Associations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / false gall
crowded pseudothecium of Cucurbitaria piceae causes swelling of characteristically twisted, swollen bud of Picea engelmannii
Remarks: season: 6-12
Plant / associate
clustered, superficial pycnidium of Megaloseptoria coelomycetous anamorph of Megaloseptoria mirabilis is associated with Gemmamyces infected bud of Picea engelmannii
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, shortly stalked apothecium of Tryblidiopsis pinastri is saprobic on dead, attached twig of Picea engelmannii
Remarks: season: 5-7
Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
Varieties 2 (1 in the flora): North America, Mexico.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من EOL authors
Picea engelmannii, Engelmann spruce, is a large coniferous tree in the Pinaceae (pine family) native to North America. Also known as Columbian spruce, mountain spruce, white spruce, silver spruce, and pino real, it is one of seven spruce species native to the United States. It is widely distributed in and a major component of high-elevation forests in the Rocky Mountains extending from British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, south New Mexico and Arizona in the United States. It is also a minor component of high-elevation forests in the Cascades and the Coast Range, in the Pacific Northwest. Engelmann spruce is generally restricted to cold, humid habitats because of its low tolerance to high temperature and drought. Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forests occupy the greatest water yielding areas in the Rocky Mountains, so they are important for watershed protection. They also provide timber, habitats for a wide variety of game and nongame wildlife, forage for livestock, and recreational opportunities and scenic beauty. Engelmann spruce timber tends to be knotty, so it yields relatively little select-grade lumber, but a high proportion of the common grades. In the past, spruce was used principally for mine timbers, railroad ties, and poles. Today, much of the lumber is used in home construction where great strength is not required, and for prefabricated wood products. In recent years, rotary-cut spruce veneer has been used in plywood manufacture. Other uses of spruce include specialty items such as violins, pianos and aircraft parts. The pulping properties of Engelmann spruce are excellent. Long fibers, light color, and absence of resins permit trees to be pulped readily by the sulfite, sulfate, or groundwood processes. The species has been used for pulp in the northern Rocky Mountains but not in the central or southern Rocky Mountains. Excerpted and edited from Alexander and Shepperd 1990.
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Alexander, R.R., and W.D. Shepperd. <i>Picea engelmannii</i> Parry ex Engelm, Engelmann spruce. In Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, tech. coords. 1990. <i>Silvics of North America: Vol. 1. Conifers</i>. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC.
- مؤلف
- Jacqueline Courteau (Jacqueline Courteau)
Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
duff,
forest,
herbaceous,
prescribed fire,
shrub,
wildfirePostfire Engelmann spruce seedling establishment is best on moist
surfaces where fire has consumed most or all of the duff leaving bare
mineral soil. Seedlings do require some shade to survive; thus
regeneration after fire is best on sites where standing dead trees,
logs, or developing vegetation is present [
73]. Engelmann spruce
postfire regeneration is poor on sites subjected to high light
intensities. A 26,000 acre (64,200 ha) burn on a high-elevation site in
southwestern Colorado showed poor conifer regeneration 100 years after
the fire. This was attributed to intense solar radiation which
inhibited photosynthesis, causing a high percentage of spruce seedlings
to die [
75]. Postfire spruce regeneration is also poor where shrub and
herbaceous cover is dense, where exposed mineral soil is subject to
excessive evaporation, and where fire has only charred the duff [
10].
Ash does not affect germination, but if it is deep, it can prevent a
seedling's roots from reaching mineral soil [
62].
In northern Colorado, 3 years after a late August wildfire in a dense,
mature stand composed of Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and
lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce established 1,000 seedlings per acre
(2,470/ha) in burned areas that were than less than 0.1 acre (0.05 ha).
However, in the middle of the main burn, no Engelmann spruce seedlings
had established by 3 years after the fire [
10]. In Colorado, Peet [
66]
reported a 75-year-old burn that had good spruce regeneration near the
burn boundary, but only 218 yards (200 m) inside the burn edge, few
seedlings had established, and the area was still fairly open.
Day [
24] sampled lodgepole pine-Engelmann spruce x white spruce hybrid
stands in southern Alberta that had established after fires that had
occurred 29 and 56 years prior to sampling. He found that both pine and
spruce had initiated large numbers of seedlings immediately after the
fire. Pine, however, had established more seedlings and rapidly outgrew
the spruce, forming a canopy that was three to four times taller than
the spruce canopy. Pine seedling establishment had ceased by 30 years
after the fire, but spruce continued to establish seedlings. Engelmann
spruce eventually dominates sites where spruce and pine come in together
after fire.
The Research Project Summary
Revegetation in a subalpine fir forest after logging
and fire in central British Columbia provides information on prescribed fire
and postfire response of plant community species, including Engelmann spruce,
that was not available when this species review was originally written.
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Engelmann spruce
Columbian spruce
mountain spruce
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
habitat typeBig game: Engelmann spruce provides excellent hiding and thermal cover
for deer, elk, moose, bighorn sheep, and bear [
40,
50,
98]. Dense stands
of this species can provide cool summertime shade for big game.
High-elevation stands provide bedding sites and protection from storms
for bighorn sheep, mule deer, and elk [
59].
Small mammals and birds: Small Engelmann spruce trees provide good
year-round hiding cover for small animals. Blue grouse, which
overwinter in conifers at high elevations, use spruce trees for
protective cover and roosting sites [
50,
80]. Spruce trees in the
Engelmann spruce/soft leaved sedge (Carex disperma) habitat type in
central Idaho provide important nesting sites for the MacGillivray's
warbler, American robin, and warbling vireo [
89]. Engelmann spruce
snags are used by numerous cavity-nesting birds. Snags greater than 11
inches (28 cm) d.b.h. are most often used [
82].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
density,
monoecious,
natural,
seed,
treeEngelmann spruce is a long-lived, native, coniferous, evergreen tree.
It is one of the largest of the high-elevation mountain conifers.
Mature trees have a narrow, pyramid form and short, compact branches.
Within natural stands, mature trees average 15 to 30 inches (38-76 cm)
in diameter; the average dominant height varies from 45 to 130 feet
(14-40 m), depending on site quality and density. Larger individuals
are not uncommon and may exceed 40 inches (102 cm) in diameter and 160
feet (49 m) in height. Engelmann spruce is long-lived; dominant trees
are often 350 to 450 years old, and 500- to 600-year-old trees are not
uncommon [
7]. The crowns of trees within a stand normally make up 50 to
70 percent of the total height of the tree [
4]. Dead lower limbs tend
to be persistent. The crowns of open-grown trees often extend down to
the ground. In alpine areas just above treeline, Engelmann spruce often
forms a krummholz. At treeline in northern Idaho, mature Engelmann
spruce generally do not exceed 65 feet (20 m) in height, and
progressively become more stunted as elevation increases, forming
krummholz at the most severe, high-elevation sites [
17].
The four-sided, acute-tipped needles are not particularly sharp, are
deep bluish-green, and are 0.8 to 1.2 inches (2-3 cm) long [
21,
41]. The
young twigs are finely pubescent, a characteristic which differentiates
this spruce from white spruce, which has glabrous twigs. The bark is
very thin, grayish-brown on young trees but at maturity becomes purplish
brown to russet and is broken into loosely attached scales. Engelmann
spruce is generally shallow rooted, but laterals may penetrate to a
depth of 8 feet (2.4 m) in deep, porous, well-drained soils [
4].
Engelmann spruce is monoecious. Female cones are light brown, 1.5 to
2.4 inches (4-6 cm) long, and occur in the upper part of the crown [
21].
Male cones are usually found lower in the crown than female cones.
Engelmann spruce seeds are about 0.12 inch (3 mm) long and have a
single, well-developed wing about twice as long as the seed [
21,
77].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Engelmann spruce is widely distributed throughout the mountains of
the western United States and Canada. It occurs from central British
Columbia and Alberta as far south as New Mexico and Arizona [
6]. It is
cultivated in Hawaii [
101].
In the Pacific Coast region, Engelmann spruce is only a minor component
of high-elevation forests. It grows from the Coastal Range in
west-central British Columbia, south along the east slope of the
Cascades through Washington and Oregon to Mount Shasta in northern
California [
6].
In the Rocky Mountains Engelmann spruce is a major component of
high-elevation forests. It grows from southwestern Alberta, south
through the mountains of eastern Washington, Idaho, and western Montana
to the high mountains of southern Arizona and New Mexico [
6].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fuel,
litter,
treePlant adaptations to fire: Engelmann spruce is very fire sensitive and
is generally killed even by low-intensity fires. Postfire
reestablishment is via wind-dispersed seeds which readily germinate on
fire-prepared seedbeds. The occasional mature tree which survives fire,
those escaping fire in small, unburned pockets, and trees adjacent to
burned areas provide seeds to colonize burned sites. Large trees
occasionally survive light fires [
31].
Scattered individuals or pockets of Engelmann spruce trees commonly
escape burning because they occur in wet locations where fire spread is
hampered. In subalpine habitats, scattered Engelmann spruce trees often
escape fire because of discontinuous fuels, broken and rocky terrain,
and the moist and cool environment [
67,
88].
Fire regime: Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forests usually develop in
cool, moist locations and experience fire-free intervals averaging 150
years or more [
8]. Many Engelmann spruce stands are even aged,
suggesting that they developed after fire [
54].
Fuels and fire behavior: The fuel structure in stands dominated by
Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir promotes highly destructive
stand-destroying fires. Fuel loads are higher than in lower elevation
montane stands, and the fuel beds tend to be irregular and have large
amounts of needle litter accumulating under the narrow crowned trees
[
31,
91]. The needles are small and fine, and form a compact fuel bed in
which fire spreads slowly [
28]. These concentrated, slow-burning fuels
commonly produce flames high enough to reach Engelmann spruce's
low-growing, lichen-draped branches and start crown fires [
20,
91].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
duff,
naturalAfter clearcutting Engelmann spruce stands, broadcast burning can be
used to prepare seedbeds for natural regeneration. Broadcast burns
which remove most of the duff or organic matter and burn hot enough to
destroy some or all of the competing vegetation favor spruce seedling
establishment [
72]. However, seedling establishment is poor or
nonexistent in areas where hot fires leave deep layers of ash or
generate such intense heat that rocks are fractured, such as under slash
pile fires [
72,
94]. For this reason, where large amounts of slash must
be burned, windrows or piles should be kept small and cover a minimal
portion of the area [
3]. Engelmann spruce often occurs in cool and
moist locations which restricts the time of year when effective
broadcast burning can take place. Prior to burning, duff must be dry
enough to ensure that it will be consumed. Seedling establishment will
be inhibited on burns that only blacken the organic matter. Some cull
logs and slash should be left in place to provide shade and protection
for developing seedlings [
72].
Engelmann spruce stocking was greater than 50 percent and averaged 573
seedlings per acre (1415/ha) 5 years after broadcast burning in
clearcuts in northern Idaho where the uncut stand composition was 56
percent western larch, 22 percent Engelmann spruce, 15 percent mountain
hemlock, and 7 percent subalpine fir. This broadcast burn exposed
mineral soil on 53 percent of the area [
14]. In northwestern Montana,
Engelmann spruce seedling establishment was much greater on broadcast
burned clearcuts where burning exposed mineral soil than on unburned
clearcuts. Eleven years after burning, stocking of Engelmann spruce
seedlings was 23 percent on burned cuts but only 1 percent on unburned
cuts. Seventeen years after burning, stocking was 56 percent on burned
cuts but only 2 percent on unburned cuts [
84].
Broadcast burning is generally not recommended following partial cutting
because residual Engelmann spruce trees are very fire sensitive.
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
association,
forest,
habitat typeEngelmann spruce is found in some of the highest and coldest forest
environments in the western United States, characterized by long, cold
winters with heavy snowpack and short, cool summers [
7]. It extends
down to lower elevations along stream bottoms where cold air flows down
the valley and collects in localized frost pockets [
22]. It is
generally found on moist and cool sites, but at timberline it may occur
on somewhat dry sites. At middle elevations, pure stands are usually
found on alluvial terraces, wet benches, bottomlands, slopes with seeps
or cold north or east aspects [
67,
88]. It occurs on all aspects at
timberline.
Stand condition and associated conifers: Engelmann spruce forms pure
stands but is more commonly associated with subalpine fir. These
species frequently occur as codominants forming widespread subalpine
forests. In the central and southern Rocky Mountains, Engelmann spruce
commonly makes up 70 percent of overstory trees, and subalpine fir
dominates the understory. Within Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forests
in this region, the spruce tends to be more important at higher
elevations and on wetter sites, while subalpine fir is more abundant on
drier lower elevation sites [
4]. In Montana, pure Engelmann spruce
stands are often found in cool ravines at lower elevations than
subalpine fir [
67]. Other associated conifers, which vary by latitude
and elevation, are listed below [
6]:
Location Elevation Associates
northern Rocky Mtns low and western white pine (Pinus monticola),
and Cascade Mtns middle western redcedar (Thuja plicata),
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla),
Douglas-fir, grand fir (Abies grandis),
lodgepole pine
high Pacific silver fir (A. amabilis),
mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana),
subalpine larch (Larix lyallii),
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)
central and southern low and lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, blue
Rocky Mtns middle spruce, white fir, aspen (Populus
tremuloides)
high corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa var.
arizonica), bristlecone pine (Pinus
aristata), limber pine (P. flexilis)
Understory associates: Understory vegetation is extremely variable,
changing with elevation, exposure, and soil moisture. Habitat type and
plant association guides describe characteristic understory plants for
differing sites.
Soil: Engelmann spruce grows best on moderately deep, well-drained,
loamy sands and silts, and silt and clay loam soils developed from
volcanic lava flows and sedimentary rock. It also grows well on
alluvial soils where the underlying water table is readily accessible.
It grows poorly on shallow, dry, coarse-textured sands; gravels
developed primarily from granitic and schistic rock; coarse sandstones
and conglomerates; rocky glacial till; heavy clay surface soils; and
saturated soils [
6].
Elevation: Elevational ranges for Engelmann spruce are described below
[
6]:
Cascade Mountains -- generally between 4,000 and 6,000 feet (1,219 and
1,829 m); at 8,000 feet (2,438 m) on sheltered
slopes and at 2,000 feet (610 m) in cold pockets
along streams and valley bottoms
Rocky Mountains:
ID, MT,
adjacent mtns
eastern WA and OR -- between 2,000 and 9,000 feet (610 and 2,743 m);
above 6,000 to 7,500 feet (1,829-2,286 m) a
minor component of the stand; below 5,000 feet
(1,676 m) confined to moist, lower slopes and
cold valley bottoms
UT, WY, and CO -- generally 9,000 to 11,000 feet (2,743-3,354 m); as
low as 8,000 feet (2,438 m) along cold stream bottoms
and sometimes as high as 11,500 (3,506 m)
AZ and NM;
plateaus of s UT -- between 8,000 and 12,000 feet (2,438 and 3,658 m);
most common between 9,500 and 11,000 feet (2,896
and 3,354 m)
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
201 White spruce
203 Balsam poplar
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
208 Whitebark pine
209 Bristlecone pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
224 Western hemlock
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES44 Alpine
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK004 Fir - hemlock forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
lichenEngelmann spruce is easily killed by fire. It is very susceptible to
fire because it has (1) thin bark that provides little insulation for
the cambium, (2) a moderate amount of resin in the bark which ignites
readily, (3) shallow roots which are susceptible to soil heating, (4)
low-growing branches, (5) a tendency to grow in dense stands, (6)
moderately flammable foliage, and (7) heavy lichen growth [
87].
Crown fires typically kill Engelmann spruce trees. Engelmann spruce is
also very susceptible to surface fires because fine fuels which are
often concentrated under mature trees burn slowly and girdle the
thin-barked bole or char the shallow roots [
20,
31]. Some large
Engelmann spruce may survive light, surface fires, but these often die
later due to infection by wood-rotting fungi that enter through fire
scars [
31].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
woodlandLivestock: Livestock generally do not browse Engelmann spruce [
4,
89].
Wildlife habitat: Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forests provide forage
and habitat for a wide variety of small and large wildlife species
[
4,
7,
57,
58]. However, these properties are characteristic of where
spruce grows and the understory species associated with it rather than
to the species itself. Animals that inhabit Engelmann spruce stands
include moose, elk, mule deer, woodland caribou, porcupine, snowshoe
hare, red squirrel, chipmunks, and voles. A partial list of birds that
nest and feed in Engelmann spruce trees includes the mountain chickadee,
Williamson's sapsucker, red-breasted nuthatch, brown creeper, and owls
and woodpeckers [
82].
Wildlife food: The young growth of Engelmann spruce is occasionally
browsed by ungulates, but it is not an important food item and is
probably only taken as a last resort [
4]. Spruce grouse and blue grouse
may feed extensively on buds and needles [
56,
80]. Squirrels sometimes
clip and eat twigs and buds [
77].
Engelmann spruce seeds are eaten by several species of small mammals and
birds. Red squirrels, chickarees, and chipmunks eat seeds from cached
cones [
6,
98]. Engelmann spruce seeds are also eaten off the ground or
snow by chipmunks, mice, and voles [
4]. Numerous species of birds,
including chickadees, nuthatches, crossbills, and the pine siskin,
remove and eat seeds from spruce cones [
36,
56]. Small birds may make
considerable use of spruce seeds, but their foraging is scattered and
sporadic throughout subalpine forests [
36].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
climax,
codominant,
forest,
series,
woodlandClimax stands consisting entirely of Engelmann spruce are somewhat
scattered and often restricted to wet or cold habitats [
4,
88]. The
Engelmann spruce series is generally recognized by the absence or scant
representation of subalpine fir. This is because many ecologists,
especially those working in the northern Rocky Mountains, believe that
only in the absence of subalpine fir does Engelmann spruce dominate at
climax [
22,
67,
98].
Throughout the Rocky Mountains, Engelmann spruce occurs in widespread
forests within the subalpine fir or white fir (Abies concolor)
habitat-type series either as a climax codominant or long-lived seral
species [
4,
98]. In the northern Rocky Mountains, Engelmann spruce is
considered a long-lived seral species in fir habitat types. In the
central and southern Rocky Mountains, Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir
often codominate at climax; however, these forests are classified under
the subalpine fir series to be consistent with habitat-type usage
elsewhere [
40,
47].
