The diatom genus Pseudo–nitzschia (family Bacillariaceae) contains about 40 species, with a growing number of cryptic novel species defined using molecular methods.In most species the elongate, 40-175 micrometer Pseudo-nitzschia cells form colonies, commonly of 20 or more cells, by overlapping ends to form a long thin chain-like morphology.
The genus is found in ocean and coastal waters around the globe.In the Canadian arctic, these organisms have been found living under ice floes at sub-zero oC (<32oF) temperatures; species also flourish in tropical waters where temperatures exceed 30oC (>86oF).When temperatures increase in high nutrient waters, “blooms” of one or more Pseudo-nitzschia species can make this genus the dominant member of the phytoplankton community, reaching numbers up to 107 cells/L.As eutrophication and fertilization of waters increases, incidences of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms (often referred to as red tides, as these diatoms turn the water a rust color) have become more prevalent around the world.Causes of blooms are complex and not well understood, involving changes in water conditions and nutrients sources.
During a large Pseudo-nitzschia bloom off Prince Edward Island in 1987, 100 people were sickened and 3 died after eating cultured mussels.This incident first brought recognition of Psudo-nitzschia as a producer of Dolomic Acid (DA), a rare but naturally occurring amino acid that binds glutamate channels to act as a potent neurotoxin in vertebrates and cause permanent neurological damage.Some animals bio-accumulate the toxin in concentrations dangerous to humans, so during blooms consumption of filter feeding shellfish, planktivorous fish such as sardines and anchovies, and internal organs of crabs should not be avoided. Symptoms from exposure to DA are gastrointestinal and neurological in effect, and can include short-term memory loss, giving the syndrome the name Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP).Severe cases result in death. Sea birds and marine mammals have experienced large die-offs and strandings from eating contaminated fish prey.After blooms the toxins may settle into sediments to further impact benthic food webs.
Since 1987, at least 14 species of Pseudo-nitzschia have been recognized as producers of Dolomic Acid, and the genus receives a lot of attention as a major player in harmful algal blooms (HABs) around the world.A bloom stretching along the Pacific Coast of North America from southern California to Alaska in spring of 2015 has grown to an unprecedented extent and concentration of DA in Pacific coast waters, causing high-cost closures of fishing industries. Scientists are investigating possible connection between the bloom and higher than usual water temperatures in the area which creating conditions that may be more and more common with climate change, and developing robotic detection and modeling to assist in forecasts of future blooms.Because species that produce DA do not do so all the time, ecology and physiology of the different species and conditions triggering toxin production are important research avenues.
For the first time ever recorded, US Pacific Coast shellfish have been found with coincident bioaccumulation of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms as well as dangerous dinoflagellates that produce Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) in 2015.
(Anderson et al. 2010; Hayashi et al. 2007; Lelong et al 2012; Lim et al 2013; Milstein 2015; Schnetzer et al. 2007)
Pseudo-nitzschia est un genre d'algue vivant principalement dans l'Atlantique nord et le Pacifique Nord, près des côtes. Les espèces du genre Pseudo-nitzschia sont connues pour sécréter une neurotoxine : l'acide domoïque. Cette neurotoxine provoque l'ASP (amnesic shellfish poisoning), cetempoisonnement provoque des diarrhées, vomissements, confusions, amnésie et coma mortel. Il existe 36 espèces de Pseudo-nitzschia.
