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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 38 years (captivity) Observations: One wild born specimen was still living at about 38 years of age (Richard Weigl 2005). There is also one longevity record of 39 years (Lindenfors 2002), but this has not been confirmed.
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Distribution

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The distribution of Hylobates pileatus once extended from south Thailand to west of the Mekong in Cambodia, but is now found only in southeast Thailand, extreme southwestern Laos, and northwestern Cambodia. Other than one zone of sympatry with Hylobates lar in Kao Yai National Park, Thailand, the current range of H. pileatus excludes all other gibbon species.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Behavior

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Hylobates pileatus couples announce their territories via a unique duet song. Females begin with a “great call,” and males joins midway through the great call with a series of shorter calls. The duet concludes with a single phrase of the males shorter call. The calling female also begins a locomotor display of brachiation and branch breaking during the song, sometimes accompanied by the male. The song pattern and tones of phrases used are unique to H. pileatus and are used as a conspecific identifier. Song bouts usually occur in the morning, with more recently established groups singing more often than older groups. Pileated gibbons sing least on rainy, cloudy, and windy days.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Other Communication Modes: duets ; choruses

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Conservation Status

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All gibbons are threatened by hunting and habitat destruction. Hylobates pileatus is listed as an endangered on the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species, with an estimated population of 65,000 individuals in Thailand and Cambodia, combined. Slash-and-burn agriculture in Thailand has destroyed forest habitats, and hunting pileated gibbons for sustenance is still practiced. In Cambodia, deforestation continues to reduce available land habitable by H. pileatus. The habitat of H. pileatus is not only becoming reduced in overall area, but is also becoming fragmented, separating populations ecologically and reproductively. These small, fragmented patches of land have low prospects for population maintenance. Although many areas currently inhabited by H. pileatus are protected, enforcement of conservation based laws is weak and numbers continue to decrease as a result.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Pileated gibbons are naturally susceptible to a hepatitis B virus similar to that which affects humans. It has been postulated that this disease could be transferred to humans, although there have been no such reports thus far.

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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Hylobates pileatus is hunted by humans for food and captured for the pet trade throughout their range. Analysis of the hepatitis B virus that occurs in wild H. pileatus populations can help with further understanding human-associated hepatitis B, its possible origins, and its host-virus interactions in terms of infection and disease.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; research and education

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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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As a frugivorous species that travels long distances within its home range, Hylobates pileatus is an probably important seed disperser for various tree species within its home range. Dispersal of seeds away from parent trees reduces seed predation and competition between emerging conspecifics. This increases both the probability of survival for the resulting young trees and local plant diversity. Individual seeds that pass through the pileated gibbon’s digestive tract are also more likely to germinate than those that do not. In addition to seed dispersal, 15% of H. pileatus's diet consists of insects, which may help reduce the abundance of insect pests. There is limited information on parasites specific to H. pileatus, however they are potential carriers of chagas disease (also known as American trypanosomiasis) which is caused by protists Trypanosoma cruzi and hepatitis B. They are also host to a number of different endoparasites, including flatworms and roundworms.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • flatworms (Trematoda)
  • roundworms (Nematoda)
  • parasitic protist (Trypanosoma cruzi)
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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Pileated gibbons are mostly frugivorous, with 45% of their diet consisting of soft-skinned or hard-rinded fruit and 26% consisting of figs. Figs are found in large patches and can be fed on for a longer period of time than other fruits, which are more dispersed. Thus, travel and search time significantly decrease when feeding on figs as opposed to other fruits. An additional 13% of the pileated gibbon’s diet is from young leaves and 2% is from unopened leaf shoots. THey also consume insects (15% of total diet), eggs, and small vertebrates. Pileated gibbons budget more time for fruit consumption during morning and evening hours, while leaves and insects are consumed more in the middle of the day. This pattern of behavior may be to immediately restore energy lost during the previous night's sleep and prepare for energy loss the following night, as fruits are high in carbohydrates. Pileated gibbons prefer to eat while sitting on branches in the middle and upper canopies. Pileated gibbons require open water during during the dry season.

Animal Foods: insects

Plant Foods: leaves; fruit

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore )

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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Hylobates pileatus can be found in tropical deciduous monsoon forests, dense evergreens, and tall moist montane forests throughout southeast Asia. They prefer old-growth forests with dense evergreen cover and avoid areas with high disturbance, patchy cover, large stands of exotic trees, and trees standing taller than the primary canopy.

Range elevation: 1,500 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: tropical

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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The longest-lived Hylobates pileatus in captivity survived 31 years. Little other information exists on the lifespan of H. pileatus.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
31 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: captivity:
37.9 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: male
Status: captivity:
31.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
34.7 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: male
Status: captivity:
36.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
25.0 years.

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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Morphology

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Pileated gibbons have slender torsos, long arms, no tail, and ischial callosities. Head-and-body length ranges from 450 to 640 mm, and weight ranges between 4 to 8 kg, with an average of 5.4 kg for females and 5.5 kg for males. Both sexes are born covered in light buff-colored fur, with black spots on the top of their head and chest appearing at 10 to 12 months of age. These black spots grow continuously until sexual maturity. Adult females have a large black patch from the top of the head to the groin on the ventral surface, which forms an inverted triangle. The rest of the body remains light gray or buff. The hair above the female’s ears is white, and is long enough to hang over the temples in characteristic “Dagwood tufts” by 7 years of age. Sub-adult and young-adult females have a white brow band that decreases with age, pregnancy, or decreasing physical condition. Adult males are almost completely black with a narrow white face ring and crown ring as well as white hands, feet, and a genital tuft. Male hands and feet also have a fringe of hair halfway up their sides. Some males have lightly grizzled silver hairs on their legs and lower back. As with most other species in the genus Hylobates, the hair on the ulnar side of the forearm grows in the direction of the elbow, while hair on the radial side grows in the direction of the wrist. Infant pileated gibbons have pink skin, which darkens with age and sun exposure, turning a light gray by adolescence and, eventually, a dark charcoal gray by the time they reach sexual maturity. Females often have adult pelage by 4 years, while males have adult pelage by 6.5 years. Both males and females have hairless facial areas and very dense fur elsewhere on their bodies. Neither sex has a laryngeal sac.

The teeth of Hylobates pileatus have a distinct cingulum (i.e., a shelf-like ridge around the outside of an upper molar) on the lingual side of the upper cheekteeth, a more lateral metaconid coupled with a more lingual hypoconid, and a comparatively large third molar. The skull morphology consists of a bowed zygomatic arch, downward pointing foramen magnum, and thick orbital rim. The dental formula of H. pileatus is 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 = 32 and is common to all Hylobatidae.

Range mass: 4 to 8 kg.

Average mass: 5.4 to 5.5 kg.

Range length: 450 to 640 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently

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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Associations

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There is no information regard major predators of Hylobates pileatus. However, large carnivorous species such as clouded leopards and pythons do exist throughout this species range.

