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Image of Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. sylvaticum
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False Broom

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv.

Associations

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Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Albotricha acutipila is saprobic on dead stem of Brachypodium sylvaticum
Remarks: season: 4-8

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Albotricha albotestacea is saprobic on dead leaf of Brachypodium sylvaticum
Remarks: season: 2-8

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Belonopsis filispora is saprobic on dead, fallen stem of Brachypodium sylvaticum
Remarks: season: 5-11

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
Blumeria graminis parasitises live Brachypodium sylvaticum

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Cerodontha pygmaea may be found in leaf-mine of Brachypodium sylvaticum
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / gall
stroma of Epichlo causes gall of stem of Brachypodium sylvaticum

Foodplant / saprobe
mostly immersed, becoming partly erumpent to free pseudothecium of Lophiostoma semiliberum is saprobic on dead stem of Brachypodium sylvaticum
Remarks: season: 12-4

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia britannica is saprobic on dead stem of Brachypodium sylvaticum
Remarks: season: 5-7

Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Hendersonia coelomycetous anamorph of Phaeosphaeria vagans is saprobic on dead stem of Brachypodium sylvaticum

Foodplant / spot causer
embedded stroma of Phyllachora graminis causes spots on live leaf of Brachypodium sylvaticum

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Pirottaea exilispora is saprobic on dead stem of Brachypodium sylvaticum
Remarks: season: 4

Foodplant / parasite
telium of Puccinia brachypodii var. brachypodii parasitises live leaf of Brachypodium sylvaticum
Remarks: season: 7-11
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / spot causer
linear, long covered by epidermis telium of Puccinia striiformis var. striiformis causes spots on live inflorescence of Brachypodium sylvaticum

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Comments

provided by eFloras
The degree of pubescence on both vegetative parts and lemma are variable in this species.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
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Chang-Sheng Kuoh
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eFloras.org
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Comments

provided by eFloras
Wood False-Brome is a species of no value agriculturally and is generally considered undesirable in grassland.

Tor Grass, Brachypodium pinnatum (Linn.) P. Beauv., differs from Brachypodium sylvaticum by having a shorter awn shorter than the lemma, glabrous sheaths and culms and a rhizomatous habit. Although it is reported from Pakistan (R.R. Stewart 8732 det. Swallen in Stewart, Ann. Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pak. 138) this is probably an error as the species is otherwise unknown east of Iran. The Stewart specimen in question, which incidentally is at Kew despite Stewart's statement in his catalogue, although having short-awned glabrous spikelets is tufted and has hairy sheaths and leaves; it is thus better regarded as a form of Brachypodium sylvaticum.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 586 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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eFloras.org
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Comments

provided by eFloras
This species is the most widespread in the genus and is extremely polymorphic throughout its range. This has resulted in the description of many infraspecific variants. These are usually based on differences in pubescence of the vegetative parts and spikelets, but these characters are extremely plastic. The relative size of the spikelet parts is also variable and of doubtful taxonomic significance.

The name Brachypodium sylvaticum var. kelungense is based on specimens from Taiwan with mucronate glumes, but these are found throughout the range of the species. Spikelets with acute and mucronate glumes may even occur in the same raceme. The name B. sylvaticum var. gracile has been applied to small forms in China, but it is based on a type from Germany, and such specimens are probably only depauperate. Thus, while phenotypic variants may appear very different, the characters on which they are based occur in all combinations throughout the range of the species, making the recognition of infraspecific taxa very uncertain. No detailed comparison has ever been made between the European and E Asian populations.

In tropical SE Asia Brachypodium sylvaticum occurs only on mountains.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 22: 368, 369 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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eFloras.org
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Description

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Culms up to 50 cm tall, 1 mm in diameter, glabrous or pubescent, node disticnt. Blade linear, 10-12 cm long, 4-6 mm wide; ligule membranous, 2 mm long, fimbriate. Raceme up to 10 cm long, with more than 3 spikelets. Spikelets 5-12-flowered, 2 cm long; glumes chartaceous, distinctly nerved; the lower lanceolate, 2.5 mm long, 3-5-nerved, apex ending in a short awn; the upper broadly lanceolate, 4 mm long, 7-nerved, short awned; lemmaaubcoriaceous, 7-8 mm long, glabrous to pubescent, 7-nerved, tipped with an awn, awn nearly as long as the lemma; palea chartaceous, linear-oblong, as long as the lemma, 2-keeled, ciliate on keels.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
editor
Chang-Sheng Kuoh
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eFloras.org
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Description

