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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 35 years (captivity) Observations: In captivity, these animals have been reported to live up to 35 years (http://www.demogr.mpg.de/longevityrecords). There are also anecdotal claims that they can live up to 40 years in captivity.
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Benefits

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Initially hunted to make cloaks and for food, kiwis, including brown kiwis, are the national symbol of New Zealand. Much pride is taken by displaying the kiwi on things such as the national currency, sports uniforms, road signs and mascots.

Positive Impacts: body parts are source of valuable material; ecotourism ; research and education

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Associations

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Brown kiwis have many introduced predators, although they had few predators before dogs, pigs, cats, brush-tailed possums, and stoats were introduced to New Zealand. Dogs, pigs and cats tend to feed on adult birds. Stoats and cats feed on the young, and possums and stoats destroy kiwi eggs.

Known Predators:

  • domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
  • pigs (Sus scrofa)
  • ferrets (Mustela putorius)
  • stoats (Mustela erminea)
  • domestic cats (Felis silvestris)
  • brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Morphology

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Brown kiwis are members of the flightless ratite group (Struthioniformes). They are unique in their small size and adaptations to forest floor life. These birds are roughly the size of a chicken, with the female being slightly larger. They range in size from 45 to 54 cm long, and weigh from 2.8 to 3.5 kg. They are brownish grey in color with long, soft feathers that look and feel very fur-like. Their skin is tough and they have whiskers at the base of their bill used for touch. This is especially important for these birds because they have small eyes and poor vision. These birds do not have a tail and their 5 cm long wings prevent them from flying. Brown kiwis have powerful legs and can run quickly. The nostrils are at the end of their long bills and they have a keen sense of smell. The birds thrust their bill into the ground, gather the food, and beat the prey on the ground before they consume it. Other characteristics include heavy bone marrow, a body temperature lower than most other birds, and underdeveloped pectoral muscles. Brown kiwis have body temperatures of 38 degrees Celsius.

Range mass: 2.8 to 3.5 kg.

Range length: 45 to 54 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; female larger

Average basal metabolic rate: 4.029 W.

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Life Expectancy

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The expected lifespan of brown kiwis after their first twelve months of their life is approximately 20 years in the wild. When in captivity, these birds usually live to be 30 years old, but some have lived up to 40 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
20 years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
40 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
20 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
30 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
35.0 years.

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Habitat

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Brown kiwis live in subtropical and temperate forests and grasslands. They prefer to live in large, dark forest areas, which allow camouflage for the birds as they sleep during the day. In undisturbed habitats, kiwis create burrows under stones, banks of streams, or in soft flat open ground. In disturbed areas, these birds have had to adapt to human presence by establishing burrows in rough farmland under logs and shrubs.

Range elevation: 0 to 1,200 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest

Other Habitat Features: agricultural

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Distribution

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Apteryx australis, commonly known as brown kiwis, is located in the Australian biogeographic region. They are endemic to New Zealand, and reside on North Island (in Northland and Taranaki), South island (in Fiordland and Westland), and Stewart Island.

Apteryx australis is considered by some authors to be made up of two, distinct species, corresponding to the previously recognized subspecies A. australis mantelli - now A. mantelli, and A. australis australis and A. australis lawryi - both retained within A. australis. North Island brown kiwis (A. mantelli) are the most common kind of kiwi, found only on the North Island of New Zealand. Apteryx australis includes populations on Stewart Island (A. a. lawryi) and South Island (A. a. australis), including populations in the Haast range and the fiordlands. Populations in the Haast range (Haast tokoekas) may represent a distinct species as well.

The population of brown kiwis found in Okarito forests on the western coast of the South Island was recently recognized as a distinct species, Apteryx rowi, Okarito brown kiwis or rowis. It is thought that this species is made up of only 200 individuals currently.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Trophic Strategy

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Brown kiwis are carnivorous, they feed mainly on soil and aquatic invertebrates such as worms, insects, crayfish, amphibians, and eels. They also eat fruit. At night, these birds use their long bills to dig deep into the ground to find creatures living on the ground. After they have caught something, they use their bills to beat the creature on the ground, or on stones to kill it before eating. Cone-shape holes left in the ground after hunting are easy ways to discover their occurrence in an area.

Animal Foods: amphibians; fish; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks; terrestrial worms; aquatic crustaceans

Plant Foods: fruit

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Eats non-insect arthropods, Vermivore)

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Associations

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Brown kiwis are important predators of invertebrates and may disperse seeds through their fruit eating.

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Untitled

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The government of New Zealand has declared that if avian flu threatens New Zealand, every kiwi will be vaccinated due to the alarming decrease of kiwis.

Although they are currently only found in New Zealand, fossil evidence has shown ancestors of brown kiwis occurred in the North Hemisphere in the Paleocene and Eocene, 40-70 million years ago.

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Behavior

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Brown kiwis communicate through a cry, which sounds like a prolonged whistle slightly ascending and descending. Males make a mournful shriek, "kee-wee," and females have a low hoarse cry. Chicks tend to make a clicking sound. The cry indicates their presence at night, and helps in finding mates. They also congregate in companies from six to twelve. To hear the cry of brown kiwis, click here: http://www.nzbirds.com/birds/sound/brownkiwi2.wav

Kiwis are unusual among birds in having a keen sense of smell. They have an enlarged olfactory bulb.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Conservation Status

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Brown kiwis are considered vulnerable by the IUCN. Currently, there are an estimated 27,000 brown kiwis. The primary threat to these birds is predation by introduced mammals. Populations seem to be declining.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse affects of brown kiwis on humans.

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Brown kiwis meet in nesting burrows every few days and call to each other at night to begin mating. This ritual occurs between March and June. The relationship is volatile and physical with the females primarily being the dominant one. They are monogamous unless a “better” mate comes along.

Mating System: monogamous

Brown kiwis breed throughout the year but only lay one egg at a time. A second egg might be laid four to six weeks after the first one. The eggs are unique because of their size relative to the adult bird's mass. Brown kiwi eggs are one-third of the female's mass, making them the largest eggs (relative to mass) of any bird. Incubation period lasts up to eleven weeks and the chicks are ready to leave the nest in approximately six to ten days. Females reach sexual maturity on average between the ages of three and five. Males reach this sexual maturity in approximately 18 months.

Breeding interval: Brown kiwis can reproduce as often as every 4 to 6 weeks. However, the massive energy investment that each female makes into any single egg means that she will not often lay eggs that frequently.

Breeding season: Brown kiwis breed throughout the year.

Range eggs per season: 1 to 1.

Average time to hatching: 11 weeks.

Range fledging age: 6 to 10 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3- 5 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 18 months months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Average birth mass: 325 g.

Average time to hatching: 75 days.

Average eggs per season: 1.

Female brown kiwis dig out the nest and deposit the kiwi eggs, which are smooth and are either ivory or light green in color. After the eggs are laid, males take over incubation and nest maintenance until the eggs hatch. During this time males lose one-third of their weight. After hatching, the chicks do not rely on parents for food. They survive from the copious amount of yolk in their belly. Kiwi chicks venture out of the burrow soon after hatching, although there have been reports of chicks being near their parents for up to a year. Because kiwi chicks are slow, small (weighting only 275 grams and being five inches), and unable to respond to predators, few survive to twelve months old. After that time, they reach a size that enables them to escape most predators.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male)

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Gudipati, S. 2007. "Apteryx australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Apteryx_australis.html
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Smitha Gudipati, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Biology

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Having evolved in an environment without any mammalian predators, kiwis have some distinctly mammal-like traits. For example, body temperature is 38 degrees Celsius, about 2 degrees Celsius lower than most birds (4), but within the normal range for many mammals (5). Kiwis also have an excellent sense of smell, one of the most developed among birds, aided by the unique placement of the nostrils at the end of the bill (5). Kiwis feed by jabbing the bill into the soil to search for insects and worms, this causes the nostrils to become clogged, and requires vigorous blowing and sneezing to clear them again (4). The tokoeka is highly territorial and has been known to attack humans when defending its territory (3). Unlike most other kiwis, which tend be more solitary, the tokoeka lives in family groups occupying a shared territory, the size of which depends on food abundance (4). Egg laying begins in July, continuing through to November in the Stewart Island populations and December in the South Island populations (5). A single egg is laid within a small burrow, and both parent birds and other birds within the family share incubation duties. This is a useful behaviour, since the incubation time is extremely long, usually between 70 and 80 days (4). During this time the males and females shed feathers from the breast, leaving a naked patch that is thought to help transfer heat to the egg during incubation. The chicks, which hatch fully fledged, leave the nest at one week old, but will remain in the family territory for up to seven years (5).
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Conservation

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In 1991, having realised the plight of their national bird, the New Zealand Department of Conservation, sponsored by the Bank of New Zealand, launched the Kiwi Recovery Program. This ongoing project has involved various conservation strategies including predator control, the creation of kiwi sanctuaries, public outreach and education, as well as a captive breeding program known as Operation Nest Egg (6). Due to the very low abundance of the Haast tokoeka, one of the five kiwi sanctuaries, created in 2000, was chosen to be placed within the Haast tokoeka's range. While extensive efforts have been made in this region to trap stoats and thereby reduce predation, inhospitable climate and terrain have made this difficult (6). Other conservation strategies for the Haast tokoeka include the translocation of 50 individuals to Kapiti Island where predation is believed to be less intense (4). The Kiwi Recovery Program's goals for the period 2006 to 2016 are to continue with current strategies, to increase the public's awareness and involvement in kiwi conservation, and to work towards legislative measures to ensure that dogs are kept under control by their owners (6). These measures should hopefully ensure the survival and recovery of all species of kiwi.
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Description

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The tokoeka is one of five recognised species of kiwi, the iconic, flightless birds that are only found in New Zealand (3). This species is divided into two distinct, geographically separated races commonly known as the southern tokoeka and the Haast tokoeka. Both races have the distinctive kiwi features, a pear-shaped body that lacks a tail, and wings that are so reduced that they are barely noticeable. The plumage appears to be almost hair-like, a result of the loose structure of the feathers, which do not lock together as in other birds. Colouration varies between the two races, with the Haast tokoeka having reddish-brown plumage, while the southern tokoeka is grey-brown with black streaks. The kiwi's long, slender bill is unusual compared to other birds, in that it has nostrils at its tip. While both races of tokoeka have an ivory coloured bill, the southern tokoeka's bill is straight, whereas the bill of the Haast tokoeka, in contrast to all other kiwis, is markedly down-curved (4). In the wild, the tokoeka can be easily identified by its call, in the male this is a shrill ascending and descending whistle, while in the female it is lower-pitched and hoarse (2).
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Habitat

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The tokoeka occurs in a wide range of habitats, from coastal sand dunes to forest, tussock grassland and sub-alpine shrubs (2). It has even been found burrowing into snow for shelter on mountain slopes during the winter (4).
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Range

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Endemic to New Zealand, the southern tokoeka's range is limited to Stewart Island and Fiordland on South Island. The Haast tokoeka has a small, isolated population near Haast on the west coast of South Island (2), and a colony of 50 birds has been introduced to Kapiti Island (4).
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Status

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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The main threat to all kiwi species has been the introduction of mammalian predators to the environment, particularly stoats (Mustela erminea) and brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), which eat kiwi eggs, chicks and juveniles. Predation by domestic dogs and feral cats has also had a significant impact in some regions (2). As a direct result of predation by introduced species, the tokoeka populations on South Island have undergone dramatic decreases. In 1996 the total population of the Haast tokoeka, the rarest of all kiwi races, was estimated at just 225 individuals (5). In contrast, the southern tokoeka population on Stewart Island is currently the most abundant of all the kiwi species populations, due to the island being free from introduced stoats and weasels. As a result of the Stewart Island population's stability and abundance, the tokoeka's current status is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN. However, this should not mask the fact that the South Island populations are much smaller and at far greater risk (2).
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Kiwi ar Su ( Breton )

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lang="br" dir="ltr">

Kiwi ar Su (Apteryx australis) a zo un evn.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez

Brosezat eo Enez ar Su e Zeland-Nevez[1].

