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Biology

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A nocturnal species, the spotted eagle-owl emerges at dusk from its daytime roost to commence hunting. From its perch among the bushes or tree branches it swoops silently down onto its prey, either snatching it up in its talons or pursuing it on foot along the ground. Airborne prey, such as bats, birds and insects may also be skilfully chased and caught on the wing. Owing to the spotted eagle-owl's extensive range and the variety of habitats it occupies, it is known to prey on a vast array of different animals, with various species of invertebrate, mammal, bird, reptile and amphibian all potentially forming part of its diet. The spotted eagle-owl will also eat carrion, and is therefore frequently encountered by roadsides scavenging road kill (2). Although a formidable hunter, because of the spotted eagle owl's relatively small size, it is sometimes preyed upon by the larger Verreaux's eagle-owl (Bubo lacteus) (4). The bond between breeding pairs of spotted eagle-owls is strong, and they may stay together for life. During the breeding season, which generally runs from July to February, the pair constructs a nest, which is usually little more than a scraped hollow on the ground, concealed amongst rocks, grass or under a bush. Favourable nesting sites may be re-used for many years, and some have been known to host successive generations of breeding pairs for up to 40 years. Incubation lasts for around one month and is carried out by the female, while the male brings food. The young fledge and leave the nest around 30 to 38 days after hatching, but remain dependent on their parents for another five weeks. Spotted eagle-owls become sexually mature at one year old, and may live for at least ten years (2).
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Conservation

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There are currently no specific conservation measures in place for the spotted eagle-owl (1). It is, however, likely to be found in many of the protected areas that occur throughout its large range (5).
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Description

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Despite being one of the smaller eagle-owl species, the spotted eagle owl, nevertheless, possesses an impressive one metre wingspan. The plumage is mainly brownish-grey and heavily marked with large white spots and blotches, with the exception of the breast and underparts, which are whitish with fine grey-brown barring. The eyes are large and bright yellow and two distinctive, elongated ear tufts extend upwards from the head. In arid areas, spotted eagle-owl individuals may be encountered with chestnut-brown plumage and orange eyes, while in south-west Arabia a smaller, tawnier subspecies, Bubo africanus milesi, occurs. The spotted eagle-owl's call is a typical hoot, hoo-hoo (2).
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Habitat

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While the spotted eagle-owl occupies a range of habitats, including rocky desert outcrops, woodland and savannah, its preferred habitat consists of low hills covered with a mixture of grassland, scrub and semi-open woodland, or rocky hills with scattered trees and bushes up to elevations of 2,100 metres (2).
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Range

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The most common species of eagle-owl in southern Africa, the spotted eagle-owl has an extremely large range extending throughout almost all of sub-Saharan Africa, as well as parts of the Arabian Peninsula (1).
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Status

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Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
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Threats

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Some spotted eagle-owl individuals have been known to become trapped in barb-wire fences, while roadside scavenging individuals are often hit by cars. Although these incidents are unfortunate, this species' wide range and general abundance mean that they are unlikely to have an effect on its global population (2).
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Spotted eagle-owl

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The spotted eagle-owl (Bubo africanus) also known as the African spotted eagle-owl and the African eagle-owl, is a medium-sized species of owl, one of the smallest of the eagle owls. Its length is 45 cm (18 in) and its weight is from 454 to 907 grams (1.0 to 2.0 lb). It has a 100 to 140 cm (39 to 55 in) wingspan.[3] The facial disk is off-white to pale ochre and the eyes are yellow. It has prominent ear-tufts, and the upper body is dusky brown, the lower parts off-white with brown bars. Prior to 1999 the spotted eagle-owl was considered conspecific with the greyish eagle-owl, but now it is classed as a separate species.

Distribution

Spotted eagle-owls are the most common species of owl found in southern Africa. They have a healthy population in most parts of the region. They are often referred to as urban owls and will live in close proximity to human habitation. They occur throughout sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian peninsula.[4] They can also be found in thorn savanna and in suburban gardens, such as the outskirts of Harare, Zimbabwe.[5]

Diet

Its prey mainly consists of rodents, small mammals, birds, insects and reptiles, although it has a dietary preference for small mammals such as rodents and shrews.[6][7] It often swallows its prey whole, with much head-jerking, pausing and resting in between, while a portion of the prey remains inside the mouth, until the prey can finally be swallowed down completely. Undigested substances such as feathers and bone are regurgitated within the next 24 hours of ingestion in the form of a pellet. For prey too large to swallow whole, the owl will tear pieces of meat from the prey, and will also tear shreds to feed nestlings. The male will hunt and bring food when the female cannot leave the nest. Sometimes, even in conditions verging on starvation, he will tear the head off a mouse, but bring the body for the female to feed to the young, or to eat herself if the eggs have not yet hatched. The species is a more generalist feeder, in contrast to say, the barn owls (Tyto) and is accordingly itinerant, remaining in a given region to hunt for a few weeks or months, then moving on when the local prey is no longer plentiful or easy to catch. Typically it will return at odd intervals of a year or two, depending on local conditions. An adult pair is typically very aggressive in defence of its hunting territory, and one obstacle for an adolescent to overcome is to find good feeding grounds where there are no incumbent adults to eject or kill it.

