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Harlequin Frog

Atelopus limosus Ibáñez, Jaramillo & Solís 1995

Description

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Atelopus limosus males have a snout-vent length of 26.5 - 30.7 mm while females have a snout-vent length of 38.9 - 40.2 mm. The species’ head is narrower than the body and is slightly wider than it is long. Males possess a small vocal sac. The pupils are horizontal and elliptical. It has a tapered snout, and lacks a tympanum. Prominent thick supratympanic crests are present, as are small but defined parotids. The dorsal skin appears smooth, and the ventral skin appears cracked; however, the skin is revealed to be finely granular under low magnification. The granules are most conical and elevated on the front legs. Folds are present on the knees, though tarsal folds and ulnar folds are absent. In males, forearms are robust and considerably more robust than the arm; in females, both parts of the arm are similarly robust. No information is available regarding the relative lengths of all the digits. On the hand, digits II-IV are thin and slightly expanded at the tips. Digit II of the hand is significantly longer than digit I, which has a keratinized pad. The toe tips range from round to oval, and vestigial webbing is present between digits. The webbing is especially prominent between digits II and III. The inner metatarsal, which is long and oval, is 2.5 times larger than the outer metatarsal, which is prominent and round (Ibáñez et al. 1995).Atelopus limosus can be distinguished from other Atelopus species by a combination of the following characters: pointed snout, small defined parotids, absent tympanum, smooth dorsal skin, cracked ventral skin, vestigial webbing on the hands, slender fingers except the thumb, moderate webbing on the feet, absent tarsal fold, heel reaching the posterior border of the orbit when limb extended along body, typically dark green dorsal coloring which may be olive brown in females, males with a black lateral line dividing the back and underside, typically white ventral coloring with small black spots on males and partial to complete orange ventral coloration in females. Furthermore, A. limosus can be distinguished from A. certus, A. chiriquiensis, A. glyphus, A. senex, A. varius, and A. zeteki by its dark green or olive brown back with no spots, and the males have a black line running down the sides of its chest (Ibáñez et al. 1995).In life, this species usually has a solid dark green black that may be olive brown in females. Males have a black line dividing the underside and back, which may be thin, irregular or thick. The underside of males is typically white with small black spots, particularly on the throat. The posterior end of the underside may be orange in some males. The underside of females is completely or partially orange, but some white coloration and yellow and green spots may also be present. The thighs may be grayish yellow, the arms are white, and palms and fingertips are yellow. The iris is green. In preservative, the back is dark gray. The flank is gray with a dark line separating the back from the underside, which is white with scattered black spots (Ibáñez et al. 1995).There are two varieties of this species: the lowland variety may be brown with yellow nostrils and fingertips, whereas the highland variety may be green and yellow with a black V-shaped pattern on its body (Wilson 2014).The species authority is: Ibáñez, R. D., Jaramillo, C. A., & Solís, F. A. (1995). Una especie nueva de Atelopus (Amphibia: Bufonidae) de Panama. Carribean Journal of Science 31, 57-64.

References

  • Amphibian Ark (2009a). ''Progress of amphibian ex situ conservation program: Atelopus limosus (lowland).'' http://www.amphibianark.org/exsituprogress/Atelopus%20limosus%20%28Lowland%29.htm.
  • Amphibian Ark (2009b). ''Progress of amphibian ex situ conservation program: Atelopus limosus (upland).'' http://www.amphibianark.org/exsituprogress/Atelopus%20limosus%20%28Upland%29.htm.
  • Ibáñez, R. D., Jaramillo, C. A., Solís, F. A. (1995). ''Una especie nueva de Atelopus (Amphibia: Bufonidae) de Panama.'' Carribean Journal of Science, 31(1-2), 57-64.
  • Luger, M., Hoedl, W., Loetters, S. (2009). ''Site fidelity, home range behavior and habitat utilization of male harlequin toads (Amphibia: Atelopus hoogmoedi) from Suriname: important aspects for conservation breeding.'' Salamandra, 45(4), 211-218.
  • Pessier, A. P., Baitchman, E. J., Crump, P., Wilson, B., Griffith, E., Ross, H. (2014). ''Causes of mortality in anuran amphibians from an ex situ survival assurance colony in Panama.'' , 33, 516-526.
  • Pramuk, J. B., Robertson, T., Sites Jr., J. W., Noonan, B. P. (2008). ''Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae).'' Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17, 72-83.
  • Wilson, D. (2014). ''Frog Friday: Limosa Harlequin Frog. Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project.'' http://amphibianrescue.org/2014/10/03/atelopuslimosus/.
  • Yotsu-Yamashita, M., Tateki, E. (2010). ''First report on toxins in the Panamanian toads Atelopus limosus, A. glyphus and A. certus.'' Toxicon , 55, 153-156.

