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Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Agramma laetum sucks sap of Carex
Remarks: Other: uncertain

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agrocybe paludosa is associated with Carex

Plant / resting place / on
female of Anaphothrips badius may be found on live Carex
Remarks: season: 3,7-9

Foodplant / parasite
sorus of Anthracoidea caricis sensu E&E parasitises live ovary of Carex

Plant / associate
imago of Bagous tempestivus is associated with Carex

Plant / resting place / on
larva of Bolothrips dentipes may be found on base of Carex
Remarks: season: 7-9

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Brachythops flavens grazes on leaf of Carex

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Brachythops w grazes on leaf of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Cellypha goldbachii is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Cerodontha angulata may be found on leaf of Carex

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Cerodontha caricicola may be found in leaf-mine of Carex

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Cerodontha eucaricis may be found in leaf-mine of Carex
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Cerodontha suturalis mines leaf of Carex
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
extensive, velvety colony of Cladosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Cladosporium cladosporioides is saprobic on dead, rain-soaked stem of Carex
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinopsis martinii is saprobic on decayed debris of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinopsis tigrinella is saprobic on decayed debris of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
often buried under desne layers of decayed grass leaves fruitbody of Coprinopsis urticicola is saprobic on decayed debris of Carex
Remarks: season: summer

Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Cymus glandicolor sucks sap of Carex

Plant / associate
Cyrtorhinus caricis is associated with base of clump of Carex

Plant / hibernates / within
adult of Dictyla convergens hibernates inside tussock of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, gregarious apothecium of Didymella caricis is saprobic on leaf of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Didymella proximella is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 3-7

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus haematodes grazes on leaf of Carex

Plant / associate
larva of Donacia cinerea is associated with roots of Carex

Plant / resting place / among
clustered, in groups of up to 10 cocoon of Donacia clavipes may be found among rhizome of Carex
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / resting place / among
subaquatic cocoon of Donacia dentata may be found among submerged roots of Carex

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Donacia impressa may be found on Carex
Remarks: season: 4-11

Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Donacia obscura feeds on pollen of Carex
Remarks: season: (4-)6(-9)

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Donacia simplex may be found on Carex
Remarks: season: 3-9(-11)

Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Donacia thalassina feeds on leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 6-8
Other: uncertain

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Donacia vulgaris may be found on leaf of Carex

Foodplant / secondary infection
colony of Epicoccum dematiaceous anamorph of Epicoccum nigrum secondarily infects fungus-infected Carex
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
Erirhinus aethiops feeds on stem of Carex

Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Eurygaster testudinaria sucks sap of Carex
Other: major host/prey

Plant / grows among
fruitbody of Galerina jaapii grows among Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Galerina permixta is saprobic on dead leaf of debris of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Hansfordia dematiaceous anamorph of Hansfordia caricis is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 3-7

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hemimycena delectabilis is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphodontia detritica is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of Carex
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Kateretes pedicularius feeds on Carex

Foodplant / feeds on
Kateretes pusillus feeds on Carex

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Kateretes rufilabris feeds on Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, immersed pseudothecium of Leptosphaeria caricis is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
thyriothecium of Lichenopeltella alpestris is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 4-11

Foodplant / saprobe
thyriothecium of Lichenopeltella nigroannulata is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Limnobaris pilistriata feeds on Carex

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Limnobaris t-album feeds on Carex

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Limonomyces culmigenus parasitises live Carex
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
Actinothyrium coelomycetous anamorph of Lophodermium apiculatum is saprobic on Carex

Plant / resting place / among
subaquatic cocoon of Macroplea appendiculata may be found among roots of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmiellus vaillantii is saprobic on debris of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmius caricis is saprobic on moist debris of Carex
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmius pseudocaricis is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of Carex
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Melanotus phillipsii is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Carex

Foodplant / miner
larva of Metopomyza scutellata mines leaf of Carex
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Metopomyza xanthaspis may be found on leaf of Carex
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia caricina is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 8-12

