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Sivun Malosma laurina (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Engl. kuva
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Malosma laurina (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Engl.

Broad-scale Impacts of Fire ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: fuel, fuel moisture, wildfire

The majority of the literature reports that laurel sumac is completely
top-killed by fire [1,27,43,49,52]; occasionally, however, a few stems
survive. An "intense" wildfire started on November 3, 1949, in the San
Gabriel Mountains; ambient temperature was 90 degres Fahrenheit (32 deg
C), humidity was 9 percent, and fuel moisture was 0.5 percent. Despite
these conditions, the largest branches of older laurel sumac leafed out
the next year [24].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( englanti )

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laurel sumac
lisenssi
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bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value ( englanti )

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Laurel sumac provides deep shade [48,55], which is presumably used by
animals during hot weather.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: drupe, fruit, lignotuber, sclerophyllous, seed, shrub, shrubs

Laurel sumac is a fast-growing, native, sclerophyllous shrub from 6.6 to
16 feet (2-5 m) in height at maturity [7,46,56]. The evergreen leaves
are aromatic and somewhat glaucous. Flowers are borne on terminal
panicles. The fruit is a drupe containing a single, hard-coated seed
[5,7]. The lignotuber is large and massive, measuring as much as 2.6
feet (0.8 m) in diameter [11,52]. Laurel sumac roots are deep and
extensive; vertical root depth of one individual in the Santa Monica
Mountains exceeded 43.6 feet (13.2 m) [11]. The shrubs are at least
moderately long-lived. Ring counts of the branches of larger
individuals on the San Gabriel River floodplain showed ages of 35 to 47
years. The massive lignotubers and roots were undoubtedly much older
but could not be aged due to extensive rot [51]. Little information is
available on age distribution in a typical stand. Mixed laurel
sumac-lemonadeberry stands on Santa Catalina Island are uneven-aged
[34].
lisenssi
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bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( englanti )

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More info for the term: forest

Laurel sumac is distributed along the Pacific Coast from the Point
Conception region of Santa Barbara County, California, south to La Paz,
Baja California Sur [35,40]. It also occurs on Santa Catalina, San
Clemente, Cedros, and Gudalupe islands [12].



Distribution of laurel sumac. 1976 USDA, Forest Service map digitized by Thompson and others [69].

lisenssi
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bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: fire frequency, fire intensity, fire regime, fire suppression, frequency, lignotuber, litter, natural, seed, shrub, shrubs

Fire Ecology: Historical documents show that prior to fire suppression,
southern California chaparral usually burned in summer. Fires typically
crept down slopes by means of falling brands and coals, and only
occasionally formed the hot runs on steep slopes that are typical of
today's fires. Large fuels often smoldered for months. This fire
behavior resulted in a mosaic of numerous small burns throughout the
landscape. This landscape pattern is still evident in northern Baja
California, where fire suppression is not practiced. In contrast, most
contemporary southern California fires occur in fall during Santa Ana
Winds, and consume large patches of chaparral. There is a sharp
increase in the size of individual burns north of the international
border. Fire suppression has reduced the number of fires, but because
of the increase in burn size, total acreage burned is approximately the
same on either side of the border [35].

Southern California chaparral fires typically crown out, burning all or
most of the aboveground portions of shrubs [1]. Natural fire frequency
varies from a few years to as long as 60, although shrubs cannot survive
many short-interval fires [35]. Chaparral stands become extremely
flammable within 30 to 60 postfire years, depending upon stand
productivity, climate, and topography [44]. Laurel sumac has several
botanical features which encourage fire. Aromatic compounds in the
leaves increase fire intensity [20]. Elapsed time before ignition of
partially dry laurel sumac foliage was 1.80 seconds at 1,382 degrees
Fahrenheit (750 deg C) under laboratory conditions [36]. The high
surface-to-volume ratio of leaves (126 cm sq/cu cm) transfers heat to
the plant's interior branches following ignition, resulting in more
rapid combustion of the shrub [46]. Also, mature laurel sumac stands
have deep litter layers. A study of litter accumulation in chaparral in
southern California and northern Baja California showed that laurel
sumac produced the deepest litter of the seven chaparral species
measured [58].