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Distribution and Habitat

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Atelopus limosus occurs in central Panama at elevations of 10 m to 730 m asl. It has been recorded in Parque Nacional Chagres. It inhabits tropical lowland forests where there are tall trees with a shrub understory. During breeding, it is found in nearby permanent forest streams (Ibáñez et al.1995, La Marca et al. 2005, Stuart et al. 2008).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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The population size was noted to be stable and reasonably common up till 2009 but is now declining dramatically, and it is predicted that the entire Atelopus genus will soon be extinct. These dramatic declines are largely attributed to decreases in the extent and quality of its forest habitat due to agriculture and infrastructure development. Other habitat threats include water pollution from domestic and urban wastewater, erosion, stream sedimentation, and mining and quarrying activities. Gold mining has been particularly damaging to local habitats, and this has been suggested as a threat especially to egg and larval development (Ibáñez et al. 1995, Luger et al. 2009, Stuart et al. 2008).Though other members of Atelopus have been severely affected by chytridiomycosis, some scientists postulate that A. limosus occurs at a low enough altitude where the disease is less impactful. Studies have shown that lowland frogs are able to inhibit the growth of chytrid fungus on their skin due to increased ambient temperatures. Bacteria found on the skin of A. limosus may also play a role in its protection from the fungus, though this is not entirely certain (Flechas et al. 2012, Stuart et al. 2008).As a result of its endangered status, the Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project has a captive-breeding project for Atelopus limosus (Wilson 2014).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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This species is diurnal and typically found on the slopes and banks of narrow rocky streams in primary forests. It has never been found residing in areas far away from said moderately flowing streams. The silt in these streams matches the frogs’ color; thus, the frogs are inconspicuous on the surface (Ibáñez et al.1995).A mating pair was observed one November (during the rainy season); in this instance, the frogs were engaged in axillary amplexus on a rock jutting out over a stream (Ibáñez et al.1995).Embryos hatch as free-living larvae, and they use their ventral suction disks to cling to rocks in flowing streams. More than 50 tadpoles may hatch per clutch, and highland tadpoles are nocturnal (Amphibian Ark 2009a, Amphibian Ark 2009b).Atelopus limosus males call. Two call types have been noted: the advertisement call and the short call. The advertisement call occurs at average ambient temperatures of 26°C and lasts 260 ± 30 milliseconds at a dominant frequency of 2689 Hz. This call is described as sharp soft trill with pulses that gradually increase in amplitude and frequency and then decrease in amplitude. The call is similar to that of A. varius and A. zeteki, though it is of a shorter duration, consists of more pulses per second and is a higher frequency. Between advertisement calls at the edge of a stream, a male was observed to move in a < 50 cm radius while occasionally waving his left arm and extending both rear limbs in a motion described as a horse kick. Both these limb movements displayed the yellow areas on the palms and toe tips (Ibáñez et al. 1995).The short call occurs at average ambient temperatures of 21°C and lasts 10 ± 3 milliseconds at a dominant frequency of 2082 ± 44 Hz. This call occurs when the male is handled, and it is described as a soft cheeping sound. The short call of A. limosus is similar to that of A. zeteki but is of shorter duration and higher frequency (Ibáñez et al. 1995).
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Relation to Humans