Published classification schemes listing Engelmann spruce as an
indicator or dominant in habitat types (hts), community types (cts),
plant associations (pas), ecosystem associations (eas), site types
(sts), riparian zone associations (rzas), or dominance types (dts) are
presented below:
Area Classification Authority
AZ, NM: ----- forest & woodland hts Layser & Schubert 1979
----- forest hts Moir & Ludwig 1979
Apache, Gila,
Cibola NFs forest hts Fitzhugh & others 1987
s of Mogollon
n AZ: San Fransisco general veg. cts, hts Rominger & Paulik 1983
n AZ, n NM forest hts Larson & Moir 1987
CO: Arapaho &
Roosevelt NFs forest hts Hess & Alexander 1986
Gunnison &
Uncompahgre NFs forest hts Komarkova & others 1988
Routt NF forest hts Hoffman & Alexander 1980
White River NF forest hts Hoffman & Alexander 1983
w CO riparian pas Baker 1989a
ID: Sawtooth, White
Cloud, Boulder,
& Pioneer Mtns general veg. cts Schlatterer 1972
c ID forest hts Steele & others 1981
n ID forest hts Cooper & others 1987
e ID, w WY forest hts Steele & others 1983
riparian cts Youngblood & others 1985a
MT forest hts Pfister & others 1977
riparian dts Hansen & others 1988
c, e MT riparian cts, hts Hansen & others 1990
nw MT riparian hts, cts Boggs & others 1990
sw MT riparian sts, cts, hts Hansen & others 1989
NM: Cibola NF forest hts Alexander & others 1987
Lincoln NF forest hts Alexander & others 1984
n NM, s CO forest hts Develice & others 1986
OR: Wallowa-Whitman NF steppe & forest pas Johnson & Simon 1987
Deschutes, Ochoco,
Fremont &
Winema NF's riparian rzas Kovalchik 1987
OR, WA: Blue Mtns forest & nonforest cts Hall 1973
c, s UT forest hts Youngblood & Mauk 1985
n UT forest hts Mauk & Henderson 1984
UT, se ID riparian cts Padgett & others 1989
WA: Okanogan NF forest pas Williams & Lillybridge 1983
WY: ----- riparian cts Olson & Gerhart 1982
Medicine Bow NF forest hts Alexander & others 1986
Bighorn Mtns forest hts Hoffman & Alexander 1976
Wind River Mtns forest hts Reed 1976
USFS R-4 aspen cts Mueggler 1988
AB general veg. cts Moss 1955
w-c AB forest cts Corns 1983
general veg. eas Corns & Annas 1986
BC: Prince Rupert
Forest Region general veg. eas Pojar & others 1984
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
natural,
scarification,
seed,
seed tree,
selection,
treeTimber harvest: Clearcutting and group selection silvicultural methods
favor Engelmann spruce over true firs (Abies) and hemlocks (Tsuga) but
increase the proportion of intolerant associates such as lodgepole pine
(Pinus contorta) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) [
6].
Shelterwood and individual tree selection tend to favor more tolerant
associates. The seed tree method is generally not used because of the
susceptibility of Engelmann spruce to windthrow. In the Rocky
Mountains, clearcutting and shelterwood cutting have been the most
commonly used harvesting methods in old-growth Engelmann
spruce-subalpine fir stands because these stands tend to be even aged
and overmature [
3]. Successful natural regeneration of Engelmann spruce
following logging is usually accomplished through mechanical
scarification or broadcast burns which expose at least 40 percent of the
mineral-soil seedbed [
3]. Silvicultural systems and cutting methods for
managing Engelmann spruce are described in detail in the literature
[
3,
6].
Disease: The most common disease of Engelmann spruce is caused by
wood-rotting fungi which results in root or butt decay. Spruce broom
rust is also common in spruce-fir forests and causes bole deformation
and spike tops, increases susceptibility to wind breakage, and provides
entry points for decay fungi in spruce [
7]. Dwarf mistletoe
(Arceuthobium microcarpum) causes heavy mortality of spruce trees in
Arizona and New Mexico [
7].
Insects: The spruce beetle is the most serious insect pest of Engelmann
spruce. Outbreaks are associated with extensive windthrow because
downed trees provide a good food supply, causing a rapid expansion of
beetle populations. Unabated logging slash has been responsible for
past outbreaks [
7].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Engelmann spruce is low in protein but fair in energy value [
26]. A
study in Montana found the following concentration of elements in
Engelmann spruce needles and twigs [
86]:
1-yr-old green needles twigs less than .25 inch in diameter
Calcium (mg/g [mean]) 6809 4028
Copper 7 9
Iron 57 237
Potassium 6914 7034
Magnesium 810 747
Manganese 669 323
Nitrogen 10911 4621
Sodium 100 128
Phosphorus 1841 1264
Zinc 69 72
Ash (percent [mean]) 5 3
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
AZ CA CO HI ID MT NV NM OR UT
WA WY AB BC
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeEngelmann spruce is sometimes used as an ornamental landscape plant. It
has been used for screenings, windbreaks, and as a specimen tree [
90].
Native Americans used Engelmann spruce for numerous purposes. The bark
was often peeled into sheets and used for making canoes, baskets, and
roofing. The fibrous roots were used to make rope, and the boughs and
needles to make incense, body scents, and cleansing agents. Various
teas and poultices were made from Engelmann spruce for medicinal
purposes. Native Americans occasionally ate the inner bark [
92].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The palatability of Engelmann spruce to livestock and big game is low
[
26]. The seeds are palatable to small mammals and birds.
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
seedPollen is generally shed from late May to early June at lower elevations
and from late June to early July at higher elevations. Cones develop
rapidly and are full size by August. Cones open and seeds are shed in
late September and October, but some continue to fall throughout the
winter. After seed dispersal, most cones fall during the winter, but
some may persist for longer periods [
4].
Phenological observations of Engelmann spruce in Montana, Idaho, and
Wyoming made from 1928 to 1937 are presented below [
79]:
Buds Pollen shed Winter Cones Cones
burst begins ends buds formed full size open
(east of Continental Divide in Montana, and in Yellowstone NP)
avg date June 16 June 17 July 3 Aug 3 Aug 17 Aug 30
earliest May 21 May 18 May 30 June 26 July 19 Aug 18
latest July 14 July 3 July 20 Sept 17 Sept 5 Sept 21
(west of Continental Divide in western Montana and northern Idaho)
avg date May 27 June 1 June 7 Aug 23 Aug 6 Sept 8
earliest May 5 Apr 26 May 12 June 14 June 20 Aug 11
latest July 10 June 11 May 12? Oct 11 Sept 24 Oct 5
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
forest,
seed,
succession,
tree,
tundraFollowing fire, Engelmann spruce reestablishes via seeds dispersed by
wind from trees surviving in protected pockets or from trees adjacent to
burned areas. The rate of reestablishment is variable and depends on
the proximity of surviving cone-producing trees and seed production
during the year of the fire and immediate postfire years. In general,
Engelmann spruce seedling establishment is very slow in areas burned by
large, continuous crown fires because much of the seed source is
destroyed. However, on small burns or near pockets of surviving trees
within a large burn, Engelmann spruce usually establishes numerous
seedlings within 5 to 10 years [
42,
44].
In areas where Engelmann spruce is abundant and lodgepole pine scarce
before burning, Engelmann spruce establishes rapidly after fire if
sufficient numbers of seed trees survive or are near the burn. If
lodgepole pine is present in the preburn community, it usually seeds in
aggressively, assuming a dominant role as it overtops any spruce
seedlings establishing on the site [
24,
28,
42]. However, Engelmann
spruce seedlings usually survive under the developing pine canopy
because of its shade tolerance.
Above 9,850 feet (3,000 m), lodgepole pine does not regenerate, and
burned areas remain open for several decades or longer. Postfire
succession in this harsh, high-elevation zone (9,850 to 10,850 feet
[3,000-3,300 m]) proceeds very slowly. Spruce slowly becomes
established as scattered seedlings [
12]. It may take 100 to 200 years
before young spruce-fir forest covers the area. However, conditions in
the upper parts of this zone sometimes make it difficult for tree
seedlings to establish and survive at all. Here, grasses and sedges may
form a mat which prevents tree seeds from reaching mineral soil [
85].
Burned fir-spruce forest is replaced by alpine tundra which can persist
for long periods of time [
12].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
secondary colonizer,
seedcrown-stored residual colonizer; short-viability seed in on-site cones
off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire years 1 and 2
secondary colonizer; off-site seed carried to site after year 2
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
climax,
cone,
duff,
forest,
layering,
litter,
natural,
seedCone and seed production: Engelmann spruce can begin producing cones
when 15 to 40 years old and 4 or 5 feet (1.2-1.5 m) tall, but under
closed forest conditions seed production is generally not significant
until trees are older and taller [
6]. Within natural stands, most seed
is produced by dominant trees greater than 15 inches (38 cm) d.b.h.
Although yearly production is erratic, Engelmann spruce is considered a
moderate to good seed producer. Good to bumper crops are produced every
2 to 5 years [
4,
6]. The seeds are light, averaging 135,000 per pound
(297,500/kg) [
77].
Seed predation: Cone and seed insects, especially the spruce seed worm,
reduce seed yields. Seed production in Colorado was reduced an average
of 28 percent by insects over a 4-year period [
4]. Small mammals
consume considerable amounts of freshly fallen seed off the forest
floor, but the extent of loss is not known [
6].
Dispersal: Engelmann spruce seed is generally shed by the end of
October, but some may continue to fall throughout the winter. The
winged seeds are wind dispersed. Seeds travel primarily with the
prevailing winds, but upslope drafts can influence dispersal at low and
middle elevations. Seed is generally dispersed within 300 feet (91 m)
of a windward source; when bumper seed crops occur, about 5 to 10
percent of the seed may be dispersed as far as 600 feet (183 m) [
6,
63].
Seed dispersed during winter can travel great distances by skidding over
glazed snow [
58].
Viability and germination: The viability of Engelmann spruce seed is
rated as good [
7]. Germination averages 69 percent, which is much
higher than that of associated species [
7,
77]. Under natural
conditions, seeds overwinter under snow and germinate 2 to 3 weeks
following snowmelt [
6,
83]. Occasionally germination may occur after
summer rains or be delayed until the second year [
4].
Seedling establishment and survival: Seedlings establish best on
mineral soil. Decayed wood, duff, and litter are poor seedbeds because
they dry out rapidly [
6]. In general, seedlings that establish on
organic matter deeper than 2 inches (5 cm) soon die because their
shallow roots cannot penetrate to mineral soil before the surface
organic layer dries out [
4]. At middle to upper elevations, seedling
survival may be greater on duff because the duff helps protect seedlings
from high-intensity summer rain storms and from frost heaving [
29]. In
the central and southern Rocky Mountains, seedlings do not establish
well in the open. Intense light on open slopes can inhibit
photosynthesis, which eventually kills the seedling [
63]. Direct
sunlight also dries out seedbeds. Seedlings survive best under
conditions of shade, cool temperatures, and adequate soil moisture [
6].
Engelmann spruce requires a mineral soil seedbed; subalpine fir,
however, is able to establish in duff because of its rapid root growth.
Consequently, subalpine fir seedlings usually outnumber spruce seedlings
in the understory of spruce-fir stands, even where Engelmann spruce
dominates the overstory. Thus, even though it is short-lived, many
ecologists consider subalpine fir better able to regenerate under climax
conditions than Engelmann spruce.
Growth: Engelmann spruce seedlings grow very slowly. One-year-old
seedlings are seldom over 1 inch (2.5 cm) tall, and 5-year-old seedlings
are usually 1 to 4 inches (2.5-10 cm) tall. Ten-year-old seedlings may
be only 6 to 8 inches (15-20 cm) tall under heavy shade and 10 to 12
inches (25-30 cm) tall under partial shade. Under a dense overstory,
seedlings may be severely suppressed; 3- to 5-foot-tall trees may be 100
years old. In light shade or full sun trees may grow to 4 or 5 feet
(1.2-1.5 m) in height in about 20 years [
6].
Vegetative reproduction: Near timberline, where the species assumes a
dwarf or prostrate form, Engelmann spruce frequently reproduces by
layering. Layering also occurs when only a few trees survive fire or
other disturbances, but once numbers have increased enough to improve
germination and establishment, layering decreases. In closed forest
stands layering is negligible [
7].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
2 Cascade Mountains
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
duff,
herbaceous,
seed,
series,
severity,
succession,
treeIn the Rocky Mountains north and south of Montana and Idaho, Engelmann
spruce and subalpine fir often codominate at climax to form extensive
Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forests [
4]. These spruce-fir forests
are usually classified as subalpine fir climax series habitat types. In
the understory of these stands, subalpine fir seedlings usually
outnumber Engelmann spruce seedlings because they are more shade
tolerant and readily establish on duff seedbeds. However, Engelmann
spruce is longer lived and usually the largest tree in the stand. There
is little evidence that Engelmann spruce will ever be replaced by
subalpine fir in these regions [
47].
In the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho, and in the mountains of
eastern Washington and eastern Oregon, Engelmann spruce is usually
considered seral to subalpine fir. Subalpine fir may form pure stands
at climax, but Engelmann spruce is also often present because it
outlives subalpine fir and persists to climax [
4]. In eastern
Washington and northern Idaho, Engelmann spruce is seral to grand fir,
western redcedar, and western hemlock [
22]. However, in Montana,
eastern and central Idaho, and western Wyoming, Engelmann spruce may
attain climax dominance on the wettest habitat types where it appears
more successful than subalpine fir [
88]. Farther east, progressing away
from the Pacific maritime influence, the importance of Engelmann spruce
increases and that of subalpine fir decreases [
88], and in parts of
central and southwestern Montana, Engelmann spruce may be dominant on
well-drained benches and droughty soils [
67].
On sites where Engelmann spruce attains climax dominance or codominance,
succession following disturbance may vary depending on the severity and
type of disturbance, elevation, and availability of seed. Near
treeline, it may take 100 years or more for Engelmann spruce to
establish seedlings following fire because an increase in herbaceous
species prevents seeds from reaching mineral soil, and the harsh climate
kills many seedlings that do establish [
12,
85]. Within subalpine
stands, Engelmann spruce may establish immediately following disturbance
if mature trees survive to provide seeds, and seral species such as
lodgepole pine and aspen are scarce. Aspen and lodgepole pine are the
most common seral species and often dominate subalpine forests following
fire [
6,
47,
85]. These species grow rapidly and quickly overtop any
Engelmann spruce seedlings that may establish at the same time. Aspen
stands can sometimes persist for decades or even centuries when conifer
seed trees are eliminated [
25,
89]. When lodgepole pine establishes
immediately following stand-destroying fires, it often forms dense
even-aged stands that dominate for 100 to 300 years. Because it is
shade tolerant, Engelmann spruce eventually establishes under the pine
canopy, usually within 100 years, and attains dominance as the pine
stand begins to break up [
24,
54].
On some of the lower elevation Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir
habitat types, Engelmann spruce will not achieve climax dominance or
codominance because of repeated fires which favor shade-intolerant seral
conifers. Many of these habitat types are in midsuccessional stages;
Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, western larch (Larix occidentalis), or
limber pine dominate the overstory [
67,
88]
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Abies engelmannii Parry
Picea engelmannii var. glabra Goodman
Picea glauca var. engelmannii (Parry) Boivin
Picea glauca ssp. engelmannii (Parry) T. M. C. Taylor
Picea columbiana Lemmon
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
naturalThe genus Picea consists of about 30 species of evergreen trees found in
cool, temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Seven species of
Picea, including Engelmann spruce, are native to North America. The
currently accepted scientific name of Engelmann spruce is Picea
engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. [
45,
53]. There are no recognized races or
geographic varieties.
Natural hybridization between species of Picea is common. Engelmann
spruce x white spruce (Picea glauca) hybrids are common where the ranges
of these species overlap. Natural crosses between these species occur
from central British Columbia as far south as eastern Washington and
Yellowstone National Park [
23]. Within this area, trees at low
elevations closely resemble pure white spruce. Pure Engelmann spruce
tends to dominate at higher elevations [
23]. Engelmann spruce x white
spruce hybrids are common throughout low elevations in British Columbia
[
32].
Using artificial pollination techniques, Engelmann spruce has been
successfully crossed with white spruce, blue spruce (P. pungens), and
Sitka spruce (P. sitchensis) [
32].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
forest,
seedEngelmann spruce can be planted on disturbed sites within forest
vegetation types where it naturally occurs. It is primarily used for
reforestation projects on cool, moist sites below upper timberline. It
has been used to a limited extent for revegetation and long-term
stabilization of high-elevation mine spoils [
4,
96]. In west-central
Alberta, Engelmann spruce x white spruce hybrids were observed invading
coal mine spoils at high elevations [
76].
Planting nursery stock is more successful than direct seeding. Most
commonly, 2- or 3-year-old bareroot or container-grown stock is planted
following snowmelt [
4,
96]. Since seedlings are sensitive to direct
sunlight, they should be planted in the protective shade of stumps, logs,
or vegetation [
4]. Artificial shade also is effective in protecting
seedlings from wind and sun [
15]. Two- to 4-foot tall (0.6-1.5 m),
open-grown Engelmann spruce seedlings dug from the wild before breaking
dormancy have shown good survival when transplanted [
15]. Methods for
collecting, processing, testing, storing, and planting seed, and for
care and transplanting of bareroot and container-grown Engelmann spruce
seedlings have been described in the literature [
4,
96].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Engelmann spruce is an important commercial wood in the United States.
The wood is white, odorless, lightweight, straight grained, soft, stiff,
and can be readily air dried. It is easy to work, glues well, holds
nails fairly well but has only average paint-holding properties. The
wood is primarily used for lumber for home construction and for
prefabricated wood products. Less common uses include veneer in plywood
manufacture, poles, and specialty items, such as food containers,
violins, pianos, and aircraft parts. Spruce has not been used much for
pulp and paper, although its pulping properties are excellent [
6].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Engelmann spruce most typically grows together with subalpine fir (Abies
lasiocarpa) to form the Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir (Type 206)
forest cover type. It may also occur in pure or nearly pure stands. Spruce
grows in 15 other forest types recognized by the Society of American
Foresters, usually as a minor component or in frost pockets (95):
201 White Spruce
205 Mountain Hemlock
208 Whitebark Pine
209 Bristlecone Pine
210 Interior Douglas-Fir
212 Western Larch
213 Grand Fir
215 Western White Pine
216 Blue Spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole Pine
219 Limber Pine
224 Western Hemlock
226 Coastal True Fir-Hemlock
227 Western Redcedar-Western Hemlock
The composition of the forest in which Engelmann spruce grows is
influenced by elevation, exposure, and latitude (30). In the Rocky
Mountains and Cascades, subalpine fir is its common associate at all
elevations. In the northernmost part of its range along the Coast Range
and in the Rocky Mountains of Canada, it mixes with white spruce (Picea
glauca), black spruce (Picea mariana), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), and paper
birch (Betula papyrifera). In the Rocky Mountains of Montana and
Idaho, in the Cascades, and in the mountains of eastern Washington and
Oregon, associates at lower and middle elevations are western white pine
(Pinus monticola), Douglas-fir, western larch (Larix
occidentalis), grand fir (Abies grandis), and lodgepole pine
(Pinus contorta); associates at higher elevations are Pacific
silver fir (Abies amabilis), mountain hemlock (Tsuga
mertensiana), alpine larch (Larix lyallii), and whitebark pine
(Pinus albicaulis). In the Rocky Mountains south of Montana and
Idaho, and in the mountains of Utah, lodgepole pine, interior Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), blue spruce (Picea
pungens), white-fir (Abies concolor), aspen (Populus
tremuloides), and occasionally ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)
and southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis), are common
associates at lower and middle elevations, and corkbark fir (Abies
lasiocarpa var. arizonica), limber pine (Pinus flexilis),
and bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) at high elevations.