Rummatadur

Daveennoù

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Kiwi ar Su: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Kiwi ar Su (Apteryx australis) a zo un evn.

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Kiwi bru de l'illa del Sud ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El kiwi bru de l'illa del Sud o kiwi comú (Apteryx australis) és un ocell de la família dels apterígids (Apterygidae) que viu a la zona sud-occidental de l'illa del Sud i a l'illa Stewart, a Nova Zelanda. Antany considerat conespecífic amb el kiwi bru de l'illa del Nord i també amb el kiwi bru d'Okarito, de recent descripció.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Kiwi bru de l'illa del Sud Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Kiwi bru de l'illa del Sud: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El kiwi bru de l'illa del Sud o kiwi comú (Apteryx australis) és un ocell de la família dels apterígids (Apterygidae) que viu a la zona sud-occidental de l'illa del Sud i a l'illa Stewart, a Nova Zelanda. Antany considerat conespecífic amb el kiwi bru de l'illa del Nord i també amb el kiwi bru d'Okarito, de recent descripció.

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Ciwi brown ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Ciwi brown (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: ciwïod brown) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Apteryx australis; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Brown kiwi. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Ciwïod (Lladin: Apterygidae) sydd yn urdd y Apterygiformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn A. australis, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]

Teulu

Mae'r ciwi brown yn perthyn i deulu'r Ciwïod (Lladin: Apterygidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Ciwi brith bach Apteryx owenii Ciwi brith mawr Apteryx haastii
ApteryxHaastiiKeulemans.jpg
Ciwi brown Apteryx australis
Tokoeka.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Ciwi brown: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Ciwi brown (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: ciwïod brown) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Apteryx australis; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Brown kiwi. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Ciwïod (Lladin: Apterygidae) sydd yn urdd y Apterygiformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn A. australis, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

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Kivi jižní ( Czech )

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Kivi jižní (Apteryx australis) je jeden ze zástupců čeledi kiviovití (Apterygidae). Obývá jihozápad Jižního ostrova a Stewartův ostrov Nového Zélandu.

Taxonomie

Kivi jižní má dva podrody:

  • A. a. australis, populace Jižního ostrova má přibližně 7000 jedinců. Oddělená populace, poblíž Haastu, anglicky nazývaná Haast brown kiwi (nezaměňujte s Apteryx haastii), je vzácnější (s populací pouze 250 jedinců) a je charakteristická svým červenohnědým opeřením.[2]
  • A. a. lawryi, populace Stewartova ostrova je početnější, má 20 000 jedinců, což odpovídá 17 jedincům na kilometr čtvereční. Jejich peří je červenavě hnědě podélně žíhané.[2]

Popis

Kivi jižní je asi 45 cm vysoký nelétající pták. Chybí mu ocas a má zakrnělá křídla. Krycí pera jsou jemná, nemají paprsky, podobají se srsti. Peří je hnědavé. Zobák je dlouhý, mírně zahnutý. Kosti nejsou pneumatizované. Na nohách má 4 prsty, palec je malý. Velmi dobře je vyvinutý čich, zrak je slabý.

Chování

Kivi jižní, pokud je donucen k obraně, kope kolem sebe obdobně jako klokan. Pokud však může, raději před nebezpečím uprchne, k čemuž mu napomáhají jeho velmi dobré běžecké schopnosti. Kivi jižní tvoří monogamní páry, které spolu vydrží většinou až do konce života.

Druh je monogamní a množí se po celý rok. Samice klade většinou jen 1 vejce dosahující velikosti jedné třetiny samice do společně vyhrabané nory. Na vejcích sedí samec asi 75 dní a své rodičovské povinnosti se věnuje natolik, že většinu času hladoví a ztratí až třetinu své hmotnosti. Mláďata se opeří po 6 až 10 dnech, nejzranitelnější jsou do jednoho roku života. Přibližně po čtyřech až šesti týdnech po vylíhnutí může samice snést vejce nové.[3]

Život

Kivi je nejznámějším ptákem Nového Zélandu, žije skrytě, vychází jen večer.

Potrava

Kivi jižní se živí hlavně červy a larvami hmyzu, které vyhledává především v noci za pomoci svého vynikajícího čichu.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
  2. a b BirdLife International (2016)
  3. GUDIPATI, Smith. Apteryx australis brown kiwi (Also:tokoeka) [online]. Animal Diversity Web, 2007 [cit. 2016-09-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

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Kivi jižní: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Kivi jižní (Apteryx australis) je jeden ze zástupců čeledi kiviovití (Apterygidae). Obývá jihozápad Jižního ostrova a Stewartův ostrov Nového Zélandu.

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Brun kiwi ( Danish )

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Brun kiwi (Apteryx australis) eller tokoeka er en af fem kiwi-arter, der lever på New Zealand. Brun kiwi findes på Sydøen og Stewart Island. Arten opdeltes i 2003 i tre arter, hvor de to andre er nordlig kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) og okarito-kiwi (Apteryx rowi).[1] Kiwien er New Zealands nationalfugl.

Beskrivelse

Den brune kiwi bliver omkring 55 cm høj. Den har en tæt gråbrun fjerdragt uden halefjer. Fjerene er som hos de lignende strudsefugle ikke sammenhængende og fjerdragten virker derfor nærmere som en tyk blød pels. Tidligere inden kiwierne var truet af udryddelse brugte maorihøvdingene kiwiskind som klædedragt.

Ligesom strudsefuglene kan den brune kiwi ikke flyve. Den har dog nogle små stumper tilbage af vingerne. Dyret er nataktivt, den søger ved hjælp af det lange næb og lugtesansen sin fødeorme, edderkopper, biller og nedfaldne frugter – i skovbunden.

Ynglebiologi

Den brune kiwi danner par for livet. Omkring senvinter–forår finder hannen og hunnen sammen. Hannen graver en hule i skovbunden, og hunnen lægger her æg. Hannen udruger æggene, hvilket tager omkring 78–82 dage. Når æggene er klækket bliver kyllingerne i hulen nogle dage indtil de dukker frem. Hannen oplærer derefter kyllingerne i livet udenfor hulen.

Noter

  1. ^ John H. Boyd. "Taxonomy in Flux". Sammenfatning af forskningsresultater indenfor fuglenes fylogenetiske systematik. Arkiveret fra originalen 2013-12-03. Hentet 2014-01-02.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

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Brun kiwi: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Brun kiwi (Apteryx australis) eller tokoeka er en af fem kiwi-arter, der lever på New Zealand. Brun kiwi findes på Sydøen og Stewart Island. Arten opdeltes i 2003 i tre arter, hvor de to andre er nordlig kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) og okarito-kiwi (Apteryx rowi). Kiwien er New Zealands nationalfugl.

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Südlicher Streifenkiwi ( German )

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Der Südliche Streifenkiwi, Streifenkiwi[1] oder Tokoeka (Apteryx australis) ist eine mittelgroße Kiwiart, die auf Stewart Island, im Fiordland im äußersten Südwesten der Südinsel Neuseelands und in einer isolierten Population bei Haast, einem Ort an der Westküste der Südinsel, vorkommt. Die Art wurde bereits 1813 durch den englischen Naturforscher George Shaw beschrieben; die Selbstständigkeit der Art wurde aber erst in den letzten 20 Jahren bestätigt. Seine Linie und die des Nördlichen Streifenkiwis (Apteryx mantelli) und des Okarito-Streifenkiwis (Apteryx rowii) haben sich wahrscheinlich schon vor etwa 8,2 Millionen Jahren voneinander getrennt.

 src=
Kurze Borsten an der Schnabelbasis beim Südlichen Streifenkiwi (oben) und lange beim Nördlichen Streifenkiwi

Merkmale

Der Südliche Streifenkiwi erreicht eine Länge von 40 cm, hat einen gedrungenen Körper und ist wie alle Kiwis flugunfähig und hat keine äußerlich sichtbaren Flügel und keinen sichtbaren Schwanz. Die Population im Fiordland ist dunkel grau-braun gefärbt, die auf Stewart Island ist dunkelbraun und die bei Haast rotbraun. Die Federn sind längs rotbraun gestreift. Der lange, leicht gebogene Schnabel ist elfenbeinfarben. Die der Schnabelbasis entspringenden, steifen Borsten sind beim Südlichen Streifenkiwi kurz, beim Nördlichen Streifenkiwi dagegen lang, die Federspitzen sind beim Südlichen Streifenkiwi weich, während die des Nördlichen Streifenkiwis fest sind. Auf der Fußwurzel hat der Südliche Streifenkiwi 4 bis 6 größere Schuppen, der Nördliche Streifenkiwi 17.

Lautäußerungen

Die lauten, schrillen Rufe sind nachts zu hören, vor allem in den ersten zwei Stunden der Dunkelheit. Der Pfiff des Männchens ist zuerst auf- dann absteigend, der des Weibchens schrill und heiser.

Lebensweise

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet

Der Südliche Streifenkiwi kommt in einer Vielzahl von unterschiedlichen Biotopen vor, von küstennahen Sanddünen, über Tussock-Graslandschaften, Wälder bis zu subalpiner Strauchvegetation, und ernährt sich von verschiedenen Wirbellosen, von Früchten und Blättern. Die Brutdauer der Art gehört zu den längsten unter allen Vögeln und beträgt 74 bis 84 Tage. Das einzige Ei wird normalerweise in einen selbst gegrabenen Erdbau, manchmal auch in einen natürlichen Hohlraum gelegt. Die Küken schlüpfen voll befiedert und verlassen das Nest zum ersten Mal nach etwa einer Woche. Der Südliche Streifenkiwi ist langlebig und wird 30 bis 50 Jahre alt.

