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Creatures » … » Plants » … » Dicotyledons » … » Birch Family

Alder

Alnus

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Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Acrogenospora anamorph of Acrogenospora sphaerocephala is saprobic on rotten wood of Alnus

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Plant / epiphyte
fruitbody of Aleurodiscus wakefieldiae grows on recently fallen branch of Alnus

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Amanita friabilis is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / epiphyte
fruitbody of Antrodiella semisupina grows on decayed wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, clypeate perithecium of Apiosporopsis carpinea is saprobic on overwintered, dead leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Bactrodesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Bactrodesmium longisporum is saprobic on dead wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 5

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered sporodochium of Bactrodesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Bactrodesmium obovatum is saprobic on bark of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Basidiodendron eyrei is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Bertia moriformis var. moriformis is saprobic on dead wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent apothecium of Bisporella citrina is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 9-12

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Bjerkandera fumosa is saprobic on decayed wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Bolbitius reticulatus is saprobic on decayed wood of Alnus

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Boletus ripariellus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Acladium anamorph of Botryobasidium conspersum is saprobic on dead bark of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Botryobasidium laeve is saprobic on decayed wood of Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Botryobasidium pruinatum is saprobic on decayed wood of Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / false gall
stromatic pseudothecium of Botryosphaeria obtusa causes swelling of branch of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Brachysporium dematiaceous anamorph of Brachysporium bloxamii is saprobic on rotten bark of Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Calocybe ionides is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Calocybe obscurissima is associated with Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
stromatic, immersed, multi-level perithecium of Camarops lutea is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 8-4

Foodplant / saprobe
stroma of Camarops microspora is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
stroma of Camarops polysperma is saprobic on rotten log of Alnus
Remarks: season: 8-11
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, sessile apothecium of Cenangium graddonii is saprobic on decorticate, dry branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 5

Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Ceriporiopsis gilvescens is saprobic on decayed wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Ceriporiopsis pannocincta is saprobic on decayed, soft white-rotted wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, becoming erumpent conidioma of Chaetospermum coelomycetous anamorph of Chaetospermum chaetosporum is saprobic on dead, submerged, decaying leaf of Alnus
Remarks: captive: in captivity, culture, or experimentally induced

Plant / associate
subiculate perithecium of Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma is associated with fungus infected, fallen branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 9-4

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Catenularia dematiaceous anamorph of Chaetosphaeria innumera is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 9-5

Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Menispora dematiaceous anamorph of Chaetosphaeria pulviscula is saprobic on dead, often rotten wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 10-4

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Chalara dematiaceous anamorph of Chalara affinis is saprobic on fallen, rotting leaf of Alnus
Remarks: season: 10-7

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Chalara dematiaceous anamorph of Chalara aurea is saprobic on dead leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
often long-stalked apothecium of Ciboria caucus is saprobic on dead, fallen, old catkin (male) of Alnus
Remarks: season: 2-4
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Ciboria viridifusca is saprobic on dead, fallen catkin (female) of Alnus
Remarks: season: 10-12

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Cimbex connatus grazes on leaf of Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Collybia oreadoides is associated with Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinus dilectus sensu Orton is saprobic on wet, dead, fallen twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: spring

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Cordana dematiaceous anamorph of Cordana crassa is saprobic on dead wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 4-6

Foodplant / saprobe
immersd, often in small groups perithecium of Coronophora angustata is saprobic on branch of Alnus

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius alnetorum is ectomycorrhizal with live, wet root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius atropusillus is ectomycorrhizal with live, wet root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius bibulus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius decipiens var. decipiens is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius helvelloides is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius parvannulatus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius tubarius is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius uliginosus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
perithecium of Cosmospora purtonii is associated with dead, fungus infected branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 3-7

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Crocicreas amenti is saprobic on decaying, dead, fallen catkin (female) of Alnus
Remarks: season: 3-4

Foodplant / saprobe
short-stalked apothecium of Crocicreas subhyalinum is saprobic on dead leaf of Alnus
Remarks: season: 10-11