Engelmann spruce extends to timberline in the Rocky Mountains south of
Idaho and Montana, and may form pure stands at timberline in the
southernmost part of its range. In the Canadian Rockies of southwestern
Alberta and adjacent British Columbia and into the Rocky Mountains north
of Wyoming and Utah, and the Cascades, spruce usually occupies moist sites
below timberline; its high-elevation associates form timberline forests
(6,20).
Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum) (warm, moist sites);
twinflower (Linnaea borealis), (cool, moist sites); common
creeping juniper (Juniperus communis) (warm, dry sites); and
grouse whortleberry (Vaccinium scoparium), heartleaf arnica (Arnica
cordifolia), boxleaf myrtle (Pachistima myrsinites), elk sedge
(Carex geyeri), mountain gooseberry (Ribes montigenum), and
fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) (cool, dry sites) occur as
undergrowth throughout much of the range of Engelmann spruce. Undergrowth
vegetation is more variable than tree associates, however. Undergrowth
characteristically found in the Pacific Northwest Region and the Rocky
Mountains and associated ranges north of Utah and Wyoming include:
Labrador-tea (Ledum glandulosum), Cascades azalea (Rhododendron
albiflorum), rusty skunkbrush (Menziesia ferruginea), woodrush
(Luzula hitchcockii), dwarf huckleberry (Vaccinium
cespitosum), and blue huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare),
(cool, moist sites); false solomons-seal (Smilacina stellata), queenscup
beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), twistedstalk (Streptopus
amplexifolius), and sweetscented bedstraw (Galium triflorum) (warm,
moist sites); pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens) and beargrass
(Xerophyllum tenax) (cool, dry sites); Oregongrape (Berberis
repens), white spires, (Spiraea betulifolia), and big
whortleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum) (warm, dry sites); and
marsh-marigold (Caltha leptosepala), devilsclub (Oplopanax
horridum), and bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis) (wet
sites) (14,39).
Undergrowth characteristically found in the Rocky Mountains and
associated ranges south of Idaho and Montana include: mountain bluebells
(Mertensia ciliata) and heartleaf bittercress (Cardamine
cordifolia) (cool, moist sites); thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus)
(warm, moist sites); red buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis),
Oregongrape, mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), and
Arizona peavine (Lathyrus arizonicus) (warm, dry sites); and Rocky
Mountain whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), groundsel (Senecio
sanguiosboides), polemonium (Polemonium delicatum), daisy
fleabane (Erigeron eximius), prickly currant (Ribes lacustre),
sidebells pyrola (Pyrola secunda), and mosses (cool, dry
sites) (14).
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Climate
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Engelmann spruce grows in a humid climate with long, cold winters and
short, cool summers. It occupies one of the highest and coldest forest
environments in the western United States, characterized by heavy snowfall
and temperature extremes of more than -45.6° C (-50° F) to above
32.2° C (90° F). Climatic data for four subregions of the United
States within the species range are given in table 1 (23,42,65,100).
Table 1- Climatological data for four regional
subdivisions within the range of Engelmann spruce
Average temperature
Frost each period
Location
Annual
July
January
Annual precip.
Annual Snowfall
°C
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
cm
in
cm
in
days
Pacific Northwest
2
35
10-13
50-55
-9 to -7
15-20
152-406
60-160
1015+
400+
45-90
U.S. Rocky Mountains
Northern¹
-1 to 2
30-35
4-13
45-55
-12 to -7
10-20
61-114
24-45+
635+
250+
*30-60
Central²
-1 to 2
30-35
10-13
50-55
-12 to -9
10-15
61-140
24-55
381-889+
150-350+
*30-60
Southern³
2
35
10-16
50-60
-9 to -7
15-20
61-89+
24-35+
508
200+
*30-75
¹Includes the
Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho and associated mouintains of
eastern Washington and Oregon.
²Includes the Rocky Mountians of Wyoming and Colorado and
associated mountains of Utah.
³Includes the Rocky Mountains and associated ranges of New
Mexico and Arizona and the plateaus of southern Utah.
*Frost may occur any month of the year.
The range of mean annual temperatures is narrow considering the wide
distribution of the species. Average annual temperatures are near
freezing, and frost can occur any month of the year. Average precipitation
exceeds 61 cm (24 in) annually, with only moderate or no seasonal
deficiency. Summer is the driest season in the Cascades and Rocky
Mountains west of the Continental Divide south to southwestern Colorado.
The mountains east of the divide, in southwestern Colorado, and in New
Mexico and Arizona, receive considerable summer rainfall, while winter
snowfall can be light (23,48,64,100). Winds are predominantly from the
west and southwest and can be highly destructive to Engelmann spruce
(13,20).
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Damaging Agents
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Engelmann spruce is susceptible to windthrow,
especially after any initial cutting in old-growth forests.
Partial cutting increases the risk because the entire stand is opened up
and therefore vulnerable. Windfall is usually less around clearcuts
because only the boundaries between cut and leave areas are vulnerable,
but losses can be great if no special effort is made to locate windfirm
cutting-unit boundaries (1,3). While the tendency of spruce to windthrow
is usually attributed to a shallow root system, the development of the
root system varies with soil and stand conditions. Trees that have
developed together in dense stands over long periods of time mutually
protect each other and do not have the roots, boles, or crowns to
withstand sudden exposure to wind if opened up too drastically. If the
roots and boles are defective, the risk of windthrow is increased.
Furthermore, regardless of kind or intensity of cutting, or soil and stand
conditions, windthrow is greater on some exposures than others. Alexander
(13) has identified spruce windfall risk in relation to exposures in
Colorado as follows:
Below Average:
Valley bottoms, except where parallel to the direction of prevailing
winds, and flat areas.
All lower, and gentle, middle north-east-facing slopes.
All lower, and gentle, middle south- and west-facing slopes that are
protected from the wind by higher ground not far to windward.
Above Average:
Valley bottoms parallel to the direction of prevailing winds.
Gentle middle south and west slopes not protected to the windward.
Moderate to steep middle, and all upper north- and east-facing
slopes.
Moderate to steep middle south- and west-facing slopes protected by
higher ground not far to windward.
Very High:
Ridgetops.
Saddles in ridges.
Moderate to steep middle south- and west-facing slopes not protected
to the windward.
All upper south- and west-facing slopes.
The risk of windfall in these situations is increased at least one
category by such factors as poor drainage, shallow soils, defective roots
and boles, and overly dense stands. Conversely, the risk of windfall is
reduced if the stand is open-grown or composed of young, vigorous, sound
trees. All situations become very high risk if exposed to special
topographic situations, such as gaps or saddles in ridges at high
elevations to the windward that can funnel winds into the area (1,3,13).
The spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) is the most serious
insect pest of Engelmann spruce (86). It is restricted largely to, mature
and overmature spruce, and epidemics have occurred throughout recorded
history. One of the most damaging out breaks was in Colorado from 1939 to
1951, when beetles killed nearly 6 billion board feet of standing spruce
(64). Damaging attacks have been largely associated with extensive
windthrow, where downed trees have provided an ample food supply for a
rapid buildup of beetle populations. Cull material left after logging has
also caused outbreaks, and there are examples of large spruce beetle
populations developing in scattered trees windthrown after heavy partial
cutting. The beetle progeny then emerge to attack living trees, sometimes
seriously damaging the residual stand. Occasionally, serious spruce beetle
outbreaks have developed in overmature stands with no recent history of
cutting or windfall, but losses in uncut stands that have not been
subjected to catastrophic wind storms have usually been no greater than
normal mortality in old growth (13).
Spruce beetles prefer downed material to standing trees, but if downed
material is not available, then standing trees may be attacked. Large,
overmature trees are attacked first, but if an infestation persists,
beetles will attack and kill smaller trees after the large trees in the
stand are killed. In the central Rocky Mountains susceptibility to beetle
attack can vary by location; the following sites are arranged from most to
least susceptible: (1) trees in creek bottoms, (2) good stands on benches
and high ridges, (3) poor stands on benches and high ridges, (4) mixed
stands, and (5) immature stands (59,85). Analysis of past infestations
suggests the following kinds of stands are susceptible to outbreaks: (1)
single- or two-storied stands, (2) high proportions of spruce in the
overstory, (3) basal area of 34 m²/ha (150 ft²/acre) or more in
older and larger trees, and (4) an average 10-year periodic diameter
growth of 1.0 cm (0.4 in) or less (87).
The western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) is another
potentially dangerous insect attacking Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir
(40). Although spruce and fir are among the preferred hosts, budworm.
populations have been held in check by combinations of several natural
control factors- parasites, predators, diseases, and adverse climatic
conditions. The potential for future outbreaks is always present, however.
An excellent summary of the ecology, past insecticidal -treatments, and
silvicultural practices associated with western spruce budworm in northern
Rocky Mountain forests is given by Carlson et al. (28).
The most common diseases of Engelmann spruce are caused by wood-rotting
fungi that result in loss of volume and predispose trees to windthrow and
windbreak (46). In a recent study of cull indicators and associated decay
in Colorado, the major root and butt fungi in mature to overmature
Engelmann spruce were identified as Phellinus nigrolimitatus, Flammula
alnicola, Polyporus tomentosus var. curnatua, Gloeocystidiellum
radiosum, and Coniophora puteana. Trunk rots, which caused 88
percent of the decay, were associated with Phellinus pini,
Haematosterceum sanguinolentum, Echinodontium sulcatum, and Amylosterceum
chailletii. Spruce broom rust (Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli) is also
common in spruce-fir forests. It causes bole deformation, loss of volume,
and spiketops; increases susceptibility to windbreak; and provides
infection courts for decay fungi in spruce (20,46).
Dwarfmistletoe (Arceuthobium microcarpum) causes heavy mortality
in spruce in Arizona and New Mexico, but it has a limited range in the
Southwest and is not found elsewhere (44).
Engelmann spruce does not prune well naturally. Thin bark and the
persistence of dead lower limbs make it susceptible to destruction or
severe injury by fire (fig. 8). Many root and trunk rots in old growth
appear to be associated with fire injury. Because of the climate where
spruce grows, the risk of fire is less than in warmer and drier climates
(20).
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Flowering and Fruiting
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Engelmann spruce is monoecious; male and
female strobili are formed in the axils of needles of the previous year's
shoots after dormancy is broken, usually in late April to early May-
Ovulate strobili (new conelets) are usually borne near ends of the shoots
in the upper crown and staminate strobili on branchlets in the lower crown
(38,102). Separation of male and female strobili within the crown reduces
self-fertilization. The dark purple male flowers are ovoid to cylindrical
and pendant. Female flowers are scarlet, erect, and cylindrical. Male
flowers ripen and pollen is wind disseminated in late May and early June
at low elevations, and from mid-June to early July at high elevations. The
conelets grow rapidly and soon reach the size of the old cones that may
have persisted from previous years. The new cones mature in one season and
are 2.5 to 6.3 cm (1 to 2.5 in) long. They ripen in August to early
September, open, and shed their seed. The cones may fall during the
following winter or may remain attached to the tree for some time (20,
89,102).
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Genetics
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Population Differences
Available information on population differences of Engelmann spruce is
limited to a few studies. For example, spruce trees from high-elevation
seed sources and northern latitudes break dormancy first in the spring,
and, when grown in low-elevation nurseries with low- and middle-elevation
seed sources,
are the first to become dormant in the fall. Conversely, low-elevation
and southern latitude seed sources frequently are more resistant to spring
frosts, but are less winter-hardy than middle- and high-elevation seed
sources (38). In one study that compared seedlings from 20 seed sources,
ranging from British Columbia to New Mexico, planted at an elevation of
9,600 feet in Colorado, seedlings from northern latitudes and lower
elevations made the best height growth (93). Overall survival from all
sources was 73 percent with no significant differences among sources.
Races and Hybrids
There are no recognized races or geographical varieties of Engelmann
spruce. There is abundant evidence that natural introgressive
hybridization between Engelmann and white spruce occurs in sympatric
areas, especially around Glacier Park in Montana (32). It has been
suggested that Engelmann and Sitka spruces cross in British Columbia, but
it seems more likely that the crosses are between Sitka and white spruce.
Engelmann spruce has been artificially crossed with several other spruces,
but with only limited success (38).
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Growth and Yield
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Engelmann spruce is one of the largest of the
high-mountain species. Under favorable conditions, average stand diameter
will vary from 38.1 to 76.2 cm (15 to 30 in), and average dominant height
from 14 to 40 m (45 to 130 ft), depending upon site quality and density
(20). Individual trees may exceed 101.6 cm (40 in) in diameter and 49 m
(160 ft) in height (60). Engelmann spruce is a long-lived tree, maturing
in about 300 years. Dominant spruces are often 250 to 450 years old, and
trees 500 to 600 years old are not uncommon (13).
Engelmann spruce has the capacity to grow well at advanced ages. If
given sufficient growing space, it will continue to grow steadily in
diameter for 300 years, long after the growth of most associated tree
species slows down (20,60).
Yields are usually expressed for the total stand. Engelmann spruce does
not normally grow in pure stands but in various mixtures with associated
species. Average volume per hectare in old-growth (normally 250 to 350
years old) spruce-fir may be practically nothing at timberline, 12,350 to
37,070 fbm/ha (5,000 to 15,000 fbm/acre) on poor sites, and 61,780 to
98,840 fbm/ha (25,000 to 40,000 fbm/acre) on better sites. Volumes as high
as 197,680 to 247,100 fbm/ha (80,000 to 100,000 fbm/acre) have been
reported for very old stands on exceptional sites (77,99). Average annual
growth in virgin spruce-fir forests will vary from a net loss due to
mortality to as much as 494 fbm/ha (200 fbm/acre), depending upon age,
density, and vigor of the stand (69). Engelmann spruce usually makes up at
least 70 percent and often more than 90 percent of the basal area in trees
12.7 cm (5.0 in) and larger at breast height in these stands (76).
With prompt restocking after timber harvest and periodic thinning to
control stand density and maintain growth rates, growth of individual
spruce trees and yields of spruce-fir stands can be greatly increased and
the time required to produce the above volumes and sizes reduced- For
example, in stands managed at the growing stock levels (GSL) considered
optimum for timber production (GSL 140 to 180) on 140- to 160-year
rotations with a 20-year thinning interval, average volumes per hectare
will range from 74,100 to 98,800 fbm/ha (30,000 to 40,000 fbm/acre) on
poor sites to 222,400 to 259,500 fbm 1 ha (90,000 to 105,000 fbm/acre) on
good sites. Volume production declines -on all sites when growing stock
level is reduced below the optimum for timber production, and the decline
is greater with each successive reduction in GSL. Average annual growth
will vary from 445 to 1,606 fbm/ha (180 to 650 fbm/acre) (15). Moreover,
since most subalpine fir will be removed in early thinnings, these yields
will be largely from Engelmann spruce.
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Reaction to Competition
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Engelmann spruce is rated tolerant in
its ability to endure shade (24). It is definitely more shade-enduring
than interior Douglas-fir, western white pine, lodgepole pine, aspen,
western larch, or ponderosa pine but less so than subalpine fir (the most
common associate throughout much of its range), grand fir, white fir, and
mountain hemlock. The Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir type is either a
co-climax type or long-lived seral forest vegetation throughout much of
its range. In the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta, and
south of Montana and Idaho, Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir occur as
either codominants or in nearly pure stands of one or the other. In the
Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho, and in the mountains of Utah,
eastern Oregon and Washington, subalpine fir is the major climax species.
Engelmann spruce may also occur as a major climax species, but more often
it is a persistent long-lived seral species. Pure stands of either species
can be found, however (6).
Although spruce-fir forests form climax or near climax vegetation
associations, they differ from most climax forests in that many stands are
not truly all-aged (60). Some stands are clearly single-storied,
indicating that desirable spruce forests can be grown under even-aged
management. Other stands are two- or three-storied, and multi-storied
stands are not uncommon (13,68). These may be the result of either past
disturbances, such as fire, insect epidemics, or cutting, or the gradual
deterioration of old-growth stands due to normal mortality from wind,
insects, and disease. The latter is especially evident in the formation of
some multi-storied stands. On the other hand, some multi-storied stands
appear to have originated as uneven-aged stands and are successfully
perpetuating this age-class structure (16,43,104).
Although climax forests are not easily displaced by other vegetation,
fire, logging, and insects have played an important part in the succession
and composition of spruce-fir forests. Complete removal of the stand by
fire or logging results in such drastic environmental changes that spruce
and fir are usually replaced by lodgepole pine, aspen, or shrub and grass
communities (80,97). The kind of vegetation initially occupying the site
usually determines the length of time it takes to return to a spruce-fir
forest. It may vary from a few years, if the site is initially occupied by
lodgepole pine or aspen, to as many as 300 years, if grass is the
replacement community.
What is known about the utilization of water by Engelmann spruce in
Colorado can be summarized as follows: (1) leaf water potential decreases
in proportion to the transpiration rate but is influenced by soil
temperature and water supply; (2) needle water vapor conductance (directly
proportional to stomatal opening) is controlled primarily by visible
irradiance and absolute humidity difference from needle to air
(evaporative demand), with secondary effects from temperature and water
stress; (3) nighttime minimum temperatures below 3.9° C (39° F)
retard stomatal opening the next day, but stomata function well from early
spring to late fall, and high transpiration rates occur even with snowpack
on the ground; (4) leaf water vapor conductance is higher in Engelmann
spruce than in subalpine fir, but lower than in lodgepole pine and aspen;
(5) Engelmann spruce trees have less total needle area per unit area of
sapwood water conducting tissue than subalpine fir but more than lodgepole
pine and aspen; and (6) Engelmann spruce trees have a greater needle area
per unit of bole or stand basal area than subalpine fir, lodgepole pine,
and aspen. At equal basal area, annual canopy transpiration of spruce is
about 80 percent greater than lodgepole pine, 50 percent greater than
subalpine fir, and 220 percent greater than aspen. These high rates of
transpiration cause Engelmann spruce to occur primarily on moist sites
(50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58).
