Capped Gibbon

Maximum longevity: 38 years (captivity) Observations: One wild born specimen was still living at about 38 years of age (Richard Weigl 2005). There is also one longevity record of 39 years (Lindenfors 2002), but this has not been confirmed.

There is no information regard major predators of Hylobates pileatus. However, large carnivorous species such as clouded leopards and pythons do exist throughout this species range.

Pileated gibbons have slender torsos, long arms, no tail, and ischial callosities. Head-and-body length ranges from 450 to 640 mm, and weight ranges between 4 to 8 kg, with an average of 5.4 kg for females and 5.5 kg for males. Both sexes are born covered in light buff-colored fur, with black spots on the top of their head and chest appearing at 10 to 12 months of age. These black spots grow continuously until sexual maturity. Adult females have a large black patch from the top of the head to the groin on the ventral surface, which forms an inverted triangle. The rest of the body remains light gray or buff. The hair above the female’s ears is white, and is long enough to hang over the temples in characteristic “Dagwood tufts” by 7 years of age. Sub-adult and young-adult females have a white brow band that decreases with age, pregnancy, or decreasing physical condition. Adult males are almost completely black with a narrow white face ring and crown ring as well as white hands, feet, and a genital tuft. Male hands and feet also have a fringe of hair halfway up their sides. Some males have lightly grizzled silver hairs on their legs and lower back. As with most other species in the genus Hylobates, the hair on the ulnar side of the forearm grows in the direction of the elbow, while hair on the radial side grows in the direction of the wrist. Infant pileated gibbons have pink skin, which darkens with age and sun exposure, turning a light gray by adolescence and, eventually, a dark charcoal gray by the time they reach sexual maturity. Females often have adult pelage by 4 years, while males have adult pelage by 6.5 years. Both males and females have hairless facial areas and very dense fur elsewhere on their bodies. Neither sex has a laryngeal sac.

The teeth of Hylobates pileatus have a distinct cingulum (i.e., a shelf-like ridge around the outside of an upper molar) on the lingual side of the upper cheekteeth, a more lateral metaconid coupled with a more lingual hypoconid, and a comparatively large third molar. The skull morphology consists of a bowed zygomatic arch, downward pointing foramen magnum, and thick orbital rim. The dental formula of H. pileatus is 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 = 32 and is common to all Hylobatidae.

Range mass: 4 to 8 kg.

Average mass: 5.4 to 5.5 kg.

Range length: 450 to 640 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently

The longest-lived Hylobates pileatus in captivity survived 31 years. Little other information exists on the lifespan of H. pileatus.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 31 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: captivity: 37.9 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: male
Status: captivity: 31.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 34.7 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: male
Status: captivity: 36.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild: 25.0 years.

Hylobates pileatus can be found in tropical deciduous monsoon forests, dense evergreens, and tall moist montane forests throughout southeast Asia. They prefer old-growth forests with dense evergreen cover and avoid areas with high disturbance, patchy cover, large stands of exotic trees, and trees standing taller than the primary canopy.

Range elevation: 1,500 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: tropical

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

The distribution of Hylobates pileatus once extended from south Thailand to west of the Mekong in Cambodia, but is now found only in southeast Thailand, extreme southwestern Laos, and northwestern Cambodia. Other than one zone of sympatry with Hylobates lar in Kao Yai National Park, Thailand, the current range of H. pileatus excludes all other gibbon species.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

Hylobates pileatus couples announce their territories via a unique duet song. Females begin with a “great call,” and males joins midway through the great call with a series of shorter calls. The duet concludes with a single phrase of the males shorter call. The calling female also begins a locomotor display of brachiation and branch breaking during the song, sometimes accompanied by the male. The song pattern and tones of phrases used are unique to H. pileatus and are used as a conspecific identifier. Song bouts usually occur in the morning, with more recently established groups singing more often than older groups. Pileated gibbons sing least on rainy, cloudy, and windy days.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Other Communication Modes: duets ; choruses