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Atelopus limosus is not typically collected by humans except in limited numbers for conservation and captive-breeding efforts (Pessier et al. 2014).
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Atelopus limosus ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Atelopus limosus és una espècie d'amfibi que viu a Panamà.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Atelopus limosus Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Atelopus limosus: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Atelopus limosus és una espècie d'amfibi que viu a Panamà.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

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Atelopus limosus

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Atelopus limosus, the limosa harlequin frog[3] (Spanish: sapo limoso[1]) is an endangered species of toad in the family Bufonidae endemic to Panama.[4] Its natural habitats are stream banks in tropical moist lowland forests and rivers of the Chagres watershed in central Panama.

Description

Lowland color form of A. limosus male left, female right

Atelopus limosus has two color forms. A lowland color form is brown with a yellow nose and fingertips, while the upland color form is green with black chevron markings on its back. Males and females of both color forms are sexually dimorphic. Males are smaller with white bellies speckled with black spots, while females tend to have red or orange bellies.

Little is known of their diet in the wild, but it is presumably similar to that of other Atelopus species that forage on beetles, ants, flies, and mites.[5] In captivity, the frogs readily accept large fruit flies, small meal-worm larvae, and small crickets.

Conservation

Female on a log, looking for a mate

A. limosus is threatened by chytridiomycosis and habitat loss. Species have been rapidly declining throughout their range. About 75% of all known species from highland sites above 1000 m have disappeared, while 58% of lowland species have declined and 38% have disappeared.[6] Worried about the effects of chytridiomycosis on this endemic Panamanian frog, the Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project targeted A. limosus as a priority rescue species to be taken into captivity as an assurance colony at the Summit Municipal Park in Panama City. When the rescue team arrived at one of the last known upland sites at Cerro Brewster, they found many of the frogs were already infected with chytridiomycosis.[7] The captive-breeding program has been successful.[3] While the upland region seems to have been hard-hit by chytrid fungus, the fate of lowland populations of this species is uncertain, as chytridiomycosis appears to have more pronounced effects at upland sites.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atelopus limosus.
  1. ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019). "Atelopus limosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T54520A54340943. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T54520A54340943.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  2. ^ Ibáñez, R.; C. A. Jaramillo & F. A. Solís (1995). "Una especie nueva de Atelopus (Amphibia: Bufonidae) de Panama" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 31 (1–2): 57–64.
  3. ^ a b Lindsay Renick Mayer (22 March 2013). "Rescue Project Successfully Breeds Endangered Frog Species". Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  4. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Atelopus limosus Ibáñez, Jaramillo, and Solís, 1995". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  5. ^ P Durant, JW Dole (1974) Food of Atelopus oxyrhynchus (Anura: Atelopodidae) in a Venezuelan cloud forest Herpetologica 30:183-187
  6. ^ La Marca, E.; Lips, K. R.; Lotters, S.; Puschendorf, R.; Ibanez, R.; Rueda-Almonacid, J. V.; Schulte, R.; Marty, C.; Castro, F.; Manzanilla-Puppo, J.; Garcia-Perez, J. E.; Bolanos, F.; Chaves, G.; Pounds, J. A.; Toral, E.; Young, B. E. (2005). "Catastrophic population declines and extinctions in Neotropical harlequin frogs (Bufonidae: Atelopus)". Biotropica. 37 (2): 190–201. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00026.x.
  7. ^ "Panama amphibian rescue challenged by rapid spread of chytrid fungus". Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
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Atelopus limosus: Brief Summary

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Atelopus limosus, the limosa harlequin frog (Spanish: sapo limoso) is an endangered species of toad in the family Bufonidae endemic to Panama. Its natural habitats are stream banks in tropical moist lowland forests and rivers of the Chagres watershed in central Panama.

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Atelopus limosus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El sapo limoso (Atelopus limosus) es una especie de anfibio de la familia Bufonidae. Es uno de los sapos más pequeños del mundo; los machos miden de 26 a 30 mm y las hembras de 36 a 40 mm.