Plant Adaptations: Laurel sumac's adaptations to fire include the
ability to sprout from the lignotuber after aboveground portions are
burned and postfire seed germination [11,60,61,62,63]. Like most
chaparral shrubs, laurel sumac stores photosynthate reserves in the
extensive roots. These reserves are metabolized during postfire
sprouting. Laurel sumac also stores photosynthate reserves in its large
lignotuber. This extra store of reserves probably gives laurel sumac a
postfire competitive edge over many chaparral species [11].

The seedcoats of laurel sumac seeds in the seedbank are cracked by fire,
resulting in postfire seedling recruitment [62,62].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( englanti )

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Elements to consider when developing a fire prescription for southern
California chaparral are available in the literature [16].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( englanti )

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More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
lisenssi
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bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( englanti )

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More info for the term: litter

Laurel sumac occurs in maritime, Mediterranean, and semiarid climates
[37,39,58,65]. Insular populations, exposed to the maritime climate,
undergo little seasonal fluctuation in the mild temperatures. Summer
drought occurs, but the effects are moderated by frequent fog and low
clouds [65]. Populations in Mediterranean and semiarid climates receive
90 percent of annual rainfall from November to April. Precipitation in
the Santa Monica Mountains, where a Mediterranean climate predominates,
averages 30 inches per year (762 mm/yr) [2]. Hot, dry Santa Ana foehn
winds occur in coastal mountains during fall [35].

Soils supporting laurel sumac are acidic to neutral, well-drained, dry,
and often rocky or gravelly [2,18]. In riparian zones laurel sumac is
most common on gravelly outwash areas [18,51]. Soil textures in which
laurel sumac is found are sand or sandy loam [24,51]. Parent materials
include diorite, shale, sandstone, and sandstone with conglomerate.
Laurel sumac does not occur on unconsolidated sand, limestone-, or
serpentine-derived soils [24,32,58]. It is favored on soils with high
exchangable potassium levels. Peak abundance occurs on coastal sites
with heavy litter layers. Laurel sumac is less frequent inland [29,58].
Slope varies from 0 to 80 degrees; it is most common on southern
exposures [24,29]. Laurel sumac occurs at elevations below 3,000 feet
(914 m) [34.35.38]
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( englanti )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

255 California coast live oak
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( englanti )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( englanti )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

K030 California oakwoods
K035 Coastal sagebrush
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: fireline intensity, shrub, shrubs, wildfire

Laurel sumac is typically top-killed by fire, although hot fire may
result in some shrub mortality. A summer wildfire on Otay Mountain, San
Diego County, completely top-killed all laurel sumac [64]. Fall
wildfire in the Topanga-Tuna Canyon of the Santa Monica Mountains burned
100 percent of the plants. Most shrubs were top-killed by this fire,
but some were completely killed. Many laurel sumac snags were noted
when the burn site was inspected at postfire year 3 [49]. Westman and
O'Leary [59] reported that if fireline intensity is over 4,400 BTU/min/sq ft
(199 kcal/sec/sq m), laurel sumac lignotubers fail to sprout.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( englanti )

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Black-tailed deer lightly browse laurel sumac seedlings and fruits [14].
Other mammals and birds, including California quail, also eat the fruits
[5,55].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: codominant, hardwood, woodland

Laurel sumac occurs in coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and hardwood
woodland formations [4,8]. It occasionally grows in nearly pure stands
in coastal sage scrub [18,40]. More commonly, it codominates with
California sagebrush (Artemisia californica) and black, white, or purple
sage (Salvia mellifera, S. apiana, S. leucophylla), or is a less
important community member [28,59]. Other coastal sage scrub
associates are toyon (Hetermoles arbutifolia), sugar bush (Rhus ovata),
lemonadeberry (R. integrifolia), misson manzanita (Xylococcus bicolor),
needlegrasses (Stipa spp.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perrenne), and
giant wildrye (Elymus condensatus) [29,34,35,49].