Foodplant / open feeder
gregarious larva of Croesus septentrionalis grazes on live leaf edge of Alnus
Remarks: season: 5-
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Croesus varus grazes on leaf of Alnus
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Cryptocephalus decemmaculatus may be found on Alnus
Remarks: season: 5-8

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Cryptocephalus pusillus may be found on Alnus
Remarks: season: 5-10

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Cryptorhynchus lapathi feeds on Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Cudoniella clavus var. clavus is saprobic on fallen, dead twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 5-7
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
short-stalked apothecium of Cudoniella clavus var. grandis is saprobic on fallen, dead twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 5-7
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
Cylindrodendrum anamorph of Cylindrodendrum album is saprobic on dead Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
bracket of Daedaleopsis confragosa is saprobic on dead wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial stroma of Daldinia concentrica is saprobic on Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial stroma of Daldinia loculata is saprobic on wood of Alnus

Foodplant / gall
larva of Dasineura alni causes gall of leaf of Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Delicatula integrella is associated with gametophyte of Alnus
Remarks: season: summer

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Haplographium dematiaceous anamorph of Dematioscypha dematiicola is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Plant / resting place / on
Dendrothrips degeeri may be found on live leaf of Alnus

Plant / resting place / on
Dendrothrips ornatus may be found on live leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, clustered, stromatic perithecium of Diatrypella favacea is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 11-3
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Dictyosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Dictyosporium toruloides is saprobic on rotten wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, solitary (occasionally paired), forming pustules on surface of bark perithecium of Ditopella ditopa is saprobic on dead, fallen twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-3
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent apothecium of Encoelia furfuracea is saprobic on attached branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 12-5
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Endophragmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Endophragmiella ovoidea is saprobic on dead wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 9-4

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma caccabus is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma caeruleopolitum is associated with live Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Entoloma euchroum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma minutum is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma politum is associated with Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma roseoalbum is associated with live, swampy Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / gall
larva of Epinotia tetraquetrana causes gall of twig of Alnus

Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes axillare causes gall of leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes brevitarsus causes gall of leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / parasite
mostly hypophyllous anamorph of Erysiphe penicillata parasitises live leaf of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, stromatic perithecium of Eutypella scoparia is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-4

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Exidia plana is saprobic on dead, fallen wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Exidiopsis effusa is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
hysterothecium of Farlowiella carmichaeliana is saprobic on dead bark of Alnus
Remarks: season: 2-4

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent stroma of Fenestella fenestrata is saprobic on dead twig of Alnus

Foodplant / miner
larva of Fenusa dohrnii mines leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / gall
Frankiella alni causes gall of live root of Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Galerina cinctula is associated with Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Galerina heimansii is associated with Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Galerina salicicola is saprobic on dead, fallen, wet, decayed wood of Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum fimbriatum is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum fornicatum is associated with Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Gloeophyllum sepiarium is saprobic on decayed wood of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed or erumpent perithecium of Gnomonia alni-viridis is saprobic on leaf-litter of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-6

Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous acervulus of Asteroma coelomycetous anamorph of Gnomoniella tubiformis causes spots on live leaf of Alnus
Remarks: season: autumn

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Graphium dematiaceous anamorph of Graphium calicioides is saprobic on rotten wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 9-5

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Gyrodon lividus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hapalopilus nidulans is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hebeloma groegeri is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hebeloma helodes is associated with Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hebeloma vaccinum is associated with Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Helminthosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Helminthosporium velutinum is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Alnus

Foodplant / open feeder
usually solitary larva of Hemichroa australis grazes on leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / open feeder
gregarious larva of Hemichroa crocea grazes on leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hemimycena tortuosa is saprobic on decayed stick of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Heterarthrus vagans mines leaf of Alnus
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hohenbuehelia atrocaerulea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Hyalopeziza millepunctata is saprobic on dead twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 10-6

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Hyaloscypha albohyalina var. albohyalina is saprobic on decorticate wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 8-10