Both even- and uneven-aged silvicultural systems are appropriate for use
in Engelmann spruce forests, but not all cutting methods meet specific
management objectives (5,12,17). The even-aged cutting methods include
clearcutting, which removes all trees in strips, patches, blocks, or
stands with a single cut; and shelterwood cutting, which removes trees in
one, two, or three cuts and its modifications. Because of susceptibility
to windthrow, the seed-tree method is not a suitable way to regenerate
spruce. The seedbed is prepared for regeneration after clearcutting, or
after the seed cut with shelterwood cutting, by various methods ranging
from burning and mechanical scarification to only that associated with
logging activity (5,12,17).
The uneven-aged cutting methods appropriate to spruce are individual
tree and group selection cuttings and their modifications, which remove
selected trees in all size classes at periodic intervals over the entire
area or in groups up to 0.8 hectares (2 acres) in size. Reproduction
occurs continuously, but methods of site preparation are limited (12,13).
Shelterwood and individual tree selection cutting methods will favor
associated species such as true firs and hemlocks over spruce.
Clearcutting, group shelterwood, and group selection cutting methods will
favor Engelmann spruce over these more tolerant associates, but will
increase the proportion of intolerant associates such as lodgepole pine
and Douglas-fir (13).
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Rooting Habit
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Engelmann spruce has a shallow root system. The
weak taproot of seedlings does not persist beyond the juvenile stage, and
when trees grow where the water table is near the surface or on soils
underlain by impervious rock or clay hardpans, the weak, superficial
lateral root system common to the seedling stage may persist to old age.
Under these conditions, most roots are in the first 30 to 46 cm (12 to 18
in) of soil. But, where spruce grows on deep, porous, well drained soils,
the lateral root system may penetrate to a depth of 2.4 m (8 ft) or more
(20).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Although open-grown Engelmann
spruces begin bearing cones when they are 1.2 to 1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) tall
and 15 to 40 years old, seed production does not become significant until
trees are larger and older. The most abundant crops in natural stands are
produced on healthy, vigorous, dominant trees 3.8 dm (15 in) or more in
diameter at breast height and 150 to 250 years old. Engelmann spruce is a
moderate to good seed producer (11,19,21). Good to bumper seed crops,
based on the following criteria, are generally borne every 2 to 5 years,
with some seed produced almost every year (19):
Number of sound seeds/hectare
Seed crop rating
0-24,700
(0-10,000/acre)
Failure
24,700-123,500
(10,000-50,000/acre)
Poor
123,500-247,000
(50,000-100,000/acre)
Fair
247,000-617,000
(100,000-250,000/acre)
Good
617,000-1,235,000
(250,000-500,000/acre)
Heavy
>1,235,000
(>500,000/acre)
Bumper
There is great variation in seed production from year to year and from
area to area. In one study on the Fraser Experimental Forest in Colorado,
annual seed production averaged only 32,100 sound seeds per acre during
the period 1956-65 (4). Only one good and two moderate crops were
recorded. In more recent studies, spruce seed production has been greater,
possibly because the studies were better designed to sample seed
production. One such study of seed production on five National Forests,
covering 42 area-seed crop years from 1962 to 1971, rated seed crops as 5
bumper, 1 heavy, 6 good, and the remaining 30 fair to failure (74). In the
one year, 1967, that a bumper seed crop was produced on all areas, seed
production was the highest ever recorded in Colorado (84). In another
study on the Fraser Experimental Forest covering 15 years (1970-84) and 13
locations, seed production was rated 2 bumper, 3 heavy, 2 good and 8 fair
to failure (21).
In the northern Rocky Mountains, Boe (26) analyzed cone crops in Montana
between the years 1908 and 1953. Twenty-two crops observed west of the
Continental Divide during the 45-year period were rated: 5 good, 8 fair,
and 9 poor. East of the Divide, seed production was poorer: only 2 good, 4
fair, and 15 poor crops were reported for a 21-year period. In other
studies in the Northern and Intermountain Regions, seed production was
rated as good to bumper in 1 year out of 5, with the other 4 years rated
as failures (78,96).
Observations in spruce forests before seedfall have indicated that part
of each seed crop is lost to cone and seed insects (13). In a recently
completed study in Colorado, insect-caused loss of Engelmann spruce seed
averaged 28 percent of the total seed produced during a 4-year period
(1974-1977) (88). The percentage of infested cones was highest during
years of poor seed production. The primary seed-eating insects were a
spruce seedworm (Cydia youngana = (Laspeyresia youngana) and an
unidentified species of fly, possibly a Hylemya, found only in the
larval stage.
Some seed is lost from cutting and storing of cones by pine squirrels
(Tamiasciurus hudsonicus fremonti), but the actual amount is
unknown. After seed is shed, small mammals such as deer mice (Peromyscus
maniculatus), red-backed mice (Clethrionomys gapperi), mountain
voles (Microtus montanus), and chipmunks (Eutamias minimus)
are the principal source of seed loss. Undoubtedly, mammals consume
much seed, but the amount is not known and results of studies on
protecting seed are conflicting. For example, in western Montana, spruce
seedling success was little better on protected than unprotected seed
spots (90), but in British Columbia, protection of spruce seed from
rodents was essential to spruce regeneration success (94).
Cones begin to open in September. Most seed is shed by the end of
October, but some falls throughout the winter. The small, winged seeds are
light, averaging about 297,000/kg (135,000/lb) (102). Nearly all of the
seed is disseminated by the wind; squirrels, other mammals, and birds are
not important in seed dispersal.
Seed is dispersed long distances only in years of bumper seed crops. For
example, studies in the Rocky Mountains show that 237,200 to 617,800 sound
seeds/ha (96,000 to 250,000/acre) were dispersed 122 to 183 in (400 to 600
ft) from the source into clearcut blocks 183 m to 244 m (600 to 800 ft)
wide (74). Seedfall in cut stands ranged from 1,236,000 to 12,355,000
seeds/ha (500,000 to 5,000,000/acre). In years of good to heavy seed
crops, seedfall into cleared openings diminished rapidly as distance from
seed source increased. Prevailing winds influence the pattern of seedfall
in openings 61 to 244 m (200 to 800 ft) across, with about 40 percent of
the seeds failing within 31 m (100 ft) of the windward timber edge
(4,16,74). Seeffall then diminishes but at a less rapid rate of decline as
distance increases to about two-thirds of the way-46 to 183 m (150 to 600
ft)-across the openings. At that distance, the average number of seeds
falling is about 25 percent (at 46 m [150 ft]) to less than 5 percent (at
183 m [600 ft]) of the number of released in the uncut stand (4,74,78,80).
Beyond this point, seedfall gradually increases toward the leeward timber
edge, but is only about 30 percent of the seedfall along the windward edge
(13,16). In the openings observed, a U-shaped pattern of seedfall was
poorly defined. The "tailing-off' suggests that significant
quantities of seed were released during periods of high winds (36).
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Seedling Development
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Viability of Engelmann spruce seed is
rated good and the vitality persistent. The average germinative capacity
of spruce is higher than for many associated species (102):
Species
Average germinative
capacity
Engelmann spruce
69
Subalpine fir
31-34
Lodgepole pine
65-80
Western white pine
44
Interior Douglas-fir
60-93
Western larch
57
Grand fir
46-57
Western hemlock
53-56
Pacific silver fir
20-26
White fir
30-37
Viable seeds of spruce that survive over winter normally germinate
following snowmelt when seedbeds are moist and air temperature is at least
7° C (45° F). Field germination of spruce over long periods in
Colorado have ranged from 0 to 28 percent of the sound seeds dispersed,
depending upon the seedbed and environmental factors (9,73).
In the undisturbed forest, spruce seeds germinate and seedlings become
established on duff, litter, partially decomposed humus, decaying wood,
and mounds of mineral soil upturned by windthrown trees. Any disturbance
that removes the overstory produces new microhabitats (80). Under these
circumstances, germination and initial establishment are generally better
on prepared mineral soil, and disturbed mineral soil and humus seedbeds
because moisture conditions are more stable (27,35,41,73,94). However,
initial survival of spruce on severe sites at high elevations in the
Intermountain Region was higher on duff seedbeds than on mineral soil
seedbeds (37). Spruce seedling establishment on burned seedbeds has been
variable. Success is related to severity of burn, depth of ash, and amount
of exposed mineral soil (29,80,91). Regardless of the seedbed, high
initial mortality usually slows establishment of seedlings. Once
established (at least 5 years old), the ability to survive is not
increased by a mineral soil seedbed, but is favored by adequate soil
moisture, cool temperature, and shade.
Engelmann spruce will germinate in all light intensities found in
nature, but 40 to 60 percent of full shade is most favorable for seedling
establishment at high elevations. Light intensity and solar radiation are
high at elevations and latitudes where spruce grows in the central and
southern Rocky Mountains, and seedlings do not establish readily in the
open. Planted seedlings often develop a chlorotic appearance that has been
attributed to solarization-a phenomenon by which light intensity inhibits
photosynthesis and which ultimately results in death (82). Mortality can
be reduced by shading seedlings. At low elevations and high latitudes in
the northern Rocky Mountains, spruce can become established and survive in
the open (17). Spruce can establish and survive better in low light
intensities than its common, intolerant associates such as lodgepole pine,
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, and aspen, but at extremely low light
intensities it cannot compete favorably with such shade-enduring
associates as the true firs and hemlocks (20).
Engelmann spruce is restricted to cold, humid habitats because of its
low tolerance to high temperature and drought (25,45). However, solar
radiation at high elevations heats soil surfaces [up to 66° C (150°
F or more)] and increases water losses from both seedlings and soil by
transpiration and evaporation (9,73,80).
Because of its slow initial root penetration and extreme sensitivity to
heat in the succulent stage, drought and heat girdling kill many
first-year spruce seedlings. Drought losses can continue to be significant
during the first 5 years of seedling development, especially during
prolonged summer dry periods (9,34,73).
Tree seedlings in the succulent stage are particularly susceptible to
stem-girdling. The cortex is killed by a temperature of 54° C (130°
F), but prolonged exposures to somewhat lower temperatures may also be
lethal. On the Fraser Experimental Forest, heat-girdling caused much early
seedling mortality on unshaded seedbeds (9,73). Soil-surface temperature
exceeded 65° C (150° F) in the open on a north aspect and 71°
C (160° F) on a south aspect at 3200 m (10,500 ft) elevation in June.
Maximum air temperature during this period did not exceed 260 C (780 F).
In western Montana, at low elevations, soil surface temperatures exceeded
71° C (160° F) on gentle north slopes several times during one
summer (80). Early shade protection increased survival of newly germinated
spruce seedlings; 30 to 50 percent of the seedlings were lost to
heat-girdling on unshaded plots, compared to 10 percent on shaded plots.
In southwestern Alberta, when newly germinated spruce seedlings were
deprived of water, nearly three-fourths of the mortality on four different
unshaded seedbed types was caused by heat-girdling (34). Surface
temperatures as low as 45° C (113° F) caused heat girdling, but
losses were not high until soil surface temperatures were above 50° C
(122° F). Shading reduced heat-girdling on all seedbed types. Soil
surface temperatures in excess of lethal levels for spruce seedlings,
especially on burned seedbeds, have been reported in British Columbia
(94).
Air and soil temperatures (below the surface) are not usually directly
responsible for seedling mortality, but they affect growth. In a growth
chamber study of Engelmann spruce seedlings under 30 different
combinations of day and night temperatures, the greatest height and root
growth, and top and root dry matter production was with a diurnal
variation of 19° C (66° F) (air and soil) day temperatures and
23° C (73° F) (air and soil) night temperatures (45). Shepperd
(92), using the same night temperature regime, raised the day soil
temperature to 23° C (72° F) and significantly increased root
growth.
Frost can occur any month of the growing season where spruce grows. It
is most likely to occur in depressions and cleared openings because of
cold air drainage and radiation cooling. Newly germinated spruce seedlings
are most susceptible to early fall frosts. In a greenhouse and laboratory
study, new seedlings did not survive temperatures as low as -9.5° C
(15° F) until about 10 weeks old (71). Terminal bud formation began
at 8 weeks; buds were set and needles were mature at 10 to 12 weeks after
germination.
After the first year, seedlings are most susceptible to frost early in
the growing season when tissues are succulent. Shoots are killed or
injured by mechanical damage resulting from tissue freezing and thawing.
Frost damage has been recorded in most years in Colorado (81). In light
frost years, damage was minor, but heavy frosts either damaged or killed
all new shoots of open-grown seedlings.
In early fall, the combination of warm daytime temperatures, nighttime
temperatures below freezing, and saturated soil unprotected by snow are
conducive to frost-heaving. On the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado,
these conditions generally occurred about 1 out of 2 years (9,73).
Frost-heaving has been one of the principal causes of first-year seedling
mortality on scarified seedbeds on north aspects (9). Furthermore,
seedlings continue to frost-heave after four growing seasons. Shading has
reduced losses by reducing radiation cooling.
The moisture condition of the seedbed during the growing season largely
determines first-year seedling survival. On some sites in the central
Rocky Mountains, summer drought causes great first-year mortality,
especially in years when precipitation is low or irregular. On the Fraser
Experimental Forest in the central Rocky Mountains, drought and
desiccation caused more than half the first-year seedling mortality on
south aspects, and nearly two-thirds of the total after 5 years. On north
aspects during the same period, drought accounted for about 40 percent of
first-year seedling mortality, and more than half the mortality at the end
of 5 years (9).
In the northern Rocky Mountains, late spring and early summer drought is
a serious threat most years to first-year seedlings. In western Montana,
all seedlings on one area were killed by drought in a 2-week period in
late summer when their rate of root penetration could not keep pace with
soil drying during a prolonged dry period (80). Late spring and early
summer drought is also a serious cause of first-year seedling mortality in
the southern Rockies. Drought losses can continue to be significant
throughout the Rocky Mountains during the first 5 years of seedling
development, especially during prolonged summer dry periods (9,73).
The moisture provided by precipitation during the growing season is
particularly critical to seedling survival during the first year. A
greenhouse study of the effects of amount and distribution of moisture on
seedling survival (simulating common summer precipitation patterns in
north-central Colorado) showed that under favorable seedbed and
environmental conditions: (1) at least 2.5 cm. (1 inch) of well
distributed precipitation is needed monthly before seedlings will survive
drought; (2) with this precipitation pattern, more than 3.75 cm (1.5 in)
of monthly rainfall is not likely to increase seedling survival; but (3)
few seedlings will survive drought with less than 5 cm (2 in) of rainfall
monthly when precipitation comes in only one or two storms (18).
Summer precipitation may not always benefit seedling survival and
establishment. Summer storms in the Rocky Mountains may be so intense that
much of the moisture runs off, especially from bare soil. Moreover, soil
movement on unprotected seedbeds buries some seedlings and uncovers others
(80).
Understory vegetation can be either a benefit or serious constraint to
spruce seedling establishment (2,35,83). Spruce seedlings become
established more readily on sites protected by willows (Salix spp.),
shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruiticosa), fireweed, and
dwarf whortleberry than in the open. Because these plants compete less
aggressively for available soil moisture than those listed below, the net
effect of their shade is beneficial to seedling survival. In contrast,
mortality occurs when spruce seedlings start near clumps of grass or
sedges or scattered herbaceous plants such as mountain bluebells, currants
(Ribes spp.), and Oregongrape that compete severely for
moisture and smother seedlings with cured vegetation when compacted by
snow cover (83).
The only significant biotic factor affecting spruce regeneration on a
long-term study on the Fraser Experimental Forest was birds. About 15
percent to 20 percent of the total mortality resulted from the clipping of
cotyledons on newly germinated seedlings by grey-headed juncos (Junco
caniceps) (9,73,75).
Damping-off, needlecast, snowmold, insects, rodents, and trampling and
browsing by large animals also kill spruce seedlings, but losses are no
greater than for any other species (20).
The number of seeds required to produce a first-year seedling and an
established seedling (5 years old) and the number of first-year seedlings
that produce an established seedling vary greatly, depending upon seed
production, distance from source, seedbed, and other environmental
conditions. In one study in clearcut openings in Colorado during the
period 1961-1975, covering a wide variety of conditions, on the average
665 sound seeds (range 602,066) were required to produce one first-year
seedling, and 6,800 (range 926-20,809) to produce a seedling 4 or more
years old. An average of 21 first-year seedlings was necessary to produce
a single seedling 4 or more years old, although as few as 4 and as many as
24 first-year seedlings survived under different conditions (74).
Aspect and cultural treatments can also affect establishment of
Engelmann spruce. In another Colorado study (covering the period
1969-1982), an average of 18 sound seeds was required to produce a single
first-year seedling on shaded, mineral soil seedbeds on a north aspect;
and 32 sound seeds were needed to produce a 5-year-old seedling. In
contrast, 156 seeds were required to produce a first-year seedling on
shaded, mineral soil seedbeds on a south aspect, and 341 seeds to produce
a 5-year-old seedling (8,9). Shearer (91), studying the effects of
prescribed burning and wildfire after clearcutting on regeneration in the
western larch type in Montana, also found that natural and planted spruce
survived better on the north aspect than on the south aspect.
Environmental conditions favorable and unfavorable to the establishment
of Engelmann spruce natural regeneration are summarized in Figure 1.
Favorable
Unfavorable
Seed crop
More than 600,000 seeds pe hactare (242,800/acre
Less than 60,000 seeds per hectare (24,300/acre)
Aspect
North
South
Temperatures
Ambient air more than 0° C (32° F) night and less than 25°
C (77° F) day; maximum surface less than 30° C (86° F)
Ambient air less than 0° C (32° F) night and more than 25°
C (77° F) day; maximum surface greater than 30° C (86° F)
Precipitation
More than 10 mm (0.4 in) per week
Less than 10 mm (0.4 in) per week
Soil
Light-textured, sandy-loam
Heavy-textured, Clay-loam
Seedbed
50 percent exposed mineral soil, 40 to 60 percent dead shade, Duff
and litter less than 5 cm (2 in), Light vegetative cover
10 percent or less exposed mineral soil, 10 percent or less dead
shade, Duff and litter more than 5 cm (2 in), Heavy vegetative cover
Survival
Seedlings more than 12 weeks old by mid-September, Low
population of birds and rodents that eat seeds and seedlings, Protection
from trampling, Snow cover when frost-heaving conditions exist
Seedlings less than 12 weeks old by mid-September,
High population of birds and rodents that eat seeds and seedlings, No
protection from trampling, No snow cover when frost-heaving conditions
exist
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Soils and Topography
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Information on soils where Engelmann spruce grows is limited. In the
Pacific Coast region, soil parent materials are mixed and varied. Country
bedrock is composed of a variety of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic
rock. The most common of the great soil groups are Cryorthods (Podzolic
soils), Haplumbrepts (western Brown forest soils), Haplorthods (Brown
Podzolic soils), Hapludalfs (Gray-Brown Podzolic soils), and Haploxerults
and Haplohumults (Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils); these great soil groups
developed from deep glacial and lacustrine deposits, deep residual
material weathered in place from country rock, and volcanic lava and ash.