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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Reproduction

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All gibbons, including pileated gibbons, are monogamous and form small family groups consisting of a mating pair and young offspring. These groups occupy and defend a constant home range. At any one time, a single family group usually consists of one mating pair and two offspring of staggered ages, which eventually leave as additional offspring are born.

Mating System: monogamous

The testes of male pileated gibbons descend late in the juvenile period, as is common with most species of Hylobates. Pileated gibbon males have the shortest bacula of all Hylobates. Females reach sexual maturity at around 7.5 years of age, and males reach sexual maturity between 5 and 8 years of age. Captive pileated gibbons have reached sexual maturity earlier in both sexes, which may be due to stress, increased resource abundance, or a number of other factors.

The estrous cycle of female pileated gibbons averages 27 to 30 days with a 4 to 5 day menstruation. Average gestation lasts 6 to 7.5 months. Like most other gibbons they produce one offspring per reproductive cycle, and most young are weaned between 1 and 2 years old. Infants stay with the mother until about age 2, when they begin to move around independently. There is no known breeding season for members of the genus Hylobates.

Breeding interval: Pileated gibbons have one offspring every reproductive cycle.

Breeding season: Pileated gibbons breed year round.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 193 to 225 days.

Range weaning age: 12 to 24 months.

Range time to independence: 2 to 4 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 7.5 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 to 8 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average number of offspring: 1.

Pileated gibbon are weaned between 1 and 2 years after birth, and infants remain with their mother until about 2 years old. As with other gibbons, juvenile pileated gibbons remain with their family group and feed within the group's home range until sexually mature. Parents increase antagonism towards sub-adult offspring and prohibit them from mating in an effort to drive them from the group and territory. The age at which a sub-adult is driven out may depend on the size of the family group and resource availability. Little is known of paternal care in pileated gibbons.

Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning

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Cable, R. 2011. "Hylobates pileatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hylobates_pileatus.html
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Rachel Cable, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Biology

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Throwing itself from tree to tree over gaps of over nine metres, this tree-dwelling primate moves its forearms alternately to swing beneath the branches (3) (6). Despite exhibiting this brilliant form of locomotion, known as brachiation, the pileated gibbon is also able to move short distances by foot, and can also climb whilst moving slowly or feeding (5). The diet of the pileated gibbon consists primarily of fruits high in sugar, such as the fig (Ficus species), but it also supplements this sweet food with immature leaves, flowers and insects (5). Pileated gibbons are active during the day, spending the nights and other periods of rest in tall trees (5). They live in small family groups which consist of a breeding pair and their offspring. Single offspring are born into the group every two to three years (5) (7), and leave the group around adolescence (5). Although these apes are monogamous, polygyny has been observed where the white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) occurs in the same area, with some groups containing females of both species (5). Like all other gibbon species, pileated gibbons reinforce bonds between individuals in the group by social grooming, with one individual grooming another (5). Dominated by the female, the bond between breeding pairs is reinforced through 'duets'. It is believed that these vocalizations are also necessary to establish and maintain the family groups' territory (5), which they also defend with displays and threats (5) (6).
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Conservation

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The pileated gibbon is protected from international trade by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International trade in endangered Species (CITES) (2). The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) established an International Studbook in 1990 for the pileated gibbon, and conservation breeding programmes were set up to ensure there is a viable reserve population (9). The Cardomom Project was set up with Fauna & Flora International (FFI) to preserve the Cardomom Mountains region in south west Cambodia to protect both the habitat from destruction and the wildlife from hunters. It is hoped that species such as the pileated gibbon will benefit from the work carried out by this project (7).
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Description

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Known for their graceful and impressive method of locomotion, and their beautiful and complex duets, gibbons are spectacular to behold in the wild (3). Male pileated gibbons have short black hair with white hands, feet and brow band (3) (4), and there is a white circular streak around the crown cap on the sides of the head (4). Females range in colour from buffy to silvery-grey with a black chest, cheeks and cap (3) (4) and a white brow and facial ring (4). Infants of both sexes are similar in colour to the adult female, but slightly paler silvery-buff, making the pileated gibbon the only Hylobates species in which males undergo a colour change (4). Like other gibbons, the pileated gibbon has a slender body, long forearms and no tail (3) (5). A throat sac located beneath the chin enhances the spectacular calls which both male and female pileated gibbons make. The male calls with abrupt notes and a trill after the females call. The female call is much louder and distinctive and consists of rich short rising notes lasting around 18 seconds (3).
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Habitat

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Occurs in semi deciduous monsoon forests and tropical evergreen forests (5).
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Range

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The pileated gibbon is found in Cambodia, Laos and south-east Thailand (1) (3).
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Status

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix I of CITES (2).
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Threats

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The pileated gibbon has undergone a population decline since deforestation began in Southeast Asia (3) (8), and it is thought that the species is near extinction over large parts of its range (3). The additional pressure of hunting, for both food and for the pet trade, is adding to the problem (8). It is thought that up to ten animals will have died during capture or transit for every baby gibbon sold as a pet (8).
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Gibó crestat ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El gibó crestat (Hylobates pileatus) és una espècie de primat hominoïdeu de la família dels gibons (Hylobatidae). Tenen un marcat dimorfisme sexual a la coloració del pèl. Els mascles són de color negre en la seva totalitat, mentre que les femelles tenen una coloració més grisosa, amb únicament el ventre i el cap negres. Se'l troba a Tailàndia, Laos i Cambodja

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Gibó crestat Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Gibó crestat: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El gibó crestat (Hylobates pileatus) és una espècie de primat hominoïdeu de la família dels gibons (Hylobatidae). Tenen un marcat dimorfisme sexual a la coloració del pèl. Els mascles són de color negre en la seva totalitat, mentre que les femelles tenen una coloració més grisosa, amb únicament el ventre i el cap negres. Se'l troba a Tailàndia, Laos i Cambodja

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Kappengibbon ( German )

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Der Kappengibbon (Hylobates pileatus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gibbons (Hylobatidae).

Merkmale

Kappengibbons sind relativ kleine Tiere, die rund 50 bis 60 Zentimeter groß werden und ungefähr 5 bis 6,5 Kilogramm wiegen.[1] Männliche und weibliche Kappengibbons haben sehr unterschiedliche Fellfarben, weshalb sie von frühen Forschern als eigene Arten beschrieben wurden. Ausgewachsene Männchen sind fast komplett schwarz mit Ausnahme eines weißlichen Gesichtsringes (manchmal jedoch nur ein weißes Augenbrauenband oder ein paar lange, gräuliche Fransen an den Schläfen). Die Hände, die Füße und das Genitalbüschel sind weiß. Weibchen und Jungtiere sind silbrig-grau oder gelbbraun mit einer schwarzen Kappe auf dem Kopf, schwarzen Wangen, einer schwarzen Brust (mit dem Alter dehnt sich die schwarze Färbung auf die Innenseiten der Gliedmaßen aus) und einem weißen Gesichtsring. Das Kopfhaar ist jedoch bei beiden Geschlechtern fächerartig nach hinten gerichtet.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungskarte

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Kappengibbons erstreckt sich über das südöstliche Thailand, das westliche Kambodscha und den äußersten Südwesten von Laos, der Mekong bildet die Ostgrenze. Wahrscheinlich kamen sie früher auch in Südvietnam vor.