Pseudo-nitzschia is a marine planktonic diatom genus that accounts for 4.4% of pennate diatoms found worldwide.[1] Some species are capable of producing the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), which is responsible for the neurological disorder in humans known as amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). Currently, 58 species are known, 28 of which have been shown to produced DA. It was originally hypothesized that only dinoflagellates could produce harmful algal toxins, but a deadly bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia occurred in 1987 in the bays of Prince Edward Island, Canada, and led to an outbreak of ASP.[2] Over 100 people were affected by this outbreak after consuming contaminated mussels; three people died.[3] Since this event, no additional deaths have been attributed to ASP, though the prevalence of toxic diatoms and DA has increased worldwide. This anomaly is likely due to increased awareness of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their implications for human and ecosystem health.[4]
Blooms have since been characterized in coastal waters and the open-ocean worldwide and have been linked to increasing marine nutrient concentrations, warming ocean temperatures, and bacterial interactions.[5][4]
Pseudo-nitzschia species are bilaterally symmetrical Pennate diatoms. Cell walls are made up of elongated silica frustules. The silica wall is fairly dense which leads to negative buoyancy, providing a number of advantages. The wall allows the diatoms to sink to avoid light inhibition or nutrient limitations, as well as to protect against grazing zooplankton. The silica frustules also contribute vastly to the sediment layers of the earth and to the fossil record, which makes them exceptionally useful in increasing understanding of numerous processes such as gauging the degree of climate change.[6] Before sinking to the ocean floor, every atom of silicon that enters the ocean is integrated into the cell wall of a diatom about 40 times.[6]
Silica frustules contain a central raphe, which secretes mucilage that allows the cells to move by gliding.[7] Cells are often found in overlapped, stepped colonies, and exhibit collective motility.[7] Pseudo-nitzschia species synthesize their own food through the use of light and nutrients in photosynthesis. The diatoms have a central vacuole to store nutrients for later use and a light-harvesting system to protect themselves against high-intensity light.[6]
The diatom lineage may go back 180 to 250 million years ago (Mya). About 65 Mya, diatoms survived a mass extinction in which roughly 85% of all species perished.[6] Until 1994, the genus was known as Nitzschia, but was changed to Pseudo-nitzschia because of the ability to form chains of overlapping cells, as well as other minor morphological differences.[8] While the genus can be readily recognized using light microscopy, identification of distinct species can require taxonomic expertise and be extremely time-consuming. Species identification in this genus is notoriously difficult due to the presence of cryptic species. Similar species are often differentiated by very small differences in the frustule, such as shape, period, and band stria.[3]
The direct impacts of species identification on public health make this a serious concern. Toxogenic and nontoxogenic species commonly co-occur; therefore, discrimination between various Pseudo-nitzschia species is imperative to determine the potential toxicity of an algal bloom. Optical microscopy identification techniques are inadequate when a large number of samples must be routinely examined, such as is required for a monitoring program for public health. Recently, a DNA-microarray was developed for simultaneous detection of multiple harmful algal bloom species with an emphasis on Pseudo-nitzschia. The total assay is believed to have the potential to identify hundreds of species and accurately differentiate between large quantities of related species. Additionally, this technology has been shown to accurately identify toxic phytoplankton even at extremely low concentrations. The lower limit for detection of Pseudo-nitzschia is as low as 500 cells.[9]
The nomenclatural history is given in Hasle (1995)[10] and Bates (2000).[11]
The physiological distribution, fixation, and recycling center for inorganic carbon and nitrogen plays a key role in the metabolic response of diatoms to prolonged nutrient deprivation. The cycle enables diatoms to respond immediately to the availability of nutrients and recover by increasing their metabolic and growth rates.[6]
Diatoms have the ability to enter two distinct resting stages to overcome periods of stress. A resting spore has a great capacity to survive over extended periods of nutrient deprivation. To avoid low nutrient concentrations during stratification, the resting spores can settle to the bottom where the nutrient concentration is higher. A resting cell is better able to rapidly respond when nutrients become available again. This is more often observed in freshwater and pennate diatoms like Pseudo-nitzschia.[6] There is contradictory evidence regarding the presence or absence of a resting stage in Pseudo-nitzschia.[12]