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hydropus floccipes is saprobic on fallen, decayed trunk of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe cantharellus is associated with Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Fungus / saprobe
apothecium of Hymenoscyphus albopunctus is saprobic on rotten petiole of Alnus
Remarks: season: 10-11
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus calyculus is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 6-12

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus caudatus is saprobic on decaying petiole of Alnus
Remarks: season: 6-12

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus imberbis is saprobic on dead, fallen twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 8-12

Foodplant / saprobe
short-stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus laetus is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 9-3

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus vernus is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 2-9

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphoderma medioburiense is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphodontia quercina is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphodontia subalutacea is saprobic on dead, fallen, decaying wood of Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hypholoma ericaeoides is associated with Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hypochnicium polonense is saprobic on often sodden, dead, fallen, decayed wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
stroma of Hypoxylon fuscum is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 2-5
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
Hypoxylon howeanum is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
stroma of Hypoxylon macrocarpum is saprobic on dead, decorticate bough (large) of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse stroma of Hypoxylon multiforme is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 10-4
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
hysterothecium of Hysterium angustatum is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 3-5

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Inocybe proximella is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Inocybe squarrosa is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Inocybe subcarpta is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Inonotus nodulosus is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / gall
fruitbody of Inonotus obliquus causes gall of live trunk of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Inonotus radiatus is saprobic on dead, standing trunk of Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Dendryphiopsis dematiaceous anamorph of Kirschsteiniothelia aethiops is saprobic on decorticate branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 12-4

Foodplant / saprobe
caespitose fruitbody of Kuehneromyces mutabilis is saprobic on decayed, dead stump (large) of Alnus

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Laccaria purpureobadia is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Laccaria tortilis is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
short-stalked apothecium of Lachnum cerinum is saprobic on usually decorticate wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 3-9

Foodplant / saprobe
long stalked apothecium of Lachnum virgineum is saprobic on dead debris of Alnus
Remarks: season: 2-10

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Lactarius cyathuliformis is ectomycorrhizal with root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Lactarius lacunarum is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Lactarius obscuratus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Lactarius omphaliformis is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Lactarius serifluus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Lactarius spinosulus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Lactarius uvidus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Lasiosphaeria canescens is saprobic on rotten wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 11-6

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, gregarious perithecium of Lasiosphaeria caudata is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 7-8

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Lasiosphaeria hirsuta is saprobic on old wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 9-4

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, closely packed in large clusters perithecium of Lasiosphaeria spermoides is saprobic on rotting wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 11-4

Foodplant / saprobe
clustered fruitbody of Lentinus tigrinus is saprobic on dead, partly submerged wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lenzites betulinus is saprobic on dead wood of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lepiota jacobii is saprobic on soil of tree of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus georginae is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus serenus is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucocoprinus brebissonii is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Luellia cystidiata is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmiellus candidus is saprobic on dead, fallen twig of Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmius bulliardii is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed leaf of Alnus
Remarks: season: - late autumn
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, grouped acervulus of Melanconium coelomycetous anamorph of Melanconis alni is saprobic on fallen, dead twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 10-3
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
larva of Melangyna arctica is associated with aphid-infested Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporoschisma dematiaceous anamorph of Melanochaeta aotearoae is saprobic on rotten wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, often in very large clusters pseudothecium of Melanomma pulvis-pyrius is saprobic on dry, hard, decorticate branch wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 9-5

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, thickly clustered perithecium of Melanopsamma pomiformis is saprobic on wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 11-4

Foodplant / saprobe
Chloridium dematiaceous anamorph of Melanopsammella vermicularioides is saprobic on rotten wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
cyphelloid basidiocarp of Merismodes anomala is saprobic on twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 8-2

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Microsebacina microbasidia is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
single or clustered apothecium of Miladina lecithina is saprobic on wet wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 5-10

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia amenticola is saprobic on dead, fallen, old catkin (female) of Alnus
Remarks: season: 8-2
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia ramealis is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 5-12
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycena metata is saprobic on dead, fallen, decaying, wet leaf of litter of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycoacia fuscoatra is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed, esp. wet wood of Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycoacia uda is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed, white rotted wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycoaciella bispora is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
hypophyllous, immersed pseudothecia of Mycosphaerella punctiformis is saprobic on overwintered, fallen leaf of Alnus
Remarks: season: 4-5