Kappengibbons sind Bewohner feuchter, saisonaler, immergrüner Mischlaubwälder in Höhen von bis zu 1200 m in Thailand und 1500 m in Kambodscha.

Lebensweise und Fortpflanzung

 src=
weiblicher Kappengibbon

Der Kappengibbon ist tagaktiver Baumbewohner. Die Gruppen verbringen die meiste Zeit des Tages mit Ausruhen. Sie schlafen durchschnittlich 16 Stunden am Tag. Der Kappengibbon ist scheuer und schwerer zu entdecken als der Weißhandgibbon.

Kappengibbons leben überwiegend monogam, aber auch polygame Gruppen in der Hybridzone mit dem Weißhandgibbon im Khao Yai-Nationalpark in Thailand wurden nachgewiesen. Reviere sind 15 bis 50 ha. groß. Männliche Kappengibbons sind anders als andere Gibbonarten hauptsächlich für die Verteidigung des Reviers und das Führen der Gruppe zuständig. Gemischte Gruppen mit Kappen- und Weißhandgibbons mit zwei adulten Weibchen sind in Thailand beobachtet worden. Die durchschnittliche Größe einer Gruppe in Thailand beträgt vier Individuen. Die Populationsdichte in Thailand ist mit durchschnittlich einer Gruppe pro km2 generell niedrig und nur in abgelegenen Bergregionen höher. In den Kardamombergen in Kambodscha leben eine bis zwei Gruppen pro km2. Angaben zur Populationsdichte in Laos sind nicht bekannt.

Der Speiseplan des Kappengibbons ist dem des Weißhandgibbons sehr ähnlich. Es werden Früchte (71 %), Blumen (15 %), junge Triebe (2 %) und junge Blätter und Insekten gefressen.

Säuglinge sind cremefarben, bis sie mit einem Jahr silbrig-gelbbraunes Fell bekommen. In der Pubertät wechselt das Fell der Männchen in die männchentypische Fellfärbung. Die Geschlechtsreife mit sechs bis acht Jahren ein. Die Lebenserwartung beträgt bis zu 39 Jahre.

Hybridisierung zwischen dem Kappengibbon und dem Weißhandgibbon kommt an den Oberläufen des Takhong Rivers über 120 km nordöstlich von Bangkok vor. Diese Hybride waren früher in Zoos recht häufig. Sie sind bei der Geburt hell gefärbt und werden im Alter dunkler. Unter den 61 Gibbongruppen in der Hybridzone mindestens 18 umfassten Hybride auch zurückgekreuzte Tiere waren darunter. Der Mensch hat jedoch einen großen Teil der 120 km langen Hybridzone vor allem durch die Anlegung von Reisfeldern zerstört. Die Gesänge der Hybride beinhalten Elemente verschiedener Gibbonarten. In bestimmten Eigenschaften ähnelt der Gesang der männlichen Hybriden dem des Schwarzhandgibbons (H. agilis). Er enthält außerdem dreiteilige Elemente, die nicht in den Gesängen der Eltern vorhanden sind, sodass die Gesänge der Hybride nicht durch einfache Kombination der der Eltern entstanden sein können. Die Rufe der weiblichen Hybride gleichen denen des Silbergibbons (H. moloch). Daneben ist ein männlicher Hybrid mit dem Westlichen Schopfgibbon (Nomascus concolor) nachgewiesen worden.[2]

Bedrohung

Der Kappengibbon wird von der IUCN als „endangered“ (stark gefährdet) klassifiziert. Er ist durch den fortschreitenden Lebensraumverlust durch Lebensraumzerstückelung und -zerstörung gefährdet. Viele Populationen sind in kleinen Regionen in Bergwäldern isoliert. Gelegentlich wird die Art für den menschlichen Verzehr gejagt. Viele Populationen in Kambodscha leben nicht in Naturschutzgebieten und sind durch Rodungen, Landwirtschaft, Wasserkraftwerke und neue menschliche Siedlungen in Gefahr. In Thailand kommen alle übriggebliebene Populationen in Naturschutzgebieten vor, aber die Jagd in diesen Gebieten ist immer noch nicht unter Kontrolle. Der Kappengibbon ist insgesamt in 25 Naturschutzgebieten vertreten. 2005 lebten mehr 35.000 Individuen in Kambodscha und 13.000 bis 14.000 in Thailand. In Kambodscha sind die Kardomamberge mit 20.000 Tieren das wichtigste Gebiet. In Thailand kommen 12.000 Exemplare in vier vorerst geschützten Gebieten und 1000 bis 2000 in 15 stark zersplitterten Naturschutzgebieten vor. Zahlen für Laos sind nicht bekannt, sind aber vermutlich niedriger wegen des kleinen Verbreitungsgebietes in dem Land.

Literatur

  • Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Springer, Berlin 2003. ISBN 3-540-43645-6.
  • Thomas Geissmann: Systematik der Gibbons. In: Zeitschrift des Kölner Zoo 37, 1994, S. 65–77.
  • Thomas Geissmann: Gibbon systematics and species identification. In: International Zoo News 42, 1995, S. 467–501.
  • D. E. Wilson, D. M. Reeder: Mammal Species of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  • Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson: Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Band 3: Primates. Lynx Edition, Barcelona 2013, ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7, S. 785.

Belege

  1. Kappengibbon auf der Website der Zoo Zürich AG.
  2. International Zoo Yearbook 1970, S. 257.
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Kappengibbon: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Kappengibbon (Hylobates pileatus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gibbons (Hylobatidae).

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Залаат гиббон ( Mongolian )

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Залаат гиббон (Hylobates pileatus) нь Гиббоныхон овгийн примат юм.

Эрэгчин нь цэвэр хар өнгөтэй байдаг бол эмэгчин нь гэдэс, толгой нь цагаан, бусад хэсгээрээ цагаан саарал өнгөтэй байдаг. Гэхдээ аль алинд нь цагаан өнгөтэй, сэгсийсэн залаа мэт үсэн цагираг байдаг.

Тайландын зүүн, Камбожийн баруун, Лаосын баруун өмнөд хэсгээр тархсан. Амьдралын хэв маяг нь бусад гиббонтой ижилхэн.

Эшлэл

  1. Загвар:MSW3 Groves
  2. Brockelman, W., Geissmann, T., Timmins, T. & Traeholt, C. (2008). Hylobates pileatus. IUCN 2008. IUCN ховордсон зүйлүүдийн улаан ном. 2010 оны 8 сарын 5-д авсан.