Gefährdung

Die International Union for Conservation of Nature schätzt den Südlichen Streifenkiwi als „gefährdet“ (vulnerable) ein. Die Gesamtpopulation wurde 2008 auf 29.000 Tiere geschätzt, davon 19.900 ausgewachsene, geschlechtsreife Tiere. Auf Stewart Island ist die Art noch recht verbreitet, jedoch wird davon ausgegangen, dass es einen Bestandsrückgang von 20.000 Vögeln im Jahr 1995 auf 15.000 im Jahr 2008 gab. Im nördlichen Fiordland sollen 10.000 Streifenkiwi leben, im südlichen 4500, während die Population bei Haast nur noch aus 300 Individuen besteht.

Der Südliche Streifenkiwi ist vor allem durch eingeführte Tiere bedroht, darunter der Fuchskusu (Trichosurus vulpecula) und das Hermelin (Mustela erminea), die die Eier fressen; Hermelin und Katzen erbeuten auch die Jungvögel, und Fuchskusu, Frettchen (Mustela putorius furo) und verwilderte Hunde töten Junge und ausgewachsene Kiwis. Auf Stewart Island fehlen die Marder, und Hunde sind nicht weit verbreitet, Katzen dagegen sehr. Die Verlustrate des natürlichen Lebensraums hat deutlich abgenommen und wird gegenwärtig nicht als eine wichtige Ursache für den Populationsrückgang angesehen. Eine potentielle Bedrohung ist die Ausbreitung von Krankheiten durch nach Neuseeland importierte Laufvögel. Die Population bei Haast ist aufgrund der geringen Populationsgröße und ihrer Isolation gefährdet und leidet unter geringer Fruchtbarkeit.

Unterarten

Vom Südlichen Streifenkiwi sind zwei Unterarten beschrieben:[2]

Der gelegentlich als weitere Unterart angegebene Nördliche Streifenkiwi (Apteryx australis mantelli)[3] wird mittlerweile als eigenständige Art Apteryx mantelli angesehen.[2]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Southern Brown Kiwi (Apteryx australis) bei Avibase
  2. a b IOC World Bird List version 5.1 5 - Kiwis, Family Apterygidae
  3. Videos, Fotos und Tonaufnahmen zu Brown Kiwi (Apteryx australis) in der Internet Bird Collection
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Südlicher Streifenkiwi: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Südliche Streifenkiwi, Streifenkiwi oder Tokoeka (Apteryx australis) ist eine mittelgroße Kiwiart, die auf Stewart Island, im Fiordland im äußersten Südwesten der Südinsel Neuseelands und in einer isolierten Population bei Haast, einem Ort an der Westküste der Südinsel, vorkommt. Die Art wurde bereits 1813 durch den englischen Naturforscher George Shaw beschrieben; die Selbstständigkeit der Art wurde aber erst in den letzten 20 Jahren bestätigt. Seine Linie und die des Nördlichen Streifenkiwis (Apteryx mantelli) und des Okarito-Streifenkiwis (Apteryx rowii) haben sich wahrscheinlich schon vor etwa 8,2 Millionen Jahren voneinander getrennt.

 src= Kurze Borsten an der Schnabelbasis beim Südlichen Streifenkiwi (oben) und lange beim Nördlichen Streifenkiwi
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Southern brown kiwi

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The southern brown kiwi, tokoeka, or common kiwi[3] (Apteryx australis) is a species of kiwi from South Island, New Zealand. Until 2000 it was considered conspecific with the North Island brown kiwi, and still is by some authorities.

Taxonomy

Apteryx australis is based on Greek and Latin. Apteryx means "A-" without "pterux" wings, and "australis" from "auster" the south wind, and "-alis" relating to.[6] The southern brown kiwi belongs to the kiwi family and it is a ratite, and a member of the order Apterygiformes. Like all ratites, its sternum has no keel, it is flightless, and it has a distinctive palate.[3]

The holotype specimen of Apteryx australis Shaw (Nat. Miscell., 24,1813, pl1057) is held in the collections of National Museums Liverpool at World Museum, with accession number NML-VZ D180. The specimen was collected by Captain Barclay at Dusky Sound, South Island, New Zealand and came to the Liverpool national collection via the 13th Earl of Derby's collection which was bequeathed to the people of Liverpool.

The southern brown kiwi is divided into two subspecies, with some conservationists arguing for a third:

  • A. a. australis, the Fiordland tokoeka, with a population of approximately 15,000 birds is found on and near the Fiordland on the South Island of New Zealand. A disjunct population, near Haast, called the Haast tokoeka or Haast brown kiwi (not to be confused with Apteryx haastii), is rare (with only about 350 specimens left) and is characterised by its rufous plumage.[7][8]
  • A. a. lawryi, is relatively common (20,000 birds) throughout its range, with about 17 birds per square kilometre. Its feathers are streaked lengthwise with reddish brown.[8]

Description

Drawing of dissected specimen, with exposed muscles and wing-claw

It has no preen gland, and its feathers have no aftershafts and no barbules. There are large vibrissae around its gape, and it has no tail, only a pygostyle. It has a length of 45 to 55 cm (18–22 in) and the female weighs 2.1 to 3.9 kg (4.6–8.6 lb) and the male weighs 1.6 to 2.8 kg (3.5–6.2 lb). Its bill is long and slender with a slight down-curve. Like other kiwis it is nocturnal. The colour of its plumage is rufous with some streaking.[3]

Behaviour

Vocalisation

Southern brown kiwi communicate vocally to aid in defending their territory. They will also sing duets with each other, with the male shrill "kee-wee" or "kee-kee" and the females hoarse " kurr kurr".[7] Males are more vocal and they both call in an upright position with their legs stretched out and their bill pointing up.[3]

Diet

Specimen foraging on Stewart Island

The southern brown kiwi has a long slender bill with lateral nostrils at the tip, which helps give them their keen sense of smell. They utilise this, more than sight and sound, to forage in dirt for invertebrates, including earthworms, beetle larvae, snails, crayfish,[9] spiders, centipedes, and orthoptera, as well as eels and amphibians.[10] Its gizzard is weak, and underutilised due to the lack of plant matter. Its caeca are long and narrow and aid in digestion.[3]

Reproduction

Skeleton

The southern brown kiwi, like all kiwi, has two functioning ovaries, however only the left oviduct functions, allowing eggs from both ovaries to pass through. It is a monogamous species and once paired up, they will defend their territories with warning calls. The size of their territory is between 4.9 and 43 hectares (12 and 106 acres). Nests are made in burrows, or sheltered beneath thick vegetation. The female lays 1–2 eggs, typically just 1, which the male incubates for 90 days. After a few days the chick will exit the nest and feed on its own, although it may stay around parents for a year. When not incubating eggs, they roost alone in sheltered places at ground level.[3]

Range and habitat

Southern brown kiwi live in the South Island and Stewart Island. On the mainland (South Island) they live in Fiordland and Westland. Their range is temperate and sub-tropical forests, grassland, and shrubland, the denser the better.[3] They are widespread throughout Stewart Island where they also live on the sand dunes.[8]

Conservation

In 2000, after being recognised by IUCN, they were placed in the Vulnerable status group.[2] They have an occurrence range of 9,800 km2 (3,800 sq mi) and population of 27,000 was estimated in 1996.[8] Brush-tailed possums, Trichosurus vulpecula, and stoats, Mustela erminea, will eat the eggs, while stoats and cats will eat chicks and juveniles. Adults are also under threat as dogs, ferrets, and brush-tailed possums, attack them and the juveniles. The Stewart Island population is stable due to the lack of these predators,[2] however stoats may have colonised the island in 2000.[8]

In 2018 a drought caused a poor breeding season for Haast tokoeka and killed three chicks; six were airlifted to Orokonui Ecosanctuary near Dunedin, and then on to a "creche" on Rona Island in Lake Manapouri, Fiordland.[12]

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Apteryx australis (southern brown kiwi)". PBDB.
  2. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2019). "Apteryx australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22678122A155418586. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22678122A155418586.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
  4. ^ Brands, S. (2008)
  5. ^ Gill; et al. (2010). "Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica" (PDF) (4th ed.). Te Papa Press. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  6. ^ Gotch, A. F. (1995)
  7. ^ a b Robertson, H.A. (May 2014). "Southern brown kiwi". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e f BirdLife International (2016)
  9. ^ "Apteryx australis (Brown kiwi)". Animal Diversity Web.
  10. ^ "Apteryx australis (Brown kiwi)". Animal Diversity Web.
  11. ^ Save the Kiwi (2008)
  12. ^ Mills, Laura (27 February 2018). "Drought kills Haast kiwi chicks". Hokitika Guardian. p. 2.

References

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Southern brown kiwi: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The southern brown kiwi, tokoeka, or common kiwi (Apteryx australis) is a species of kiwi from South Island, New Zealand. Until 2000 it was considered conspecific with the North Island brown kiwi, and still is by some authorities.

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Sudinsula bruna kivio ( Esperanto )

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La Sudinsula bruna kivio, Tokoeka, Tokoeko, aŭ Komuna kivio,[1] (Apteryx australis), estas specio de kivio el la Suda Insulo de Novzelando. Ĝis 2000 ĝi estis konsiderita samspecifa kun la Nordinsula bruna kivio, kaj ankoraŭ estas tiele konsiderita de kelkaj fakuloj.

Taksonomio

La nomo Apteryx australis estas bazita sur la greka kaj latina. Apteryx signifas "A-" sen "pteriks" flugiloj, kaj "australis" el "auster" la suda vento, kaj "-alis" rilata al. De tie “rilata al suda vento” estas la laŭvorta signifo de australis, ne nepre “el Aŭstralio”.[2]

La Sudinsula bruna kivio apartenas al la kivia familio kaj al ordo de Strutoformaj birdoj. Kiel ĉe ĉiuj tiuj, ties sternumo ne havas kilon, ĝi estas nefluga birdo, kaj ĝi havas distingan palaton.[1]

La Sudinsula bruna kivio estas dividata en du subspecioj:

  • A. a. australis, Sudinsula bruna kivio, kun populacio de proksimume 7,000 birdoj, kiuj troviĝas eu la Suda Insulo de Novzelando. Disa populacio, ĉe Haast, nome la Haasta bruna kivio (nekonfuzenda kun la Apteryx haastii), estas rara (kun nur ĉirkaŭ 250 specimenoj) kaj estas karaktera pro sia ruĝeca plumaro.[3]
  • A. a. lawryi, Stŭartinsula bruna kivio estas relative komuna (20,000 birdoj) tra sia teritorio, kun ĉirkaŭ 17 birdoj por kvadrata kilometro. Ties plumoj estas striecaj laŭlonge kun ruĝecbruna.[3]

Aspekto

 src=
Disekciita specimeno, kun eksponitaj muskoloj kaj flugilungoj.
 src=
Distribuado de la Sudinsula bruna kivio en sudokcidento de la Suda Insulo.