Es endémica de Panamá. Su hábitat natural incluye bosques tropicales o subtropicales secos y a baja altitud y ríos.

Está amenazado de extinción por la pérdida de su hábitat natural. En 2013 un equipo de zoólogos de Instituto Smithsonian ha conseguido criarlos en cautividad.[2]

Referencias

  1. Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor (2004). «Atelopus limosus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 26 de enero de 2016.
  2. «Smithsonian Science». Archivado desde el original el 2 de mayo de 2013. Consultado el 25 de abril de 2013.

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Atelopus limosus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El sapo limoso (Atelopus limosus) es una especie de anfibio de la familia Bufonidae. Es uno de los sapos más pequeños del mundo; los machos miden de 26 a 30 mm y las hembras de 36 a 40 mm.

Es endémica de Panamá. Su hábitat natural incluye bosques tropicales o subtropicales secos y a baja altitud y ríos.

Está amenazado de extinción por la pérdida de su hábitat natural. En 2013 un equipo de zoólogos de Instituto Smithsonian ha conseguido criarlos en cautividad.​

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Atelopus limosus ( Basque )

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Atelopus limosus Atelopus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

Kanpo estekak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Atelopus limosus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Atelopus limosus Atelopus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Atelopus limosus ( French )

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Atelopus limosus est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique du centre du Panama[1]. Elle se rencontre entre 10 et 730 m d'altitude sur le versant caraïbe.

Description

 src=
Atelopus limosus femelle
 src=
Atelopus limosus mâle
 src=
Atelopus limosus juvénile

Les mâles mesurent de 26 à 30 mm et les femelles de 36 à 40 mm[2].

Publication originale

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. Ibáñez, Jaramillo & Solís, 1995, « Una especie nueva de Atelopus (Amphibia: Bufonidae) de Panama », Caribbean Journal of Science, vol. 31, no 1/2, p. 57–64 (texte intégral).
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Atelopus limosus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Atelopus limosus est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae.

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Atelopus limosus ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

Atelopus limosus is een kikker uit de familie padden (Bufonidae) en het geslacht klompvoetkikkers (Atelopus). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Roberto Ibáñez-Díaz, César A. Jaramillo en Frank A. Solís in 1995.[2] Omdat de soort pas sinds recentelijk is beschreven wordt de kikker in veel literatuur nog niet vermeld.

Atelopus limosus leeft in delen van Zuid-Amerika en komt endemisch voor in Panama. De kikker is bekend van een hoogte van 10 tot 730 meter boven zeeniveau. De soort komt in een relatief klein gebied voor en is hierdoor kwetsbaar. Door de internationale natuurbeschermingsorganisatie IUCN wordt de soort beschouwd als 'Bedreigd'.[3]

Atelopus limosus leeft in relatief laaggelegen vochtige bossen.[4]

Referenties
  1. (en) Atelopus limosus op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Atelopus limosus.
  3. IUCN, Atelopus limosus.
  4. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Atelopus limosus.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Atelopus limosus - Website Geconsulteerd 5 februari 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Atelopus limosus - Website
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Atelopus limosus ( Portuguese )

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Atelopus limosus é uma espécie de sapo da família Bufonidae. Ele era endêmico no Panamá. Seu habitat natural são as florestas úmidas das terras baixas, em áreas tropicais e subtropicais, e rios. Está ameaçado pela perda do seu habitat[3].

Referências

  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019). «Atelopus limosus». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2019: e.T54520A54340943. doi:. Consultado em 15 de novembro de 2021
  2. Ibáñez, R.; C. A. Jaramillo; F. A. Solís (1995). «Una especie nueva de Atelopus (Amphibia: Bufonidae) de Panama» (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 31 (1-2): 57–64
  3. Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor 2004. Atelopus limosus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. . Downloaded on 08 October 2012.
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Atelopus limosus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Atelopus limosus é uma espécie de sapo da família Bufonidae. Ele era endêmico no Panamá. Seu habitat natural são as florestas úmidas das terras baixas, em áreas tropicais e subtropicais, e rios. Está ameaçado pela perda do seu habitat.