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Залаат гиббон: Brief Summary ( Mongolian )

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Залаат гиббон (Hylobates pileatus) нь Гиббоныхон овгийн примат юм.

Эрэгчин нь цэвэр хар өнгөтэй байдаг бол эмэгчин нь гэдэс, толгой нь цагаан, бусад хэсгээрээ цагаан саарал өнгөтэй байдаг. Гэхдээ аль алинд нь цагаан өнгөтэй, сэгсийсэн залаа мэт үсэн цагираг байдаг.

Тайландын зүүн, Камбожийн баруун, Лаосын баруун өмнөд хэсгээр тархсан. Амьдралын хэв маяг нь бусад гиббонтой ижилхэн.

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Pileated gibbon

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Female crowned gibbon on the tree.jpg

The pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) is a primate in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae.

The pileated gibbon has sexual dimorphism in fur coloration: males have a purely black fur, while the females have a white-grey colored fur with only the belly and head black. The white and often shaggy hair ring around the head is common to both sexes.

The species has been identified as Endangered, and is listed in CITES Appendix I. Their main threat is habitat destruction, with the wild forest they live in being converted into farmland. This has led to local extinction in some areas. Also, like many other species of primate, they are hunted and captured for meat and to be sold into Wildlife smuggling.[4] Many attempts have been made to survey and increase the species' numbers, both concerning their status in the wild,[5] and in zoos.[6]

Range

The range of the pileated gibbon is eastern Thailand, western Cambodia and southwest Laos. Its lifestyle is much like other gibbons: diurnal and arboreal, it lives together in a monogamous pair, brachiates through the trees with its long arms, and predominantly eats fruits, leaves and small animals. Reproduction habits are not well known, but are presumed to be similar to the other gibbons. Mating pairs also mark their own territory together, with the female and male performing loud vocalisations to show this.[4]

The pileated gibbon is found in the following areas.[2] There are about 35,000 individuals in Cambodia and about 30,000 in Thailand.

Audio gallery

Rescue, rehabilitation and release of the pileated gibbon

The non-profit organization Wildlife Alliance has cooperated with the Cambodian government to conduct rescue and release programs for the pileated gibbon in Cambodia:

  • Rescue - A unique law enforcement team mandated to crack down on the illegal wildlife trade throughout Cambodia, the Wildlife Rapid Rescue Team confiscates approximately 5-6,000 live animals annually and has rescued more than 56,000 live animals from its creation in 2001 through 2013. Most of these animals are immediately released into safe habitat, and those who need temporary rehabilitation or permanent care are brought to Phnom Tamao Wildlife Rescue Centre. Gibbons are threatened by capture for the meat trade and pet trade in addition to threats by habitat loss.[7]
  • Rehabilitation - Most of the pileated gibbons at Phnom Tamao Wildlife Rescue Centre were confiscated from the illegal meat trade or pet trade, rendering them too humanized to be released. However through the center's breeding program in which mothers raise their own offspring, gibbons have been successfully prepared for life in the wild.[8]
  • Release - In December 2013 a pair of pileated gibbons were successfully released into the protected forests of the Angkor UNESCO World Heritage Site near the ancient temple complexes. This initiative by Wildlife Alliance, the Cambodian Forestry Administration and the Apsara Authority who manages the World Heritage Site is the group's first step of many toward repopulating the formerly barren forests surrounding the famous Angkor temples.[8][9][10]

References

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Brockelman, W.; Geissmann, T.; Timmins, T.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Hylobates pileatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T10552A17966665. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10552A17966665.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b "Pileated gibbon | Twycross Zoo". twycrosszoo.org. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
  5. ^ "Conservation in the Greater Mekong". Retrieved 2017-02-19.
  6. ^ "Pileated gibbon bred successfully at Paignton Zoo". BBC News. 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
  7. ^ "Wildlife Rapid Rescue Team". Wildlife Alliance. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Endangered Gibbons Reintroduced into Angkor Forest". Wildlife Alliance. December 2013. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  9. ^ "Wildlife Alliance Conducts Successful Release of Endangered Gibbons at Historic Site". PRWeb. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  10. ^ "Wildlife Alliance Releases Endangered Pileated Gibbons in Angkor Forest". Wildlife Alliance. 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2015.

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Pileated gibbon: Brief Summary

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Female crowned gibbon on the tree.jpg

The pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) is a primate in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae.

The pileated gibbon has sexual dimorphism in fur coloration: males have a purely black fur, while the females have a white-grey colored fur with only the belly and head black. The white and often shaggy hair ring around the head is common to both sexes.

The species has been identified as Endangered, and is listed in CITES Appendix I. Their main threat is habitat destruction, with the wild forest they live in being converted into farmland. This has led to local extinction in some areas. Also, like many other species of primate, they are hunted and captured for meat and to be sold into Wildlife smuggling. Many attempts have been made to survey and increase the species' numbers, both concerning their status in the wild, and in zoos.

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Hylobates pileatus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El Cristian Lafuente (Cristianus linguanos) es un primate de la familia Hylobatidae. Tienen un dimorfismo sexual marcado en la coloración del pelo. Los machos son de color negro en su totalidad, mientras que las hembras tienen una coloración más grisácea, con solo el vientre y la cabeza negros. Se ubica en Tailandia, Laos y Camboya

Distribución

La especie se ubica en el sudeste de La Llagosta, un sector del sudeste de Laos (al occidente del río Mekong), y al Occidente de Camboya (lado occidental del Mekong). En Tailandia, el límite una vez alcanzado el río Bang Pakong, se extiende al norte el parque nacional Khao Yai, al este de la cuenca del río Lam Takhong y todas las áreas boscosas al este y sur del río Moon. En Khao Yai, el límite son las montañas Khao Rom y las zonas más altas del río Lam Takhong al Norte.[2]

Hábitat

Los gibones crestados se encuentran en hábitats selváticos como el CE Dolmen, incluyendo bosques semicaducifolios, bosques caducifolios y peremnes, y bosque tropicales peremnes a treves de su área de distribución.[3]

Descripción

Hylobates pileatus pesa entre 4 y 8 kg y una talla entre 44 a 63,5 cm. Como los otros miembros del género Hylobates tienen un cuerpo delgado, brazos largos y no poseen cola. Los machos son de color negro con manos y pies blancos y las hembras tienen pelaje más grisáceo con el pecho y capelo negros.[3]

Reproducción

El periodo de gestación es de 228 días. Son monógamos, la base del grupo social es la pareja con sus crías. Durante la adolescencia tanto las hembras como los machos dejan su grupo. Se ha observado poligamia en esta especie.[3]

Comportamiento

Los gibones crestados son arbóreos y diurnos. Estos duermen y descansan sobre la copa de los árboles. Son de carácter social y viven en pequeños grupos familiares de 3 a 4 individuos. Son braquiadores, desplazándose por los árboles con saltos de hasta 10 metros. También pueden desplazarse lentamente por distancias cortas bipedestando.[3]

