Canis mesomelas mesomelas Canis rufus floridanus Canis simensis citernii 阿拉伯狼 Canis lupus arabs Canis mesomelas schmidti Canis rufus gregoryi Canis simensis simensis 北極狼 Canis lupus arctos Canis rufus rufus 墨西哥狼 Canis lupus baileyi 俄羅斯狼 Canis lupus communis 裏海狼 Canis lupus cubanensis 澳洲野犬 Canis lupus dingo 家犬 Canis lupus familiaris 北海道狼 Canis lupus hattai 日本狼 Canis lupus hodophilax 義大利狼 Canis lupus italicus 埃及狼 Canis lupus lupaster 歐亞狼 Canis lupus lupus 東部森林狼 Canis lupus lycaon 大平原狼 Canis lupus nubilus 馬更歇狼 Canis lupus occidentalis 伊朗狼 Canis lupus pallipes

史前種

  • Canis acutus
  • Canis africanus
  • Canis anceps
  • Canis antiquus
  • Canis apolloniensis
  • Canis armbrusteri
  • Canis arnensis
  • Canis atrox
  • Canis avus
  • Canis brachypus
  • Canis brevirostris
  • Canis cautleyi
  • Canis cedazoensis
  • 直隶狼 Canis chiliensis
  • Canis cipio
  • Canis condoni
  • 恐狼 Canis dirus
  • Canis edwardii
  • Canis ensenadensis
  • Canis etruscus
  • Canis falconeri
  • Canis ferox
  • Canis khomenkoi
  • Canis kuruksaensis
  • Canis lepophagus
  • Canis lupaster
  • Canis lycanoides
  • Canis majori
  • Canis medius
  • Canis megamastoides
  • Canis michauxi
  • Canis moreni
  • Canis mosbachensis
  • Canis nehringi
  • Canis neschersensis
  • Canis palaeoplatensis
  • Canis petenyi
  • Canis protojubatus
  • Canis protoplatensis
  • Canis robustus
  • Canis strandi
  • Canis suessi
  • Canis temerarius
  • Canis terblanchei
  • Canis troglodytes
  • Canis ursinus
  • Canis variabilis
  • Canis velaunus
  • Canis volgensis
  • Canis yuanmoensis
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犬属: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

犬屬(学名:Canis)是個包括現今的胡狼等物種的,其中包括被認為是家犬(Canis lupus familiaris)祖先的灰狼(Canis lupus)。犬屬大約包含7至10個物種,根據分類的來源而有不同。胡狼曾經是一個種,但這種分類法現在已不再被使用了。遺傳學上的證據顯示,豺屬可能也是犬屬的一部份。另外,与犬屬較近的屬是非洲野犬屬,而較遠的則有偽狐屬和其他的南美胡狼。犬屬中還有許多已經滅絕的物種。這是一個很古老的屬,可追溯至中新世的時期。

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イヌ属 ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
イヌ属 タイリクオオカミ
タイリクオオカミ Canis lupus
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ネコ目 Carnivora 亜目 : イヌ型亜目 Caniformia 下目 : イヌ下目 Cynoidea : イヌ科 Canidae 亜科 : イヌ亜科 Caninae : イヌ属 Canis 学名 Canis Linnaeus, 1758[1] タイプ種 Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[1] 和名 イヌ属[2]

本文参照

イヌ属(イヌぞく、Canis)は、イヌ科に分類される属。

この6種のうち、タイリクオオカミCanis lupus)は世界中に分布し、地域亜種が多い(亜種の数は学説により異なる)。イエイヌ(いわゆるイヌ)も、タイリクオオカミの亜種のひとつである。

分布[編集]

アフリカ大陸北アメリカ大陸ユーラシア大陸[2]

形態[編集]

前肢の指は5本、後肢の趾は4本[2]

乳頭数は4 - 5対[2]

分類[編集]




ヨコスジジャッカルCanis adustus



セグロジャッカルCanis mesomelas





リカオンLycaon pictus




ドールCuon alpinus




アビシニアジャッカル
Canis simensis




キンイロジャッカルCanis aureus




コヨーテCanis latrans




タイリクオオカミ
Canis lupus



イヌ









Lindblad-Toh et al.(2005)より核DNAの12のエクソンと4のイントロンの塩基配列を決定し最大節約法によって推定した系統樹からイヌ属を含む範囲を抜粋[3]