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Atelopus limosus ( Swedish )

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Atelopus limosus är en padda i familjen Bufonidae som förekommer i Panama. Artens vetenskapliga beskrivning utfördes 1995 av Ibáñez, Jaramillo och Solís.[1]

Utbredning

Denna padda är bara känd från centrala Panama. Den vistas där i subtropiska fuktiga regnskogar i avrinningsområdet av floden Chagres.[1]

Beskrivning

 src=
Hona av låglandsformen.

Atelopus limosus förekommer i två färgvarianter. Formen från låglandet har en nästan enfärgad brungrön rygg och en gul näsa. Hos formen från höglandet förekommer osymmetriska svarta markeringar på ryggen. Hos båda varianter finns en tydlig könsdimorfism. Hannar är mindre och har en vit mage med små svarta fläckar medan honor har en mera röd eller orange mage.

Det är inte helt utredd vad individerna äter, men troligen har paddan samma föda som andra arter av släktet Atelopus, alltså skalbaggar, myror, flugor och kvalster.[2] Djur i fångenskap åt stora fruktflugor, små mjölmaskar och små syrsor.

Status och hot

Arten hotas av en sjukdom som orsakas av en svamp samt av habitatförstörelse. Sjukdomen slå hårdast mot arter av samma släkte som lever i höga bergstrakter. Då Atelopus limosus främst vistas i låglandet är situationen inte lika akut men arten listas trots allt av IUCN som starkt hotad (EN).[1]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från engelskspråkiga Wikipedia, 17 oktober 2012.
  1. ^ [a b c d] Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor 2004 Atelopus limosus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2013-01-30.
  2. ^ P Durant, JW Dole (1974) Food of Atelopus oxyrhynchus (Anura: Atelopodidae) in a Venezuelan cloud forest Herpetologica 30:183-187
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Atelopus limosus: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Atelopus limosus är en padda i familjen Bufonidae som förekommer i Panama. Artens vetenskapliga beskrivning utfördes 1995 av Ibáñez, Jaramillo och Solís.

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Atelopus limosus ( Vietnamese )

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Sapo Limosa, hoặc Cóc Harlequin Limosa (Atelopus limosus), là một loài cóc bị đe dọa ở Bufonidae. Đây là loài đặc hữu của Panama và được mô tả bởi Ibáñez, Jaramillo và Solís năm 1995.[1] Nó phân bố ở các bờ suối trong rừng ẩm vùng đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới và sông ngòi của lưu vực Chagres ở miền trung Panama. A. limosus bị đe dọa bởi bệnh chytridiomycosis và mất môi trường sống. Loài này đã giảm sút nhanh chóng trong phạm vi phân bố. Khoảng 75% cá thể được biết đến của loài này ở các địa điểm đất cao trên 1000 m đã biến mất, còn 58% sống ở đất thấp đã giảm sút và 38% biến mất.

Nguồn

  1. ^ Solís, F., Ibáñez, R., Jaramillo, C. & Fuenmayor, Q. 2004. Atelopus limosus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Truy cập 21 tháng 7 năm 2007

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Atelopus limosus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Sapo Limosa, hoặc Cóc Harlequin Limosa (Atelopus limosus), là một loài cóc bị đe dọa ở Bufonidae. Đây là loài đặc hữu của Panama và được mô tả bởi Ibáñez, Jaramillo và Solís năm 1995. Nó phân bố ở các bờ suối trong rừng ẩm vùng đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới và sông ngòi của lưu vực Chagres ở miền trung Panama. A. limosus bị đe dọa bởi bệnh chytridiomycosis và mất môi trường sống. Loài này đã giảm sút nhanh chóng trong phạm vi phân bố. Khoảng 75% cá thể được biết đến của loài này ở các địa điểm đất cao trên 1000 m đã biến mất, còn 58% sống ở đất thấp đã giảm sút và 38% biến mất.

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