Xerochrepts (Regosolic soils), developed from shallow residual material,
are also widespread. Xeropsamments (Regosolic soils) and Haplaquolls
(Humic Gley soils) are the principal soils derived from alluvium. On the
east side of the Cascade crest, soils are largely Haploxeralfs (Non-Calcic
Brown soils) and Haploxerolls (Chestnut soils) (39,103).
In the Rocky Mountain subalpine zone, soil materials vary according to
the character of the bedrock from which they originated. Crystalline
granite rock predominates, but conglomerates, shales, sandstones, basalts,
and andesites commonly occur. Glacial deposits and stream alluvial fans
are also common along valley bottoms. Of the great soils group, Cryorthods
(Podzolic Soils) and Haplorthods (Brown Podzolic Soils) occur extensively
on all aspects. Cryochrepts (Thick Cold Soils) occur extensively on the
drier aspects. Aquods (Ground-water Podzolic Soils) are found in the
poorly drained areas. Cryoboralfs (Gray-Wooded Soils) are found where
timber stands are -less dense and parent material finer textured.
Haploborolls (Brown Forest Soils) occur mostly in the lower subalpine zone
along stream terraces and side slopes. Lithics (Lithosolic Soils) occur
wherever bedrock is near the surface. Aquepts (Bog Soils) and Haplaquepts
(Humic Gley Soils) occur extensively in poorly drained upper stream
valleys (48,103).
Regardless of the parent materials, spruce grows best on moderately
deep, well drained, loamy sands and silts, and silt and clay loam soils
developed from a variety of volcanic and sedimentary rock. Good growth
also is made on glacial and alluvial soils developed from a wide range of
parent materials, where an accessible water table is more important than
physical properties of the soil. It does not grow well on rocky glacial
till, heavy clay surface soils, saturated soils, or on shallow, dry
coarse-textured sands and gravels developed primarily from granitic and
schistic rock or course sandstones and conglomerates (13,23).
Along the east slope of the Coast Range and interior valleys of
southwestern British Columbia, Engelmann spruce grows at 762 to 1067 m
(2,500 to 3,500 ft). Farther south in the Cascade Mountains of Washington
and Oregon, it generally grows at 1219 to 1829 m (4,000 to 6,000 ft), but
it may be found at 2438 m (8,000 ft) on sheltered slopes and at 610 m
(2,000 ft) in cold pockets along streams and valley bottoms. In northern
California, spruce grows at 1219 to 1524 m (4,000 to 5,000 ft) (16,98).
South of the Peace River Plateau in the Canadian Mountains of British
Columbia and Alberta, Engelmann spruce grows at 762 to 1829 m (2,500 to
6,000 ft); in the Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana and in the adjacent
mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, at 610 to 2743 m (2,000 to
9,000 ft). But above 1829 to 2286 m (6,000 to 7,500 ft), it is a minor
component of the stand, and below 1524 m (5,000 ft) it is confined to
moist, low slopes and cold valley bottoms (20).
Engelmann spruce is found at 2743 to 3353 m (9,000 to 11,000 ft) in the
Rocky Mountains of Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado, but it may extend as low
as 2438 m (8,000 ft) along cold stream bottoms and to timberline at 3505 m
(11,500 ft). In the Rocky Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona and on the
plateaus of southern Utah, it grows at 2896 to 3353 m (9,500 to 11,000
ft), but it may grow as low as 2438 m (8,000 ft) and as high as 3658 m
(12,000 ft) (13,20).
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Special Uses
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forests occupy the greatest water
yielding areas in the Rocky Mountains. They also provide timber, habitats
for a wide variety of game and nongame wildlife, forage for livestock, and
recreational opportunities and scenic beauty (5). However, these
properties are indigenous to where spruce grows rather than to any special
properties associated with the species.
The lumber of spruce is likely to contain many small knots.
Consequently, it yields only small amounts of select grades of lumber, but
a high proportion of the common grades (70). In the past, spruce was used
principally for mine timbers, railroad ties, and poles. Today, much of the
lumber is used in home construction where great strength is not required,
and for prefabricated wood products. In recent years, rotary-cut spruce
veneer has been used in plywood manufacture. Other uses of spruce include
specialty items such as violins, pianos and aircraft parts (22,63).
The pulping properties of Engelmann spruce are excellent. Long fibers,
light color, and absence of resins permit trees to be pulped readily by
the sulfite, sulfate, or groundwood processes (22,101). The species has
been used for pulp in the northern Rocky Mountains but not in the central
or southern Rocky Mountains.
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Vegetative Reproduction
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Engelmann spruce can reproduce by
layering (47). It most often layers near timberline, where the species
assumes a dwarfed or prostrate form. Layering can also occur when only a
few trees survive fires or other catastrophes. Once these survivors have
increased to the point where their numbers alter the microenvironment
enough to improve germination and establishment, layering diminishes. In
general, this form of reproduction is insignificant in the establishment
and maintenance of closed forest stands (21,76).
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Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine family
Robert R. Alexander and Wayne D. Shepperd
Engelmann spruce is one of the seven species of spruce indigenous to the
United States (62). Other common names are Columbian spruce, mountain
spruce, white spruce, silver spruce, and pino real.
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Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Engelmann spruce is widely distributed in the western United States and
two provinces in Canada (61). Its range extends from British Columbia and
Alberta, Canada, south through all western states to New Mexico and
Arizona.
In the Pacific Northwest, Engelmann spruce grows along the east slope of
the Coast Range from west central British Columbia, south along the crest
and east slope of the Cascades through Washington and Oregon to northern
California (6,13,20). It is a minor component of these high-elevation
forests.
Engelmann spruce is a major component of the high-elevation Rocky
Mountain forests, growing in the Rocky Mountains of southwestern Alberta,
south through the high mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, Idaho,
and western Montana to western and central Wyoming, and in the high
mountains of southern Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, eastern Nevada, New Mexico,
and northern Arizona (6,13,20).
- The native range of Engelmann spruce.
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Physical Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex acute, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves blue-green, Needle-like leaves 4-angled, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 1, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs pubescent, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs with peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones < 5 cm long, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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- Stephen C. Meyers
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- المحول البرمجي
- Damon Little
Engelman küknarı
(
الأذرية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AZ
Engelman küknarı — hündürlüyü 30–50 m-ə qədər, gövdəsinin diametri 90 sm olan ağac. Vətəni Şimali Amerikadır.
Engelman küknarının çətiri möhkəm, piramida formalı, budaqları bir az sallaqdır. Uzunömürlüdür, 300-400 il yaşayır. İynəyarpaqları göyümtül, ucu biz, yumşaq, zoğlarda 10-15 il, mədəni şəraitdə 7-8 il qalır. Qabığı cavan yaşda qırmızı-qonur, sonradan açıq-qonur rəngdə olur. Dekorativ cəhətdən iynəli küknardan bir az aşağıdır. Qışa davamlıdır. Mədəni şəraitdə 1862-ci ildən becərilir. Xiyabanlarda, şəhərin küçələrində və meydanlarında, xiyaban əkinlərində tək və ya kiçik qruplarla əkilməsi məsləhətdir.
"Qlauca", Göyümtül (“Glauca”). Hündürlüyü 20–40 m, konusvarı çətirli, budaqlarının üfüqi yarusluğu dəqiq olmayan ağacdır. İynəyarpaqları az iynəli, elastik, göyümtül-mavi olur, dəqiq rəngi erkən yazda bilinir. Qışda iynəyarpaqları dekorativdir. Tez böyüyür. Qışadavamlıdır. Toxumlarla, qələmlərlə, calaqla çoxalır. 1874-cü ildən mədəni şəraitdə becərilir. Digər formalardan aşağıdakılar məlumdur: gümüşü (f. argentea)-gümüşü iynəyarpaqlıdır; mavi, salalq (f. glauca pendula)-iynəyarpaqları boz-mavi, çətiri salalq, əsas budaqları çox sallaqdır; Fendler (f. Fendleri)-iynəyarpaqları gümüşü, nazik və uzun (2,8 m-ə qədər), sallaq formadır; xırda iynəyarpaqlı (f. microphilla)-şarşəkilli, cırtdan formadır. Kölgəyədavamlıdır, ancaq çox işıqda yaxşı inkişaf edir. Torpağın məhsuldarlığına və havanın nəmişliyinə tələbkardır. Kontinental iqlimə və bir az bataqlaşmaya dözür. Havanın çirklənməsindən əziyyət çəkir və ilk növbədə iynəyarpaqların tez tökülməsinə səbəb olur. Cavan yaşda zəif böyüyür. Küknarlar digər iynəyarpaqlılara nisbətən köçürülməni yaxşı keçirir, əsas kökü öz böyüməsini tez başa çatdırır, yan kökləri üstə yerləşən kök sistemi əmələ gətirir.
Toxumlarla, bağ formaları qələmlərlə və bəzən calaqla çoxalır. Abşeron da bəzi həyətyanı sahələrdə, bağlarda tez-tez rast gəlinir. Böyük bağlarda tək əkilir, qrup və alleya əkinlərində məsləhət görülür.
Məlumat mənbələri:
Деревья и кустарники СССР. т.3.1954; Флора Азербайджана. т.5. 1954; Azərbaycanın ağac və kolları. III cild. 1970; Azərbaycanın “Qırmızı” və “Yaşıl Кitabları”na tövsiyə olunan bitki və bitki formasiyaları. 1996; Azərbaycan florasının konspekti. I-III cildlər. 2005; 2006; 2008.
İstinadlar
- “Azərbaycan dendraflorasi” I cild, Baki, “Elm”, 2011, 312 səh.
Mənbə
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Engelman küknarı: Brief Summary
(
الأذرية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AZ
Engelman küknarı — hündürlüyü 30–50 m-ə qədər, gövdəsinin diametri 90 sm olan ağac. Vətəni Şimali Amerikadır.
Engelman küknarının çətiri möhkəm, piramida formalı, budaqları bir az sallaqdır. Uzunömürlüdür, 300-400 il yaşayır. İynəyarpaqları göyümtül, ucu biz, yumşaq, zoğlarda 10-15 il, mədəni şəraitdə 7-8 il qalır. Qabığı cavan yaşda qırmızı-qonur, sonradan açıq-qonur rəngdə olur. Dekorativ cəhətdən iynəli küknardan bir az aşağıdır. Qışa davamlıdır. Mədəni şəraitdə 1862-ci ildən becərilir. Xiyabanlarda, şəhərin küçələrində və meydanlarında, xiyaban əkinlərində tək və ya kiçik qruplarla əkilməsi məsləhətdir.
"Qlauca", Göyümtül (“Glauca”). Hündürlüyü 20–40 m, konusvarı çətirli, budaqlarının üfüqi yarusluğu dəqiq olmayan ağacdır. İynəyarpaqları az iynəli, elastik, göyümtül-mavi olur, dəqiq rəngi erkən yazda bilinir. Qışda iynəyarpaqları dekorativdir. Tez böyüyür. Qışadavamlıdır. Toxumlarla, qələmlərlə, calaqla çoxalır. 1874-cü ildən mədəni şəraitdə becərilir. Digər formalardan aşağıdakılar məlumdur: gümüşü (f. argentea)-gümüşü iynəyarpaqlıdır; mavi, salalq (f. glauca pendula)-iynəyarpaqları boz-mavi, çətiri salalq, əsas budaqları çox sallaqdır; Fendler (f. Fendleri)-iynəyarpaqları gümüşü, nazik və uzun (2,8 m-ə qədər), sallaq formadır; xırda iynəyarpaqlı (f. microphilla)-şarşəkilli, cırtdan formadır. Kölgəyədavamlıdır, ancaq çox işıqda yaxşı inkişaf edir. Torpağın məhsuldarlığına və havanın nəmişliyinə tələbkardır. Kontinental iqlimə və bir az bataqlaşmaya dözür. Havanın çirklənməsindən əziyyət çəkir və ilk növbədə iynəyarpaqların tez tökülməsinə səbəb olur. Cavan yaşda zəif böyüyür. Küknarlar digər iynəyarpaqlılara nisbətən köçürülməni yaxşı keçirir, əsas kökü öz böyüməsini tez başa çatdırır, yan kökləri üstə yerləşən kök sistemi əmələ gətirir.
Toxumlarla, bağ formaları qələmlərlə və bəzən calaqla çoxalır. Abşeron da bəzi həyətyanı sahələrdə, bağlarda tez-tez rast gəlinir. Böyük bağlarda tək əkilir, qrup və alleya əkinlərində məsləhət görülür.
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Pícea d'Engelmann
(
الكتالونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CA
La pícea d'Engelmann (Picea engelmannii) és una espècie d'arbre natiu de l'oest d'Amèrica del Nord des de la Colúmbia Britànica i sud-oest d'Alberta, sud-oest a nord de Califòrnia i sud-est a Arizona i Nou Mèxic; també hi ha dues poblacions aïllades al nord de Mèxic. Es desenvolupa principalment a altes altituds en muntanyes creixent des de 900 a 3.650 m d'altitud. En moltes zones arriba al límit arbori. Picea engelmannii és un arbre perennifoli de mida mitjana arriba a 25-40 m d'alt. Les fulles són aciculars de 15 a 30 mm de llarg. Les pinyes pengen de 4 a 8 cm de llarg i 1,5 cm d'ample.Hibrida amb la pícea blanca i amb la pícea de Sitka. La fusta és econòmicament important per a fer paper i la construcció. D'aquests arbres que creixen lentament perquè ho fan a gran altitud se'n fan instruments musicals com guitarres i arpes. També es fa servir com arbre de Nadal.
Arbre jove a Sierra Blanca
William O. Douglas Wilderness
Enllaços externs
En altres projectes de
Wikimedia:
Commons (Galeria) Commons (Categoria) 
Pícea d'Engelmann: Brief Summary
(
الكتالونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CA
La pícea d'Engelmann (Picea engelmannii) és una espècie d'arbre natiu de l'oest d'Amèrica del Nord des de la Colúmbia Britànica i sud-oest d'Alberta, sud-oest a nord de Califòrnia i sud-est a Arizona i Nou Mèxic; també hi ha dues poblacions aïllades al nord de Mèxic. Es desenvolupa principalment a altes altituds en muntanyes creixent des de 900 a 3.650 m d'altitud. En moltes zones arriba al límit arbori. Picea engelmannii és un arbre perennifoli de mida mitjana arriba a 25-40 m d'alt. Les fulles són aciculars de 15 a 30 mm de llarg. Les pinyes pengen de 4 a 8 cm de llarg i 1,5 cm d'ample.Hibrida amb la pícea blanca i amb la pícea de Sitka. La fusta és econòmicament important per a fer paper i la construcció. D'aquests arbres que creixen lentament perquè ho fan a gran altitud se'n fan instruments musicals com guitarres i arpes. També es fa servir com arbre de Nadal.
![src=]()
Fulles
![src=]()
Arbre jove a Sierra Blanca
![src=]()
William O. Douglas Wilderness
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Fulles i pinya
Sbriwsen Engelmann
(
الويلزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CY
Coeden fytholwyrdd sydd i'w chanfod yn Hemisffer y Gogledd yw Sbriwsen Engelmann sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Pinaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Picea engelmannii a'r enw Saesneg yw Engelmann spruce.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Spriwsen Engelmann, Spriswen Arizona.
Yn yr un teulu ceir y Sbriwsen, y binwydden, y llarwydden, cegid (hemlog) a'r gedrwydden. Mae'r dail (y nodwyddau) wedi'u gosod mewn sbeiral ac yn hir a phigog. Oddi fewn i'r moch coed benywaidd ceir hadau, ac maent yn eitha coediog ac yn fwy na'r rhai gwryw, sydd yn cwympo bron yn syth wedi'r peillio.
Gweler hefyd
Cyfeiriadau
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Sbriwsen Engelmann: Brief Summary
(
الويلزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CY
Coeden fytholwyrdd sydd i'w chanfod yn Hemisffer y Gogledd yw Sbriwsen Engelmann sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Pinaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Picea engelmannii a'r enw Saesneg yw Engelmann spruce. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Spriwsen Engelmann, Spriswen Arizona.
Yn yr un teulu ceir y Sbriwsen, y binwydden, y llarwydden, cegid (hemlog) a'r gedrwydden. Mae'r dail (y nodwyddau) wedi'u gosod mewn sbeiral ac yn hir a phigog. Oddi fewn i'r moch coed benywaidd ceir hadau, ac maent yn eitha coediog ac yn fwy na'r rhai gwryw, sydd yn cwympo bron yn syth wedi'r peillio.