Among diatoms, reproduction is primarily asexual by binary fission, with each daughter cell receiving one of the parent’s cell’s two frustules. However, this asexual division results in a size reduction. To restore the cell size of a diatom population, sexual reproduction must occur. Vegetative diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce active and passive gametes. These gametes then fuse to form a zygote, which then develops into an auxospore.[13] Sexual reproduction leads to both an increase in genotypic diversity and the formation of large initial cells through formation of the auxospore. Cells need to be below a species-specific size threshold for the sexual phase to be induced. Many external cues also regulate the initiation, such as day length, irradiance, and temperature.[14]
The basic mode of the sexual phase of reproduction appears to be conserved among Pseudo-nitzschia species. Upon mixing two strains of compatible mating type and of appropriate cell size for sexualization, cells align side by side and differentiate into gametangia. One active (+) and one passive (-) gamete are then produced within each gametangium. The active gamete migrates toward the passive partner and conjugates. The zygote is then becomes an auxospore, which has no rigid frustule. Inside the auxospore, a large initial cell is produced.[13]
Sexual reproduction appears to occur exclusively in the exponential growth phase and be linked to cell density. Sexualization can only be initiated when a species-specific threshold cell concentration is met. Decreasing the distance to facilitate contact and/or perception of chemical cues between cells triggers the sexual phase, indicating that high cell density is favorable for sexual reproduction. Additionally, the onset of sexualization is linked to a significant reduction in growth of the vegetative and parental cells, suggesting that vegetative division is inhibited when the two strains of opposite mating type come in contact.[14]
Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries has a genome consisting of 219 megabases (Mb) and a full genome project is underway.[15]
Transcriptomes of three species, P. arenysensis, P. delicatissima, and P. multistriata, have been sequenced. The transcriptomes encode between 17,500 and 20,200 proteins. P. multistriata was found to uniquely encode nitric oxide synthase.[16]
Recently, transcriptome analysis of P. multiseries was used to identify a four-gene cluster linked to DA biosynthesis.[17] The identification of these genes presents an opportunity to monitor toxic blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia genetically in order to better understand the toxicity and environmental conditions that cause them.
In general, diatoms flourish in nutrient-rich waters with high light penetration.[6] Some species of Pseudo-nitzschia can grow in a broad temperature range (4-20 °C), making it possible for them to inhabit a diverse range of habitats.[18]
Pseudo-nitzschia species have been observed in all oceans of the world, including the Arctic and Antarctic.[4] In North America, they have been documented along the Pacific coast from Canada to California, along the Atlantic Northeast coast of Canada, North Carolina, and the Gulf of Mexico.[19] Various species have been detected in the open ocean as well as gulfs and bays, showing a presence in many diverse environments, including off the coasts of Canada, Portugal, France, Italy, Croatia, Greece, Ireland, Australia, Morocco, Japan, Spain, Tunisia, Namibia, Singapore, Angola, Philippines, Turkey, Ukraine, Argentina, and Uruguay.[20][4]
Given the warming temperatures of ocean water, decreasing sea ice, and increasing light penetration brought on by climate change, it is likely that the season for favorable growth of toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species will expand.[4] It is important to continue monitoring Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and their toxicity, particularly in Arctic and Antarctic habitats that may begin to see higher prevalence of these species.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Pseudo-nitzschia and the like can cause diseases and death in many marine organisms, as well as the humans who consume them. HABs can result in oxygen depletion caused by increased biomass production. However, blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia more commonly cause harm through the production of the toxin DA, which can be transferred to other trophic levels through bioaccumulation.
DA can often be detected in shellfish flesh during and immediately following a toxic bloom. Though shellfish harvest closures are typically based on cells counts of Pseudo-nitzschia present, these cell counts do not always correlate with DA levels.[4] Thus, it is important to understand the other environmental drivers that may lead to higher production of DA.