In mixed chaparral, it often codominates with bigpod ceanothus
(Ceanothus megacarpus) and spiny ceanothus (C. spinosus) [50]. It is
usually an associate in desert scrub and seral chamise (Ademostoma
fasciculatum) communities [10,19]. Desert scrub associates include
desert ceanothus (C. gregii), desert almond (Prunus fasciculata), bush
poppy (Denromecon rigida), and flannelbush (Fremontodendron
californicum) [18,21]. Besides chamise, common chamise chaparral
associates include hoaryleaf ceanothus (C. crassifolius), hairy
ceanothus (C. obliganthus), California scrub oak (Quercus dumosa),
Eastwood manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa), and bigberry manzanita
(A. glauca) [11,21,22].

In woodlands, laurel sumac is an understory associate in Engelmann oak
(Quercus emgelmannii), valley oak (Q. lobata), coast live oak (Q.
agrifolia), and California black walnut (Juglans californica)
[33,42,52,62,66]. Riparian associates include California bay
(Umbellularia californica), hollyleaf cherry (Prunus ilicifolia),
poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), and toyon [11,41]. It is also
found in riparian California sycamore (Platanus racemosa)-white alder
(Alnus rhombifolia) associations bordering chaparral [18].

Common fire-follower associates are deerweed (Lotus scparius), sticky
nama (Nama parryi), and bush lupine (Lupinus longifolius) [14].


Publications listing laurel sumac as a codominant species are as
follows:

The community composition of California coastal sage scrub [28]
A vegetation classification system applied to southern California [40]
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( englanti )

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More info for the term: shrub

Shrub
lisenssi
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bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: presence, shrubs

Laurel sumac increases under heavy grazing. Populations on the Channel
islands have greatly expanded since livestock introduction [34].

The shrubs are not frost-hardy, probably because of active stem growth
during winter [67]. Major cold waves in the winters of 1949 and 1978
resulted in severe laurel sumac die-back. Poor frost tolerance is
probably why the species is limited to areas south of Point Conception
[35].

Citrus growers use laurel sumac presence as an indicator of frost-free
sites with the potential to support citrus orchards [18].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( englanti )

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CA MEXICO
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bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values ( englanti )

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Attractive evergreen leaves, reddish-brown branches, and relative
freedom from garden pests makes laurel sumac a desirable ornamental
within its range [9,48]. It is also a valued bee food [9,23].

The Chumash made flour from dried laurel sumac fruits. They used the
root bark to make a tea for treating dysentery [53].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability ( englanti )

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Laurel sumac browse is rated as useless for all classes of livestock and
wildlife [48]. Even overpopulated feral goat and pig herds on Santa
Catalina Island do not use it [17,34].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( englanti )

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New leaf growth is initiated in February, and leaves are retained for
about 12 months [20,56]. Maximum stem elongation occurs in June [11],
but stems continue to grow throughout the year [67]. Flora primordia
develop directly prior to flowering, which begins in May. Peak
flowering ends in July, but blooming sometimes continues into December
[5,26,56]. Fully ripened fruits first appear in September. The fruits
often remain on the parent plant until spring [5,55].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: ground residual colonizer, root crown, secondary colonizer, shrub

Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: fresh, lignotuber, scarification, seed, shrub

Sexual: The honeybee is an important laurel sumac pollinator [7,9,23].
Seed production is low but consistent [62]; some seed is produced each
year. Seed falls beneath the parent plant or is disseminated by
frugivorous animals. Soil-stored seed is probably sound for many years
[5], but long-term viability studies are lacking. Scarification by
hydrochloric acid, heat, or mechanical means breaks dormancy.
Temperatures for optimal heat scarification are from 200 to 240 degrees
Fahrenheit (93-115 deg C) [6,47]. A study was conducted to test the
germination capacity of fresh seed of seven chaparral species after
exposure to elevated temperatures. It showed that laurel sumac and the
taxonomically related sugarberry required higher temperatures for
germination than all other species tested. Germination capacity of
laurel sumac seed was 52 percent following five minute dry heat exposure
at 220 to 240 degrees (104-115 deg C) but lowered to 20 percent at the
140- to 160-degree (60-71 deg C) range [61].