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Naucoria alnetorum is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Naucoria bohemica is associated with Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Naucoria clavuligeroides is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Naucoria escharioides is associated with Alnus
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Naucoria luteolofibrillosa is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Naucoria salicetorum is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Naucoria scolecina is associated with Alnus
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Naucoria silvaenovae is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Naucoria spadicea is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Naucoria striatula is associated with Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Naucoria subconspersa is associated with Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Tubercularia anamorph of Nectria cinnabarina is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent stroma of Nectria coccinea is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 9-5

Plant / resting place / within
ovum of Nematinus abdominalis may be found in leaf (midrib) of Alnus
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / resting place / within
ovum of Nematinus luteus may be found in leaf (midrib) of Alnus
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / resting place / within
ovum of Nematinus willigkiae may be found in leaf (midrib) of Alnus
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Nematus umbratus grazes on leaf of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, partly immersed perithecium of Ohleria rugulosa is saprobic on decorticate, dead wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Orbilia alnea is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Orbilia xanthostigma is saprobic on bark of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / feeds on
Otiorhynchus scaber feeds on Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Oudemansiella mucida is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / roller
larva of Pamphilius vafer rolls leaf of Alnus
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
imbricate or clustered fruitbody of Panellus serotinus is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed branch (large) of Alnus
Remarks: season: mainly late 11-2

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Panellus stipticus is saprobic on live trunk (wounded) of Alnus

Plant / associate
larva of Parasyrphus nigritarsis is associated with Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Peniophora erikssonii is saprobic on dead wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Peniophora nuda is saprobic on dead, attached branch of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Peniophora rufomarginata is saprobic on dead, attached branch of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile to short-stalked, emerging through cracks apothecium of Peziza micropus is saprobic on rotten wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 9-11

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Pezizella alniella is saprobic on dead, fallen, old catkin (female) of Alnus
Remarks: season: 10-4
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Pezizella parilis is saprobic on dead branch (small) of Alnus
Remarks: season: (5)9-11(1)

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Phaeangella ventosa is saprobic on rotten wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 3-5

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phaeogalera dissimulans is saprobic on fallen, usually decayed twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 11-early 3
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Phaeohelotium lilacinum is saprobic on rotten wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 10-11

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Phaeohelotium trabinellum is saprobic on rotten, wet wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 5-10

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Phaeostalagmus dematiaceous anamorph of Phaeostalagmus tenuissimus is saprobic on litter of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phanerochaete sordida is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phanerochaete tuberculata is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Phellinus igniarius parasitises live trunk of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Phialina lachnobrachya is saprobic on dead leaf of Alnus
Remarks: season: 9-11

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebia lilascens is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebia subochracea is saprobic on dead, decayed, often sodden wood of Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked, clustered basidiocarp of Phleogena faginea is saprobic on dead, standing trunk of Alnus
Remarks: season: 10-2

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pholiota alnicola var. alnicola is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pholiota aurivella is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Alnus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Pholiota conissans is associated with Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pholiota flammans is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pholiota heteroclita is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pholiota tuberculosa is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, solitary perithecium of Phragmoporthe conformis is saprobic on dead twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-3

Foodplant / saprobe
conidioma of Phragmotrichum coelomycetous anamorph of Phragmotrichum rivoclarinum is saprobic on catkin of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius argentatus feeds on Alnus

Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius glaucus feeds on Alnus

Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius pyri feeds on Alnus

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Phylloporia ribis parasitises live trunk of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Phylloporus pelletieri is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus

Foodplant / pathogen
Phytophthora alni infects and damages tarry spotted trunk of Alnus

Foodplant / gall
colony of Phytoptus laevis causes gall of leaf (vein axil) of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
clustered, erumpent through cracks in bark apothecium of Plagiostoma alneum is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 2-6