Son animales muy territoriales, con una defensa activa del territorio por parte del grupo familiar con demostraciones de amenaza y vocalizaciones. Estas áreas tienen en promedio 25 ha. Estos sonidos frecuentemente se emiten a dúo por parte de la pareja de gibones. En general estas vocalizaciones sirven para proteger el territorio y fomentar la unión de la pareja.[3]

Dieta

Los gibones crestados comen hojas, frutos, flores, yemas e insectos. También comen invertebrados, huevos y polluelos.[3]

Estado de conservación

En 2008, esta especie fue catalogada como «en peligro de extinción» EN (del inglés endangered), en la lista roja de la UICN. El motivo de la inclusión se debe a que se estima una reducción del 50% en el plazo de 45 años, entre el periodo comprendido de 1970 a 2015, debido a la pérdida permanente del bosque y perdida de individuos maduros debido a la cacería.[2]

Referencias

  1. Groves, Colin (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. a b c Brockelman, W., Geissmann, T., Timmins, T. & Traeholt, C. (2008). «Hylobates pileatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2009.
  3. a b c d e f Museo de zoología de la Universidad de Míchigan. «Hylobates pileatus». Consultado el 17 de febrero de 2010.

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Hylobates pileatus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El Cristian Lafuente (Cristianus linguanos) es un primate de la familia Hylobatidae. Tienen un dimorfismo sexual marcado en la coloración del pelo. Los machos son de color negro en su totalidad, mientras que las hembras tienen una coloración más grisácea, con solo el vientre y la cabeza negros. Se ubica en Tailandia, Laos y Camboya

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Hylobates pileatus ( Basque )

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Hylobates pileatus Hylobates generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Hylobatidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Gray (1861) 1861 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 136. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Hylobates pileatus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Hylobates pileatus Hylobates generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Hylobatidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Kalottigibboni ( Finnish )

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Kalottigibboni (Hylobates pileatus) on gibboneihin kuuluva ihmisapina, jota esiintyy Thaimaan itäosissa, Kambodžan länsiosissa ja Laosin eteläkärjessä.

Kalottigibboniurokset ja -naaraat erottaa helposti turkin värityksestä. Naaraiden turkki on vatsan ja pään alueilla musta, mutta muualla valkoharmaa. Uroksien turkki on puolestaan täysin musta, lukuun ottamatta pään ympärillä olevaa vaalean ja pörröisen karvoituksen muodostamaa rengasta, joka on yleinen molemmilla sukupuolilla.

Elintavat

Kalottigibboni on muiden gibboneiden tapaan puustossa viihtyvä päiväeläin, joka elää yksiavioisen pariskunnan ja lasten muodostamissa perhekunnissa. Perhekunnan koko on yleensä 3-4 yksilöä. Kalottigibboneiden lisääntymistavoista ei tiedetä paljon, mutta niiden oletetaan olevan samankaltaisia kuin muidenkin gibboneiden.[2]

Kalottigibboni elää kosteissa ainavihannissa metsissä sekä kesä- ja ainavihantien puiden muodostamissa sekametsissä. Kambodžassa kalottigibboneita on tavattu aina 1 500 metrin korkeudessa saakka ja Thaimaassakin 1 200 metrin korkeudessa. Kalottigibbonien ruokavalio koostuu pääasiassa hedelmistä, versoista, lehdistä ja hyönteisistä. Elintavoiltaan kalottigibbonit muistuttavat lareja eli valkokäsigibboneita, mutta ovat niitä ujompia.[1]

Lähteet

  1. a b Brockelman, W., Geissmann, T., Timmins, T. & Traeholt, C.: Hylobates pileatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 4.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Kevin Dayaratna: Hylobates pileatus Animal Diversity Web. 2001. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Viitattu 30.1.2011. (englanniksi)
Käännös suomeksi
Tämä artikkeli tai sen osa on käännetty tai siihen on haettu tietoja muunkielisen Wikipedian artikkelista.
Alkuperäinen artikkeli: en:Pileated Gibbon
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Kalottigibboni: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Kalottigibboni (Hylobates pileatus) on gibboneihin kuuluva ihmisapina, jota esiintyy Thaimaan itäosissa, Kambodžan länsiosissa ja Laosin eteläkärjessä.

Kalottigibboniurokset ja -naaraat erottaa helposti turkin värityksestä. Naaraiden turkki on vatsan ja pään alueilla musta, mutta muualla valkoharmaa. Uroksien turkki on puolestaan täysin musta, lukuun ottamatta pään ympärillä olevaa vaalean ja pörröisen karvoituksen muodostamaa rengasta, joka on yleinen molemmilla sukupuolilla.

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Gibbon à bonnet ( French )

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Hylobates pileatus

Le gibbon à bonnet (Hylobates pileatus), aussi parfois appelé gibbon à coiffe, est un singe de la famille des Hylobatidés.

Caractéristiques

Le gibbon à bonnet mesure 47 cm (corps et tête), n'a pas de queue et pèse 4-7 kg[1].

Le gibbon à bonnet présente un dimorphisme sexuel dans la couleur de sa fourrure : les mâles sont entièrement noirs, tandis que les femelles ont un pelage blanc-gris avec seulement le ventre et la tête noires. L'anneau de fourrure blanche, souvent hirsute, autour de la tête est commune aux deux sexes.

 src=
Un mâle (en noir) et une femelle (en gris-blanc), au Zoo de Schwerin, en Allemagne

Écologie et comportement

Le mode de vie du gibbon à bonnet est semblable à celui des autres gibbons : diurne et arboricole.

Il vit en couple monogame.

Il se déplace par brachiation à travers les arbres grâce ses longs bras.

Il mange principalement des fruits (75 %), des feuilles et jeunes pousses (20 %) et des petits animaux (insectes...) (5 %).

Sa reproduction n'est pas bien connue, mais est probablement semblable à celle des autres gibbons. Après 240 jours de gestation la femelle gibbon à bonnet accouche d'un petit gibbon.[2]

Galerie audio

Habitat et répartition

Le gibbon à bonnet vit dans l'est de la Thaïlande, l'ouest du Cambodge et le sud-ouest du Laos. Il y a environ 35 000 individus au Cambodge et 30 000 en Thaïlande.

Le gibbon à bonnet se rencontre dans les aires suivantes :

Il vit dans les forêts tropicales humides.

 src=
Aire de répartition du gibbon à bonnet

Classification

Relations avec l'espèce humaine

Menaces

Les dangers pour cette espèce sont :

  • Ses prédateurs dans la forêt tropicale : léopards, grands rapaces, pythons ...