Ĝi ne havas uropigan glandon, kaj ties plumoj havas nek postmudaĵojn nek barbaĵojn. Estas grandaj vibroharoj ĉirkaŭ ties buŝo, kaj ĝi ne havas voston, nur pugostumpon. Ĝi havas longon de 45 al 55 cm kaj la ino pezas 2.1 al 3.9 kg dum la masklo pezas 1.6 al 2.8 kg. Ties beko estas longa kaj svelta kun ioma subenkurva. Kiel ĉe aliaj kivioj ĝi estas nokta animalo. La koloro de ties plumaro estas ruĝeca kun iome da strieco.[1]

Kutimaro

Voĉo

La Sudinsula bruna kivio komunikas voĉe por helpi al defendo de sia teritorio. Ili ankaŭ kantas duetojn unu kun alia partnero, nome la ino stridkrixcas "kii-ŭii" aŭ "kii-kii" kaj la maskloj raŭkas "karr karr". Maskloj estas pli voĉemaj kaj ambaŭ alvokas estante je rekta sinteno kaj havante siajn krurojn foretende kaj siajn bekojn pinte suben.[1]

Dieto

Specimeno manĝanta ĉe la Stewart Insulo

La Sudinsula bruna kivio havas longan sveltan bekon kun flankaj naztruoj pinte, kio helpas havigi al ili flarsenson. Ili uzas tion, pli ol vido aŭ aŭdo, por manĝi inter foliaro senvertebrulojn, kiaj tervermoj, larvoj de skaraboj, helikoj, araneoj, centpieduloj, kaj ortopteroj. Ties maĉstomako estas febla, kaj subuzita pro manko de planta materialo. Ties cekumo estas longa kaj mallarĝa kaj helpas al digestado.[1]

Reproduktado

La Sudinsula bruna kivio, kiel ĉiuj kivioj, havas du funkciantajn ovariojn, tamen nur la maldekstra ovodukto funkcias, permesante ovojn el ambaŭ ovariojn pasi tra ĝi. Ĝi estas monogama specio kaj post pariĝado, ili defendas siajn teritoriojn per avertaj alvokoj. La grando de ties teritorio estas inter 4.9 kaj 43 ha. Nestoj estas faritaj en truoj, aŭ ŝirme inter densa vegetaĵaro. La ino demetas 1–2 ovojn, tipe nur 1, kiun la masklo kovas dum 90 tagoj. Post kelkaj tagoj la ido elnestiĝas kaj manĝas de si mem, kvankam ĝi povas resti ĉe la gepatroj dum unu jaro. For de la reprodukta sezono, ili ripozas solece en ŝirmaj lokoj ĉe grundonivelo.[1]

Teritorio kaj habitato

Reprodukta populacio kaj tendencoj[3] Loko Populacio Dato Tendenco Stewart-insulo 20,000 1996 Stabila Fjordlando 7,000 1996 −5.8% jara malpliiĝo Haast 300[4] 2008 Pliiĝanta Totalo (Novzelando) 27,000 1996 Stabila

La Sudinsula bruna kivio loĝas en la Suda Insulo kaj en la Stewart-insulo. Sur la ĉefa tero (Suda Insulo) ili loĝas en Fjordlando kaj en la Okcidenta Distrikto. Ties teritorio estas moderklimataj kaj subtropikaj arbaroj, herbejoj kaj arbustaroj, ju pli densaj, des pli bone.[1] Ili estas disvastigataj tra la tuta Stŭartinsulo kie ili loĝas sur sablaj dunoj.[3]

Konservado

En 2000, post esti agnoskita de Internacia Unio por la Konservo de Naturo, ili estis lokitaj en la statusa grupo de vundeblaj specioj.[5] Ili havas loĝteritorion de 9,800 km2 kaj populacion de 27,000, ĉirkaŭkalkulite en 1996.[3] La vulpoposumoj, Trichosurus vulpecula, kaj la ermenoj, Mustela erminea, manĝas la kiviajn ovojn, dum la ermenoj kaj katoj manĝas kaj idojn kaj junulojn. Ankaŭ plenkreskuloj estas sub minaco de hundoj, furoj, kaj vulpoposumoj, kiuj atakas kaj ilin kaj junulojn. La populacio de la Stewart-insulo estas stabila pro manko de tiuj predantoj,[5] tamen ermenoj koloniigis la insulon en 2000.[3]

Notoj

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
  2. Gotch, A. F. (1995)
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 BirdLand International (2008)(a)
  4. Save the Kiwi (2008)
  5. 5,0 5,1 BirdLife International (2012). Apteryx australis. Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj. Versio 2012.1. Internacia Unio por la Konservo de Naturo. Elŝutita 16a Julio 2012.

Referencoj

  • BirdLife International (2008(a)). "Southern Brown Kiwi – BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  • Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Apteryx australis". Project: The Taxonomicon. Konsultita la 4an de Februaro 2009.
  • Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Kiwis". In Hutchins, Michael. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 89–92. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
  • Gotch, A.F. (1995) [1979]. "Kiwis". Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. London: Facts on File. p. 180. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
  • Save the Kiwi (2008). "Population status of the Tokoeka Kiwi". Save the Kiwi. Retrieved 9 July 2009.[dead link]
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Sudinsula bruna kivio: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Sudinsula bruna kivio, Tokoeka, Tokoeko, aŭ Komuna kivio, (Apteryx australis), estas specio de kivio el la Suda Insulo de Novzelando. Ĝis 2000 ĝi estis konsiderita samspecifa kun la Nordinsula bruna kivio, kaj ankoraŭ estas tiele konsiderita de kelkaj fakuloj.

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Apteryx australis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El kiwi común (Apteryx australis), también conocido como tokoeka, es una especie de ave estrutioniforme de la familia Apterygidae.[2]​ Su distribución geográfica es Nueva Zelanda.

Esta ave del tamaño de una gallina, que se reconoce fácilmente por su pico largo y delgado, pone el huevo más grande en relación con su tamaño. Mide 55 cm.

Subespecies

Hay quienes clasifican dentro de esta especie a Apteryx mantelli, como una subespecie de Apteryx australis, denominándola Apteryx australis mantelli.

Referencias

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Apteryx australis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El kiwi común (Apteryx australis), también conocido como tokoeka, es una especie de ave estrutioniforme de la familia Apterygidae.​ Su distribución geográfica es Nueva Zelanda.

Esta ave del tamaño de una gallina, que se reconoce fácilmente por su pico largo y delgado, pone el huevo más grande en relación con su tamaño. Mide 55 cm.

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Apteryx australis ( Basque )

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Apteryx australis Apteryx generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Apterygidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

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Apteryx australis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Apteryx australis Apteryx generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Apterygidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Eteläsaarenruskokiivi ( Finnish )

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Eteläsaarenruskokiivi (Apteryx australis)[2] on Uudessa-Seelannissa elävä lentokyvytön kiivilintu.

Eteläsaarenruskokiivi ja pohjoissaarenruskokiivi A. mantelli (Bartlett, 1852)[2] tunnettiin aiemmin samana lajina nimellä ruskokiivi Apteryx australis, mutta ne on eroteltu sittemmin toisistaan. Jäljelle jäänyt Apteryx australis on jaettu kahteen alalajiin.[3]

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Eteläsaarenruskokiivi on kiiveistä suurin, 50–65 senttiä pitkä. Koiras painaa puolestatoista kolmeen kiloa, naaras kahdesta neljään kiloa. Sen vartaloa peittävä höyhenpeite on karkea ja suojaa lintua sen liikuskellessa pimeässä pensaikossa. Muinoin maorimetsästäjät käyttivät sen nahkaa vaatteina. Luonnossa etelänruskokiivit elävät noin 20 vuotta, tarhassa 30–40 vuotta.

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Eteläsaarenruskokiivi elää Uuden-Seelannin Eteläsaarella ja Stewartinsaarella. Vuonna 2013 populaation kooksi arvioitiin 21 350 yksilöä.[1] Eteläsaarenruskokiivi pysyy tiheissä metsissä joissa on paljon suojaa ja vähän petoeläimiä.

Lisääntyminen

Kiivit pariutuvat koko elämäkseen. Puolisot kaivavat pesäkuopan maahan yhdessä lopputalvesta tai alkukeväästä. Eteläsaarenruskokiivi munii yhden suuren munan ja 4–6 viikon kuluttua toisen munan. Muna painaa 1/3 naaraan massasta ja se on massaan nähden suurin linnun muna. Haudonta kestää noin 11 viikkoa ja poikaset jättävät pesän 3–10 päivän ikäisinä. Koiras on sukukypsä 18 kuukauden ikäisenä, naaras vasta noin 4-vuotiaana.[4]

Ravinto

Ravinnokseen kiivit kaivavat maasta pikkueläimiä tai maahan karisseita hedelmiä ja marjoja.

Lähteet

  • Perrins, Christopher M. (päätoim.) 1992: Otavan lintutieto – Maailman linnut. Otava. Italia. ISBN 951-1-12001-8

Viitteet

  1. a b BirdLife International: Apteryx australis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.3. 2016. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 2.2.2018. (englanniksi)
  2. a b Maailman lintujen suomenkieliset nimet 2018 BirdLife Suomi. Viitattu 2.2.2018.
  3. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174394
  4. Animaldiversity
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Eteläsaarenruskokiivi: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Eteläsaarenruskokiivi (Apteryx australis) on Uudessa-Seelannissa elävä lentokyvytön kiivilintu.

Eteläsaarenruskokiivi ja pohjoissaarenruskokiivi A. mantelli (Bartlett, 1852) tunnettiin aiemmin samana lajina nimellä ruskokiivi Apteryx australis, mutta ne on eroteltu sittemmin toisistaan. Jäljelle jäänyt Apteryx australis on jaettu kahteen alalajiin.

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Kiwi austral ( French )

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Apteryx australis

Le Kiwi austral (Apteryx australis) est une espèce d'oiseaux endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande. Son nom est un emprunt au terme māori kivi-kivi qui désigne cet oiseau[réf. nécessaire]. Les rats et les phalangers-renard sont connus pour être des prédateurs de cet oiseau[1].

Le kiwi, de la taille d'une poule (environ 60 cm pour 2 à 3,8 kg), est doté d'ailes, réduites à des moignons (il est donc incapable de voler), d'un long bec, d'un plumage brunâtre et est dépourvu de queue. Les kiwis ont une vue médiocre, mais un odorat développé. Leurs narines sont situées à l'extrémité de leur bec. Le kiwi reste caché le jour et sort la nuit chercher sa nourriture, des larves d'insectes qu'il trouve dans le sol grâce à son odorat. C'est un animal qui vit généralement en milieu forestier.

Les kiwis vivent en couple, et ce pendant une trentaine d'années. La femelle est plus grosse que le mâle, et pond des œufs qui représentent environ 20 % de son poids. Proportionnellement, c'est le plus gros œuf du monde. C'est le mâle qui couve les œufs. L'incubation dure de 70 à 80 jours.

Description

 src=
Des vibrisses recouvrent la base du bec du Kiwi austral.

Le Kiwi austral à la taille d'une poule, il mesure environ 60 cm. La femelle a un poids compris entre 2060 et 3 850 g[2].