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycena bulbosa is saprobic on dead, decayed, wet debris of Carex
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycocalia denudata is saprobic on dead, wet leaf of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Mycosphaerella allicina is saprobic on Carex
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, linearly arranged pseudothecium of Mycosphaerella lineolata is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
extensive, velvety colony of Cladosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Mycosphaerella tulasnei is saprobic on dead, rain-soaked leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked sporodochium of Myrothecium dematiaceous anamorph of Myrothecium masonii is saprobic on Carex
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Niptera pulla is saprobic on dead Carex
Remarks: season: 3-5

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Notaris bimaculatus feeds within shoot of Carex

Foodplant / feeds on
Notaris scirpi feeds on stem of Carex

Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Pachybrachius fracticollis sucks sap of catkin of Carex
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Pachynematus clibrichellus grazes on leaf of Carex
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Pachynematus kirbyi grazes on leaf of Carex
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Pachynematus vagus grazes on leaf of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Paraphaeosphaeria michotii is saprobic on dead stem of Carex
Remarks: season: 1-7

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile or short-stalked apothecium of Pezizella eriophori is saprobic on dead, rotting, thinly blackly circumscripted leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 6-7

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Phalacrus caricis feeds on Carex

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Phalacrus substriatus feeds on Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial conidioma of Dinemasporium coelomycetous anamorph of Phomatospora dinemasporium is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
annual, resupinate, drying dark red fruitbody of Physisporinus sanguinolentus is saprobic on dead, decayed, sodden stem (base) of Carex
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / gall
larva of Planetella fischeri causes gall of leaf of Carex

Foodplant / gall
larva of Planetella granifex causes gall of stem of Carex

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Plateumaris affinis feeds on Carex

Plant / resting place / among
cocoon of Plateumaris braccata may be found among root of Carex

Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Plateumaris discolor feeds on pollen? of Carex
Remarks: season: (3-)6(-12)
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
larva of Platycheirus immarginatus is associated with Carex

Plant / associate
larva of Platycheirus perpallidus is associated with Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
very shortly stalked apothecium of Psilachnum asemum is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 7

Foodplant / parasite
uredium of Puccinia caricina parasitises Carex

Foodplant / parasite
telium of Puccinia urticata parasitises live Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Resinomycena saccharifera is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked, erumpent apothecium of Rutstroemia lindaviana is saprobic on dead, very rotting, fallen, locally blackened leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 5-9

Foodplant / parasite
embedded sorus of Schizonella melanogramma parasitises live leaf of Carex

Foodplant / feeds on
very numerous, densely scattered, black, covered, piercing pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria gracillima feeds on leaf of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
linearly arranged, blackish, covered then semi-erumpent pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria lineolata is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 10-3
Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Simocybe centunculus var. laevigata is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
loosely gregarious, covered pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph of Stagonospora gigaspora is saprobic on dead leaf (upper part) of Carex

Foodplant / saprobe
covered pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph of Stagonospora macropus is saprobic on dead leaf of Carex
Remarks: season: 1-4

Foodplant / saprobe
amphigenous, scattered or gregarious, immersed in parenchyma pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph of Stagonospora paludosa is saprobic on dead fruit of Carex
Remarks: season: 9-4

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trechispora minima is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Carex

Foodplant / gall
larva of Wachtliella caricis causes gall of inflorescence of Carex

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Diagnostic Description

provided by EOL authors
Herbs perennial, rarely annual. Rhizomatous; rarely stoloniferous as in Carex section Ovales. Culms trigonous; may be terete at nodes. Blades M to V to flat in cross section, rarely filiform,involute, or terete; pubescent or not. Inflorescences terminal; in racemes, spikes or panicles. Spikes consisting of unisexual flowers usually subtended by a single bract or scale. Sexuality of spikes variable. Pistillate flowers have a scale fused at edges forming the perigynium; a structure encasing the pistillate flower with an aperature for the style. Style two to three branched, rarely four; deciduous to persistent. Stamens, one to three. Achenes varied in cross section to plano-convex, biconvex to trigonous.