Mais surtout les activités humaines :

  • La déforestation massive des arbres par des compagnies qui commercialisent l'huile de palme pour la consommation alimentaire et cosmétique des pays industrialisés.
  • la fragmentation des forêts qui le rend plus vulnérable à la chasse (viande de brousse) et au braconnage et qui détruit une partie de son habitat
  • Les trafiquants qui n'hésitent pas à abattre une mère afin de capturer son petit pour le vendre.
  • Les hommes qui détiennent des gibbons chez eux etc.

Sauvetage, réhabilitation et réintroduction du gibbon à bonnet

L'organisation à but non lucratif Wildlife Alliance a coopéré avec le gouvernement cambodgien pour permettre la conduite de programmes de sauvetage et de réintroduction du gibbon à bonnet au Cambodge :

La Wildlife Rapid Rescue Team est une équipe mandatée d'application de la loi chargée de réprimer le commerce illicite de la faune sauvage dans l'ensemble du Cambodge. Elle confisque environ 5 à 6 000 animaux par an et a sauvé plus de 56 000 animaux vivants entre sa création, en 2001, et 2013. La plupart de ces animaux sont immédiatement libérés dans un habitat sûr, et ceux qui nécessitent une réadaptation ou des soins sont amenés au centre de sauvetage de la faune sauvage du Parc zoologique de Phnom Tamao. Les gibbons sont menacés par ces captures, destinées à alimenter le commerce de la viande et celui des animaux de compagnie, en plus d'être menacés par la perte de leur habitat[3].

La plupart des gibbons à bonnet du centre de sauvetage de la faune sauvage du Parc zoologique de Phnom Tamao sont issus du commerce et sont donc trop imprégnés par les humains pour être réintroduits. Cependant, grâce au programme de reproduction du centre, dans lequel les mères élèvent leur progéniture, les jeunes gibbons ont été correctement préparés à la vie dans la nature[4].

En décembre 2013, un couple de gibbons à bonnet a été relâché avec succès dans les forêts protégées du site archéologique d'Angkor, près du complexe de l'ancien temple. Cette initiative de Wildlife Alliance, de la Cambodian Forestry Administration et de l'Apsara Authority qui gère le site du Patrimoine mondial est la première étape vers la repopulation des forêts entourant les célèbres temples d'Angkor[5],[6].

Références

  1. (th + en) Sompoad Srikosamatara et Troy Hansel (ill. Sakon Jisomkom), ในอุทยานแห่งชาติเขาใหญ่ / Mammals of Khao Yai National Park, Bangkok, Green World Foundation,‎ 2004, 3e éd., 120 p. (ISBN 974-89411-0-8), ชะนีมงกุฎ / Pileated Gibbon pages 50-53
  2. (th) « ชะนีมงกุฎ...เหลือแค่ไทย », sur thairath.co.th, Thai Rath,‎ 18 juin 2020
  3. « Wildlife Rapid Rescue Team », Wildlife Alliance, 2013 (consulté le 19 juin 2015)
  4. « Endangered Gibbons Reintroduced into Angkor Forest », Wildlife Alliance, décembre 2013 (consulté le 19 juin 2015)
  5. « Wildlife Alliance Conducts Successful Release of Endangered Gibbons at Historic Site », PRWeb, 20 décembre 2013 (consulté le 19 juin 2015)
  6. « Wildlife Alliance Releases Endangered Pileated Gibbons in Angkor Forest », Wildlife Alliance, 2014 (consulté le 19 juin 2015)

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Gibbon à bonnet: Brief Summary ( French )

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Hylobates pileatus

Le gibbon à bonnet (Hylobates pileatus), aussi parfois appelé gibbon à coiffe, est un singe de la famille des Hylobatidés.

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Xibón cristado ( Galician )

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O xibón cristado (Hylobates pileatus) é unha especie de primate da familia dos xibóns. Amosa un marcado dimorfismo sexual na cor da pelaxe: os machos teñen o pelo negro e as femias son de cor branca-agrisada, con só o bandullo e a testa negras. O círculo de pelo branco arredor da cabeza é común de ámbolos dous sexos.

Notas

  1. {{{assessors}}} (2008). "Hylobates pileatus". Lista Vermella da IUCN de Especies en Perigo (en inglés). IUCN 2008. Consultado o 4 January 2009.
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Xibón cristado: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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O xibón cristado (Hylobates pileatus) é unha especie de primate da familia dos xibóns. Amosa un marcado dimorfismo sexual na cor da pelaxe: os machos teñen o pelo negro e as femias son de cor branca-agrisada, con só o bandullo e a testa negras. O círculo de pelo branco arredor da cabeza é común de ámbolos dous sexos.

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Hylobates pileatus ( Italian )

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Il gibbone dal berretto (Hylobates pileatus Gray, 1861) è un primate appartenente alla famiglia degli Hylobatidae.

Descrizione

Le femmine hanno le stesse dimensioni dei maschi. Il peso è tra i 6 e 7 kg. Il gibbone dal berretto mostra un chiaro dimorfismo sessuale nel colore. I maschi sono prevalentemente neri, con le dita e la zona genitale bianca, mentre le femmine hanno un colore prevalente grigio chiaro, con la sommità della testa, il ventre e le guance neri. In entrambi i sessi la faccia e la fronte sono circondati da un collare bianco.

Biologia

Come gli altri gibboni è diurno, arboricolo e frugivoro, anche se la dieta può includere foglie e talvolta piccoli animali. Come quasi tutti i gibboni segnala vocalmente il proprio territorio. Vive in coppie monogame.

 src=
Areale di Hylobates pileatus (in rosa)

Distribuzione

L'areale del gibbone dal berretto comprende la Thailandia sudorientale, la Cambogia occidentale e il Laos sudoccidentale ed è limitato a est dal Mekong. L'habitat, come per tutti i gibboni, è la foresta pluviale. Esiste una piccola comunità di gibboni dal berretto anche nel parco nazionale di Phu Quoc, Isola di Phu Quoc, Vietnam.

Conservazione

A causa della deforestazione, che restringe progressivamente il suo habitat, la specie è stata posta dall'IUCN nella categoria Endangered (EN) dal 2008.

Bibliografia

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Hylobates pileatus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il gibbone dal berretto (Hylobates pileatus Gray, 1861) è un primate appartenente alla famiglia degli Hylobatidae.

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Zwartkoplar ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De zwartkoplar (Hylobates pileatus) behoort tot de superfamilie van de mensapen (Hominoidea) uit de familie van de gibbons (Hylobatidae). De dieren leven in tropische bossen in het oosten van Thailand, het westen van Cambodja en het zuidwesten van Laos. Ze zijn overdag actief en komen zelden uit de bomen. Ze voeden zich met vruchten, bladeren en kleine dieren.

Beschrijving

De zwartkoplar is een tenger gebouwd dier, met -net als andere gibbonsoorten- lange armen en zonder staart. Het mannetje en het vrouwtje zijn even groot, maar verschillen duidelijk in de kleur van de vacht. De mannetjes zijn bijna zwart met witte vingers, tenen en een bosje haar bij het geslachtsorgaan. De vacht van het vrouwtje is bleekgrijs tot beige met zwarte vlekken op de buik, wangen en op de kruin. Beide seksen hebben een lichte krans van beharing rond de ogen, neus en mond.