The largest recorded DA event caused by Pseudo-nitzschia took place along the North American west coast in 2015, causing prolonged closures of razor clam, rock crab, and Dungeness crab fisheries. Later in 2015, DA was detected in whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, and sea lions. This bloom was dominated by P. australis and likely caused by anomalous warm water and nutrients brought to the surface by upwelling conditions.[18]
Prior to this 2015 bloom, the largest Pseudo-nitzschia bloom recorded occurred in September 2004 off the northwest coast of the United States. The maximum cell densities during this bloom reached 13 x 106 cells per liter, with domoic acid levels of 1.3 pg DA/cell.[21]
Sediment cores indicate a link between increasing coastal nutrient levels (eutrophication) and an increase in Pseudo-nitzschia blooms.[5]
Shellfish become contaminated after feeding on toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and can act as a vector to transfer domoic acid to humans upon ingestion. DA acts as a potent glutamate agonist and is responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans. Effects can be as minor as vomiting, cramps, and a headache, or as severe as permanent anterograde memory loss, coma, and death.[22] So, monitoring systems and management practices for recreational and commercial fishing are important to ensure the health of marine animals and their predators.
Photosynthesis is essential for the production of domoic acid. Periods of darkness or chemical inhibition of photosynthesis has been shown to inhibit toxin production. Additionally, DA production peaks in the stationary phase of the growth cycle when cell division is slowed or absent. Production is minimal or nonexistent during the exponential phase, and ceases completely during the death phase of the growth cycle.[21]
Many factors have been linked to promotion of DA production, including sufficient light, elevated or decreased pH, and nutrition limitations.[12][4] In one species, P. cuspidata, a link has been indicated between toxicity and photosynthesis photon flux density (PPFD). At a low PPFD, the exponential growth rate approximately halved and the cells were significantly more toxic.[21]
While the effect of availability of different nitrogen sources on toxicity has been studied many times, no general rule could be demonstrated for differences in growth and DA production, with the results varying greatly by species. However, toxin production increases when the nitrogen source could not sustain a high biomass, suggesting growth limitation seems to induce toxicity.[23]
The presence of zooplankton has also been shown to affect the toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia. The presence of copepods was shown to enhance toxin production of P. seriata. This effect appears to be chemically mediated, as it could be induced without physical contact.[24]
Pseudo-nitzschia species also appear to respond dramatically to differences in trace metal concentrations, such as iron (Fe) and copper (Cu). In Fe-limited conditions, Pseudo-nitzschia increases DA production by six to 25 times as a result of stress.[2] This increase allows them to enhance Fe acquisition needed for metabolic activities, and can have devastating effects.
Over fifty species of Pseudo-nitzschia have been described (following WoRMS[25] unless specified):
Many species of Pseudo-nitzschia have been shown to produce domoic acid, although not all strains are toxigenic.[12][4][37]
Pseudo-nitzschia is a marine planktonic diatom genus that accounts for 4.4% of pennate diatoms found worldwide. Some species are capable of producing the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), which is responsible for the neurological disorder in humans known as amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). Currently, 58 species are known, 28 of which have been shown to produced DA. It was originally hypothesized that only dinoflagellates could produce harmful algal toxins, but a deadly bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia occurred in 1987 in the bays of Prince Edward Island, Canada, and led to an outbreak of ASP. Over 100 people were affected by this outbreak after consuming contaminated mussels; three people died. Since this event, no additional deaths have been attributed to ASP, though the prevalence of toxic diatoms and DA has increased worldwide. This anomaly is likely due to increased awareness of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their implications for human and ecosystem health.
Blooms have since been characterized in coastal waters and the open-ocean worldwide and have been linked to increasing marine nutrient concentrations, warming ocean temperatures, and bacterial interactions.