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Smrk Engelmannův
(
التشيكية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CZ
Smrk Engelmannův (Picea engelmannii) je druh smrku původem ze Severní Ameriky. Byl pojmenován po americkém botanikovi, lékaři a meteorologovi německého původu Georgu Engelmannovi.[2]
Popis
Jedná se o strom, který dorůstá zpravidla do 45 m výšky (vzácně až 60 m) a průměru kmene do 1,2 m (vzácně až 2 m). Na extrémních stanovištích vytváří i keřovité zakrslé formy, např. při hranici lesa.[3]
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Horská smrčina s dominancí smrku Engelmannova
Koruna je úzce kuželovitá, tvar koruny však může být pozměněn díky stanovištním podmínkám (vítr aj.). Borka je šedo až červenohnědá.[4] Dožívá se věku až 450 let, ale i stromy staré 600 let nejsou tak výjimečné.[5] Větve vyrůstají horizontálně nebo jsou trochu svěšené, letorosty jsou žlutohnědé, jemně pýřité nebo někdy lysé. Pupeny jsou oranžově hnědé, 3–6 mm dlouhé, na špičce zaoblené. Jehlice jsou na průřezu čtyřhranné, 1,2–3 cm (zřídka až 3,5 cm dlouhé), tuhé, modrozelené, na vrcholu ostře zašpičatělé.[4]
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Horský les s dominancí smrku Engelmannova a jedle plstnatoplodé
Samičí šišky jsou 3-7 (zřídka až 8) cm dlouhé, šupiny kosočtverečné až eliptické, 13–20 mm dlouhé a 9–16 mm široké, nejširší nad středem, na vrcholu nepravidelně zubaté.[3] Počet chromozómů je 2n=24.[4]
Vnitrodruhové členění, podobné druhy a kříženci
Smrk Engelmannův je členěn do 2 variet (popř. poddruhů). V jižních, často izolovaných arelách, roste var. mexicana. Jsou to populace v mexických horách Sierra de la Marta a Cerro Mohinora, někdy jsou k této varietě přiřazovány také populace z jihu USA, z pohoří Chiricahua v Arizoně a Sierra Blanca v Novém Mexiku. Oproti nominátní varietě má var. mexicana světlejší šedší kůru a užší jehlice.[6] Ve zbytku areálu roste nominátní var. engelmannii. Smrk Engelmannův se hojně kříží se smrkem sivým (Picea glauca) a vytváří hybridní roje, hlavně tam, kde se výskyt obou druh překrývá (severní část areálu smrku Engelmannova).[4] Řidčeji vytváří také křížence se smrkem sitkou (Picea sitchensis).[3] Smrk Engelmannův se dosti podobá smrku pichlavému (Picea pungens), který je v ČR daleko známější a hojně pěstovaný. Smrk pichlavý má o trochu větší šišky, nejčastěji 6–11 cm, většinou lysé letorosty (nikoliv jemně pýřité) a šupina samičí šišky převyšuje horní okraj křídla semene o 8–10 mm, zatímco u smrku Engelmannova to je pouze o 3–8 mm.[7]
Rozšíření
Smrk Engelmannův je přirozeně rozšířen v horách jižní Kanady, ve státech Alberta, British Columbia, dále v USA, státy: Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, izolované arely jsou v horách severního Mexika (var. mexicana). Lesní společenstva se smrkem Engelmannovým se nachází především ve Skalistých horách.[3]
Ekologie
Smrk Engelmannův je významnou složkou nebo často dominantou některých amerických horských lesů ve Skalistých horách i jiných pohořích v rámci areálu druhu. Tvoří často i zakrslé porosty při hranici lesa. Typické jsou hlavně lesy s dominancí smrku Engelmannova a jedle plstnatoplodé (Abies lasiocarpa), popř. jedle stejnobarvé (Abies concolor)[5][8]
![src=]()
Vlajkové formy blízko hranice lesa
Dalšími dřevinami vyskytující se v těchto lesích jsou např. borovice pokroucená (Pinus contorta) nebo topol osikovitý (Populus tremuloides), ty mohou dočasně i převládnout po disturbancích, jako jsou požáry nebo kůrovcové kalamity.[9] Tyto horské lesy se mohu vyskytovat na bazických a vulkanických podkladech, ale i na kyselých. V keřovém a bylinném patře rostou např. jalovec obecný (Juniperus communis), zimozel severní (Linnaea borealis), mahónie Mahonia repens, brusnice Vaccinium scoparium, pěnišník Rhododendron albiflorum, muchovník Amelanchier alnifolia, ostružiník Rubus parviflorus, rojovník Ledum glandulosum, Phyllodoce empetriformis a různé vrby (Salix sp.). Z bylin pak samorostlík Actaea rubra, pstroček Maianthemum stellatum, svída Cornus canadensis, turan Erigeron eximius, lomikámen Saxifraga bronchialis, bika Luzula glabrata var. hitchcockii, třtina Calamagrostis canadensis a četné další.[8] Významnými disturbančními činiteli v těchto horských lesích jsou hlavně požáry, které se čas od času opakují. Bylo zjištěno, že požáry se v průměru opakují na stejném místě zhruba jednou za 300-400 let, na sušších stanovištích častěji než na vlhčích.[8]
![src=]()
Les po požáru, hojně zmlazuje borovice pokroucená (
Pinus contorta)
Přirozenou součástí těchto lesů jsou také polomy a kůrovcové kalamity.[8], které způsobuje nejčastěji kůrovec Dendroctonus rufipennis.[8] Jsou známé i rozsáhlé kalamity s vysokou mortalitou dospělých smrků blížící se 100%. Tyto kalamity v mnoha případech časově navazují na rozsáhlejší polomy. Jenom v roce 2009 bylo v horách státu Colorado zaznamenáno cca 461 km² lesů s dominancí smrku Engelmannova, které byly postiženy kůrovcovými kalamitami.[10] Rozsáhlé kalamity na jehličnanech, smrk Engelmannův nevyjímaje, působí také housenky můry Choristoneura occidentalis.[10] Známé jsou i houbové choroby a zvláště v Novém Mexiku a Arizóně je smrk Engelmannův hojně napadán poloparazitickou rostlinou Arceuthobium microcarpum.[5]
Využití
Smrk Engelmannův je důležitý pro severoamerický dřevařský průmysl, neboť poskytuje kvalitní dřevo.[5] V České republice ho lze pěstovat, ovšem ani v parcích a městských výsadbách není nijak častý. V ČR byl poprvé vysazen na Sychrově v roce 1879. Pro okrasu se někdy pěstují různé kultivary, často zakrslé.[11]
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
-
↑ Georg Engelmann [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ a b c d The Gymnosperm Database [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ a b c d Flóra Severní Ameriky [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ a b c d Index of Species Information [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ The Gymnosperm Database [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ Flóra Severní Ameriky [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ a b c d e Rocky Mountain Subalpine Dry-Mesic and Mesic Spruce-Fir Forest and Woodland [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ DEROSE, R. Justin; LONG, James N. Regeneration response and seedling bank dynamics on a Dendroctonus rufipennis-killed Picea engelmannii landscape [online]. 2010. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ a b The Health of Colorado’s Forests [online]. 2009. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ Dendrologie online [online]. Dostupné online. (česky)
Externí odkazy
Rod smrk (Picea) Evropa
Asie
Amerika
Smrk Engelmannův: Brief Summary
(
التشيكية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CZ
Smrk Engelmannův (Picea engelmannii) je druh smrku původem ze Severní Ameriky. Byl pojmenován po americkém botanikovi, lékaři a meteorologovi německého původu Georgu Engelmannovi.
Engelmann-Fichte
(
الألمانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DE
Die Engelmann-Fichte (Picea engelmannii, Syn.: Picea glauca subsp. engelmannii T.M.C. Taylor 1959) ist eine immergrüne Baumart aus der Gattung Fichten (Picea) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie ist im westlichen Nordamerika heimisch. Sie wurde erstmals durch den Botaniker Charles Christopher Parry im Jahr 1863 beschrieben, der sie nach dem Entdecker der Art benannte, dem Arzt und Botaniker Georg Engelmann.
Beschreibung
![src=]()
Zweig mit reifen Zapfen und Nadeln.
Habitus
Die Engelmann-Fichte ist ein schnellwüchsiger, immergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von normalerweise 24 bis 30 Meter, maximal bis 48 Meter erreicht. Der Brusthöhendurchmesser liegt zwischen 76 und 100 Zentimeter. An der Baumgrenze wächst die Art strauchförmig oder zwergig. Die Baumkrone ist sehr vollholzig und schmal kegelförmig. Frei stehende Bäume sind bis zum Boden beastet. Die Äste stehen spitzwinkelig vom Stamm ab und hängen an den Enden etwas über. Die Borke ist dünn und schuppig und blättert in kreisförmigen Plättchen von 5 bis 10 Zentimeter Durchmesser ab. Die Rinde der jungen Zweige ist orangebraun bis graubraun und meist dicht behaart. Die Art wird bis zu 600 Jahre alt.
Chromosomenzahl
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[1]
Belaubung
Die biegsamen Nadeln sind 25 bis 32 Millimeter lang und im Querschnitt viereckig. Sie sind kurz gestielt und oft zugespitzt, stechen aber nicht. Die Nadeloberseite ist blaugrün, mit dünnen Stomata-Linien, die Unterseite blau-weiß mit zwei breiten Stomata-Linien. Die Nadeln sind oft von einer weißlichen Wachsauflage bedeckt. Wenn man die Nadeln zerreibt verströmen sie einen eigenartigen Geruch.
Blüten, Zapfen und Samen
Die Engelmann-Fichte ist einhäusig-getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch). Sie wird mit rund 25 Jahren mannbar. Die männlichen Blütenzapfen sind dunkel purpur gefärbt. Die weiblichen Blütenzapfen sind hell scharlachrot gefärbt. Die eiförmigen, zur Reife im August bis Anfang September des Blütejahres hellbraunen Zapfen hängen nach unten und werden 2,5 bis 6 Zentimeter lang. Sie sind in geschlossenem Zustand etwa 1,5 Zentimeter dick und im offenen Zustand etwa 3 Zentimeter dick. Sie haben dünne, biegbare und keilförmige Zapfenschuppen mit einer Länge von 15 bis 20 Millimeter, deren Spitzen oft eingeschnitten sind. Jeder Zapfen bildet 8 bis 20 dunkelbraune bis fast schwarze Samen aus, die meist im Oktober entlassen werden. Die Samen werden 2 bis 3 Millimeter lang, rund 2 Millimeter breit und besitzen einen 12 bis 14 Millimeter langen hellbraunen Flügel. Das Tausendkorngewicht beträgt rund 3,3 Gramm.
Wurzeln
Die Engelmann-Fichte ist ein Flachwurzler und daher windwurfgefährdet. Der Großteil des Wurzelsystems befindet sich in Tiefen von 30 bis 46 Zentimeter. Auf tiefgründigen Böden kann das Wurzelsystem in Tiefen bis zu 2,5 Meter vordringen. Die Sämlinge bilden eine Pfahlwurzel aus, die aber bald dem flachen Wurzelsystem weicht. Die Engelmann-Fichte geht unter anderem Mykorrhiza-Partnerschaften mit dem Pantherpilz (Amanita pantheriana), mit Cenococcum geophilum, mit dem Edelreizker (Lactarius deliciosus), mit dem Blaublättrigen Weiß-Täubling (Russula delica), mit dem Kirschroten Spei-Täubling (Russula emetica) und mit Suillus ruber ein.
Verbreitung und Standort
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Bestand der Engelmann-Fichte
![src=]()
Engelmann-Fichte mit Zapfen
Die Engelmann-Fichte ist im Westen Nordamerikas heimisch. Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von British Columbia und Alberta bis ins nördliche Kalifornien und nach Arizona und New Mexico. Es erstreckt sich dabei über 9 US-Bundesstaaten und zwei kanadische Provinzen. Außerdem befinden sich zwei isolierte Populationen im nördlichen Mexiko. Im pazifischen Nordwesten der USA liegt das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet östlich der Küstengebirge. Es umfasst auch große Teile der Rocky Mountains. Die Engelmann-Fichte wächst in Höhenlagen von 750 bis 3.300 Meter, im Nordwesten des Verbreitungsgebietes selten tiefer. In vielen Gebieten bildet sie die Baumgrenze. Sie wird wegen ihres attraktiven Erscheinungsbilds weltweit in Gärten und Parks angepflanzt.
Die Engelmann-Fichte ist eine Baumart des kalt-humides Klimas. Die Winter sind lang, kalt und schneereich mit Extremtemperaturen von bis zu −45 °C. Die Sommer sind im Gegensatz dazu kurz und kühl mit Temperaturmaxima von +32 °C. Frost kann es jederzeit im Jahr geben. Die Jahresniederschläge betragen durchschnittlich 640 mm. Es werden mittelgründige, gut drainierte, schluffige oder tonige Böden besiedelt, die aus Basalt-, Andesit-, Rhyolit-, Schiefer- oder Kalkgestein entstanden sind. Ein geringes Wachstum zeigt die Art auf nährstoffarmen, trocken, flachgründigen und grobkörnigen Sanden und Kiesen. Sie ist eine Lichtbaumart, gilt aber als schattentolerant. Die Engelmann-Fichte bildet Reinbestände und Mischbestände mit der Felsengebirgs-Tanne (Abies lasiocarpa), der Küsten-Kiefer (Pinus contorta), der Weißstämmigen Kiefer (Pinus albicaulis), mit der Westlichen Weymouth-Kiefer (Pinus monticola), mit der Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii) und mit der Amerikanischen Zitterpappel (Populus tremuloides).
Nutzung
Das Holz der Engelmann-Fichte gilt als eines der leichtesten Nutzhölzer in den USA. Dieses Fichtenholz wird zur Herstellung von Papier, Sägewaren und Verschalungen genutzt. Das langsam gewachsene Holz der in höheren Lagen vorkommenden Engelmann-Fichten wird zusätzlich für den Bau von akustischen Gitarren, Geigen und Klavieren verwendet. In geringerem Maße werden Engelmann-Fichten als Weihnachtsbäume genutzt. Wegen ihres attraktiven Erscheinungsbildes ist sie ein beliebter Garten- und Parkbaum, der weltweit angebaut wird. In einigen Ländern findet sie Verwendung in Schnee- und Windschutzgürteln. Forstliche Anbauten in Europa verliefen aufgrund von Trägwüchsigkeit und starker Astigkeit enttäuschend. Viele Vögel und Kleinsäuger ernähren sich von Samen und Knospen der Engelmann-Fichte. Sie bietet vor allem im hohen Norden vielen Tieren Winterschutz.
Krankheiten und Schädlinge
Als häufigste Pilzkrankheit gilt die Holzfäule. Die wichtigsten Erreger von Wurzel- und Stockfäule sind Phellinus nigrolimitatus, Inonotus tomentosus, Flammula alnicola, der Braune Kellerschwamm (Coniophora puteana) sowie Arten aus der Gattung Hallimasche (Armillaria). Stammfäule wird häufig durch den Kiefernholzschwamm (Phellinus pini), durch Haematostereum sanguinolentum, Echinodontium sulcatum und den Tannen-Schichtpilz (Amylostereum chailletii) ausgelöst. Der Pilz Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli verursacht Stammverformungen, Zopftrocknis und Zuwachsverluste. Die Zwergmistelart Arceuthobium microcarpum befällt die Engelmann-Fichte, kommt aber nur im südlichen Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes vor. Nadelparasiten stellen keine ernsthafte Gefährdung für die Art dar. Der Borkenkäfer Dendroctonus rufipennis befällt hauptsächlich alte oder überalterte Bestände und gilt als wirtschaftlich bedeutend. Zuwachsverluste und Deformationen des Stammes werden durch die Raupen der Wicklerart Choristoneura freemani hervorgerufen, die sich von Nadeln und Knospen der Pflanze ernähren.
Die Engelmann-Fichte reagiert aufgrund ihrer dünnen Borke empfindlich auf Waldbrände.
Systematik
Die Engelmann-Fichte kann in zwei geografische Unterarten gegliedert werden, wobei diese von einigen Autoren als Varietäten oder gar als eigenständige Arten beschrieben wurden:
- Die Engelmann-Fichte (Picea engelmannii subsp. engelmannii): Sie kommt vom westlichen Kanada bis zu den westlichen und westlich-zentralen Vereinigten Staaten vor.[2]
- Die Mexikanische Fichte (Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana (Martínez) P.A. Schmidt) kommt in zwei isolierten Populationen in den hochgelegenen Bergen im nördlichen Mexiko vor, in der Sierra del Carmen in Coahuila (Sierra Madre Oriental) und auf dem Cerro Mohinora in Chihuahua (Sierra Madre Occidental). Die Engelmann-Fichten in den Bergen des südwestlichen New Mexico, südöstlichen Arizona und nördlichen Mexiko gehören möglicherweise zu dieser Unterart.
Die Engelmann-Fichte kreuzt sich im gemeinsamen Verbreitungsgebiet extensiv mit der nahe verwandten Weiß-Fichte (Picea glauca), welche weiter nördlich und östlich in den Rocky Mountains beheimatet ist, seltener mit der ebenfalls nah verwandten Sitka-Fichte (Picea sitchensis) in den westlichen Ausläufern der Kaskadenkette.
Quellen
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ IPCN Chromosome Reports: Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Tropicos.
-
↑ Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Picea. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 16. April 2019.
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Engelmann-Fichte: Brief Summary
(
الألمانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DE
Die Engelmann-Fichte (Picea engelmannii, Syn.: Picea glauca subsp. engelmannii T.M.C. Taylor 1959) ist eine immergrüne Baumart aus der Gattung Fichten (Picea) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie ist im westlichen Nordamerika heimisch. Sie wurde erstmals durch den Botaniker Charles Christopher Parry im Jahr 1863 beschrieben, der sie nach dem Entdecker der Art benannte, dem Arzt und Botaniker Georg Engelmann.
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Энгельманн кыз
(
الأدمرت
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Энгельманн кыз (лат. Picea engelmannii) – Pinaceae семьяысь Лымшор Америкаын будӥсь кыз. Ӝуждалаез ог 25–40 м, модослэн диаметрез 1.5 м.
Субвидъёс
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. engelmannii
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana
Энгельманн кыз: Brief Summary
(
الأدمرت
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
![src=]()
Энгельманн кыз
![src=]()
Энгельманн кыз
Энгельманн кыз (лат. Picea engelmannii) – Pinaceae семьяысь Лымшор Америкаын будӥсь кыз. Ӝуждалаез ог 25–40 м, модослэн диаметрез 1.5 м.
Энгельманн кӧз
(
الكومية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Энгельманн кӧз (лат. Picea engelmannii) – быдмассэзлӧн пожум котырись кӧз увтырын торья вид. Кӧзыс быдмӧ 25–40 метра вылына да овлӧ 1.5 метра кыза диаметрын. Кӧз пантасьӧ Ойвыв Америкаын.
Субвиддэз
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. engelmannii
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana
Энгельманн кӧз: Brief Summary
(
الكومية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
![src=]()
Энгельманн кӧз
![src=]()
Энгельманн кӧз
Энгельманн кӧз (лат. Picea engelmannii) – быдмассэзлӧн пожум котырись кӧз увтырын торья вид. Кӧзыс быдмӧ 25–40 метра вылына да овлӧ 1.5 метра кыза диаметрын. Кӧз пантасьӧ Ойвыв Америкаын.
Энгельманонь куз
(
لغة ارزيا
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Энгельманонь куз (лат. Picea engelmannii) — те чувто, буезэ Кузонь (Picea), пичень семиястонть (Pináceae).
Вастневи Пелевеёнкс Американь Кевев пандонь (англ. Rocky Mountains) виртнева. Касы 1500—-3500 м сэрьгева.
Ботаникань коряс
![src=]()
Энгельманонь кузонть салмуксонзо
Энгельманонь кузонть чувтось 30 - 50 м. сэрьсэ, рунгось 90 см перькава. Чувтонь тарадозо конусонь ланкс молицят, Од лисевксэнзэ ожола-тюжат, чеменев кавшаня марто.
Сёрм.:
Энгельманонь куз: Brief Summary
(
لغة ارزيا
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Энгельманонь куз (лат. Picea engelmannii) — те чувто, буезэ Кузонь (Picea), пичень семиястонть (Pináceae).
Вастневи Пелевеёнкс Американь Кевев пандонь (англ. Rocky Mountains) виртнева. Касы 1500—-3500 м сэрьгева.
Picea engelmannii
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Picea engelmannii, with the common names Engelmann spruce,[2] white spruce,[2] mountain spruce,[2] and silver spruce,[2] is a species of spruce native to western North America. It is mostly a high-elevation mountain tree but also appears in watered canyons.