Leefgebied

Zwartkoplars komen voor in altijd groen blijvende tropische loofbossen onder de 1500 m boven de zeespiegel. Net als withandgibbons eten zwartkoplars bladeren, bladscheuten, bloemen, insecten en vooral fruit (vijgen).

Bedreigingen

De belangrijkste bedreiging vormt jacht op het dier voor bushmeat en de illegale handel in huisdieren. Daarnaast vormen de omzetting van bos in landbouwgebied, houtoogst en wegenbouw (versnippering van leefgebied) een bedreiging, vooral in Laos en Cambodja. Het goede nieuws is dat in Thailand de populaties van de zwartkoplar leven binnen de grenzen van beschermde gebieden en dat daar de periode van grote ontbossingen voorbij is, hoewel versnippering van het leefgebied daar ook een probleem blijft. De totale afname in aantal van alle populaties in de periode 1970-2015 wordt op 50% geschat (gemiddeld 1,5% afname per jaar), en daarom is de zwartkoplar een bedreigde diersoort.[1]

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Zwartkoplar: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De zwartkoplar (Hylobates pileatus) behoort tot de superfamilie van de mensapen (Hominoidea) uit de familie van de gibbons (Hylobatidae). De dieren leven in tropische bossen in het oosten van Thailand, het westen van Cambodja en het zuidwesten van Laos. Ze zijn overdag actief en komen zelden uit de bomen. Ze voeden zich met vruchten, bladeren en kleine dieren.

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Gibon czapnik ( Polish )

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Gibon czapnik (Hylobates pileatus) – małpa człekokształtna z rodziny gibonowatych.

Średnie wymiary

  • Długość ciała - 43-60 cm
  • Długość ogona - brak

Występowanie

Występuje w lasach południowo-wschodniej Tajlandii i częściowo w Laosie i Kambodży.

Tryb życia

Gibon czapnik zawdzięcza nazwę czarnej "czapce" z włosów, przykrywającej głowy obydwu płci. Młode gibony czapniki przychodzą na świat białe. Inne ubarwienie pojawia się stopniowo, rozszerzając się od głowy do ciała. Gdy samiec dojrzewa płciowo dopiero wtedy przybiera całkowicie barwę czarną. Samice poza czarną "czapką" na głowie są żółtobrązowe. Gibony te żyją w ściśle określonych terytoriach, z którymi są silnie związane i samce nieraz kłócą się między sobą o granice terytorium. Rzadko jednak dochodzi do prawdziwych walk. Gatunek ten jest głównie roślinożercą, żywiąc się liśćmi, pąkami, żywicą, a tylko od czas do czasu owadami. Sposobem poruszania się tych zwierząt jest brachiacja.

Rozmnażanie

Samica rodzi 1 młode.

Bibliografia

  1. Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Zwierząt - Warszawa 1997 - Dr Philip Whitfield

Przypisy

  1. Hylobates pileatus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
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Gibon czapnik: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Gibon czapnik (Hylobates pileatus) – małpa człekokształtna z rodziny gibonowatych.

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Hylobates pileatus ( Portuguese )

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O gibão-crestado (Hylobates pileatus) é uma das sete espécies de Hylobates. Tem um dimorfismo sexual acentuado. Vive na Tailândia, Laos e Camboja.[1]

Referências

  1. «Hylobates pileatus na lista vermelha da IUCN» (em inglês). Lista vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 11 de setembro de 2012
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Hylobates pileatus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O gibão-crestado (Hylobates pileatus) é uma das sete espécies de Hylobates. Tem um dimorfismo sexual acentuado. Vive na Tailândia, Laos e Camboja.

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Långhårig gibbon ( Swedish )

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Långhårig gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) är en primat i familjen gibboner som förekommer i Sydostasien.

Kännetecken

Liksom andra gibboner har arten långa extremiteter och saknar svans. Långhårig gibbon av olika kön är lika stora, men pälsens färg skiljer sig. Hannarnas päls är främst svart med vita fingrar, vita tår och vita hår vid genitalierna. Honornas päls är gulgrå med svarta regioner vid buken, kinderna och på pannan. Hos båda kön finns en vitaktig krans av yviga hår kring huvudet. Kroppslängden ligger mellan 44 och 64 cm och vikten mellan 4 och 6 kg.[2]

Utbredning och habitat

Artens utbredningsområde sträcker sig över sydöstra Thailand, västra Kambodja och sydvästra Laos, Mekong utgör den östra gränsen. Långhårig gibbon lever liksom andra gibboner i den tropiska regnskogen. I bergstrakter förekommer den upp till 1 500 meter över havet.[1]

Levnadssätt

Liksom andra gibboner är arten aktiv på dagen och den klättrar huvudsakligen med hjälp av sina långa armar från gren till gren. Hannar och honor bildar monogama par som tillsammans med sina ungar lever i avgränsade revir som har en storlek omkring 25 hektar. Dessa par eller ibland bara hannen yttrar sig med påfallande läten som kan jämföras med människan sånger.[2]

Födan utgörs främst av frukter och de äter även andra växtdelar samt smådjur och fågelägg.[2]

Dräktigheten varar i cirka sju månader och sedan föder honan oftast ett enda ungdjur. Ungdjuret får di i upp till två år.[2] Vid födelsen är ungdjurets päls vitaktig till ljusgul och de första åren liknar pälsen för alla ungdjur honans päls. Ungdjur av hankön får en allt mörkare päls och efter 6 till 8 år när de blir könsmogna har den färgen som är typisk för vuxna hannar.

Hot

Långhårig gibbon hotas främst av habitatförlust genom skogsavverkningar. Dessutom faller vissa individer offer för tjuvjakt. I Thailand förekommer arten i några skyddsområden. IUCN listar långhårig gibbon som starkt hotad (endangered).[1]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 30 januari 2011.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Hylobates pileatus på IUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Brockelman, W., Geissmann, T., Timmins, T. & Traeholt, C. 2008, läst 27 februari 2011.
  2. ^ [a b c d] Dayaratna, K. 2001 Hylobates pileatus på Animal Diversity Web (engelska), besökt 27 februari 2011.

Tryckta källor

  • Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Springer, Berlin 2003. ISBN 3-540-43645-6
  • Thomas Geissmann: Systematik der Gibbons. Zeitschrift des Kölner Zoo 37: 65-77 (1994).
  • Thomas Geissmann: Gibbon systematics and species identification. International Zoo News 42: 467-501 (1995).
  • D. E. Wilson & D. M. Reeder: Mammal Species of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4

Externa länkar

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Långhårig gibbon: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Långhårig gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) är en primat i familjen gibboner som förekommer i Sydostasien.