Pseudo-nitzschia es un género de algas unicelulares de la clase diatomeas, familia Bacillariaceae. Incluye varias especies de algas que producen una neurotoxina llamada ácido domoico, que es responsable de intoxicación en humanos por consumo de moluscos. Este tipo de intoxicación recibe el nombre de envenenamiento por la toxina amnésica de los moluscos (ASP) y se han producido casos en varios países, entre ellos Canadá, Argentina y Estados Unidos. La toxina es producida por las algas Pseudo-nitzschiase, pero se acumula en diferentes especies de cangrejos, navajas, vieiras, mejillones y anchoas, pudiendo afectar además de al hombre, a leones marinos y pelícanos.[1][2][3][4] Entre las especies que pueden producir el ácido domoico se encuentran las siguientes:
Datos: Q891709
Multimedia:
Especies: Pseudo-nitzschia
Pseudo-nitzschia es un género de algas unicelulares de la clase diatomeas, familia Bacillariaceae. Incluye varias especies de algas que producen una neurotoxina llamada ácido domoico, que es responsable de intoxicación en humanos por consumo de moluscos. Este tipo de intoxicación recibe el nombre de envenenamiento por la toxina amnésica de los moluscos (ASP) y se han producido casos en varios países, entre ellos Canadá, Argentina y Estados Unidos. La toxina es producida por las algas Pseudo-nitzschiase, pero se acumula en diferentes especies de cangrejos, navajas, vieiras, mejillones y anchoas, pudiendo afectar además de al hombre, a leones marinos y pelícanos. Entre las especies que pueden producir el ácido domoico se encuentran las siguientes:
Pseudo-nitzschia australis Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta Pseudo-nitzschia galaxiae Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata Pseudo-nitzschia pungens Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima Pseudo-nitzschia seriata Pseudo-nitzschia turgidulaLes micro-algues du genre Pseudo-nitzschia sont des Diatomées de la famille des Bacillariaceae. Certaines espèces de ce genre produisent de l'acide domoïque, une neurotoxine responsable d'intoxications alimentaires (ASP pour Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning). Le premier cas connu d'intoxication à la suite de la consommation de coquillages contaminés remonte à 1987, à l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard.
Le genre est cosmopolite et fait l'objet de nombreuses études scientifiques depuis la crise de 1987. En France, le REPHY (Réseau de surveillance du phytoplancton et des phytotoxines) est chargé de sa surveillance dans les eaux côtières.
Selon AlgaeBase (14 déc. 2010)[1] :
Selon NCBI (14 déc. 2010)[2] :
Selon World Register of Marine Species (14 déc. 2010)[3] :
Selon ITIS (14 déc. 2010)[4] :
Les micro-algues du genre Pseudo-nitzschia sont des Diatomées de la famille des Bacillariaceae. Certaines espèces de ce genre produisent de l'acide domoïque, une neurotoxine responsable d'intoxications alimentaires (ASP pour Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning). Le premier cas connu d'intoxication à la suite de la consommation de coquillages contaminés remonte à 1987, à l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard.
Le genre est cosmopolite et fait l'objet de nombreuses études scientifiques depuis la crise de 1987. En France, le REPHY (Réseau de surveillance du phytoplancton et des phytotoxines) est chargé de sa surveillance dans les eaux côtières.
Pseudo-nitzschia é un xénero de diatomeas que inclúe varias especies que producen a neurotoxina ácido domoico, unha toxina que é responsable da enfermidade humana chamada ASP (Amnesic shellfish poisoning, envelenamento por marisco amnésico). Este xénero de fitoplancto orixina floracións tóxicas en augas costeiras de Europa, Canadá, California, Oregón, estado de Washington, Asia, Australia, Nova Celanda, América Central, e América do Sur. En Galicia a especie deste xénero que se coñece é a P. australis.
A bioloxía xeral, fisioloxía, toxicidade e distribución das especies de Pseudo-nitzschia foi revisada por Bates e Trainer (2006),[1] Trainer et al. (2008),[2] Lelong et al. (2012) [3] e Trainer et al. (2012).[4]
Entre as especies que se sabe que producen ácido domoico (aínda que non todas as cepas son toxixénicas) están:
Pseudo-nitzschia é un xénero de diatomeas que inclúe varias especies que producen a neurotoxina ácido domoico, unha toxina que é responsable da enfermidade humana chamada ASP (Amnesic shellfish poisoning, envelenamento por marisco amnésico). Este xénero de fitoplancto orixina floracións tóxicas en augas costeiras de Europa, Canadá, California, Oregón, estado de Washington, Asia, Australia, Nova Celanda, América Central, e América do Sur. En Galicia a especie deste xénero que se coñece é a P. australis.