Online Identification Guides

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Visual Carex of North America

provided by EOL authors

Description

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Perennial herbs. Culms triangular or rarely rounded. Leaves with prominent long leaf sheaths. Inflorescence usually composed of several cylindric spikes but (in spicato-paniculata) consisting of 1-2 pyramidal panicles arising from upper leaf sheaths. Flowers unisexual, in unisexual or bisexual spikes. In this genus, in addition to the normal glume subtending the flower, the female flowers are enclosed within a utricle, which is beaked above and broad below and hence shaped something like a bottle. Ovary with 2-3 stigmas protruding from the beak at the tip of the utricle. Male flowers with usually 3 stamens.
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Carex Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=293
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Flora of Zimbabwe

Carex

provided by wikipedia EN

Carex is a vast genus of more than 2,000 species[3] of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges, however those of genus Carex may be called true sedges, and it is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of Carex is known as caricology.

Description

All species of Carex are perennial,[4] although some species, such as C. bebbii and C. viridula can fruit in their first year of growth, and may not survive longer.[5] They typically have rhizomes, stolons or short rootstocks, but some species grow in tufts (caespitose).[4] The culm – the flower-bearing stalk – is unbranched and usually erect.[4] It is usually distinctly triangular in section.[4]

The leaves of Carex comprise a blade, which extends away from the stalk, and a sheath, which encloses part of the stalk.[4] The blade is normally long and flat, but may be folded, inrolled, channelled or absent.[4] The leaves have parallel veins and a distinct midrib. Where the blade meets the culm there is a structure called the ligule.[4] The colour of foliage may be green, red or brown, and "ranges from fine and hair-like, sometimes with curled tips, to quite broad with a noticeable midrib and sometimes razor sharp edges".[6]

In this Carex panicea, the upper spike contains male flowers, and the lower spike contains female flowers.

The flowers of Carex are small and are combined into spikes, which are themselves combined into a larger inflorescence. The spike typically contains many flowers, but can hold as few as one in some species.[4] Almost all Carex species are monoecious; each flower is either male (staminate) or female (pistillate).[4] A few species are dioecious. Sedges exhibit diverse arrangements of male and female flowers. Often, the lower spikes are entirely pistillate and upper spikes staminate, with one or more spikes in between having pistillate flowers near the base and staminate flowers near the tip.[7] In other species, all spikes are similar. In that case, they may have male flowers above and female flowers below (androgynous) or female flowers above and male flowers below (gynecandrous). In relatively few species, the arrangement of flowers is irregular.

The defining structure of the genus Carex is the bottle-shaped bract surrounding each female flower.[7] This structure is called the perigynium or utricle, a modified prophyll. It is typically extended into a "rostrum" or beak, which is often divided at the tip (bifid) into two teeth.[7] The shape, venation, and vestiture (hairs) of the perigynium are important structures for distinguishing Carex species.

The fruit of Carex is a dry, one-seeded indehiscent achene or nut[4] which grows within the perigynium. Perigynium features aid in fruit dispersal.

Ecology and distribution

Carex species are found across most of the world, albeit with few species in tropical lowlands, and relatively few in sub-Saharan Africa.[5] Most (but not all) sedges are found in wetlands – such as marshes, calcareous fens, bogs and other peatlands, pond and stream banks, riparian zones, and even ditches.[7] They are one of the dominant plant groups in arctic and alpine tundra, and in wetland habitats with a water depth of up to 50 cm (20 in).[5]

Taxonomy and cytogenetics

The genus Carex was established by Carl Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum in 1753, and is one of the largest genera of flowering plants.[8] Estimates of the number of species vary from about 1100 to almost 2000.[5] Carex displays the most dynamic chromosome evolution of all flowering plants. Chromosome numbers range from n = 6 to n = 66, and over 100 species are known to show variation in chromosome number within the species, with differences of up to 10 chromosomes between populations.[9]