Description
Picea engelmannii is a medium-sized to large evergreen tree growing to 25–40 metres (82–131 feet) tall, exceptionally to 65 m (213 ft) tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). The reddish bark is thin and scaly,[3] flaking off in small circular plates 5–10 centimetres (2–4 in) across. The crown is narrow conic in young trees, becoming cylindric in older trees. The shoots are buff-brown to orange-brown, usually densely pubescent, and with prominent pulvini. The leaves are needle-like, 15–30 millimetres (5⁄8–1+1⁄8 in) long, flexible,[3] rhombic in cross-section, glaucous blue-green above with several thin lines of stomata, and blue-white below with two broad bands of stomata. The needles have a pungent odour when crushed.[3]
Purple cones of about 1 cm appear in spring, releasing yellow pollen when windy.[3] The cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 2.5–8 cm long[3] and 1.5 cm broad when closed, opening to 3 cm broad. They have thin, flexible scales 15–20 mm long, with a wavy margin. They are reddish to dark purple, maturing to light brown[3] 4–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 2–3 mm long, with a slender, 5–8 mm long light brown wing.
The tree grows in a krummholz form along the fringe of alpine tundras.[3]
Distribution
Engelmann spruce is native to western North America, primarily in the Rocky Mountains and east slopes of the Cascade range from central British Columbia to Southern Oregon in the Cascades and commonly in Montana, Idaho, and Colorado, and more sparsely towards Arizona and New Mexico in the Sky islands;[3] there are also two isolated populations in Northern Mexico. It is mostly a high-elevation mountain tree, in many areas reaching the tree line, but at lower elevations occupies cool watered canyons.[3] It grows from 520–3,650 m (1,710–11,980 ft) above sea level,[3] rarely lower towards the northwest. It appears in the canyons of the Idaho Panhandle and more limitedly in the northeastern Olympic Mountains; the latter includes exceptionally large specimens, e.g. one 2.1 m (7 ft) thick and 55 m (179 ft) tall.[3] It can be found in the Cascade Range (mostly on the eastern slopes) from elevations of 900–1,800 m (3,000–5,900 ft) and liberally in the Rocky Mountains.[3] It can also be found in the Monashee and Selkirk Mountains, as well as the highlands surrounding the Interior Plateau.
Ecology
Both water uptake and water stored in roots appear to be critical for the survival of subalpine Engelmann spruce saplings that are exposed above the snowpack in later winter to early spring.[4] Transpiration is greatly reduced in small saplings while engulfed in snowpack. For exposed trees, the availability of soil water may be critical in late winter, when transpirational demands increase. Increased rates of transpiration in response to loss of snowpack, coupled with low sapwood water reserves and an extended period of soil frost in windswept areas, may prevent Engelmann spruce from regenerating in open areas both above and below the tree line. Cuticular damage by windblown ice is probably more important at the tree line,[5][6] but damage caused by desiccation is likely to be more important at lower elevations.[4]
Despite wind damage, the species tends to grow taller than others at the tree line.[3] It is shade tolerant, but not so much as subalpine fir. Thus, it is somewhat dependent on fires to outgrow competitors, although its thin bark and shallow roots make it vulnerable to fire as well.[3] Spruce bark beetles attack the tree, being particularly deadly to groups which have stood for centuries.[3] It is also susceptible to avalanches.[3]
Although older spruce forests are not very useful to animals for forage, they are so in the aftermath of fires, which allow many other plants to rise.[3] Engelmann spruce-shaded streams are exploited by trout.[3] Additionally, aphids produce galls which hang from the tree and look similar to cones when they dry out.[3]
Subspecies and hybrids
Two geographical subspecies (treated as varieties by some authors, and as distinct species by others) occur:
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. engelmannii (Engelmann spruce). All of the range except as below.
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana (Mexican spruce). Two isolated populations on high mountains in northern Mexico, on the Sierra del Carmen in Coahuila (Sierra Madre Oriental) and on Cerro Mohinora in Chihuahua (Sierra Madre Occidental). Engelmann spruces of the Madrean sky islands mountains in the extreme southeast of Arizona and southwest of New Mexico also probably belong to this subspecies, though this is disputed.
The Engelmann spruce hybridises and intergrades extensively with the closely related white spruce (Picea glauca),[3] found further north and east in the Rockies, and to a lesser extent with the closely related Sitka spruce where they meet on the western fringes of the Cascades.
Uses
Native Americans made various medicines from the resin and foliage.[3]
Engelmann spruce is of economic importance for its wood, being light and fairly strong.[3] It harvested for paper-making and general construction.[3] Wood from slow-grown trees at high elevation has a specialized use in making musical instruments such as acoustic guitars, harps, violins, and pianos.[3] Because it is odourless and has little resin, it has been used for food containers such as barrels.[3] It is also used to a small extent as a Christmas tree.
Gallery
Forest floor under Engelmann spruces
Forest, with mature female cones in foreground
Dangling somewhat immature (unopened) female cone
Dangling mature female cone
Purple immature cones and yellow mature cones from the previous year. No male pollen cones are visible; the brownish-golden branch tips are protective bud scales being shed from the spruce buds[7]
References
-
^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Picea engelmannii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42322A2972365. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42322A2972365.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
-
^ a b c d "Montana Plant Life". Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
-
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 91–96. ISBN 1-68051-329-X. OCLC 1141235469.
-
^ a b Boyce, R.L. and Lucero, S.A. 1999. Role of roots in winter water relations of Engelmann spruce saplings. Tree Physiol. 19:893–898.
-
^ Hadley, J.L.; Smith, W.K. 1983. Influence of wind exposure on needle desiccation and mortality for timberline conifers in Wyoming, USA. Arctic Alpine Res. 15:127–135. (Cited in Coates et al. 1994).
-
^ Hadley, J.L.; Smith, W.K. 1986. Wind effects on needles of timberline conifers seasonal influence on mortality. Ecology 67:12–19. Cited in Coates et al. (1994).
-
^ "Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce) description".
Picea engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Picea engelmannii, with the common names Engelmann spruce, white spruce, mountain spruce, and silver spruce, is a species of spruce native to western North America. It is mostly a high-elevation mountain tree but also appears in watered canyons.
Picea engelmannii
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
Picea engelmannii, la pícea de Engelmann,[2] es una especie arbórea conífera de la familia de las pináceas.
Distribución y hábitat
Es originaria del oeste de Norteamérica, desde la Columbia Británica central y el suroeste de Alberta, hacia el suroeste hasta el norte de California y el sureste hasta Arizona y Nuevo México; hay también dos poblaciones aisladas en el norte de México. Es sobre todo un árbol de montaña de gran altura, que crece a una altitud de 900-3650 msnm, raramente más abajo en el noroeste de su área de distribución; en muchas zonas alcanza la línea de árboles alpina.
Descripción
Es un árbol siempreverde de mediano tamaño, que crece hasta los 25-40 m de alto, excepcionalmente a 65 m, y con un diámetro de tronco de hasta 1,5 m. La corteza es delgada y escamosa, desconchándose en pequeñas placas circulares de 5-10 cm de ancho. La coronación es cónica estrecha en los árboles jóvenes, haciéndose cilíndrica en los árboles mayores. Las acículas tienen de 15 a 30 cm de largo, con corte de sección rómbica, verde azulado glauco por encima con varias líneas finas de estomas y blanco azuladas por el envés con dos anchas bandas de estomas.
Usos
Picea engelmannii tiene importancia económica por su madera que se tala para la industria papelera y la construcción en general. La madera de árboles de crecimiento lento a gran altura tiene un uso especializado en guitarras acústicas y harpas. Se usa también en menor medida como árbol de Navidad.
Taxonomía
Picea engelmannii fue descrita por Parry ex Engelm. y publicado en Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 2: 212. 1863.[3]
- Etimología
Picea; nombre genérico que es tomado directamente del Latín pix = "brea", nombre clásico dado a un pino que producía esta sustancia[4]
engelmannii: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico George Engelmann.
- Variedades
Dos subespecies geográficas (tratadas como variedades por algunos autores, y como especies distintas por otros) son:
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. engelmannii (Engelmann Spruce, literalmente, "Pícea de Engelmann"). Toda el área de distribución excepto la otra.
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana (Mexican Spruce, lit. "Pícea mexicana"). Hay poblaciones aisladas en las montañas altas del norte de México, en la Sierra del Carmen en Coahuila, El Coahuilon , Sierra de la Marta(Sierra Madre Oriental) y en el Cerro Mohinora en Chihuahua (Sierra Madre Occidental). Las Picea engelmannii de las montañas del Archipiélago Madrense en el extremo sureste de Arizona y suroeste de Nuevo México también probablemente pertenecen a esta subespecie, aunque es algo controvertido.
La Picea engelmannii se hubridan y se relacionan ampliamente con la pícea blanca que se encuentra más al norte y al este en las Montañas Rocosas, y en menor medida con la especie, estrechamente relacionada, pícea de Sitka donde se encuentran en los límites occidentales de la Cordillera de las Cascadas.
- Sinonimia
-
Abies commutata (Parl.) Gordon
-
Abies engelmannii Parry
-
Abies engelmannii var. glauca R.Sm.
-
Abies nigra Engelm.
-
Picea columbiana Lemmon
-
Picea columbiana (Lemmon) Beissn.
-
Picea glauca var. engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) B.Boivin
-
Picea glauca subsp. engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) T.M.C.Taylor
-
Pinus commutata Parl.[5]
Referencias
Bibliografía
- Abrams, L. 1923. Ferns to Birthworts. 1: 1–557. In L.R. Abrams (ed.) Ill. Fl. Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1972. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 1: 1–271. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
- Hitchcock, C. H., A.J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. 1: 1–914. In C. L. Hitchcock Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
- Moss, E. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
- Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978 [1979]. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae. 2: 93–545. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
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Picea engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
Picea engelmannii, la pícea de Engelmann, es una especie arbórea conífera de la familia de las pináceas.
- ترخيص
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- حقوق النشر
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Engelmanni kuusk
(
الإستونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ET
Engelmanni kuusk (Picea engelmannii) on männiliste sugukonda kuuse perekonda kuuluv igihaljas okaspuu.
Liik on nime saanud saksa päritolu botaaniku Georg Engelmanni (1809–1884) järgi.
Alamliigid ja hübriidid
Alamliigid
Liik on jagatud kaheks alamliigiks:
-
Engelmanni kuusk (Picea engelmannii engelmannii) kasvab laialdasel maa-alal Kanada ja USA lääneosa mägedes (Kaskaadid ja Kaljumäestik) 1150–3500 m kõrgusel merepinnast.[3]
![src=]()
Mehhiko kuuse kaitsestaatus
Mehhiko kuusk avastati 1961. Ta kasvab kolmes väikses ja hajutatud asurkonnas. Nende suurim vahekaugus on umbes 676 km.[4]
Mehhiko kuuske eristab põhialamliigist heledam tüve koor, kitsamad okkad ning kitsamad ja veidi pikemad kattesoomused.[5] Mõned botaanikud peavad mehhiko kuuske pärast geneetilisi uuringuid iseseisvaks liigiks.[6]
Hübriidid
Engelmanni kuusk hübridiseerub sageli kanada kuusega nende levilate kattumispiirkonnas. Neid looduslikke hübriide leidub Briti Columbiast põhjas kuni Yellowstone'i rahvuspargini ja Washingtoni osariigi idaosani. Engelmanni kuusk kasvab levilate kattumispiirkonnas suurematel kõrgustel kui kanada kuusk ja hübriidid esinevad peamiselt nendevahelistel nõlvadel. Laboratoorselt on Engelmanni kuuske edukalt ristatud ka sitka ja torkava kuusega.[7] Viimast kutsutakse meil Hursti kuuseks (Picea × hurstii).
Botaanilised tunnused
![src=]()
Mägedes puude levikupiiril kasvavad Engelmanni kuused
Engelmanni kuusk kasvab tavaliselt 30–36[8], harva kuni 60 meetri kõrguseks. Maksimaalne registreeritud kõrgus on 67,7 m.[9] Leviku ülempiiril mägedes kasvab ta kääbuspuuna. Eluiga on tavaliselt kuni 350–450, harva kuni 600 aastat.[7] Maksimaalne registreeritud vanus on 911 aastat[9]. Engelmanni kuusk võib tõusta kuni metsapiirini.
Tüve läbimõõt on tavaliselt 30–90, harva kuni 180 cm.[8]
Juurestik on maapinnalähedane savimuldadel ja kaljupõhjaga muldadel, ulatudes keskmiselt 30–46 cm sügavusele. Hästi dreneerivas poorses pinnases võivad külgjuured ulatuda 2,5 m sügavusele.[3]
Tüve koor on punakas-helepruun, õhuke, lõhenev ja kestendav.[10]
Võra on tihe ja kuhikjas, sageli ebasümmeetriline, valgusküllases kasvukohas ulatub maapinnani.[10]
Pungad on kollakad kuni pruunid, vaigused, tihedalt liibunud pungasoomustega[10]. Okkad on teravad, 1,5–2,5 (3,0) cm pikkused, sinakasrohelised kuni hõberohelised ja teravad[10]. Okkad on rombja ristlõikega, nende pealmisel küljel on mitu kitsast õhulõhet ja alumisel küljel kaks laia õhulõhet.
Isasõisikud on munajad kuni silinderjad, tumepurpursed ja rippuvad. Emasõisikud on helepunased, püstised ja silinderjad.[3]
Käbid on 4,0–6,0 (7,5) cm pikkused ja läbimõõduga 2–3 cm, valminult helepruunid[10]. Käbid on rippuvad, saledad, silindrilised, noorelt punakad ja valmivad 4–7 kuud pärast tolmlemist.Seemnesoomused helepruunid, aheneva tipuga, täkilise kuni hambulise servaga[10]. Seemnesoomused on painduvad, lainelise servaga ja 1,5–2 cm pikad.
Seemned on 2–3 mm pikkused, lillakaspruunid, ovaalsed, 10–12 mm pikkuse tiivakesega. Seemne mass on 3–3,5 mg.[8]
Engelmanni kuusk sarnaneb väga torkava kuusega. Erinevused on järgmised: okkad on vähem torkavad, elastsemad ja rohkem võrse tipu poole suunduvad, noored võrsed on longus, kollakad ja karvased, vanemad võrsed on tumepruunid.[8]
Paljunemine ja kasv
Engelmanni kuusk paljuneb peamiselt seemnetega, aga üksikuna või väikeses grupis olevad puud võivad ka vegetatiivselt paljuneda alumiste okste juurdumisega. Tavaliselt toimub see pärast seda, kui mets on saanud kannatada metsatulekahju või tormituulte tõttu.[3]
Tolmlemine toimub mais-juunis. Seemned valmivad augustis-septembris. Käbikandvus algab 15–40 aasta vanuselt (puu kõrgus siis 1,2–1,5 m). Parimat seemnesaaki annavad elujõulised puud 150–250 aasta vanuses. Head seemneaastad korduvad 2–5 aasta järel. Seemnete keskmine idanevus on hea, 69%. Engelmanni kuusega tihti koos kasvaval mäginulul on see vaid 31–34%. Seemnete kõige olulisem levitaja on tuul, väikenärilised ja linnud ei ole levitamisel eriti tähtsad.[3]
Kõige paremini lähevad kasvama puud, mis kasvavad poolvarjus. Suurematel kõrgustel kultiveeritud noored puud hukkuvad sageli intensiivse päikesekiirguse toimel. Juurestiku aeglase kasvu tõttu hukkuvad täisvalguses kasvavad seemikud esimese viie eluaasta jooksul peamiselt põua ja ülekuumenemise tõttu. Kuna Engelmanni kuuse levilas võivad külmakraadid esineda aasta jooksul kõikidel kuudel, siis põhjustavad väga noorte puude hukkumist sageli sügisesed varakülmad ja kevadised hiliskülmad. Noorte puude kasvukiirus on esimestel eluaastatel väga aeglane. Pärast esimest kasvuperioodi on seemikute kõrgus tavaliselt kuni 2,0–4,0 cm ja juurestik võib ulatuda 7–10 cm sügavusele. 5-aastased seemikud kasvavad looduslikes tingimustes keskmiselt 2,5–7,6, ettevalmistatud pinnases 5–10 cm kõrguseks, 10-aastased vastavalt 15–20 ja 25–30 cm kõrguseks. Pärast 10. eluaastat suureneb juurdekasvu kiirus oluliselt. 20-aastased täisvalguses kasvanud puud on tavaliselt 1,2–1,5 m kõrgused, umbes sama kõrged on poolvarjus kasvanud 40-aastased puud. Täisvarjus kasvavad 80–120 aasta vanused puud võivad olla vaid 1,0–1,5 m kõrgused.[3]
Levila ja ökoloogia
![src=]()
Engelmanni kuusk Punase mäe nõlvadel
![src=]()
Kuusepüüd toituvad Engelmanni kuuse okastest
Kliima ja kasvupinnas
Levila kliimat iseloomustab suur õhuniiskus, jahedad lühikesed suved ning külmad, pikad ja lumerohked talved[3]. Levila õhu miinimumtemperatuur on −45,6 °C ja maksimumtemperatuur +32,2 °C[3]. Juuli keskmised õhutemperatuurid on vahemikus 4...16 °C, jaanuaris −7...–12 °C. Aastane keskmine sademete hulk on 640 mm.[3] Puu talub talvel külma kuni −34...–40 °C.[11]
Muldade lähtekivimitest on kõige levinum graniit, harvad pole ka konglomeraadid, kildad, liivakivi, basalt ja andesiit. Sõltumata mulla lähtekivimist, kasvab Engelmanni kuusk kõige paremini keskmise sügavusega hästi vett läbilaskvatel saviliiv- ja liivsavimuldadel. Halvasti kasvab ta rasketel savimuldadel, veega küllastunud muldadel ja väga õhukestel kivistel muldadel. Mullatüüpidest on esindatud peamiselt leetmullad, pruunmullad, punapruunid lateriitmullad jm.[3]
Kaasliigid
Engelmanni kuusk moodustab tihti puhaspuistuid. Segametsas kasvab ta peamiselt koos järgmiste puuliikidega (enamus on okaspuud):[3]
Engelmanni kuuse metsad peavarju ja toiduallikana
Engelmanni kuuse metsades elutsevad lisaks teistele loomadele põder, vapiti, mustsaba-hirv (Odocoileus hemionus), põhjapõder, urson, ameerika jänes (Lepus americanus), ameerika punaorav (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) ja vöötoravad. Pesitsevate lindude hulka kuuluvad tihti mägitihane (Poecile gambeli), must-mahlarähn (Sphyrapicus thyroideus), valgekulm-puukoristaja (Sitta canadensis), ameerika porr (Certhia americana), rähnid, kakud jt. Kuusepüüd (Falcipennis canadensis) ja nulupüüd (Dendragapus obscurus) toituvad tihti engelmanni kuuse okastest ja pungadest. Pungad ja võrsed on aeg-ajalt toiduks oravatele. Seemnetest toituvad paljud väikenärilised ja linnud.[7]
Kasutamine
Engelmanni kuusk on USA-s majanduslikult oluline puuliik. Puit on hele, peaaegu valge, lõhnatu, kerge, paralleelsete kiududega, pehme ja jäik. Seda on kerge töödelda ja liimida, kuid värvi püsivus on keskmine. Tüvel on palju oksakohti, mistõttu tema kandevõime pole kõige parem. Puitu kasutatakse peamiselt eramajade ehituskonstruktsioonides, mis ei nõua suurt tugevust. Samuti kasutatakse teda poolfabrikaattoodete valmistamisel, vineeri- ja paberitööstuses. Engelmanni kuusest valmistatud tselluloos on väga hea kvaliteediga. Aeglaselt kõrgel mäestikus kasvanud engelmanni kuusk sobib muusikainstrumentide (nt. viiulite, kitarride ja klaverite) puitosade valmistamiseks.[7]
Puidu füüsikalis-mehaanilised omadused
[12][13] Omadus Väärtus
Tihedus, õhukuiv puit 392 kg/m³
Erikaal, õhukuiv puit 0,35
Elastsusmoodul, värske/õhukuiv puit 7100/8900 MPa
Paindetugevus, värske/õhukuiv puit 32,0/64,0 MPa
Survetugevus, õhukuiv puit pikikiudu/ristikiudu 30,9/2,8 MPa
Nihketugevus, värske/õhukuiv puit 4,4/8,3 MPa
Ruumala kahanemine kuivamisel, õhukuiv/ahjukuiv puit 6,8/11,0% Õhukuiva puidu niiskusesisaldus on 12%, ahjukuiva puidu niiskusesisaldus 0%.