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

All gibbons are threatened by hunting and habitat destruction. Hylobates pileatus is listed as an endangered on the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species, with an estimated population of 65,000 individuals in Thailand and Cambodia, combined. Slash-and-burn agriculture in Thailand has destroyed forest habitats, and hunting pileated gibbons for sustenance is still practiced. In Cambodia, deforestation continues to reduce available land habitable by H. pileatus. The habitat of H. pileatus is not only becoming reduced in overall area, but is also becoming fragmented, separating populations ecologically and reproductively. These small, fragmented patches of land have low prospects for population maintenance. Although many areas currently inhabited by H. pileatus are protected, enforcement of conservation based laws is weak and numbers continue to decrease as a result.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

Pileated gibbons are naturally susceptible to a hepatitis B virus similar to that which affects humans. It has been postulated that this disease could be transferred to humans, although there have been no such reports thus far.

Hylobates pileatus is hunted by humans for food and captured for the pet trade throughout their range. Analysis of the hepatitis B virus that occurs in wild H. pileatus populations can help with further understanding human-associated hepatitis B, its possible origins, and its host-virus interactions in terms of infection and disease.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; research and education

As a frugivorous species that travels long distances within its home range, Hylobates pileatus is an probably important seed disperser for various tree species within its home range. Dispersal of seeds away from parent trees reduces seed predation and competition between emerging conspecifics. This increases both the probability of survival for the resulting young trees and local plant diversity. Individual seeds that pass through the pileated gibbon’s digestive tract are also more likely to germinate than those that do not. In addition to seed dispersal, 15% of H. pileatus's diet consists of insects, which may help reduce the abundance of insect pests. There is limited information on parasites specific to H. pileatus, however they are potential carriers of chagas disease (also known as American trypanosomiasis) which is caused by protists Trypanosoma cruzi and hepatitis B. They are also host to a number of different endoparasites, including flatworms and roundworms.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

• flatworms (Trematoda)
• roundworms (Nematoda)
• parasitic protist (Trypanosoma cruzi)

Pileated gibbons are mostly frugivorous, with 45% of their diet consisting of soft-skinned or hard-rinded fruit and 26% consisting of figs. Figs are found in large patches and can be fed on for a longer period of time than other fruits, which are more dispersed. Thus, travel and search time significantly decrease when feeding on figs as opposed to other fruits. An additional 13% of the pileated gibbon’s diet is from young leaves and 2% is from unopened leaf shoots. THey also consume insects (15% of total diet), eggs, and small vertebrates. Pileated gibbons budget more time for fruit consumption during morning and evening hours, while leaves and insects are consumed more in the middle of the day. This pattern of behavior may be to immediately restore energy lost during the previous night's sleep and prepare for energy loss the following night, as fruits are high in carbohydrates. Pileated gibbons prefer to eat while sitting on branches in the middle and upper canopies. Pileated gibbons require open water during during the dry season.

Animal Foods: insects

Plant Foods: leaves; fruit

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore )

All gibbons, including pileated gibbons, are monogamous and form small family groups consisting of a mating pair and young offspring. These groups occupy and defend a constant home range. At any one time, a single family group usually consists of one mating pair and two offspring of staggered ages, which eventually leave as additional offspring are born.

Mating System: monogamous

The testes of male pileated gibbons descend late in the juvenile period, as is common with most species of Hylobates. Pileated gibbon males have the shortest bacula of all Hylobates. Females reach sexual maturity at around 7.5 years of age, and males reach sexual maturity between 5 and 8 years of age. Captive pileated gibbons have reached sexual maturity earlier in both sexes, which may be due to stress, increased resource abundance, or a number of other factors.

The estrous cycle of female pileated gibbons averages 27 to 30 days with a 4 to 5 day menstruation. Average gestation lasts 6 to 7.5 months. Like most other gibbons they produce one offspring per reproductive cycle, and most young are weaned between 1 and 2 years old. Infants stay with the mother until about age 2, when they begin to move around independently. There is no known breeding season for members of the genus Hylobates.

Breeding interval: Pileated gibbons have one offspring every reproductive cycle.

Breeding season: Pileated gibbons breed year round.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 193 to 225 days.

Range weaning age: 12 to 24 months.

Range time to independence: 2 to 4 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 7.5 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 to 8 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average number of offspring: 1.