Le plumage de ce kiwi est gris-brun. Le bec est blanc ou rose clair. L'iris et les pattes sont bruns. Le Kiwi austral est dépourvu de queue. Ses ailes, longues de 5 cm et cachées sous son plumage, ne lui permettent pas de voler[3]. Le bec est long, fin et légèrement courbé. Ses narines sont situées à l'extrémité de son bec, son odorat est donc très développé[4].

La femelle est plus grande que le mâle[4].

Le plumage des junéviles est plus clair et plus ébouriffé que celui des adultes[5].

À l'état sauvage, le Kiwi austral peut vivre une trentaine d'années[3],[6].

Écologie et comportement

Alimentation

Le Kiwi austral chasse la nuit et se nourrit principalement d'invertébrés (vers, araignées, larves d'insectes...). Sa vue étant médiocre, il repère ses proies grâce à son odorat. Durant les périodes les plus chaudes, il complète son régime alimentaire de fruits[2],[5].

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Kiwi austral sur l'île Stewart.

Le Kiwi austral vit dans le sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande. On le trouve dans les forêts denses de l'île Stewart, des régions de Southland et de West Coast.

Sous-espèces

Selon la classification de référence du Congrès ornithologique international (version 2.11, 2012)[7] et d'après Alan P. Peterson, cette espèce est constituée des deux sous-espèces suivantes :

  • Apteryx australis australis Shaw, 1813 — Sud-Ouest de l'Île du Sud ;
  • Apteryx australis lawryi Rothschild, 1893Île Stewart.

Le Kiwi brun de l'île du nord (Apteryx mantelli) est maintenant considéré comme une espèce séparée du Kiwi austral.

Références

  1. « Le «possum», un marsupial tueur de kiwis, objet de haine en Nouvelle-Zélande », sur www.20minutes.fr (consulté le 26 juillet 2020).
  2. a et b « Kiwi austral - Apteryx australis - Southern Brown Kiwi », sur oiseaux.net (consulté le 26 juillet 2020).
  3. a et b (en) Smitha Gudipati, « Apteryx australis (brown kiwi) », sur Animal Diversity Web (consulté le 26 juillet 2020).
  4. a et b Encyclopædia Universalis, « KIWI ou APTÉRYX », sur Encyclopædia Universalis (consulté le 26 juillet 2020).
  5. a et b « Kiwi austral », sur www.oiseaux-birds.com (consulté le 26 juillet 2020).
  6. « Kiwi - Apteryx australis », sur Masai Gallery (consulté le 26 juillet 2020).
  7. Congrès ornithologique international, version 2.11, 2012

Voir aussi

Références taxonomiques

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Kiwi austral: Brief Summary ( French )

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Apteryx australis

Le Kiwi austral (Apteryx australis) est une espèce d'oiseaux endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande. Son nom est un emprunt au terme māori kivi-kivi qui désigne cet oiseau[réf. nécessaire]. Les rats et les phalangers-renard sont connus pour être des prédateurs de cet oiseau.

Le kiwi, de la taille d'une poule (environ 60 cm pour 2 à 3,8 kg), est doté d'ailes, réduites à des moignons (il est donc incapable de voler), d'un long bec, d'un plumage brunâtre et est dépourvu de queue. Les kiwis ont une vue médiocre, mais un odorat développé. Leurs narines sont situées à l'extrémité de leur bec. Le kiwi reste caché le jour et sort la nuit chercher sa nourriture, des larves d'insectes qu'il trouve dans le sol grâce à son odorat. C'est un animal qui vit généralement en milieu forestier.

Les kiwis vivent en couple, et ce pendant une trentaine d'années. La femelle est plus grosse que le mâle, et pond des œufs qui représentent environ 20 % de son poids. Proportionnellement, c'est le plus gros œuf du monde. C'est le mâle qui couve les œufs. L'incubation dure de 70 à 80 jours.

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Tokoeka ( Irish )

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Is spéiceas cíobhaí é Tokoeka. Tá sé chomh mór leis an gCíobhaí Mór Breac, tríd is tríd, agus é dealraitheach leis an gCíobhaí Donn, cé go bhfuil sé níos dathéadroime. Is léir ón DNA is sine go raibh sé le fáil ar chósta thoir an Oileáin Theas tráth.

Fospéiceas

Tá cúpla fospéiceas ann:

  • Tokoeka Oileáin Stewart (Apteryx australis lawryi).
  • Tokoeka na gCaolsáilí Thuaidh (Apteryx australis ?) agus Tokoeka na gCaolsáilí Theas (Apteryx australis ?) in iardheisceart an Oileáin Theas.
  • Tokoeka Haast (Apteryx australis ?), an fospéiceas is teirce agus gan ann ach timpeall 300 éan. Tugadh aitheantas dó sa bhliain 1993. Le fáil i limistéar cúng iargúlta i Sléibhte Haast san Oileán Theas. Gob air atá níos cuaire ná mar is gnách, agus clúmh sách rua air.
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Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Tokoeka: Brief Summary ( Irish )

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Is spéiceas cíobhaí é Tokoeka. Tá sé chomh mór leis an gCíobhaí Mór Breac, tríd is tríd, agus é dealraitheach leis an gCíobhaí Donn, cé go bhfuil sé níos dathéadroime. Is léir ón DNA is sine go raibh sé le fáil ar chósta thoir an Oileáin Theas tráth.

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Smeđi kivi ( Croatian )

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Obični ili smeđi kivi (Apteryx australis) je vrsta kivija koji nastanjuje južni otok Novog Zelanda. Do 2000. godine je smatran istom vrstom kao i kivi sa sjevernog otoka, i još uvijek je po nekima.

Opis

Smeđi kivi nema žlijezde iz kojih teče ulje, a njegovo perje nema zupce i kukice. Ima velike brkove oko usta i nema repa, samo trticu. Dug je 45-55 cm, ženka je teška 2,1-3,9 kg, a mužjak 1,6-2,8 kg. Kljun je dug i tanak, i pomalo zakrivljen prema dolje. Ovo je noćna ptica, kao i ostali kiviji. Perje je riđe boje i lagano isprugano.

Smeđi kiviji komuniciraju zvukom i njime brane teritorije. Također pjevaju u duetu, sa ženkom koja se oglašava sa "kee-wee" ili "kee-kee" i mužjakom sa "kurr kurr". Mužjaci su vokalniji i glasaju se u uspravljenoj poziciji sa raširenim nogama i kljunom uperenim prema gore.

Imaju duge kljunove sa nosnicama na vrhu, što im daje odličan osjet mirisa. Ovo koriste više nego vid ili sluh kada traže hranu skrivenu u zemlji. Hrane se gujavicama, larvama, puževima, paucima, gusjenicama i pravokrilcima. Želudac im je slab. Slijepo crijevo im je dugo i tanko i pomaže u probavi.

Ženke smeđeg kivija, kao i kod drugih vrsta kivija, imaju dva jajnika, ali samo lijevi jajovod funkcionira, što dopušta jajima iz oba jajnika da prođu. Monogamna je vrsta i kada se mužjak i ženka spare ostat će zajedno do kraja života i braniti svoj teritorij. Veličina teritorija je između 12 i 106 jutara zemlje. Gnijezda prave u jazbinama ili skrivene ispod guste vegetacije. Ženka nese 1-2 jajeta, obično samo jedno, koja mužjak inkubira 90 dana. Nakon nekoliko dana ptić izlazi iz gnijezda i sam se hrani, ali sa roditeljima može ostati oko jednu godinu.Kada ne inkubiraju jaja, odmaraju se sami na zaklonjenim mjestima na nivou tla.

Rasprostranjenost i stanište

Smeđi kivi živi na oba otoka Northlandu i Taranakiju sa malenim raštrkanim populacijama drugdje. Na Južnom otoku žive u Fiordlandu i Westlandu. Staništa su im umjerene i suptropske šume, travnjaci i šikare, što gušće to bolje. Na otoku Stewart također žive na pješćanim dinama.

Zaštita

2000., nakon što je priznat kao zasebna vrsta od strane IUCN-a, smeđi kivi je smješten među osjetljive vrste. Njih oko 27 000 (procjena od 1996-e) živi na površini od oko 9 800 km2. Trichosurus vulpecula i hermelini jedu jaja, a ptiće jedu mačke i također hermelini. Odrasle ubijaju psi,mačke, lasice i oposumi. Populacija otoka Stewart je stabilna jer ovi grabežljivci još nisu došli na taj otok, ali je moguće da su ga 2000. kolonizirali hermelini.

Drugi projekti

Commons-logo.svgU Wikimedijinu spremniku nalazi se još gradiva na temu: smeđi kiviWikispecies-logo.svgWikivrste imaju podatke o: smeđem kiviju
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Smeđi kivi: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Obični ili smeđi kivi (Apteryx australis) je vrsta kivija koji nastanjuje južni otok Novog Zelanda. Do 2000. godine je smatran istom vrstom kao i kivi sa sjevernog otoka, i još uvijek je po nekima.

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Apteryx australis ( Italian )

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Il kiwi australe o kiwi bruno (Apteryx australis Shaw, 1813) è un uccello della famiglia degli Apterigidi, endemico della Nuova Zelanda.[2]

Descrizione

Il corpo del kiwi risulta arrotondato e le dimensioni sono rapportabili a quelle di una gallina domestica. Il maschio e la femmina sono piuttosto simili, anche se la seconda è leggermente più grande. Le dimensioni medie sono:

  • Maschio - Altezza: 50–65 cm, peso: 1440-3060 g, lunghezza del becco: 110–155 mm.
  • Femmina - Altezza: 50–65 cm, peso: 2060-3850 g, lunghezza del becco: 130–205 mm.

Il piumaggio è bruno o grigio ed è filiforme, dall'aspetto quasi lanoso. Nonostante il nome Apteryx significhi senza ali, in realtà le ali esistono, ma sono talmente piccole da rimanere nascoste sotto le penne, mentre la coda è assente. Le zampe sono provviste di tre dita. Gli arti sono forti e robusti così da garantire una rapida corsa ed una certa agilità nel salto. Il becco è allungato e arcuato e all'estremità sono poste le narici (ricordiamo che in genere negli uccelli le narici sono alla base del becco).

Biologia

Alimentazione

La sua dieta si basa prevalentemente sulla cattura di piccoli invertebrati ma si nutre anche di frutta e foglie.

Riproduzione

Depone un uovo per volta, solitamente in una fossa scavata nel terreno. Il periodo di incubazione è molto lungo e va da 74 a 84 giorni e i piccoli lasciano il nido dopo circa una settimana dalla schiusa delle uova.[3]

Sistematica

Sono riconosciute valide due sottospecie:[2]

Distribuzione e habitat

L'areale del kiwi bruno è ristretto alla regione di Fiordland (Isola del Sud) e all'isola di Stewart, con una popolazione isolata nell'area di Haast (Isola del Sud).[1]

Si adatta ad una varietà di habitat che vanno dalle dune costiere alle macchie e alle foreste.