乳頭数(4対)や尾長の比率が大きいからヨコスジジヤッカル・キンイロジャッカル・コヨーテ・セグロジャッカルをジャッカル亜属Thos、ジャッカル類に類似するものの吻が細長く眼窩の位置が後方にあること・尾長の比率が小さいことからアビシニアジャッカルのみでアビシニアジャッカル亜属Simeniaを構成する説もあった[2]

キンイロジャッカルのアフリカ大陸北部産の亜種C. a. lupasterは、頭骨や歯の形状から独立種とする説もあった[2]。2011年に発表されたミトコンドリアDNAの分子系統解析の結果から、C. a. lupasterをキンイロジャッカルではなくタイリクオオカミの亜種とする説が提唱された[4]。2015年に発表されたミトコドリアDNAや核DNAなどの分子系統解析の結果から、キンイロジャッカルのアフリカ大陸個体群をC. anthus(英名としてC. anthusにAfrican golden wolf、狭義のC. aureusにEurasian golden jackalを提唱)として分割する説もある[5]

タイリクオオカミの学名をイヌと同じCanis familiarisとする説もあった。2003年にICZNの強権によりC. familiarisはイヌのみを指す学名とし、野生種の学名はC. lupusを引き続き使用することが認められた[6]

以下の分類・英名はMSW3(Wozencraft,2005)、和名は増井(1991)に従う[1][2]

画像[編集]

  •  src=

    ヨコスジジャッカル
    C. adustus

  •  src=

    C. anthus

  •  src=

    キンイロジャッカル
    C. anthus

  •  src=

    コヨーテ
    C. latrans

  •  src=

    セグロジャッカル C. mesomelas

  •  src=

    アビシニアジャッカル C. simensis

出典[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c W. Christopher Wozencraft, "Canis," Mammal Species of the World, (3rd ed.), Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, pp. 574-577.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g 増井光子 「イヌ属」『世界の動物 分類と飼育2 (食肉目)』今泉吉典監修、東京動物園協会、1991年、140-147頁。
  3. ^ Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, et al., "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog," Nature, Volume 438, Number 7069, 2005, pp. 803-819.
  4. ^ Eli Knispel Rueness, Maria Gulbrandsen Asmyhr, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, David W. Macdonald, Afework Bekele, Anagaw Atickem, Nils Chr. Stenseth, "The Cryptic African Wolf: Canis aureus lupaster Is Not a Golden Jackal and Is Not Endemic to Egypt," PLoS One, Volume 6, Issue 1, Thomas M. Gilbert, Editor, 2011.
  5. ^ a b Klaus-Peter Koepfli, John Pollinger, Raquel Godinho, Jacqueline Robinson, Amanda Lea, Sarah Hendricks, Rena M. Schweizer, Olaf Thalmann, Pedro Silva, Zhenxin Fan, Andrey A. Yurchenko, Pavel Dobrynin, Alexey Makunin, James A. Cahill, Beth Shapiro, Francisco Álvares, José C. Brito, Eli Geffen, Jennifer A. Leonard, Kristofer M. Helgen, Warren E. Johnson, Stephen J. O’Brien, Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Robert K. Wayne'Correspondence information about the author Robert K. Wayne, "Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species," Current Biology, Volume 25, Issue 16, 2005, Pages 2158–2165
  6. ^ Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. "International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are predated or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, Volume. 60, 2003, pp. 81-84.

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、イヌ属に関連するカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにイヌ属に関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

イヌ属: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

イヌ属(イヌぞく、Canis)は、イヌ科に分類される属。

この6種のうち、タイリクオオカミ(Canis lupus)は世界中に分布し、地域亜種が多い(亜種の数は学説により異なる)。イエイヌ(いわゆるイヌ)も、タイリクオオカミの亜種のひとつである。

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wikipedia 日本語

개속 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

개속(Canis)은 개과에 속하는 포유류 속으로 늑대, 자칼 등으로 이루어져 있다. 현존하는 종은 7종으로 나눈다. 딩고늑대의 아종으로 분류한다.

하위 종

각주

  1. Linnæus, Carl (1758). 《Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I》 (라틴어) 10판. Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. 38쪽. 2015년 11월 23일에 확인함.
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