Drought sensitivity is a major factor inhibiting recruitment. Laurel
sumac seedlings appear approximately 1 month later than most chaparral
shrub seedlings, and their taproots grow slowly [50,52]. Germination
and growth are favored on sites with summer microshade. Mortality is
usually greatest the first summer following germination [14]. Seedlings
are also sensitive to cold. They grow slowly at near-freezing
temperatures, and frost kills them [7]. The preponderance of laurel
sumac on southern aspects is probably due to the more rapid growth of
seedlings on these warmer sites during years of high precipitation [35].

Vegetative: Laurel sumac sprouts from the lignotuber following damage
to aboveground portions of the plant [11,55,60,61,62].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( englanti )

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

3 Southern Pacific Border
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: climax, seed

Facultative Seral Species

Laurel sumac is a moderately successful initial colonizer of disturbed
sites and a strong residual colonizer [47,55,62]. Sprouts and surviving
seedlings persist through climax in coastal sage scrub and mixed
chaparral communities [8,50,58]. In alluvial scrub communities, laurel
sumac usually establishes from seed from mid-seres through climax. When
seasonal floods do not excavate the roots, however, it quickly
establishes dominance in the initial community [51].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms ( englanti )

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Rhus laurina Nutt. ex T. & G. [38]
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bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( englanti )

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The currently accepted scientific name of laurel sumac is Malosma
laurina (Nutt. ex T. & G.) Nutt. ex Abrams [68]. There are no
recognized subspecies, varieties, or forms.
lisenssi
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bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( englanti )

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More info for the term: seed

Laurel sumac seedlings were planted on an old field in the Sepulveda
Wildlife Refuge that was being restored to coastal sage scrub.
Seedlings showed greater than 75 percent survival in the first year
[41].

Brinkman [5] provides laurel sumac seed processing, storage, and
germination information. Plants may also be started from root cuttings.
Survival of young plants is greater when given microshading and summer
waterings [52].
lisenssi
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bibliografinen lainaus
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Malosma laurina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Malosma laurina ( asturia )

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Malosma ye un xéneru monotípicu de plantes, perteneciente a la familia de les Anacardiaceae. La so única especie: Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Abrams, col nome común de Llentiscu.,[1] ye orixinaria de Norteamérica atopar a lo llargo del sur de California y la Península de Baxa California na mariña del Océanu Pacíficu.

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Frutos

Descripción

Malosma laurina ye un parrotal de gran porte o pequeñu árbol arrondáu, con fueya perenne, algama un tamañu de 3 a 5 metros d'altor. Les fueyes tienen forma de tacu (plegaes pela exa central). Cuando tán apandaes, tienen la forma de les fueyes de lloréu, cola llámina de la fueya en forma de llanza d'hasta 10 cm de llargu. Les venes de les fueyes , y los cantos de les fueyes, son d'un color acoloratáu brillante mientres tol añu. Les fueyes y tarmos son fragantes y dan al chaparral el so arume carauterístico. Les fueyes y tarmos tán llenos de compuestos volátiles que-y dan l'arume. Les fueyes apaecen húmedes y flexibles mientres tol añu, pero son altamente inflamables. Afíxose a les frecuentes quemes nes zones de chaparral, onde crez, y dempués d'una quema que quema les sos partes aérees, de rebrotes soterraños nuevos surden los tarmos y fueyes. Nel sur de California, onde crez, los iviernos son relativamente húmedu y el branu son secos ( clima mediterraneu ).

Les flores son bien pequeñes con cinco pétalos blancos y cinco sépalos con lóbulos verdes . Los grupos d'estes flores producir nos estremos de les cañes en primavera y branu. Los recímanos ( panícules ) tienen 7 - 15 cm de llargu, y son una reminiscencia de color lila.[2][3] El frutu ye una ablancazada drupa de 3 mm de diámetru con un interior nidiu.[4]

Distribución

Malosma laurina distribuyir a lo llargo de la mariña sur de California (dende Punta Concepción al sur de La Paz), y en delles de les islles de la Canal, allugáu cerca de la mariña.[2][5] Malosma laurina nun ye resistente a les xelaes.[6]

Hábitat

Malosma laurina atopar nel carba costeru, chaparral y montes de carbayu. De xemes en cuando crez en rodales casi puros na carba costera, con más frecuencia, atopar con Artemisia californica, Salvia mellifera, S. apiana, o S. leucophylla. Nel chaparral mistu, de cutiu con Quercus engelmannii, Q. lobata, Q. agrifolia, y Juglans californica.[2]

Nomes

El nome común de "lloréu" foi escoyíu porque la xamasca ye una reminiscencia del Lloréu - Laurus nobilis , unos parrotales y árboles pequeños, non rellacionaos, de la cuenca mediterránea.[7] La especie foi asignada primeramente al xéneru Rhus , y yera conocida como Rhus laurina.