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Tufted perennial without rhizomes; culms 30-90 cm high, erect or spreading, slender to moderately stout, hairy at and towards the nodes, otherwise smooth and glabrous. Leaf-blades up to 35 cm long, 4-12 mm wide, mostly loosely hairy, rarely hairless and rough; sheaths loosely hairy with spreading or reflexed hairs, or the upper smooth, rarely all hairless. Inflorescence 6-20 cm long, bearing 4-12 spikelets. Spikelets 2-4 cm long, cylindrical, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 8-16-flowered, glumes lanceolate or the upper narrowly oblong, sharply pointed or the upper very shortly awned, usually hairy, the lower 6-8 mm long, 5-7-nerved, the upper 8-11 mm long, 7-9-nerved; lemmas oblong-lanceolate, 7-11 mm long, shortly and stiffly hairy, rarely only rough or quite smooth, acute, tipped by an awn up to 12 mm long; anthers 3.5-4 mm long.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 586 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Description

provided by eFloras
Perennial. Culms loosely tufted, erect, slender, (20–)40–90 cm tall, 3–7-noded. Leaf sheaths sparsely to densely pilose, or sometimes glabrous; leaf blades linear, usually flat, mid or dark green, 8–35 cm, 3–9 mm wide, glabrous to pilose on one or both surfaces, or hispid along veins; ligule 0.5–2 mm. Raceme 8–12 cm, suberect or nodding, spikelets 3–9; pedicels less than 2 mm. Spikelets 1.5–3 cm, subterete, florets 5–12; glumes lanceolate, glabrous, pubescent or scabrous on veins, apex acuminate or midvein extended into awn-point, lower glume 3–10 mm, 3–7-veined, upper glume 5–14 mm, 5–9-veined; lemmas 7–14 mm, pilose or hispid on margins and upper back, sometimes sparsely, or glabrous throughout; awn 5–14 mm. Anthers 2.5–5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 22: 368, 369 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
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Distribution

provided by eFloras
Widely distributed in the temperate regions of Eurasia and northern Africa.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
editor
Chang-Sheng Kuoh
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eFloras.org
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eFloras

Distribution

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Distribution: Pakistan (Punjab, N.W.F.P., Gilgit & Kashmir); Europe and temperate Asia and the mountains of tropical Asia.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 586 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
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visit source
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eFloras

Flower/Fruit

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Fl. & Fr. Per.: (April-) June-September.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 586 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
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eFloras

Habitat & Distribution

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Mountain slopes, understory of forests. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, N India, Indonesia, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; N Africa, SW Asia, Europe].
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 22: 368, 369 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
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eFloras

Synonym

provided by eFloras
Brachypodium kelungense Honda, Journ. Jap. Bot. 12: 153. 1936.
Brachypodium sylvaticum var. kelungense (Honda) C. Hsu, Taiwania 16: 236. 1971.
Brachypodium sylvaticum var. luzoniense (Hack.) Hara, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 52: 227. 1938; C. Hsu, Taiwania 16: 236. 1971.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
editor
Chang-Sheng Kuoh
project
eFloras.org
original
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Synonym

provided by eFloras
Festuca sylvatica Hudson, Fl. Angl. 1: 38. 1762; Agropyron sylvaticum (Hudson) Chevallier; Brachypodium formosanum Hayata; B. hayatanum Honda; B. kelungense Honda; B. manshuricum Kitagawa; B. sylvaticum var. breviglume Keng ex P. C. Keng; B. sylvaticum var. gracile (Weigel) Keng; B. sylvaticum var. kelungense (Honda) C. C. Hsu; B. sylvaticum subsp. luzoniense Hackel; B. sylvaticum var. luzoniense (Hackel) H. Hara; Brevipodium sylvaticum (Hudson) A. Löve & D. Löve; Bromus gracilis Weigel; B. sylvaticus (Hudson) Lyons; Triticum sylvaticum (Hudson) Moench.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 22: 368, 369 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
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eFloras