Foodplant / open feeder
flattened and modified larva of Platycampus luridiventris grazes on leaf (underside) of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
conidioma of Prosthemium coelomycetous anamorph of Pleomassaria holoschista is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pleurotheciopsis dematiaceous anamorph of Pleurotheciopsis bramleyi is saprobic on dead, fallen, wet branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Plicatura crispa is saprobic on dead wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus phlebophorus is saprobic on dead, fallen, very decayed trunk (large) of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus podospileus is saprobic on dead, fallen, very decayed trunk (large) of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus salicinus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
Polydrusus cervinus feeds on Alnus

Foodplant / feeds on
Polydrusus pterygomalis feeds on Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus brumalis is saprobic on dead, still attached to fallen tree twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: early winter-early spring
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus durus is saprobic on dead, fallen, very decayed trunk (large) of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia balsamea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia stiptica is saprobic on dead, decayed log (large) cut end of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia tephroleuca is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, in groups of 3 to 7 perithecium of Prosthecium auctum is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella conopilus is saprobic on dead, buried, decayed root of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella lutensis is saprobic on dead, decayed (very) wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella ocellata is saprobic on wet debris of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Pseudaegerita anamorph of Pseudaegerita viridis is saprobic on dead wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, stromatic, in groups of 20-30 perithecium of Pseudovalsaria foedans is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 4-5

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, grouped Hendersoniopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Pseudovalsella thelebola is saprobic on dead twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 7-12

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, often clustered apothecium of Pyrenopeziza benesuada is saprobic on dead, fallen twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 3-6

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Pyrenopeziza foliicola is saprobic on rotting, fallen, over-wintered leaf of Alnus
Remarks: season: 4-7

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Resupinatus applicatus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Resupinatus trichotis is saprobic on dead, attached branch (small) of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Rhogogaster chlorosoma grazes on leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Rhogogaster punctulata grazes on leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Rhogogaster viridis grazes on leaf of Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
Rhopalomesites tardyi feeds on dead wood of Alnus

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula alnetorum is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula clavipes is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Alnus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
long stalked apothecium of Rutstroemia conformata is saprobic on rotting, fallen, locally blackened leaf (midrib) of Alnus
Remarks: season: 4-6
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
sometimes stalked apothecium of Sarcoscypha coccinea agg. is saprobic on fallen branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-3

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Schizophyllum commune is saprobic on dead, fallen wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Scopuloides hydnoides is saprobic on dead, wet, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Serpula himantioides is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Skeletocutis nivea is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed stick of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
Spirosphaera anamorph of Spirosphaera floriformis is saprobic on dead wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium goidanichii is saprobic on dead catkin of Alnus

Foodplant / parasite
superficial, effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium wroblewskii parasitises live catkin of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporoschisma dematiaceous anamorph of Sporoschisma juvenile is saprobic on bark of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Stereum rameale is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed stick (thin) of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Stereum subtomentosum is saprobic on dead, fallen branch (large) of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse or pulvinate colony of Taeniolella dematiaceous anamorph of Taeniolella alta is saprobic on dead branch of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse or pulvinate colony of Taeniolella dematiaceous anamorph of Taeniolella stilbospora is saprobic on purple-stained wood or bark of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
extensively subiculate apothecium of Tapesia fusca is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / gall
ascoma of Taphrina alni causes gall of live catkin scale (female) of Alnus

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous ascoma of Taphrina sadebeckii parasitises live, curled leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / gall
amphigenous ascoma of Taphrina tosquinetii causes gall of live, distorted shoot (young) of Alnus
Remarks: season: 6-9
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredo ferruginea grazes on leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Thecotheus rivicola is saprobic on water-soaked wood of Alnus
Remarks: season: 7-8

Plant / resting place / on
fruitbody of Tomentella microspora may be found on dead, decayed wood of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trametes hirsuta is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trametes pubescens is saprobic on dead wood of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Triposporium dematiaceous anamorph of Triposporium elegans is saprobic on dead, often grey or purple stained twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Typhula crassipes is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
sclerotial fruitbody of Typhula phacorrhiza is saprobic on damp, dead, decayed leaf of litter of Alnus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Typhula setipes is saprobic on damp, dead, decayed leaf of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Unguiculella foliicola is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Alnus
Remarks: season: 6-12