A bioloxía xeral, fisioloxía, toxicidade e distribución das especies de Pseudo-nitzschia foi revisada por Bates e Trainer (2006), Trainer et al. (2008), Lelong et al. (2012) e Trainer et al. (2012).
Entre as especies que se sabe que producen ácido domoico (aínda que non todas as cepas son toxixénicas) están:
Pseudo-nitzschia australis, presente en Galicia Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta Pseudo-nitzschia galaxiae Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata Pseudo-nitzschia pungens Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima Pseudo-nitzschia seriata Pseudo-nitzschia turgidulaPseudo-nitzschia adalah genus diatom planktonik di laut. Di dalam genus ini terdapat sejumlah spesies yang dapat menghasilkan neurotoksin asam domoat, yang merupakan biang keladi penyakit neurologis yang disebut keracunan kerang amnesik. Saat ini, terdapat 52 spesies di dalam genus ini, dan 26 dari antaranya diketahui dapat menghasilkan asam domoat. Ledakan populasi Pseudo-nitzschia di Prince Edward Island di Kanada pada taun 1987 pernah menyebabkan perebakan penyakit ini.[1] Lebih dari 100 orang terkena dampaknya setelah memakan kerang yang terkontaminasi, dan tiga orang bahkan meninggal dunia.[2] Semenjak itu, ledakan populasi Pseudo-nitzschia telah ditemui di perairan-perairan lainnya, dan penyebabnya adalah meningkatnya konsentrasi nutrien yang berasal dari daerah pertanian.[3] Ledakan populasi diatom ini tidak hanya berdampak terhadap manusia, tetapi juga terhadap hewan lain. Contohnya adalah singa laut yang memakan ikan yang mengandung kadar asam domoat yang tinggi. Singa laut ini terdampar, mengalami kejang-kejang, dan akhirnya mati.
. doi:10.4319/lo.2002.47.2.0515. 
Artikel bertopik biologi ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. Pseudo-nitzschia adalah genus diatom planktonik di laut. Di dalam genus ini terdapat sejumlah spesies yang dapat menghasilkan neurotoksin asam domoat, yang merupakan biang keladi penyakit neurologis yang disebut keracunan kerang amnesik. Saat ini, terdapat 52 spesies di dalam genus ini, dan 26 dari antaranya diketahui dapat menghasilkan asam domoat. Ledakan populasi Pseudo-nitzschia di Prince Edward Island di Kanada pada taun 1987 pernah menyebabkan perebakan penyakit ini. Lebih dari 100 orang terkena dampaknya setelah memakan kerang yang terkontaminasi, dan tiga orang bahkan meninggal dunia. Semenjak itu, ledakan populasi Pseudo-nitzschia telah ditemui di perairan-perairan lainnya, dan penyebabnya adalah meningkatnya konsentrasi nutrien yang berasal dari daerah pertanian. Ledakan populasi diatom ini tidak hanya berdampak terhadap manusia, tetapi juga terhadap hewan lain. Contohnya adalah singa laut yang memakan ikan yang mengandung kadar asam domoat yang tinggi. Singa laut ini terdampar, mengalami kejang-kejang, dan akhirnya mati.
Wikimedia Commons'ta Pseudo-nitzschia ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. 