Carex has been divided into subgenera in a number of ways. The most influential was Georg Kükenthal's classification using four subgenera – Carex, Vignea, Indocarex and Primocarex – based primarily on the arrangement of the male and female flowers.[5] There has been considerable debate about the status of these four groups, with some species being transferred between groups and some authors, such as Kenneth Kent Mackenzie, eschewing the subgenera altogether and dividing the genus directly into sections.[5] The genus is now divided into around four subgenera, some of which may not, however, be monophyletic:[10]

Fossil record

Several fossil fruits of two Carex species have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.[12]

Uses

Ornamental

Carex species and cultivars are popular in horticulture, particularly in shady positions.[13][14] Native species are used in wildland habitat restoration projects, natural landscaping, and in sustainable landscaping as drought-tolerant grass replacements for lawns and garden meadows.[15] Some require damp or wet conditions, others are relatively drought-tolerant. Propagation is by seed or division in spring.[16]

The cultivars Carex elata 'Aurea' (Bowles' golden sedge)[17] and Carex oshimensis 'Evergold' [18] have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Other uses

A mix of dried specimens of several species of Carex (including Carex vesicaria) have a history of being used as thermal insulation in footwear (such as nutukas used by Sámi people[19]). Sennegrass is one of the names for such mixes.[19] During the first human expedition to the South Pole in 1911, such a mix were used in skaller, when camps had been set (after each stretch of travelling had been completed).[20] Carsten Borchgrevink of the British Antarctic Expedition 1898-1900 reported “I found the Lapps method of never using socks in their Finn boots answered well. Socks are never used in Finnmarken in winter time, but ‘senne grass’ which they, of course, had a special method of arranging in the 'komager' (Finn boots) … if you get wet feet while wearing the grass in the ‘komager’ you will be warmer than ever, as the fresh grass will, by the moisture and the heat of your feet, in a way start to burn or produce its own heat by spontaneous combustion. The great thing seems to be to arrange the grass properly in the boots, and although we all tried to imitate the Finns in their skill at this work, none of us felt as warm on our feet as when they had helped us.”[21]

Species serve as a food source for numerous animals,[22] and some are used as a livestock hay.[23][24]

Use by Native Americans

The Blackfoot put carex in moccasins to protect the feet during winter.[25] The Cherokee use an infusion of the leaf to "check bowels".[26] The Ohlone use the roots of many species for basketry.[27] The Goshute use the root as medicine.[28] The Jemez consider the plant sacred and use it in the kiva.[29] The Klamath people weave the leaves into mats, use the juice of the pith as a beverage, eat the fresh stems for food and use the tuberous base of the stem for food.[30] The indigenous people of Mendocino County, California use the rootstocks to make baskets and rope.[31] The indigenous people of Montana also weave the leaves into mats and use the young stems as food.[32] The Navajo of Kayenta, Arizona grind the seeds into mush and eat them.[33] The Oregon Paiute weave it to make spoons.[34] The Pomo use the roots to make baskets,[35][36] and use it to tend fishing traps.[37] They also use it to make torches.[37] The Coast Salish use the leaves to make baskets and twine.[38] The Songhees eat the leaves to induce abortions.[38] The Nlaka'pamux used the leaves as brushes for cleaning things and use the leaves as forage for their livestock.[39] The Wailaki weave the roots and leaves into baskets and use the leaves to weave mats.[40] The Yuki people use the large roots to make baskets.[41]