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Vuilleminia alni is saprobic on dead, decorticate, attached branch of Alnus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Vuilleminia comedens is saprobic on dead, decorticate, attached branch of Alnus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
Disculina coelomycetous anamorph of Winterella suffusa is saprobic on dead twig of Alnus
Remarks: season: 3-4

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Xiphydria camelus feeds within wood of Alnus

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Alder

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Alder trees by the Beaulieu River at Longwater Lawn, Hampshire, England

Alders are trees comprising the genus Alnus in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus comprises about 35 species[2] of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few species extending into Central America, as well as the northern and southern Andes.[1]

Description

Pollen

With a few exceptions, alders are deciduous, and the leaves are alternate, simple, and serrated. The flowers are catkins with elongate male catkins on the same plant as shorter female catkins, often before leaves appear; they are mainly wind-pollinated, but also visited by bees to a small extent. These trees differ from the birches (Betula, another genus in the family) in that the female catkins are woody and do not disintegrate at maturity, opening to release the seeds in a similar manner to many conifer cones.

The largest species are red alder (A. rubra) on the west coast of North America, and black alder (A. glutinosa), native to most of Europe and widely introduced elsewhere, both reaching over 30 metres (100 ft). By contrast, the widespread Alnus alnobetula (green alder) is rarely more than a 5 m-tall (16 ft) shrub.

Taxonomy

Classification

A young bull moose browsing on Alnus in Homer, Alaska in 2010
The same spot from the same angle in 2021, the plants are now about 3.7–4.6 metres (12–15 ft) in height

The genus is divided into three subgenera:

Subgenus Alnus

Trees with stalked shoot buds, male and female catkins produced in autumn (fall) but stay closed over winter, pollinating in late winter or early spring, about 15–25 species, including:

  • Alnus acuminata Kunth – Andean alder, aliso. Mexico, Central and South America.
    • subsp. acuminata Kunth
    • subsp. arguta (Schltdl.) Furlow
    • subsp. glabrata (Fernald) Furlow
  • Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby – Italian alder. Italy, Corsica.
  • Alnus cremastogyne Burkill – China.
  • Alnus firma Siebold & Zucc. – Kyūshū Island in Japan
  • Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. – black alder. Europe, Central Asia.
    • subsp. barbata (C.A.Mey.) Yalt.
    • subsp. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
    • subsp. incisa (Willd.) Regel
    • subsp. laciniata (Willd.) Regel
  • Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. – Manchurian alder. Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Siberia, Russian Far East
Speckled alder (Alnus incana subsp. rugosa)—leaves
  • Alnus incana (L.) Moench
    • subsp. incana (L.) Moench – speckled alder or grey alder. Eurasia, North America
    • subsp. kolaensis (Orlova) Á.Löve & D.Löve
    • subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T.Clausen
    • subsp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung
  • Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. – Japanese alder, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, eastern China, Russian Far East
  • Alnus jorullensis Kunth – Mexican alder. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras.
    • subsp. lutea Furlow
    • subsp. jorullensis Kunth
  • Alnus lusitanica Vít, Douda, & Mandák - Spain, Portugal, Morocco[3]
  • Alnus matsumurae Callier – Honshū Island in Japan
  • Alnus nepalensis D.Don – Nepalese alder. Himalayas, Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand.
  • Alnus oblongifolia Torr. – Arizona alder. Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora, Chihuahua
  • Alnus orientalis Decne. – Oriental alder. Southern Turkey, northwest Syria, Cyprus, Lebanon, Iran
  • Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. – white alder. California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana
  • Alnus rohlenae Vít, Douda, & Mandák - Western Balkans[3]
  • Alnus rubra Bong. – red alder. Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia, California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana.
Leaves of the tag alder

Subgenus Clethropsis

Trees or shrubs with stalked shoot buds, male and female catkins produced in autumn (fall) and expanding and pollinating then, three species:

  • Alnus formosana (Burkill) Makino – Formosan alder. Taiwan
  • Alnus maritima (Marshall) Muhl. ex Nutt. – seaside alder. United States (Georgia, Delaware, Maryland, Oklahoma).
  • Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. – Himalayan alder. Western Himalaya, Pakistan, India, Nepal.