Conservazione

Sull'isola di Stewart la popolazione è abbastanza ampia (circa 15.000 esemplari in un censimento del 2008), ancorché in lento declino; nel Fiordland sono stati stimati circa 14,500 esemplari mentre la popolazione di Haast è di appena 300 individui.[1]
La sua sopravvivenza è minacciata dalla introduzione di predatori alloctoni quali il tricosuro volpino (Trichosurus vulpecula) e l'ermellino (Mustela erminea) nonché di cani e gatti domestici, che predano sia le uova, sia i pulcini, potendo talora costituire una minaccia anche per gli esemplari adulti.

La IUCN Red List classifica pertanto A. australis come specie vulnerabile.

Parte del suo areale è protetto all'interno del Parco nazionale del Fiordland.

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Apteryx australis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 28 aprile 2016.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Apterygidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il accesso=28 aprile 2016.
  3. ^ Marchant S. & Higgins P.J., Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds, Vol 1, Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1990.

Bibliografia

  • Baker, A. J.; Daugherty, C. H.; Colbourne, R.; McLennan, J. L., Flightless Brown Kiwis of New Zealand possess extremely subdivided population structure and cryptic species like small mammals, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 92, 1995, pp. 8254-8258.
  • Colbourne, R., Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) on offshore New Zealand islands: populations, translocations and identification of potential release sites, Wellington, New Zealand Department of Conservation, 2005.
  • Colbourne, R., Bassett, S., Billing, A., McCormack, H., McLennan, J., Nelson, A. and Robertson, H., The development of Operation Nest Egg as a tool in the conservation management of kiwi, Wellington, Department of Conservation, 2005.
  • Heather, B. D.; Robertson, H. A., The field guide to the birds of New Zealand, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Holzapfel, S.; Robertson, H.A.; McLennan, J.A.; Sporle, W.; Hackwell, K.; Impey, M., Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) recovery plan 2008–2018, Wellington, Department of Conservation, 2008.
  • Marchant, S.; Higgins, P. J., Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds, 1: ratites to ducks, Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1990.
  • McLennan, J.A., Dew, L., Miles, J., Gillingham, N. and Waiwai, R., Size matters: predation risk and juvenile growth in North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli), in New Zealand Journal of Ecology, vol. 28, n. 2, 2004, pp. 241-250.
  • McLennan, J. A.; Potter, M. A.; Robertson, H. A.; Wake, G. C.; Colbourne, R.; Dew, L.; Joyce, L.; McCann, A. J.; Miles, J.; Miller, P. J.; Reid, J., Role of predation in the decline of kiwi, Apteryx spp., in New Zealand, in New Zealand Journal of Ecology, vol. 20, 1996, pp. 27-35.
  • Robertson, H., Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) recovery plan 1996-2006, Wellington, Department of Conservation, 2003.
  • Robertson, H. A., Kiwi recovery plan 1996-2006, Wellington, Department of Conservation, 1998.
  • Robertson, H.A., Colbourne, R.A., Graham, P.J., Miller, P.J. and Pierce, R.J., Experimental management of Brown Kiwi Apteryx mantelli in central Northland, New Zealand, Bird Conservation International, 2010.

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Apteryx australis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il kiwi australe o kiwi bruno (Apteryx australis Shaw, 1813) è un uccello della famiglia degli Apterigidi, endemico della Nuova Zelanda.

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Apteryx australis ( Latin )

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Apteryx australis (Maoriane: tokoeka; Anglice: common kiwi[1]) est species avium familiae Apterygidarum. Silvas meridionalis insulae Novae Zelandiae habitat.

Notae

  1. 1.0 1.1 S. J. J. F. Davies 2003.
  2. S. Brands 2008.

Bibliographia

Avis Haec stipula ad avem spectat. Amplifica, si potes!
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Apteryx australis: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Apteryx australis (Maoriane: tokoeka; Anglice: common kiwi) est species avium familiae Apterygidarum. Silvas meridionalis insulae Novae Zelandiae habitat.

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Rudasis kivis ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Apteryx australis

Rudasis kivis (lot. Apteryx australis) – strutinių paukščių (Struthioniformes) būrio paukštis.

Išskiriami 2 porūšiai:[2][3]

Paplitimas ir biotopas

Endeminis Naujosios Zelandijos paukštis. Paplitęs Pietų saloje, Stiuarto saloje. Populiacijoje 19 000 individų. Biotopas – miškai, krūmai, pievos, kuriose yra kupstų. Stiuarto saloje juos galima aptikti smėlio kopose.

Išvaizda

Neskraidantis paukštis. Kūnas kriaušės formos. Plunksnos ilgos, panašios į plaukus. Galva ir kaklas tamsiai pilki. Viršutinė dalis kaštoninė su juodais dryžiais. Apačia – pilkai ruda. Aplink snapą yra lytėjimui jautrios plunksnos. Akys mažos, rudos spalvos. Snapas plonas, patinų 11-15,5 cm ilgio, o patelių 13-20,5 cm. Snapo gale šnervės. Sparnai 5 cm ilgio, iš po tankios plunksnų dangos jų nesimato. Uodegos neturi. Kojos trumpos, storos ir stiprios. Kojų pirštai ilgi.

Biologija

Elgsena

Naktinis, baikštus paukštis. Dieną slepiasi urvuose, uolų plyšiuose, rąstų ertmėse ar tankioje žolėje. Gina savo teritoriją. Apie teritorijos ribas praneša balsu. Patinų balsas veriantis, kylantis ir nusileidžiantis, švilpimas, patelių – žemo tono kimus riksmas. Dažniausiai girdimi pirmas dvi tamsos valandas. Taip pat teritoriją gina aštriais ir stipriais nagais. Gerai girdi ir užuodžia. Laisvėje gyvena apie 20 metų.[4]

Mityba

Kiviai ieško maisto

Uoslės pagalba kelių centimetrų gylyje dirvoje ar lapuose aptinka cikadas, šimtakojus, kirmėles, vorus, vikšrus, vėžiagyvius, varliagyvius. Taip pat užuodžia uogas ir nukritusius, prinokusius vaisius. Jaučia skonį. Po medžioklės dirvoje lieka kūgio formos duobutės.[4]

Dauginimasis

Monogamai. Paukščių tuoktuvės prasideda kovo – birželio mėnesiais. Lizdus krauna urvuose, uolų plyšiuose ar rąstų drevėse.

Kiaušinius deda birželio–gruodžio mėnesiais Pietų saloje, o liepos – lapkričio mėnesiais – Stiuarto saloje.[5] Dėtyje 1-2 dideli, balti kiaušiniai. Jų svoris apie 430 g, dydis – 129 x 78 mm (14-20 % patelės masės). Trynys užima 60 % kiaušinio tūrio. Jei deda du kiaušinius, intervalas tarp dėčių 25-30 dienų.

Peri abu tėvai, kartais padeda kiti grupės nariai. Perint išsišeria plunksnos krūtinės srityje, todėl kiaušinis gauna daugiau šilumos. Patinas netenka trečdalio kūno masės. Peri 75-84 dienas.

Išsiritę jaunikliai sveria 275 g ir yra 12 cm ilgio. Tėvai jauniklių nemaitina. Pirmomis dienomis jaunikliams pakanka maisto iš trynio. Po 5-6 jie pradeda maitintis patys, o po 14-20 dienų tampa visiškai nepriklausomi. Šeimos teritorijoje lankosi apie 7 metus. Patinai lytiškai subręsta 18 mėnesių, o patelės po 3 metų.[4]

Apsauga

Pasaulinės gamtos organizacijos duomenimis rudasis kivis yra pažeidžiama rūšis. Invazinės gyvūnų rūšyskatės, šermuonėliai, šeškai, riestauodegiai posumai, Polinezijos žiurkės minta rudojo kivio jaunikliais. Suagę kiviai yra lengvas šunų grobis. Dėl žmogaus ūkinės veiklos nyksta buveinės.

Rūšies apsaugos veiksmai:

  • Plėšrūnų skaičiaus reguliavimas.
  • Kiaušinių surinkimas ir inkubavimas. Paauginti iki 1200 g svorio jaunikliai paleidžiami į laisvę.
  • Nuolatinis paukščių stebėjimas juos žieduojant ir radijo sekimo sistemų naudojimas

Nuorodos

Vikiteka

  1. „IUCN Red List - Apteryx australis“. IUCN Red list.
  2. „Naujosios Zelandijos, Norfolko ir Makvorio salų ir Roso teritorijos paukščių kontrolinis sąrašas“ (PDF). Naujosios Zelandijos ornitologų draugija. Ketvirtas leidimas, 2010. Psl. 21. anglų k.
  3. „Pasaulio paukščių domenų bazė“. anglų k.
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 „Gyvūnų įvairovė. Rudasis kivis - Apteryx australis“. Mičigano universiteto zoologijos muziejus.
  5. „Rudasis kivis: video, fotografijos, faktai“. Nepelno organizacija „Wildscreen“ anglų k.
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Rudasis kivis: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Rudasis kivis (lot. Apteryx australis) – strutinių paukščių (Struthioniformes) būrio paukštis.

Išskiriami 2 porūšiai:

Apteryx australis australis, Pietų sala Apteryx australis lawryi, Stiuarto sala
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Zuidereilandkiwi ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De Zuidereilandkiwi of bruine kiwi (Apteryx australis) behoort net als de andere soorten kiwi's tot de zogenaamde Paleognathae met vier andere ordes (tinamoes, struisvogels, nandoes en kasuarissen en emoes). Dit zijn (meestal) loopvogels die in het skelet (kaak en borstbeen) en het DNA kenmerken vertonen die bij andere vogels ontbreken.

Kenmerken

De zuidereilandkiwi en de noordereilandkiwi (Apteryx mantelli) werden lang (en soms nog) beschouwd als ondersoorten.[2]

De zuidereilandkiwi is ongeveer van hetzelfde formaat als de grote gevlekte kiwi en ziet eruit als noordereilandkiwi, maar het verenkleed is lichter van kleur. De lengte is 45–55 cm, het vrouwtje weegt 2.1–3.9 kg, het mannetje 1.6–2.8 kg. Ze hebben korte, dikke poten en een lange, dunne snavel die licht neerwaarts gebogen is. De kleur is roodbruin en er zit een zekere streping in het verenkleed.

Leefwijze

Het dier vindt zijn voedsel door met de snavel op de bodem te kloppen. Ze prikken met hun snavel tot 15 cm diep in de grond. Zijn voedsel bestaat uit regenwormen, cicaden, keverlarven, duizendpoten en gevallen vruchten. Het zijn nachtdieren en ze kunnen niet vliegen.

Voortplanting

Het vrouwtje legt slechts 2 grote eieren.