Physical Description

provided by USDA PLANTS text
Perennials, Terrestrial, no t aquatic, Rhizomes present, Rhizome short and compact, stems close, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem nodes bearded or hairy, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath hairy, hispid or prickly, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades 1-2 cm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades more or less hairy, Leaf blades scabrous, roughened, or wrinkled, Ligule present, Ligule a fringed, ciliate, or lobed membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflore scence lax, widely spreading, branches drooping, pendulous, Inflorescence curved, twisted or nodding, Inflorescence a panicle with narrowly racemose or spicate branches, Inflorescence single raceme, fascicle or spike, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets laterally compressed, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 8-40 florets, Spikelets solitary at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes, glumes persistent, Spikelets disarticulating beneath or between the florets, Spikelets closely appressed or embedded in concave portions of axis, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes shorter than adjacent lemma, Glumes 4-7 nerved, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 5-7 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma distinctly awned, more than 2-3 mm, Lemma with 1 awn, Lemma awn less than 1 cm long, Lemma awn 1-2 cm long, Lemma awned from tip, Lemma awns straight or curved to base, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea about equal to lemma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis, Caryopsis ellipsoid, longitudinally grooved, hilum long-linear, Caryopsis hairy at apex.
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Dr. David Bogler
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Missouri Botanical Garden
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USDA NRCS NPDC
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USDA PLANTS text

Brachypodium sylvaticum

provided by wikipedia EN

Brachypodium sylvaticum, commonly known as false-brome,[1] slender false brome[2] or wood false brome, is a perennial grass native to Europe, Asia and Africa. It has a broad native range stretching from North Africa to Eurasia.[3]

The bunchgrass is most commonly found in forests and woodlands, preferring the shaded canopy, but may grow in open areas. It prefers well drained neutral and calcerous soils, and avoids wet conditions.

Description

Dry inflorescence

Brachypodium sylvaticum is a tall tufted perennial bunchgrass that grows up to about a 0.9 metres (3.0 ft) high.

The drooping leaf blade of the plant is dark green, or bright-yellow green, flat and up to 12 mm wide with a fringe of hairs surrounding the edge of the leaf. The leaves do not have auricles. The leaf blade is joined to the hollow culm by the leaf sheath. This hairy sheath is open and surrounds the culm. The culm is pilose (long, soft, hairy), and typically has 4 to 5 nodes.[4] The ligules are blunt, 1–6 millimetres (0.039–0.236 in) long.

The grass has drooping narrow long spikelets of flowers on very short pedicels. The flower head is 6–20 centimetres (2.4–7.9 in) long, the plant flowering in July and August. Its awns are straight and 6–18 millimetres (0.24–0.71 in) long, projecting out of the end of the spikelets.

Wildlife value

Its seeds can be dispersed by wildlife and humans. The caterpillars of some Lepidoptera use it as a foodplant, e.g. the chequered skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon) and the Essex skipper (Thymelicus lineola).

Invasive species in North America

The grass is an introduced species in North America. Brachypodium sylvaticum is an invasive species colonizing new areas and outcompeting native plants. As this species has spread to the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. it has demonstrated a capability of dominating forest understories and open grasslands to the exclusion of all other flora found in those areas.

Recent observations suggest that populations at the leading edge of the expanding range undergo an establishment phase before they can contribute to the local invasion, perhaps because newly colonized populations are suffering from inbreeding depression.

Oregon

Brachypodium sylvaticum is a newly invasive brome species in Oregon that is rapidly expanding in the Pacific Northwest. Although B. sylvaticum appears to be in the early phases of invasion in North America, it has become a noxious weed throughout the Willamette Valley area of Oregon since the late 1980s.[5] It is most likely that B. sylvaticum was first introduced to Oregon in range experiments when accessions from the native range were planted near Eugene and Corvallis in the Willamette Valley using seed obtained from the USDA Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction anywhere between 70 and 80 years ago.[6]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Brachypodium sylvaticum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  3. ^ Hitchcock 1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
  4. ^ C E Hubbard (1978). Grasses. Penguin books.
  5. ^ Kaye, T. N. and M. Blakeley-Smith. 2006. False-brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum). Pp. 80-81 in P. D. Boersma, S. E. Reichard, and A. N. van Buren, eds. Invasive species in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
  6. ^ Cruzan, M. B. 2019. How to make a weed - the saga of the slender false brome invasion in the North American west and lessons for the future. Bioscience 69:469-507. (http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz051)

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Brachypodium sylvaticum: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Brachypodium sylvaticum, commonly known as false-brome, slender false brome or wood false brome, is a perennial grass native to Europe, Asia and Africa. It has a broad native range stretching from North Africa to Eurasia.

The bunchgrass is most commonly found in forests and woodlands, preferring the shaded canopy, but may grow in open areas. It prefers well drained neutral and calcerous soils, and avoids wet conditions.

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