Subgenus Alnobetula

Shrubs with shoot buds not stalked, male and female catkins produced in late spring (after leaves appear) and expanding and pollinating then, one to four species:

Green alder (Alnus viridis)

Not assigned to a subgenus

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following species is unresolved:[4]

  • Alnus balatonialis Borbás
  • Alnus cuneata Geyer ex Walp.
  • Alnus dimitrovii Jordanov & Kitanov
  • Alnus djavanshirii H.Zare – Iran
  • Alnus dolichocarpa H.Zare, Amini & Assadi – Iran
  • Alnus figerti Callier
  • Alnus frangula L. ex Huth
  • Alnus gigantea Nakai
  • Alnus glandulosa Sarg.
  • Alnus henedae Sugim.
  • Alnus hybrida Rchb.
  • Alnus laciniata Ehrh.
  • Alnus lobata Nyman
  • Alnus microphylla Arv.-Touv.
  • Alnus obtusifolia Mert. ex Regel
  • Alnus oxyacantha Lavalle
  • Alnus subrotunda Desf.
  • Alnus vilmoriana Lebas
  • Alnus washingtonia Wetzel

Hybrids

The following hybrids have been described:[4][5]

The status of the following hybrids is unresolved:[4]

  • Alnus × aschersoniana Callier
  • Alnus × koehnei Callier
  • Alnus × ljungeri Murai
  • Alnus × purpusii Callier
  • Alnus × silesiaca Fiek
  • Alnus × spaethii Callier (A. japonica × A. subcordata)

Fossils

Phylogeny

The oldest fossil pollen that can be identified as Alnus is from northern Bohemia, dating to the late Paleocene, around 58 million years ago.[6]

Etymology

The common name alder evolved from the Old English word alor, which in turn is derived from Proto-Germanic root aliso.[7] The generic name Alnus is the equivalent Latin name, from whence French aulne and Spanish Alamo (Spanish term for "poplar").[7]

Ecology

Alders are commonly found near streams, rivers, and wetlands. Sometimes where the prevalence of alders is particularly prominent these are called alder carrs. In the Pacific Northwest of North America, the white alder (Alnus rhombifolia) unlike other northwest alders, has an affinity for warm, dry climates, where it grows along watercourses, such as along the lower Columbia River east of the Cascades and the Snake River, including Hells Canyon.

Alder leaves and sometimes catkins are used as food by numerous butterflies and moths.

A. glutinosa and A. viridis are classed as environmental weeds in New Zealand.[8] Alder leaves and especially the roots are important to the ecosystem because they enrich the soil with nitrogen and other nutrients.

Nitrogen fixation and succession of woodland species

Alder is particularly noted for its important symbiotic relationship with Frankia alni, an actinomycete, filamentous, nitrogen-fixing bacterium. This bacterium is found in root nodules, which may be as large as a human fist, with many small lobes, and light brown in colour. The bacterium absorbs nitrogen from the air and makes it available to the tree. Alder, in turn, provides the bacterium with sugars, which it produces through photosynthesis. As a result of this mutually beneficial relationship, alder improves the fertility of the soil where it grows, and as a pioneer species, it helps provide additional nitrogen for the successional species to follow.