Cultivu

Malosma laurina utilízase como planta de paisaxe de plantes natives, tolerantes a la seca , y nos xardinos monteses nes zones llibres de xelaes.[6] Les plantes d'orixe natural utilizáronse como "llantes centineles" de productores d'aguacate y cítricos pa indicar les árees que tán llibres d'escarcha y fayadices pa güertos nel sur de California .

Usos

Los Chumash faíen de farina de la fruta seco de Malosma laurina, y utilizaron la corteza del raigañu pa faer un té pal tratamientu de la disentería.[8]

Taxonomía

Malosma laurina describióse por (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Abrams y espublizóse en Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity (ed. 3) 220. 1917.[9]

Sinonimia
  • Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Engl.
  • Rhus laurina Nutt.[10]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (2007). Malosma, retrieved June 10, 2007.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Howard, Janet L. (1992). Malosma laurina, in: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. O.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, [[Rocky Mountain Research Station]], Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). This article is remarkably comprehensive and well referenced. Webpage retrieved June 12, 2007.
  3. Seiler, John R., Jensen, Edward C., and Peterson, John A. (2007). "Malosma laurina Fact Sheet." Tree identification photographs and information from the Dendrology database and website maintained by the Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
  4. Gatlin, Connie (undated). Malosma laurina (Lloréu Sumac), from the San Diego Natural History Museum website, retrieved June 10, 2007.
  5. Wilken, Dieter H. (1993). Malosma, article in The Jepson manual: higher plants of California, James C. Hickman, editor (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), ISBN 978-0-520-08255-7. Online version retrieved June 10, 2007.
  6. 6,0 6,1 Rhus laurina Lloréu Sumac, website of the Les Pilitas nursery. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  7. "NPIN: Malosma laurina (Lloréu sumac)," page of the website maintained by the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
  8. «Ethnobotany of Chumash Indians, California," based on collections by John P. Harrington». Economic Botany 44 (2).
  9. Malosma laurina en Trópicos
  10. Malosma laurina en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Malosma laurina: Brief Summary ( asturia )

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Malosma laurina

Malosma ye un xéneru monotípicu de plantes, perteneciente a la familia de les Anacardiaceae. La so única especie: Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Abrams, col nome común de Llentiscu., ye orixinaria de Norteamérica atopar a lo llargo del sur de California y la Península de Baxa California na mariña del Océanu Pacíficu.

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Malosma laurina ( kastilia )

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Malosma es un género monotípico de plantas, perteneciente a la familia de las Anacardiaceae. Su única especie: Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Abrams, con el nombre común de Lentisco.,[1]​ es originaria de Norteamérica se encuentra a lo largo del sur de California y la Península de Baja California en la costa del Océano Pacífico.

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Inflorescencia
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Frutos

Descripción

Malosma laurina es un arbusto de gran porte o pequeño árbol redondeado, con hoja perenne, alcanza un tamaño de 3 a 5 metros de altura. Las hojas tienen forma de taco (plegadas por el eje central). Cuando están aplanadas, tienen la forma de las hojas de laurel, con la lámina de la hoja en forma de lanza de hasta 10 cm de largo. Las venas de las hojas , y los bordes de las hojas, son de un color rojizo brillante durante todo el año. Las hojas y tallos son fragantes y dan al chaparral su fragancia característica. Las hojas y tallos están llenos de compuestos volátiles que le dan el aroma. Las hojas aparecen húmedas y flexibles durante todo el año, pero son altamente inflamables. Se ha adaptado a los frecuentes incendios en las zonas de chaparral, donde crece, y después de un incendio que quema sus partes aéreas, de rebrotes subterráneos nuevos surgen los tallos y hojas. En el sur de California, donde crece, los inviernos son relativamente húmedo y el verano son secos ( clima mediterráneo ).