Verspreiding

De zuidereilandkiwi komt voor in het westen en zuiden van het Zuidereiland van Nieuw-Zeeland. Uit onderzoek naar DNA in fossielen bleek dat deze kiwi een veel grotere verspreiding heeft gehad over het Zuidereiland, voor de mens daar verscheen.[3]

Ondersoorten

De zuidereilandkiwi wordt weer onderverdeeld in vier ondersoorten:

  • Stewart Island Tokoeka (A. a. lawryi)
  • Northern Fiordland Tokoeka
  • Southern Fiordland Tokoeka
  • Haast Tokoeka (A. a. australis)

Status

De soort als geheel wordt beschouwd als kwetsbaar. De grootste bedreigingen zijn predatie door verwilderde katten en andere geïntroduceerde roofdieren zoals de hermelijn.[1] De trends in aantal van de verschillende ondersoorten verschilt per regio.

Broedpopulaties en aantalsverloop Regio Populatie-omvang Jaar Trend (%/jr)[4] Haast 300 2008 +7,2% Stewart Island 15.000 2008 -2,2% Noord-Fiordland 10.000 2008 -1,6% Zuid-Fiordland 4.500 2008 -2,5% Totaal Nieuw-Zeeland 29.800 2008 -1,9% Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Zuidereilandkiwi op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Baker, A. et al., 1995. Flightless brown kiwis of New Zealand possess extremely subdivided population structure and cryptic species like small mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:254-8258. full text
  3. (en) Shepherd, , L.D. & Lambert, D.M., 2008. Ancient DNA and conservation: lessons from the endangered kiwi of New Zealand Molecular Ecology 17, 2174–2184.
  4. Website Save the kikw
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Zuidereilandkiwi: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Zuidereilandkiwi of bruine kiwi (Apteryx australis) behoort net als de andere soorten kiwi's tot de zogenaamde Paleognathae met vier andere ordes (tinamoes, struisvogels, nandoes en kasuarissen en emoes). Dit zijn (meestal) loopvogels die in het skelet (kaak en borstbeen) en het DNA kenmerken vertonen die bij andere vogels ontbreken.

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Sørbrunkivi ( Norwegian )

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Sørbrunkivi, Apteryx australis, òg kjent som tokoeka, er ein mellomstor kiviartSørøya på New Zealand og på Stewart Island sør for Sørøya. Sørbrunkivi tilhøyrer kivifamilien og er medlem av ordenen strutsefuglar, Struthioniformes. Kivifamilien er endemisk til New Zealand.

Taksonomi

Fram til år 2000 blei det som den gongen var kalla brunkivi, Apteryx australis, tenkt å inkludere okaritokivi og nordbrunkivi, i tillegg til sørbrunkivi. Men ved hjelp av genetiske kodar frå kvar av dei ovannemnde, blei det fastslått at tokoeka var ein eigen art, tok namnet Apteryx australis, og nordbrunkivi, noverande Apteryx mantelli blei splitta ut. Kort tid etter, blei fleire genetiske testar gjort med okaritokivi og det blei avgjort at okaritokivi var ein eigen art med vitskapleg namn Apteryx rowi.

Sørbrunkivi er delt inn i to underartar:

  • Apteryx australis australis, er ein populasjon på ca. 7000 fuglar er funne på sørvestre del av Sørøya på New Zealand, Fiordland. Ein åtskilt delbestand i Haast, nordlege Fiordland, held berre rundt 250 gjenlevande individ.[1]
  • Apteryx australis lawryi, lever på Stewart Island/Rakiura, og er relativt vanleg, 20 000 fuglar, i heile utbreiingsområdet, ca. 17 fuglar per kvadratkilometer.

Det vitskaplege namnet for sørbrunkivi, Apteryx australis, er basert på gresk og latin. Apteryx tyder A- 'utan', pterux 'venger', og auster 'vinden frå sør', og -alis 'relatert til'. Australis tyder her 'relatert til sørleg vind' og ikkje Australia.[2]

Skildring

Sørbrunkiviar er typisk mørkebrune på Stewart Island med variasjonar i meir gråbrunt i Fjordland og populasjonen i Haast er kjenneteikna av meir raudbrun fjørdrakt. Fjørene er smykka med raudbrune streker i lengderetninga.[1] Kroppslengda er på 45-55 cm, hoa veg 2.1-3.9 kg og hannen veg 1.6-2.8 kg. Nebbet er langt og slankt og svakt nedkurva. Som andre kiviar er denne arten eit nattdyr.

Til likskap med strutsefuglar, manglar dei brystbeinskam på brystbeinet, sternum, og dei har ein særeigen gane.[3] Denne fuglen har ingen gumpkjertel, og fjørene har ingen bistrålehakar. Dei har store vêrhår rundt nebbet, og har pygostyle som manglar halefjører.

Habitatet deira er tempererte og subtropiske skogar, grassletter, og buskland, jo tettare jo betre.[3] Dei er utbreidd over heile Stewart Island kor dei òg lever på sanddynene.[1]

Åtferd

Sørbrunkivi kommuniserer vokalt for å forsvare territoriet sitt. Dei vil òg synge duettar med kvarandre. Hannar har meir skingrande læte, hoer er hese og gutturale. Hannane er meir vokal og dei begge syng i ei oppreist stilling med beina strekt ut og nebbet peikande opp.[3]

Sørbrunkivi har eit langt tynnt nebb med nasebor ved spissen, som bidreg til å gje dei den utmerkte luktesansen deira. Dei nyttar luktesans meir enn synet og høyrsla til å søkje fram virvellause dyr, inkludert meitemark, biller larvar, sniglar, edderkoppar, skolopendrar og rettvengjer. Kråsen er veik og underutvikla grunna lite plantekost.[3]

Sørbrunkivi, som alle kiwiar, har to fungerande eggstokkar, men berre den venstre eggleiar er i funksjon, slik at egg frå begge eggstokkane passerer gjennom den venstre. Dette er ein monogam art og når eit par er gått saman, vil de forsvare territoriet sitt med varsellydar. Storleiken på territoria deira er mellom 5 og 43 hektar. Reiret blir lagt i hòler, eller skjerma under tett vegetasjon. Hoa legg 1-2 egg, vanlegvis berre eitt, kor hannen rugar i 90 dagar. Nokre dagar etter klekking vil ungen gå ut av reiret og finne føde på eiga hand, sjølv om det kan halde seg rundt foreldra i eit år. Når dei ikkje rugar egg, skjuler dei seg og kviler åleine på avskjerma plassar på bakkenivå.[3]

Trugsmål og vern

Etter at arten vart anerkjent av IUCN i 2000, blei dei klassifisert som sårbare.[1] Populasjonen er estimert til totalt 29 800 individ (2008) og er minkande.[1] Ein art av pungrev Trichosurus vulpecula, og røyskatt, et egga, røyskatt og kattar et ungar og ungfuglar. Vaksne er òg truga av hundar, ilderar og pungrevar åtakar både vaksne og ungar. Populasjonen på Stewart Island er stabil på grunn av mangel på desse rovdyra.[1]

Kjelder

Referansar

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 BirdLife International 2012
  2. Gotch, A.F. (1995) [1979]. «Kiwis». Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. London: Facts on File. s. 180. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). «Kiwis». I Hutchins, Michael. Kiwis. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 utg.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. s. 89–92. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.

Bakgrunnsstoff

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Sørbrunkivi: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Sørbrunkivi, Apteryx australis, òg kjent som tokoeka, er ein mellomstor kiviartSørøya på New Zealand og på Stewart Island sør for Sørøya. Sørbrunkivi tilhøyrer kivifamilien og er medlem av ordenen strutsefuglar, Struthioniformes. Kivifamilien er endemisk til New Zealand.

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Sørbrunkivi ( Norwegian )

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Sørbrunkivi eller brunkivi (Apteryx australis) er en flygeudyktig fugl i kivifamilien. Den er endemisk i New Zealand.

Underarter

Brunkivien har to underarter.

Treliste

Beskrivelse

Sørbrunkivien er 45-55 cm. lang. Hunnen veier 2,1 til 3,9 kg. Hannen veier 1,8 til 2,8 kg. Den er, som andre kivier, et nattaktivt dyr. Fargen er gråbrun.

Føde

Føden består av virvelløse dyr som meitemarker, edderkopper, billelarver, snegler, skolopendere og rettvinger.

Atferd

Kivier er monogame fugler, så når de har dannet par vil de forsvare territoriene sine med varselslyder. Territoriene kan være mellom 4.9 ha. til 43 ha. Reirene bygges i huler dekket med tett vegetasjon. Hunnen legger 1 eller 2 egg, som regel bare ett, som hannen ruger i 90 dager. Etter noen få dager etter at kyllingen har klekket ut av egget forlater den reiret og finner mat selv. Den holder seg nær foreldrene i ca. et år.

Habitat og utbredelse

Populasjon Sted Antall Dato Status Stewart Island 20 000 1996 Stabil Fiordland 7000 1996 Minkende Haast 300 2008 Økende Totalt (New Zealand) 27 000 1996 Synkende

Brunkivien lever på Sørøya (A. a. australis) og Stewart Island (A. a. lawryi). Den lever i skogsområder.

Se også

Referanser

  1. ^ Syvertsen, P. O., Ree, V., Hansen, O. B., Syvertsen, Ø., Bergan, M., Kvam, H., Viker, M. & Axelsen, T. 2008. Virksomheten til Norsk navnekomité for fugl (NNKF) 1990-2008. Norske navn på verdens fugler. Norsk Ornitologisk Forening. www.birdlife.no (publisert 22.5.2008). Besøkt 2016-08-07

Eksterne lenker

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Sørbrunkivi: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Sørbrunkivi eller brunkivi (Apteryx australis) er en flygeudyktig fugl i kivifamilien. Den er endemisk i New Zealand.

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Kiwi brunatny ( Polish )

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Kiwi brunatny (Apteryx australis) – gatunek nielotnego ptaka z rodziny kiwi (Apterygidae).

Systematyka

Wyróżniono dwa podgatunki A. australis[3]:

Cechy

  • długość: do 90 cm
  • wysokość: do 35 cm
  • waga: do 3,2 kg
  • liczba jaj: 1–3
  • okres inkubacji: około 84 dni
  • pobyt w gnieździe: 6 dni
  • dojrzałość płciowa: samce po 14 miesiącach, samice po 2 latach
  • pożywienie: dżdżownice, pająki, owady i ich larwy
  • długość życia: rekord 35 lat

Występowanie

Wyspa Południowa i Wyspa Stewart (Nowa Zelandia).

Tryb życia i inne informacje

Żyje w parach. Nocny tryb życia. Żywi się owadami, robakami, owocami, czasem gadami i płazami. Młode przychodzą na świat dobrze rozwinięte. Opiekuje się nimi przez jakiś czas samiec. Nazwa tego ptaka pochodzi od dźwięku „kiwi”, którym samce nawołują samice w okresie godowym.

Według danych nowozelandzkiego departamentu ochrony przyrody, obecnie 9 na 10 piskląt wykluwających się w środowisku naturalnym pada ofiarą drapieżnych ssaków już w pierwszym roku życia.