A red alder seed is a tiny samara like those of all alders

Because of its abundance, red alder delivers large amounts of nitrogen to enrich forest soils. Red alder stands have been found to supply between 130 and 320 kilograms per hectare (120 and 290 pounds per acre) of nitrogen annually to the soil. From Alaska to Oregon, Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata (A. sinuata, Sitka Alder or Slide Alder), characteristically pioneer fresh, gravelly sites at the foot of retreating glaciers. Studies show that Sitka alder, a more shrubby variety of alder, adds nitrogen to the soil at an average rate of 60 kg/ha (54 lb/acre) per year, helping convert the sterile glacial terrain to soil capable of supporting a conifer forest. Alders are common among the first species to colonize disturbed areas from floods, windstorms, fires, landslides, etc. Alder groves often serve as natural firebreaks since these broad-leaved trees are much less flammable than conifers. Their foliage and leaf litter does not carry a fire well, and their thin bark is sufficiently resistant to protect them from light surface fires. In addition, the light weight of alder seeds – numbering 1.5 million per kilogram or 680,000 per pound – allows for easy dispersal by the wind. Although it outgrows coastal Douglas-fir for the first 25 years, it is very shade intolerant and seldom lives more than 100 years. Red alder is the Pacific Northwest's largest alder and the most plentiful and commercially important broad-leaved tree in the coastal Northwest. Groves of red alder 25 to 50 centimetres (10 to 20 in) in diameter intermingle with young Douglas-fir forests west of the Cascades, attaining a maximum height of 30 to 33 m (100 to 110 ft) in about sixty years and then are afflicted by heart rot. Alders largely help create conditions favorable for giant conifers that replace them.[2]

  • Alder root nodules
  • An alder root nodule

    Whole root nodule

  • A sectioned alder root nodule

    Sectioned root nodules

Parasites

Alder roots are parasitized by northern groundcone.

Uses

Alder coat of arms of Grossarl, Austria

The catkins of some alder species have a degree of edibility,[9] and may be rich in protein. Reported to have a bitter and unpleasant taste, they are more useful for survival purposes. The wood of certain alder species is often used to smoke various food items such as coffee, salmon, and other seafood.

Most of the pilings that form the foundation of Venice were made from alder trees.[10]

Alder bark contains the anti-inflammatory salicin, which is metabolized into salicylic acid in the body.[11] Some Native American cultures use red alder bark (Alnus rubra) to treat poison oak, insect bites, and skin irritations. Blackfeet Indians have traditionally used an infusion made from the bark of red alder to treat lymphatic disorders and tuberculosis. Recent clinical studies have verified that red alder contains betulin and lupeol, compounds shown to be effective against a variety of tumors.[12]

The inner bark of the alder, as well as red osier dogwood, or chokecherry, is used by some Indigenous peoples of the Americas in smoking mixtures, known as kinnikinnick, to improve the taste of the bearberry leaf.[13]

Alder is illustrated in the coat of arms for the Austrian town of Grossarl.

Electric guitars, most notably those manufactured by the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, have been built with alder bodies since the 1950s. Alder is appreciated for its tone that is claimed to be tight and evenly balanced, especially when compared to mahogany, and has been adopted by many electric guitar manufacturers.

As a hardwood, alder is used in making furniture, cabinets, and other woodworking products.

Alder bark and wood (like oak and sweet chestnut) contain tannin and are traditionally used to tan leather.

A red dye can also be extracted from the outer bark, and a yellow dye from the inner bark.[14]

Culture

Ermanno Olmi's movie The Tree of Wooden Clogs (L' Albero Degli Zoccoli, 1978) refers in its title to alder, typically used to make clogs as in this movie's plot.[15][16]

References

  1. ^ a b "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org.
  2. ^ a b Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 208–215. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
  3. ^ a b Vít, Petr; Douda, Jan; Krak, Karol; Havrdová, Alena; Mandák, Bohumil (2017). "Two new polyploid species closely related to Alnus glutinosa in Europe and North Africa – an analysis based on morphometry, karyology, flow cytometry and microsatellites". Taxon. 66 (3): 567–583. doi:10.12705/663.4.
  4. ^ a b c "The Plant List entry for Alnus". The Plant List, v.1.1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. September 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
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Alder: Brief Summary

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Alder trees by the Beaulieu River at Longwater Lawn, Hampshire, England

Alders are trees comprising the genus Alnus in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus comprises about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few species extending into Central America, as well as the northern and southern Andes.

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