A spotted eagle-owl feeding on a rat
A spotted eagle-owl is feeding young owlets inside an owl house made from recycled plastic. Photographed at the Owl Rescue Centre in the North West Province of South Africa

Behaviour

The calls are generally typical, musical eagle-owl hoots. Generally the male call with two hoots: "Hooo hooopoooo" and the female answers with three, with less stress on the middle note: "Hooo hoo hooo". The young do not hoot till effectively adult, but from a very young age they will hiss threateningly and snap their beaks castanet-like if alarmed. These sounds they make throughout life, generally in a threatening attitude with head down and wings spread sideways to present their upper surfaces forward, umbrella-like. They might present such behaviour either as a challenge to rival owls or when defending nest or young against enemies. The young at least have a whickering call of protest or annoyance when handled. In a comfortable social situation the youngsters have a soft croaking "kreeep" that they are prone to repeat at regular intervals of a few seconds. If they suspect that they have lost their company, the calls increase in frequency and they are likely to go hunting for their companions. Chicks and adults will snap bills, hiss and chitter to threaten or distract.[8]

As with all owls this species, when detected, is subject to daylight harassment by local birds. In the Gauteng area its main and extremely loud tormentor is the grey loerie, respite only coming at dusk. Spotted eagle-owls are regular bathers and during summer thunderstorms may be seen on tree limbs or on the ground with spread wings.

They prefer rocky areas, favouring to roost in open areas such as on the ground, rocky outcrops and tree crowns.[9]

Reproduction

Spotted eagle-owls are monogamous, but will take a new mate shortly after the loss of a partner through death occurs. They are able to breed at around one year of age. They usually make their nest on the ground but have been known to nest on man-made structures such as window ledges of buildings or in Owl Houses, preferring large cavities. Breeding begins typically towards the end of July continuing to the first weeks of February. The female lays two to four eggs and does the incubation, leaving the nest only to eat what the male has brought for food. The incubation period lasts approximately 32 days. Spotted eagle-owlets will jump out of a nest that is off the ground at about five weeks of age and spend about ten days on the ground before they can fly. During this time, the owlets learn essential skills by mock-hunting and catching smaller prey such as insects. The parents still support feed the young owls during this stage by bringing larger prey such as rodents for the owlets to feed on.[10] Owlets make a rasping noise when they are hungry that can be heard by the parents over far distances to alert them to the owlets location. Owlets are usually wrongfully removed from their parents during this phase by unknowing individuals who assume that the owlet is either injured or abandoned due to its inability to fly. The young owls can fly at around seven weeks of age, but continue to stay with the parents for several weeks after they have fledged. They have a life span of up to 10 years in the wild and up to 20 in captivity.

Conservation

They are not globally threatened, and are often the most common owl species in their habitats.[11]

It is illegal to capture or keep any indigenous owls in South Africa without the necessary rehabilitation permit issued by the Department of Nature Conservation. Specialized care is required in captivity consisting of a balanced diet with the correct ratio of calcium to phosphorus and specific husbandry needs that should be met. If raised on the incorrect diet, owlets suffer malnutrition of various types, including metabolic bone disorder (MBD) which causes poor bone formation and could lead to their death. Specialized release methods are applied to integrate captive-raised owlets back into the wild.

Car collisions, electric wires, persecution, secondary poisoning and parasite infections such as Trichomonas gallinae[12] are the major causes of mortality. Juveniles and newly fledged birds are particularly vulnerable.

Gallery

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Bubo africanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61741628A155475138. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T61741628A155475138.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Spotted eagle-owl (Bubo africanus).
  4. ^ Prodehl, C. (1984), "2.1.4.4.2 Africa and the Arabian Peninsula", Subvolume A, Landolt-Börnstein - Group V Geophysics, vol. 2a, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 123–125, doi:10.1007/10201917_33, ISBN 3-540-12209-5, retrieved 2021-07-12
  5. ^ "Bubo africanus (Temminck). Spotted Eagle-Owl. Grand-Duc africain.", The Birds of Africa, Academic Press Limited, 1988, doi:10.5040/9781472927002.0081, ISBN 978-1-4729-2700-2, retrieved 2021-07-12
  6. ^ "Eagle Owl Bubo Bubo", Owls of Europe, Poyser, 1983, doi:10.5040/9781472597175.ch-010, ISBN 978-1-4725-9717-5, retrieved 2021-07-12
  7. ^ "Bubo africanus (Temminck). Spotted Eagle-Owl. Grand-Duc africain.", The Birds of Africa, Academic Press Limited, 1988, doi:10.5040/9781472927002.0081, ISBN 978-1-4729-2700-2, retrieved 2021-07-12
  8. ^ "The Birds of Africa. Volume IIIC. Hilary Fry, Stuart Keith and Emil K. Urban Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Ltd.1988, 611 pp., £71.50". Oryx. 23 (1): 51. January 1989. doi:10.1017/s0030605300022614. ISSN 0030-6053.
  9. ^ Reed, Denné N. (November 2005). "Taphonomic implications of roosting behavior and trophic habits in two species of African owl". Journal of Archaeological Science. 32 (11): 1669–1676. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.007.
  10. ^ "Owl Rescue Centre". www.owlrescuecentre.org.za. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  11. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
  12. ^ "The disease that's killing off Joburg's bird population, and how you can stop the spread". Roodepoort Northsider. 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  • Hockey, Phil; Dean, W.R.J.; Ryan P.G. (2005). Roberts Birds of Southern Africa. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. ISBN 978-0-620-34053-3.

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Spotted eagle-owl: Brief Summary

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The spotted eagle-owl (Bubo africanus) also known as the African spotted eagle-owl and the African eagle-owl, is a medium-sized species of owl, one of the smallest of the eagle owls. Its length is 45 cm (18 in) and its weight is from 454 to 907 grams (1.0 to 2.0 lb). It has a 100 to 140 cm (39 to 55 in) wingspan. The facial disk is off-white to pale ochre and the eyes are yellow. It has prominent ear-tufts, and the upper body is dusky brown, the lower parts off-white with brown bars. Prior to 1999 the spotted eagle-owl was considered conspecific with the greyish eagle-owl, but now it is classed as a separate species.

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