References

  1. ^ Ilkka Kukkonen; Heikki Toivonen (1988). "Taxonomy of wetland carices". Aquatic Botany. 30 (1–2): 5–22. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(88)90003-4.
  2. ^ "Carex L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  3. ^ Andrew L. Hipp (2007). "Nonuniform processes of chromosome evolution in sedges (Carex: Cyperaceae)". Evolution. 61 (9): 2175–2194. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00183.x. PMID 17767589. S2CID 19514206.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Robert H. Mohlenbrock; Paul Wayne Nelson (1999). "Introduction". Sedges: Carex. Volume 14 of The Illustrated flora of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 3–7. ISBN 978-0-8093-2074-5.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Peter W. Ball; A. A. Reznicek (2002). "Carex Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 420. 1754". Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae. Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press. pp. 254–258. ISBN 978-0-19-515207-4.
  6. ^ Amjad Almusaed (2010). Biophilic and Bioclimatic Architecture: Analytical Therapy for the Next Generation of Passive Sustainable Architecture. Springer. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-84996-534-7.
  7. ^ a b c d A. C. Jermy; D. A. Simpson; M. J. Y. Foley; M. S. Porter (2007). "General structure of Cyperaceae". Sedges of the British Isles. BSBI Handbook No. 1 (3rd ed.). Botanical Society of the British Isles. pp. 2–26. ISBN 978-0-901158-35-2.
  8. ^ David G. Frodin (2004). "History and concepts of big plant genera". Taxon. 53 (3): 753–776. doi:10.2307/4135449. JSTOR 4135449.
  9. ^ Andrew L. Hipp; Paul E. Rothrock; Eric H. Roalson (2009). "The evolution of chromosome arrangements in Carex (Cyperaceae)" (PDF). The Botanical Review. 75 (1): 96–109. doi:10.1007/s12229-008-9022-8. S2CID 4489708.
  10. ^ a b c Julian R. Starr; Stephen A. Harris; David A. Simpson (2008). "Phylogeny of the unispicate taxa in Cyperaceae Tribe Cariceae II: the limits of Uncinia". In Robert F. C. Naczi; Bruce A. Ford (eds.). Sedges: Uses, Diversity, and Systematics of the Cyperaceae (PDF). Monographs in Systematic Botany. Vol. 180. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. ISBN 978-1-930723-72-6. Archived from the original (PDF proof) on 2017-11-10. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  11. ^ a b c Dai Lunkai; Liang Songyun; Zhang Shuren; Tang Yancheng; Tetsuo Koyama; Gordon C. Tucker. "33. Carex Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753. 薹草属 tai cao shu". Acoraceae through Cyperaceae (PDF). Flora of China. Vol. 23. Harvard University Press. pp. 285–461.
  12. ^ Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by Else Marie Friis, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985
  13. ^ Judy Lowe (2012). "Carex". Tennessee & Kentucky Garden Guide: the Best Plants for a Tennessee or Kentucky Garden (2nd ed.). Cool Springs Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-59186-537-7.
  14. ^ Frances Tenenbaum, ed. (2003). "Carex". Taylor's Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-618-22644-3.
  15. ^ "Grasses and grasslike plants". Native Sons. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  16. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1-4053-3296-5.
  17. ^ "Carex elata 'Aurea' (Bowles' golden sedge)". RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  18. ^ "Carex oshimensis 'Evergold'". RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  19. ^ a b "Bruk av land og vann i Finnmark i historisk perspektiv" [The use of land and water in Finnmark in historical perspective]. Norges Offentlige Utredninger (in Norwegian). Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security. 1994 (21). 1994. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  20. ^ Ole Mathismoen (December 14, 2011). "Blir ikke varm i rått reinskinn". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 17. ... skalder med senegress fra Kautokeino til bruk når de hadde slått leir.
  21. ^ Borchgrevink, Carston (1980) [1901]. First on the Antarctic continent. Being an account of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898 – 1900. London: Hurst and Co.
  22. ^ Ronald W. Crites; E. Joe Middlebrooks; Sherwood C. Reed (2005). Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems. CRC Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-4200-2644-3.
  23. ^ Heinjo Lahring (2003). Water and Wetland Plants of the Prairie Provinces. University of Regina Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-88977-162-8.
  24. ^ Joel Greenberg (2010). Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-4596-0615-9.
  25. ^ Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22
  26. ^ Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54
  27. ^ Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255
  28. ^ Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 365
  29. ^ Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21
  30. ^ Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92
  31. ^ Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314
  32. ^ Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9
  33. ^ Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 16
  34. ^ Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 52
  35. ^ Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 296
  36. ^ Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11
  37. ^ a b Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12
  38. ^ a b Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73
  39. ^ Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114
  40. ^ Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 315
  41. ^ Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93

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Carex: Brief Summary

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Carex is a vast genus of more than 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges, however those of genus Carex may be called true sedges, and it is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of Carex is known as caricology.

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