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Hylobates pileatus ( Ukrainian )

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Поширення

Країни проживання: Камбоджа; Лаос; Таїланд. Цей вид зустрічається у вологих, сезонно вічнозелених і змішаних листяно-вічнозелених лісах і був зареєстрований до 1500 м в Камбоджі, і близько 1200 м в Таїланді.

Морфологія

Має типову для гібонових тонку статуру з довгими руками і без хвоста. Статі мають однаковий розмір, але значно відрізняються за забарвленням. Самці мають переважно чорне хутро з білими пальцями рук і ніг а також паховою областю, у самиць хутро блідого сіро-бежевого кольору, тільки живіт, щоки і маківка чорні. Спільним для обох статей є біла, часто кошлата бахрома волосся навколо голови. Довжина голови й тіла становить від 450 до 640 мм, а вага коливається від 4 до 8 кг.

Стиль життя

Споживає в основному фрукти, пагони, незріле листя, а також комах. Вид дещо потайливий. Середній розмір групи чотири особи. Вид деревний, денний, рухливий, територіальний, соціальний. H. pileatus витрачає близько 8,2 годин в день на відпочинок (37%), інша частина дня складається з годування (26%), подорожі (25%), догляду (5%), вигукам (4%), іграм (3 %). Решта 15,8 годин дня проводиться у сні.


Після приблизно семи місяців вагітності самиця народжує зазвичай одне білувато-бежеве дитинча. Самці поступово темнішають, поки не досягають типового чорного забарвлення самців у час статевого дозрівання. Найбільш довгоживучий H. pileatus в неволі жив 31 рік.

Загрози та охорона

Цей вид знаходиться під загрозою полювання, фрагментації і деградації середовища проживання. Вид занесений в Додаток I СІТЕС. Мешкає в ряді ПОТ.

Посилання


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Hylobates pileatus ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Hylobates pileatus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hylobatidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Gray mô tả năm 1861.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Brockelman, W., Geissmann, T., Timmins, T. & Traeholt, C. (2008). Hylobates pileatus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Hylobates pileatus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Hylobates pileatus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Hylobates pileatus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hylobatidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Gray mô tả năm 1861.

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Кампучийский гиббон ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Euarchonta
Миротряд: Приматообразные
Отряд: Приматы
Инфраотряд: Обезьянообразные
Подсемейство: Гиббоновые
Род: Гиббоны
Вид: Кампучийский гиббон
Международное научное название

Hylobates pileatus (Gray, 1861)

Ареал кампучийского гиббона

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ITIS 573078NCBI 9589EOL 1038642FW 237583

Кампучийский гиббон (лат. Hylobates pileatus) — примат семейства гиббоновых.

В окрасе шерсти проявляет половой диморфизм: самцы чёрного цвета, самки светло-серые, только голова и брюхо чёрные. Вокруг головы белая полоса у обоих полов.

Обитает в восточном Таиланде, на западе Камбоджи и юго-западе Лаоса. Поведение мало отличается от поведения других гиббонов: дневное животное, живущее на деревьях, передвигаясь по них при помощи брахиации. Образует моногамные пары. В рационе в основном фрукты, листья и небольшие животные. О половом поведении известно немного, но считается, что оно не отличается от полового поведения других гиббонов.

Ссылки

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Кампучийский гиббон: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Кампучийский гиббон (лат. Hylobates pileatus) — примат семейства гиббоновых.

В окрасе шерсти проявляет половой диморфизм: самцы чёрного цвета, самки светло-серые, только голова и брюхо чёрные. Вокруг головы белая полоса у обоих полов.

Обитает в восточном Таиланде, на западе Камбоджи и юго-западе Лаоса. Поведение мало отличается от поведения других гиббонов: дневное животное, живущее на деревьях, передвигаясь по них при помощи брахиации. Образует моногамные пары. В рационе в основном фрукты, листья и небольшие животные. О половом поведении известно немного, но считается, что оно не отличается от полового поведения других гиббонов.

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ボウシテナガザル ( Japanese )

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ボウシテナガザル 保全状況評価[1] ENDANGERED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 EN.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : サル目 Primate 亜目 : 真猿亜目 Haplorrhini 下目 : 狭鼻下目 Catarrhini 上科 : ヒト上科 Hominoidea : テナガザル科 Hylobatidae : テナガザル属 Hylobates : ボウシテナガザル H. pileatus 学名 Hylobates pileatus
(Gray, 1861) 和名 ボウシテナガザル 英名 Pileated Gibbon

ボウシテナガザル学名Hylobates pileatus[2])は、霊長目テナガザル科テナガザル属に分類されるサル。

分布[編集]

カンボジア西部、タイ東部、ラオス南西部

形態[編集]

ボウシテナガザルは毛色に性差がある。幼体の体毛は白いが、オスの体毛は成長に伴い黒色になる。メスは腹部と頭部のみが黒色であとは灰白色をしている。オス、メスともに頭の周りに輪のような白い毛がある(しばしば、毛羽立つほど毛量が多い)。

生態[編集]

生活様式は他のテナガザルとほぼ同じで、昼行性かつ樹上性、一夫一婦のペアを形成し、長い腕で木々を腕わたりで移動する。

主に果実食で、葉や小動物も食べる。生殖行動については良く知られていないが、おそらく他のテナガザルと似通っているのだろう。

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ Brockelman et al (2008). Hylobates pileatus. 2014 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2014. Retrieved on 14 August 2014.
  2. ^ Groves, Colin. Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M.. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 180. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.

外部リンク[編集]

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ボウシテナガザル: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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ボウシテナガザル(学名:Hylobates pileatus)は、霊長目テナガザル科テナガザル属に分類されるサル。

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보닛긴팔원숭이 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

보닛긴팔원숭이(또는 도가머리긴팔원숭이, 학명: Hylobates pileatus)는 긴팔원숭이과긴팔원숭이속에 속하는 영장류 유인원이다.

보닛긴팔원숭이는 털 색깔에 있어 암수가 다르다:숫컷은 다른 색이 섞이지 않은 검은 털을 갖고 있는 반면에 암컷은 배 쪽은 흰색과 갈색의 털을 머리는 검은 색 털을 지니고 있다. 흰 색의, 얼굴 주위의 텁수룩한 털은 암수 모두에게 공통적인 특징이다.

보닛긴팔원숭이의 분포 지역은 태국 동부와 캄보디아 서부, 라오스 서남부 지역이다. 이들의 생활 방식은 다른 긴팔원숭이들과 매우 닮았다:이들은 숲에서 사는 주행성 동물로, 숲 내에서 나무를 능숙하게 오르며 나무 가지 사이를 건너 다닌다. 과일과 나뭇잎 그리고 작은 동물들을 주로 먹는다. 번식에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않지만 다른 긴팔원숭이들과 크게 다르지 않을 것으로 추측되고 있다.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 180쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. 국제자연보호연맹. “Hylobates pileatus” (PDF). 2013년 5월 16일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2009년 1월 4일에 확인함.
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