Wikispecies'te Pseudo-nitzschia ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur. Pseudo-nitzschia denizlerde yaşayan bir planktonik diyatome cinsidir. Bazı türleri amnezik kabuklu su ürünleri zehirlenmesi (ASP) adı verilen nörolojik bir duruma yol açan domoik asit (DA) adı verilen nörotoksini üretir. Bilinen 46 türü arasında 19'unun domoik asit ürettiği bilinmektedir. Önceleri yalnızca dinoflagellatların zararlı algsel toksin ürettiği varsayılmaktaydı ancak 1987 yılında Kanada'nın Prince Edward Adası'nda oluşan ölümcül Pseudo-nitzschia yosun patlaması sonucu ortaya çıkan ASP bu varsayımları değiştirmiştir[2] Bu ASP patlamasından domoik asit bulaşmış midye yiyen 100'den fazla insan etkilenmiş ve üçü ölmüştür.[3] Yosun patlamaları o zamandan beri karasularında ortaya çıkmaya devam etmiş ve nedeninin deniz suyu içinde besin maddesi konsantrasyonun artması olduğu ileri sürülmüştür.[4]
Pseudo-nitzschia cinsinin bilinen 46 türü vardır:
Pseudo-nitzschia cinsi içinde 19'unun domoik asit ürettiği görülmüştür ancak hepsi toksik etki göstermez:
Pseudo-nitzschia denizlerde yaşayan bir planktonik diyatome cinsidir. Bazı türleri amnezik kabuklu su ürünleri zehirlenmesi (ASP) adı verilen nörolojik bir duruma yol açan domoik asit (DA) adı verilen nörotoksini üretir. Bilinen 46 türü arasında 19'unun domoik asit ürettiği bilinmektedir. Önceleri yalnızca dinoflagellatların zararlı algsel toksin ürettiği varsayılmaktaydı ancak 1987 yılında Kanada'nın Prince Edward Adası'nda oluşan ölümcül Pseudo-nitzschia yosun patlaması sonucu ortaya çıkan ASP bu varsayımları değiştirmiştir Bu ASP patlamasından domoik asit bulaşmış midye yiyen 100'den fazla insan etkilenmiş ve üçü ölmüştür. Yosun patlamaları o zamandan beri karasularında ortaya çıkmaya devam etmiş ve nedeninin deniz suyu içinde besin maddesi konsantrasyonun artması olduğu ileri sürülmüştür.
プセウドニッチア属（プセウドニッチアぞく、Pseudo-nitzschia）は、ドウモイ酸として知られる神経毒を生産することが知られる数種の珪藻を含む。ドウモイ酸は記憶喪失性貝中毒（英語版）と呼ばれるヒトの疾患の原因である。植物プランクトンのこの属はカナダ、カリフォルニア州、オレゴン州、ワシントン州、ヨーロッパ、アジア、オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、中央アメリカ、南アメリカの沿岸水域において有害藻類ブルーム（HAB）を形成することが知られている。
プセウドニッチア属の珪藻種の一般的な生物学、生理学、毒性、分布はBatesおよびTrainer（2006年）[1]Trainerら（2008年）[2]、Lelongら（2012年）[3]、Trainerら（2012年）[4]で概説されている。
ドウモイ酸を生産することが示されている種（全ての株が毒素産生株ではない）。
プセウドニッチア属（プセウドニッチアぞく、Pseudo-nitzschia）は、ドウモイ酸として知られる神経毒を生産することが知られる数種の珪藻を含む。ドウモイ酸は記憶喪失性貝中毒（英語版）と呼ばれるヒトの疾患の原因である。植物プランクトンのこの属はカナダ、カリフォルニア州、オレゴン州、ワシントン州、ヨーロッパ、アジア、オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、中央アメリカ、南アメリカの沿岸水域において有害藻類ブルーム（HAB）を形成することが知られている。
プセウドニッチア属の珪藻種の一般的な生物学、生理学、毒性、分布はBatesおよびTrainer（2006年）Trainerら（2008年）、Lelongら（2012年）、Trainerら（2012年）で概説されている。
ドウモイ酸を生産することが示されている種（全ての株が毒素産生株ではない）。
Pseudo-nitzschia australis Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta Pseudo-nitzschia galaxiae Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata Pseudo-nitzschia pungens Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima Pseudo-nitzschia seriata Pseudo-nitzschia turgidula
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