Pileated gibbon are weaned between 1 and 2 years after birth, and infants remain with their mother until about 2 years old. As with other gibbons, juvenile pileated gibbons remain with their family group and feed within the group's home range until sexually mature. Parents increase antagonism towards sub-adult offspring and prohibit them from mating in an effort to drive them from the group and territory. The age at which a sub-adult is driven out may depend on the size of the family group and resource availability. Little is known of paternal care in pileated gibbons.

Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning

Throwing itself from tree to tree over gaps of over nine metres, this tree-dwelling primate moves its forearms alternately to swing beneath the branches (3) (6). Despite exhibiting this brilliant form of locomotion, known as brachiation, the pileated gibbon is also able to move short distances by foot, and can also climb whilst moving slowly or feeding (5). The diet of the pileated gibbon consists primarily of fruits high in sugar, such as the fig (Ficus species), but it also supplements this sweet food with immature leaves, flowers and insects (5). Pileated gibbons are active during the day, spending the nights and other periods of rest in tall trees (5). They live in small family groups which consist of a breeding pair and their offspring. Single offspring are born into the group every two to three years (5) (7), and leave the group around adolescence (5). Although these apes are monogamous, polygyny has been observed where the white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) occurs in the same area, with some groups containing females of both species (5). Like all other gibbon species, pileated gibbons reinforce bonds between individuals in the group by social grooming, with one individual grooming another (5). Dominated by the female, the bond between breeding pairs is reinforced through 'duets'. It is believed that these vocalizations are also necessary to establish and maintain the family groups' territory (5), which they also defend with displays and threats (5) (6).

The pileated gibbon is protected from international trade by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International trade in endangered Species (CITES) (2). The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) established an International Studbook in 1990 for the pileated gibbon, and conservation breeding programmes were set up to ensure there is a viable reserve population (9). The Cardomom Project was set up with Fauna & Flora International (FFI) to preserve the Cardomom Mountains region in south west Cambodia to protect both the habitat from destruction and the wildlife from hunters. It is hoped that species such as the pileated gibbon will benefit from the work carried out by this project (7).

Known for their graceful and impressive method of locomotion, and their beautiful and complex duets, gibbons are spectacular to behold in the wild (3). Male pileated gibbons have short black hair with white hands, feet and brow band (3) (4), and there is a white circular streak around the crown cap on the sides of the head (4). Females range in colour from buffy to silvery-grey with a black chest, cheeks and cap (3) (4) and a white brow and facial ring (4). Infants of both sexes are similar in colour to the adult female, but slightly paler silvery-buff, making the pileated gibbon the only Hylobates species in which males undergo a colour change (4). Like other gibbons, the pileated gibbon has a slender body, long forearms and no tail (3) (5). A throat sac located beneath the chin enhances the spectacular calls which both male and female pileated gibbons make. The male calls with abrupt notes and a trill after the females call. The female call is much louder and distinctive and consists of rich short rising notes lasting around 18 seconds (3).

Occurs in semi deciduous monsoon forests and tropical evergreen forests (5).

The pileated gibbon is found in Cambodia, Laos and south-east Thailand (1) (3).

Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix I of CITES (2).

The pileated gibbon has undergone a population decline since deforestation began in Southeast Asia (3) (8), and it is thought that the species is near extinction over large parts of its range (3). The additional pressure of hunting, for both food and for the pet trade, is adding to the problem (8). It is thought that up to ten animals will have died during capture or transit for every baby gibbon sold as a pet (8).

The pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) is a primate in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae.

The pileated gibbon has sexual dimorphism in fur coloration: males have a purely black fur, while the females have a white-grey colored fur with only the belly and head black. The white and often shaggy hair ring around the head is common to both sexes.

The species has been identified as Endangered, and is listed in CITES Appendix I. Their main threat is habitat destruction, with the wild forest they live in being converted into farmland. This has led to local extinction in some areas. Also, like many other species of primate, they are hunted and captured for meat and to be sold into Wildlife smuggling. Many attempts have been made to survey and increase the species' numbers, both concerning their status in the wild, and in zoos.