Przypisy

  1. Apteryx australis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Apteryx australis. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Frank Gill, David Donsker: Family Apterygidae (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 5.4. [dostęp 2013-10-20].
p d e
Endemiczne ptaki Nowej ZelandiiGatunki lądowe Kiwi Perkozy Pelikanowe Blaszkodziobe Sokołowe Żurawiowe Siewkowe Gołębiowe Papugowe Kukułkowe Wróblowe Gatunki morskie Rurkonose Pingwiny
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Kiwi brunatny: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Kiwi brunatny (Apteryx australis) – gatunek nielotnego ptaka z rodziny kiwi (Apterygidae).

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Apteryx australis ( Portuguese )

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Apteryx australis ou quiuí-marrom-do-sul (português brasileiro) ou quiuí-castanho-do-sul (português europeu)[2] é uma espécie de ave da família Apterygidae endêmica da Nova Zelândia.

Nomenclatura e taxonomia

A espécie foi descrita em 1813 por George Shaw. Historicamente incluiu a população do norte da ilha do Sul e da ilha do Norte, referida como Apteryx mantelli, entretanto, análises moleculares demonstraram que se tratava de duas espécies distintas.[3] Duas subespécies são reconhecidas: Apteryx australis australis na ilha do Sul e Apteryx australis lawryi em Stewart.[4]

Distribuição geográfica e habitat

A espécie está distribuída na ilha do Sul, nas regiões de Fiordland e Westland (próximo a Haast), e na ilha Stewart.[1]

Referências

  1. a b BirdLife International (2012). Apteryx australis (em inglês). IUCN 2013. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2013 . Página visitada em 17 de julho de 2013..
  2. Paixão, Paulo (Verão de 2021). «Os Nomes Portugueses das Aves de Todo o Mundo» (PDF) 2.ª ed. A Folha — Boletim da língua portuguesa nas instituições europeias. ISSN 1830-7809. Consultado em 13 de janeiro de 2022
  3. BAKER, A.J.; DAUGHERTY, C.H.; COLBOURNE, R.; McLENNAN, J.L. (1995). «Flightless Brown Kiwis of New Zealand possess extremely subdivided population structure and cryptic species like small mammals». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92: 8254-8258
  4. TENNYSON, A.J.D.; PALMA, R.L.; ROBERTSON, H.A.; WORTHY, T.H.; GILL, B.J. (2003). «A new species of kiwi (Aves, Apterygiformes) from Okarito, New Zealand». Records of the Auckland Museum. 40: 55-64
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Apteryx australis: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Apteryx australis ou quiuí-marrom-do-sul (português brasileiro) ou quiuí-castanho-do-sul (português europeu) é uma espécie de ave da família Apterygidae endêmica da Nova Zelândia.

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Kivi južný ( Slovak )

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Kivi južný alebo kivi veľký alebo kivi hnedý (lat. Apteryx australis) je druh z čeľade kiviovité.

Pôvodne sa vyskytoval takmer na celom Novom Zélande. V súčasnosti je však tento robustný, hnedo sfarbený vták ohrozený odlesňovaním a introdukovanými predátormi, ako sú zdivené ošípané, psy, mačky a lasice. Pri zbere potravy sa pohybuje pomalou chôdzou, pričom sa končekom zobáka dotýka zeme a ňuchá. Zobák dokáže zasunúť do pôdy až do hĺbky 15 cm. Hľadá dážďovky, larvy hmyzu, stonôžky, ale zbiera aj opadané ovocie. Samica znáša jedno až dve vajcia, ktoré sú v pomere k jej telu veľmi veľké.

Súhrnné informácie

  • Výška: 50-65 cm
  • Hmotnosť: 1,5-4 kg
  • Operenie: pohlavia sú si podobné
  • Výskyt: Nový Zéland
  • Migrácia: stály
  • Status: zraniteľný
  • Biotopy výskytu: lesy mierneho pásma, trávnaté oblasti a pobrežia
  • Význam: v súčasnosti chovaný hlavne na perie, mäso a vajcia, brojlerové druhy dosahujú u austrálskych chovateľov v okolí Sydney hmotnosť do 10kg.

Systematika

kivi veľký (Apteryx australis Shaw, 1813)

  • Apteryx australis australis
  • Apteryx australis lawryi

Iné projekty

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Kivi južný: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Kivi južný alebo kivi veľký alebo kivi hnedý (lat. Apteryx australis) je druh z čeľade kiviovité.

Pôvodne sa vyskytoval takmer na celom Novom Zélande. V súčasnosti je však tento robustný, hnedo sfarbený vták ohrozený odlesňovaním a introdukovanými predátormi, ako sú zdivené ošípané, psy, mačky a lasice. Pri zbere potravy sa pohybuje pomalou chôdzou, pričom sa končekom zobáka dotýka zeme a ňuchá. Zobák dokáže zasunúť do pôdy až do hĺbky 15 cm. Hľadá dážďovky, larvy hmyzu, stonôžky, ale zbiera aj opadané ovocie. Samica znáša jedno až dve vajcia, ktoré sú v pomere k jej telu veľmi veľké.

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Sydkivi ( Swedish )

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Sydkivi[2] (Apteryx australis) är en fågel i familjen kivier inom ordningen strutsfåglar.[3] Detta är den enda av kiviarterna som är aktiv både dag- och nattetid.[4]

Utbredning och systematik

Sydkivi delas in i två distinkta underarter som båda finns i Nya Zeeland:[3]

  • Apteryx australis australis – förekommer på sydvästra Sydön
  • Apteryx australis lawryi – förekommer på Stewart Island.

Status

IUCN kategoriserar arten som sårbar.[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2013 Apteryx australis Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11
  4. ^ ”Kiwi Journey”. Ruggedy Range Wilderness Experience. http://www.ruggedyrange.com/guided-walk_kiwi-journey.htm. Läst 24 mars 2012.

Externa länkar

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Sydkivi: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Sydkivi (Apteryx australis) är en fågel i familjen kivier inom ordningen strutsfåglar. Detta är den enda av kiviarterna som är aktiv både dag- och nattetid.

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Ківі бурий ( Ukrainian )

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Поширення

Ендемік Нової Зеландії. Вид поширений у густих лісах на заході Південного острова та на острові Стюарт.

Опис

Відео з ківі бурим на острові Стюарт

Птах завдовжки 45-55 см. Самиці важать 2,1-3,9 кг. Самці менші — важать 1,6-2,8 кг. Забарвлення оперення сірого кольору з ледь помітними смугами. Дзьоб довгий та вузький, на кінці ледь зігнутий.

Спосіб життя

Як і інші представники ряду, цей вид живе в густих сирих лісах і веде нічний спосіб життя. Це єдиний вид ківі, який відкладає по два яйця. У рік відкладає до шести яєць. Яйце ківі бурого найбільше у порівнянні з яйцями інших видів ківі і важить до 450 г, близько 1/4 маси самого птаха. Висиджують яйця як самці, так і самиці.

Примітки

  1. BirdLife International (2013). Apteryx australis: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2013.2) (англ.) 26 November 2013
  2. а б Brands, S. (2008)

Посилання

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Apteryx australis ( Vietnamese )

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Apteryx australis là một loài chim trong họ Apterygidae.[3]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2013). Apteryx australis. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
  3. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.


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Apteryx australis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Apteryx australis là một loài chim trong họ Apterygidae.

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Южный киви ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Бескилевые
Отряд: Кивиобразные (Apterygiformes Haeckel, 1866)
Семейство: Киви (Apterygidae G. R. Gray, 1840)
Род: Киви
Вид: Южный киви
Международное научное название

Apteryx australis (Shaw, 1813)

Ареал

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ITIS 174394NCBI 8822EOL 1178363FW 369211

Южный ки́ви[1], или бурый киви[2], или обыкновенный киви[3] (лат. Apteryx australis) — нелетающая птица из рода лат. Apteryx семейства Apterygidae отряда кивиобразных (Apterygiformes). Местное маорийское название южного киви — Tokoeka.

Общая характеристика

Южный киви — эндемичный вид птиц, встречается исключительно в Новой Зеландии — на западном побережье Южного острова и на острове Стьюарт. Как и остальные представители отряда, этот вид живёт в густых сырых лесах и ведёт ночной образ жизни.

Самки южного киви при росте до 40 см весят до 3,1 кг. Самцы же заметно мельче, они весят приблизительно 2,3 кг. Оперение сероватое.

Занесён в международную Красную Книгу со статусом уязвимый (англ. Vulnerable).

Размножение

Это единственный вид киви, который часто откладывает два, а иногда и три яйца, — всего до шести яиц в год. Яйцо южного киви самое крупное по сравнению с яйцами других видов киви и весит до 450 г, около 1/4 массы самой птицы. Высиживают яйца как самцы, так и самки. У киви острова Стьюарт, которые живут не парами, а небольшими стабильными группами, насиживанием яйца занимаются не только самец и самка, но и другие птицы из группы.

Классификация

Ранее различали два подвида — Apteryx australis mantelli на Северном острове и более мелкий Apteryx australis australis на западном побережье Южного острова. По результатам новейших исследований митохондриальной ДНК, экологии, распространения и поведения этого вида киви было выдвинуто предположение, что это не один, а три разных вида. Птицам Северного острова определён статус самостоятельного вида — северный киви (A. mantelli)[4]. Небольшая (всего 200—250 птиц) популяция, обитающая в лесу Окарито на Южном острове, в 2003 году была выделена в отдельный вид — рови (A. rowi)[5].

По современной классификации, южный киви подразделяется на два подвида — Apteryx australis lowryi, который населяет остров Стьюарта, и Apteryx australis australis, который водится на западном побережье Южного острова:

Генетика

Кариотип: 80 хромосом (2n)[6].

Молекулярная генетика

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 11. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  2. Коблик Е. А. Система рецентных и субрецентных палеогнат // Древненёбные птицы (очерки филогении, систематики, биологии, морфологии и хозяйственного использования) / под ред. О. Ф. Черновой, Е. А. Коблика. — М.: Т-во научных изданий КМК, 2010. — С. 57. — 212 с. — ISBN 978-5-87317-635-9
  3. Гладков Н. А. Надотряд Бегающие птицы (Ratitae) // Жизнь животных. Том 6. Птицы / под ред. В. Д. Ильичева, А. В. Михеева, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1986. — С. 41. — 527 с.
  4. Sibley, Monroe (1990, 1993); Baker et al. (1995).
  5. Tennyson et al. (2003).
  6. de Boer (1980).
  7. 1 2 За вычетом записей для Apteryx australis mantelli, который в настоящее время считают самостоятельным видом Apteryx mantelli (см. Северный киви).
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Южный киви: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Южный ки́ви, или бурый киви, или обыкновенный киви (лат. Apteryx australis) — нелетающая птица из рода лат. Apteryx семейства Apterygidae отряда кивиобразных (Apterygiformes). Местное маорийское название южного киви — Tokoeka.

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