Las flores son muy pequeñas con cinco pétalos blancos y cinco sépalos con lóbulos verdes . Los grupos de estas flores se producen en los extremos de las ramas en primavera y verano. Los racimos ( panículas ) tienen 7 - 15 cm de largo, y son una reminiscencia de color lila.[2][3]​ El fruto es una blanquecina drupa de 3 mm de diámetro con un interior suave.[4]

Distribución

Malosma laurina se distribuye a lo largo de la costa sur de California (desde Punta Concepción al sur de La Paz), y en varias de las islas del Canal, ubicado cerca de la costa.[2][5]Malosma laurina no es resistente a las heladas.[6]

Hábitat

Malosma laurina se encuentra en el matorral costero, chaparral y bosques de roble. De vez en cuando crece en rodales casi puros en el matorral costero, con más frecuencia, se encuentra con Artemisia californica, Salvia mellifera, S. apiana, o S. leucophylla. En el chaparral mixto, a menudo con Quercus engelmannii, Q. lobata, Q. agrifolia, y Juglans californica.[2]

Nombres

El nombre común de "laurel" fue elegido porque el follaje es una reminiscencia del Laurel - Laurus nobilis , unos arbustos y árboles pequeños, no relacionados, de la cuenca mediterránea.[7]​ La especie fue asignada previamente al género Rhus , y era conocida como Rhus laurina.

Cultivo

Malosma laurina se utiliza como planta de paisaje de plantas nativas, tolerantes a la sequía , y en los jardines silvestres en las zonas libres de heladas.[6]​ Las plantas de origen natural se han utilizado como "plantas centinelas" de productores de aguacate y cítricos para indicar las áreas que están libres de escarcha y adecuadas para huertos en el sur de California .

Usos

Los Chumash hacían de harina de la fruta seca de Malosma laurina, y utilizaron la corteza de la raíz para hacer un té para el tratamiento de la disentería.[8]

Taxonomía

Malosma laurina fue descrita por (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Abrams y publicado en Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity (ed. 3) 220. 1917.[9]

Sinonimia
  • Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Engl.
  • Rhus laurina Nutt.[10]

Referencias

  1. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (2007). Malosma, retrieved June 10, 2007.
  2. a b c Howard, Janet L. (1992). Malosma laurina, in: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). This article is remarkably comprehensive and well referenced. Webpage retrieved June 12, 2007.
  3. Seiler, John R., Jensen, Edward C., and Peterson, John A. (2007). "Malosma laurina Fact Sheet." Tree identification photographs and information from the Dendrology database and website maintained by the Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
  4. Gatlin, Connie (undated). Malosma laurina (Laurel Sumac), from the San Diego Natural History Museum website, retrieved June 10, 2007.
  5. Wilken, Dieter H. (1993). Malosma, article in The Jepson manual: higher plants of California, James C. Hickman, editor (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), ISBN 978-0-520-08255-7. Online version retrieved June 10, 2007.
  6. a b Rhus laurina Laurel Sumac, website of the Las Pilitas nursery. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  7. "NPIN: Malosma laurina (Laurel sumac)," page of the website maintained by the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
  8. Timbrook, Jan (1990). «Ethnobotany of Chumash Indians, California," based on collections by John P. Harrington». Economic Botany 44 (2): 236-253.
  9. Malosma laurina en Trópicos
  10. Malosma laurina en PlantList

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Malosma laurina: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

Malosma es un género monotípico de plantas, perteneciente a la familia de las Anacardiaceae. Su única especie: Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Abrams, con el nombre común de Lentisco.,​ es originaria de Norteamérica se encuentra a lo largo del sur de California y la Península de Baja California en la costa del Océano Pacífico.

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Malosma laurina ( vietnam )

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Malosma laurina là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đào lộn hột. Loài này được (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Abrams mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1917.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Malosma laurina. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 9 năm 2013.

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Malosma laurina: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

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Malosma laurina là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đào lộn hột. Loài này được (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Abrams mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1917.

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