Engelmanni kuusk on maailma parasvöötmes populaarne aia- ja pargipuu. Temast on aretatud palju kultivare, näiteks:
- 'Argentea'
- 'Blue Magoo'
- 'Bush's Lace'
- 'Collectors'
- 'Compacta'
- 'Fendleri'
- 'Glauca'
- 'Glauca Hess'
- 'Hoodie'
- 'Lil Barb'
- 'Microphylla'
- 'Snake'
- 'St. Ladislau'
- 'Vanderwolf's Blue Pyramid'
Kasvatamine Eestis
Engelmanni kuusk toodi Euroopasse koos torkava kuusega 1863, nende seemned olid segatud. Ka Eestisse jõudis ta samal sajandil. 1883 ilmunud Johann Cristoph Klinge töös viidatakse Engelmanni kuusele, mis kasvas Tartu lähedal.[10]
Engelmanni kuuski esineb meil siiski märksa vähem kui torkavat kuuske, kuna noores eas on ta võra vähem dekoratiivne. Samas on ta meil talvel täiesti külmakindel. Siiski võib ta saada külmakahjustusi kevadiste hiliskülmade tõttu, kuna puhkeb suhteliselt vara (5–10 päeva torkavast kuusest varem). Talub hästi tahma ja heitgaase ning väärib seetõttu rohkem kasutamist linnade haljastuses. Noores eas on puu võrdlemisi aeglase kasvuga, kuid hiljem kasv kiireneb. Rikkalikult on Engelmanni kuuski Pärnu parkides ja haljastuses. Veel leidub ilusaid eksemplare Tartus, Tallinnas, Olustveres jm.[8][10]
Viited
-
↑ "Conifer database: "Picea engelmannii".". Catalogue of Life: 2010 Annual Checklist. Vaadatud 24.08.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Picea engelmannii. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN 2010.
-
↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 "Engelmann spruce". www.na.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 22.11.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Ledig F.T., Mápula-Larreta M., Bermejo-Velázquez B., Flores-López C., Reyes-Hernández V., Capó-Arteaga M.A. "Locations of endangered spruce populations in México and the demography of Picea chihuahuana". 2000, Madroño 47: 71–88.
-
↑ "Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana". www.conifers.org. Vaadatud 22.11.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Ledig, F. T.; Hodgskiss, P.D.; Krutovskii, K.V.; Neale, D.B.; Eguiluz-Piedra, T.. "Relationships among the spruces (Picea, pinaceae) of southwestern North America". www.escholarship.org, 2004. USA: Postprints, UC Davis. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 23.11.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 "Picea engelmannii". www.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 22.11.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 Endel Laas. "Dendroloogia", Tallinn: Valgus, 1987.
-
↑ 9,0 9,1 "Picea engelmannii". www.conifers.org. Vaadatud 22.11.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 10,5 10,6 10,7 V. Hainla, U. Valk. "Eestis kasvavad kuused", Tartu, 1961.
-
↑ Francine J. Bigras ja Stephen J. Colombo. "Conifer Cold Hardiness", Holland: Kluwer Academic Pulishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7923-6636-0.
-
↑ Samuel V. Glass, Samuel L. Zelinka. "Wood Handbook, Chapter 04: Moisture Relations and Physical Properties of Wood". www.fpl.fs.fed.us, 2010. Forest Products Laboratory. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 22.11.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ David E. Kretschmann. "Wood Handbook, Chapter 05: Mechanical Properties of Wood". www.fpl.fs.fed.us, 2010. Forest Products Laboratory. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 22.11.2010. Inglise.
Välislingid
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Engelmanni kuusk: Brief Summary
(
الإستونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ET
Engelmanni kuusk (Picea engelmannii) on männiliste sugukonda kuuse perekonda kuuluv igihaljas okaspuu.
Liik on nime saanud saksa päritolu botaaniku Georg Engelmanni (1809–1884) järgi.
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Engelmanninkuusi
(
الفنلندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FI
Engelmanninkuusi (Picea engelmannii) on havupuu, joka esiintyy luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Amerikan länsiosissa.
Lajin esiintymisalue ulottuu Brittiläisen Kolumbian keskiosista ja Lounais-Albertasta aina Pohjois-Kaliforniaan ja lounaiseen Arizonaan ja New Mexicoon. Pohjois-Meksikossa on myös kaksi erillistä esiintymisaluetta. Laji kasvaa korkealla vuoristossa (900–3 450 m), monilla alueilla puurajalle saakka, esiintymisalueen luoteisosissa joskus alempana.
Engelmanninkuusi kasvaa yleensä 25–40 metrin pituiseksi, parhaimmillaan 65 metriä ja rungonpaksuudeltaan 1,5-metriseksi. Kaarna on ohut ja suomumainen ja hilseilee pois pyöreinä paloina, jotka ovat halkaisijaltaan 5–10 cm. Latvusto on nuorena kapea. Vuosiversot ovat ruskean-oranssinkeltaisia, tiheästi untuvakarvaisia. Neulaset ovat 15–30 mm pitkiä, pehmeitä, päältä sinivihreitä ja alapuolelta sinivalkoisia.
Kävyt ovat riippuvia, kapeita, 4–8 cm pitkiä ja sulkeutuneina 1,5 cm leveitä, avautuneina 3 cm leveitä. Niissä on ohuet, taipuisat suomut, jotka ovat 15–20 mm pitkät ja reunoiltaan aaltomaiset. Kävyt ovat punaruskeita, täysin kehittyneinä 4–7 kuukautta pölyttymisen jälkeen vaaleanruskeita. Siemenet ovat mustia, 2–3 mm pitkiä, ja niissä on 5–8 mm pitkä kapea vaaleanruskea siipi.
Engelmanninkuusesta esiintyy kaksi alalajia. Toiset tutkijat pitävät niitä muunnoksina, toiset omina lajeinaan.
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. engelmannii, esiintymisalue kokonaan lukuun ottamatta P. engelmannii subsp. mexicana.
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana josta on kaksi erillistä esiintymisaluetta Pohjois-Meksikossa. Engelmanninkuuset aivan Arizonan kaakkoisosassa ja New Mexicon lounaisosassa kuuluvat mahdollisesti myös tähän alalajiin.
Engelmanninkuusi risteytyy helposti lähisukulaisen valkokuusen (Picea glauca) kanssa Kalliovuorten pohjois- ja itäosissa ja jonkin verran sitkankuusen (Picea sitchensis) kanssa Kaskadien vuoriston länsiosissa.[2]
Käyttö
Engelmanninkuusta käytetään Pohjois-Amerikassa paperinvalmistukseen ja rakennuspuuksi. Hitaasti korkealla vuoristossa kasvaneita puita käytetään akustisten kitaroiden valmistukseen. Sitä käytetään myös jonkin verran joulukuusina.[3]
Lähteet
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Engelmanninkuusi: Brief Summary
(
الفنلندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FI
Engelmanninkuusi (Picea engelmannii) on havupuu, joka esiintyy luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Amerikan länsiosissa.
Lajin esiintymisalue ulottuu Brittiläisen Kolumbian keskiosista ja Lounais-Albertasta aina Pohjois-Kaliforniaan ja lounaiseen Arizonaan ja New Mexicoon. Pohjois-Meksikossa on myös kaksi erillistä esiintymisaluetta. Laji kasvaa korkealla vuoristossa (900–3 450 m), monilla alueilla puurajalle saakka, esiintymisalueen luoteisosissa joskus alempana.
Engelmanninkuusi kasvaa yleensä 25–40 metrin pituiseksi, parhaimmillaan 65 metriä ja rungonpaksuudeltaan 1,5-metriseksi. Kaarna on ohut ja suomumainen ja hilseilee pois pyöreinä paloina, jotka ovat halkaisijaltaan 5–10 cm. Latvusto on nuorena kapea. Vuosiversot ovat ruskean-oranssinkeltaisia, tiheästi untuvakarvaisia. Neulaset ovat 15–30 mm pitkiä, pehmeitä, päältä sinivihreitä ja alapuolelta sinivalkoisia.
Kävyt ovat riippuvia, kapeita, 4–8 cm pitkiä ja sulkeutuneina 1,5 cm leveitä, avautuneina 3 cm leveitä. Niissä on ohuet, taipuisat suomut, jotka ovat 15–20 mm pitkät ja reunoiltaan aaltomaiset. Kävyt ovat punaruskeita, täysin kehittyneinä 4–7 kuukautta pölyttymisen jälkeen vaaleanruskeita. Siemenet ovat mustia, 2–3 mm pitkiä, ja niissä on 5–8 mm pitkä kapea vaaleanruskea siipi.
Engelmanninkuusesta esiintyy kaksi alalajia. Toiset tutkijat pitävät niitä muunnoksina, toiset omina lajeinaan.
Picea engelmannii subsp. engelmannii, esiintymisalue kokonaan lukuun ottamatta P. engelmannii subsp. mexicana. Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana josta on kaksi erillistä esiintymisaluetta Pohjois-Meksikossa. Engelmanninkuuset aivan Arizonan kaakkoisosassa ja New Mexicon lounaisosassa kuuluvat mahdollisesti myös tähän alalajiin.
Engelmanninkuusi risteytyy helposti lähisukulaisen valkokuusen (Picea glauca) kanssa Kalliovuorten pohjois- ja itäosissa ja jonkin verran sitkankuusen (Picea sitchensis) kanssa Kaskadien vuoriston länsiosissa.
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Épinette d'Engelmann
(
الفرنسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FR
Picea engelmannii
L’épinette d'Engelmann ou épicéa d'Engelmann (Picea engelmannii) est un arbre résineux de la famille des Pinaceae et du genre Picea[1].
Habitat, répartition
L’épinette d'Engelmann est originaire d'Amérique du Nord et en particulier des Montagnes Rocheuses (du Montana jusque l'Arizona[1]) ; il existe deux populations isolées dans le nord du Mexique. Il fut introduit en 1850 en Europe[1].
C'est principalement un arbre des hautes montagnes qui résiste bien au gel, dans une zone allant de 1 500 à 3 000 m d'altitude[1], parfois plus bas dans le nord-est de sa répartition. Appréciant l'humidité, il pousse surtout le long des ruisseaux et des rivières[1].
Description
L’épinette d'Engelmann atteint une hauteur de 30 à 35 m[1] pour un tronc d'un diamètre maximum d'un mètre cinquante, mais certains sujets atteignent exceptionnellement 65 m de haut.
L'écorce est brun-rouge et forme des écailles[1]. Les aiguilles sont vertes ou argentées, longues de 18 à 30 mm, rigides et pointues[1]. Ces aiguilles poussent tout autour du rameau. Les cônes mesurent de 6 à 10 cm et deviennent brun-jaunâtre avec des écailles ondulées[1].
Détail de l'implantation des aiguilles.
Détail de la section des aiguilles.
Sources
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Épinette d'Engelmann: Brief Summary
(
الفرنسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FR
Picea engelmannii
L’épinette d'Engelmann ou épicéa d'Engelmann (Picea engelmannii) est un arbre résineux de la famille des Pinaceae et du genre Picea.
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Blágreni
(
الآيسلندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia IS
Blágreni (fræðiheiti: Picea engelmannii) er sígrænt barrtré af þallarætt. Fullvaxið tré nær 25-40 m hæð og 1,5 m stofnþvermáli. Blágreni er langlíft og nær allt að 900 ára aldri.
Tegundin rekur uppruna sinn til vesturstrandar Norður-Ameríku og vex í fjalllendi frá Kanada suður að landamærum Mexíkó. Blágreni hefur þó verið plantað víða um heim í nytjaskógrækt, einkum í Evrópu.
Blágreni er náskylt bæði hvítgreni, sem vex norðar og austar í Klettafjöllunum, og sitkagreni, sem vex nær Kyrrahafsströndinni og blandar kyni með báðum tegundum.
Blágreni á Íslandi
Fyrstu blágrenin voru gróðursett á Íslandi í Mörkinni á Hallormsstað árið 1905. Hæstu trén eru komin yfir 20 metra. Síðan 1955 hefur blágreni verið flutt inn reglulega og er mest af fræi fengið frá Colorado fylki BNA.
Nytjar
Blágreni er mikið notað í nytjaskógrækt fyrir framleiðslu timburs og pappírs. Viður þess kemur að sérstökum notum við gerð strengjahljóðfæra. Það er stundum notað sem jólatré, þó sjaldnar en rauðgreni.
Heimildir
-
↑ Conifer Specialist Group (1998). "Picea engelmannii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
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Blágreni: Brief Summary
(
الآيسلندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia IS
Blágreni (fræðiheiti: Picea engelmannii) er sígrænt barrtré af þallarætt. Fullvaxið tré nær 25-40 m hæð og 1,5 m stofnþvermáli. Blágreni er langlíft og nær allt að 900 ára aldri.
Tegundin rekur uppruna sinn til vesturstrandar Norður-Ameríku og vex í fjalllendi frá Kanada suður að landamærum Mexíkó. Blágreni hefur þó verið plantað víða um heim í nytjaskógrækt, einkum í Evrópu.
Blágreni er náskylt bæði hvítgreni, sem vex norðar og austar í Klettafjöllunum, og sitkagreni, sem vex nær Kyrrahafsströndinni og blandar kyni með báðum tegundum.
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Picea engelmannii
(
الإيطالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia IT
Il peccio di Engelmann (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., 1863) è una specie di peccio, appartenente alla famiglia delle Pinaceae, originaria del Nord America.[1]
Etimologia
Il nome generico Picea, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare da Pix picis = pece, in riferimento all'abbondante produzione di resina.[2] Il nome specifico engelmanni fu assegnato da W.E.Parry in onore del botanico tedesco-americano George Engelmann, che poco dopo riuscì a pubblicare la descrizione della nuova specie prima di lui.[3]
Descrizione
Portamento
Albero alto 40-45 metri con unico tronco diritto che può raggiungere 1-1,5 m. di circonferenza; i rami del primo ordine sono corti e slanciati, sviluppati orizzontalmente, con parte terminale rivolta in alto, quelli inferiori più pendenti. I rami del secondo ordine, anch'essi corti, sono pendenti. La chioma è stretta, conica, o colonnare, specialmente negli individui che vegetano nei versanti nord a elevata altitudine. I virgulti sono inizialmente solidi, poi cadenti, prima di color giallo-verdastro, poi marrone-giallastro, scanalati; da giovani hanno una fine peluria.[3]
Foglie
Le foglie sono aghiformi, di colore verde glauco, lunghe fino a 3 cm, lineari, dritte o leggermente curve, con punte acute che non pungono; hanno stomi su entrambe le pagine (due strette bande con 2-3 linee su quella superiore, 2 bande di 4-6 linee in quella inferiore). Le gemme vegetative sono ovoidali-coniche, lunghe 5-6 mm, resinose in punta; hanno perule triangolari, ottuse, di colore rosso-marrone, dormienti per anni.[3]
Fiori
Sono strobili maschili giallastri, ascellari, lunghi 1-1,5 cm.[3]
Frutti
I coni femminili sono sessili, ovoidali-cilindrici, inizialmente eretti, poi pendenti a maturazione, lunghi 3-6 cm e larghi 2-2,5 cm, inizialmente verdi tinteggiati di rosso, poi marroni-rossastri o marroni-giallastri. I macrosporofilli sono sottili e flessibili, con superficie abassiale liscia o finemente striata. Le brattee sono largamente ovate, con cuspide, lunghe 3-6 mm, totalmente nascoste. I semi, di color marrone giallastro, sono ovoidali e lunghi 2-3 mm.[3]
Corteccia
La corteccia inizialmente è liscia, di colore marrone-rossastro, poi diventa grigia con macchie marrone chiaro, ruvida e scanalata.[3]
Foresta di pecci di Engelmann
Distribuzione e habitat
Nativo del Canada (Columbia Britannica e Alberta), degli Stati Uniti d'America (Arizona, Idaho, Texas, Utah, Montana, Nevada, Nuovo Messico, California, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon e Colorado) e del Messico (Chihuahua e Nuevo León). Vegeta dai 600 ai 3700 m di quota, con il limite superiore che si alza progressivamente da nord verso sud, prediligendo sia suoli calcarei che non calcarei; il clima dell'habitat è freddo e umido, con precipitazioni annue non inferiori ai 600 mm, caratterizzato da inverni lunghi e nevosi ed estati fresche. Forma foreste estese, pure o miste con Abies lasiocarpa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix occidentalis, Picea laxa e specie del genere Pinus. Le subpopolazioni del Messico sono confinate alle altitudini più elevate, nei versanti settentrionali di ripidi pendii.[1]
Tassonomia
Esiste una forma ibrida naturale, accettata in tassonomia, con P. glauca, P. × albertiana, mentre la forma ibrida naturale con P. sitchensis ha una classificazione ancora controversa. Viene accettata una sottospecie:[4]
Sinonimi
Sono stati riportati i seguenti sinonimi:[4]
-
Picea engelmannii var. typica Goodman
-
Picea glauca var. engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) B.Boivin
-
Picea glauca subsp. engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) T.M.C.Taylor
Usi
Il peccio di Engelmann ha una grande importanza economica per lo sfruttamento del suo legno; nonostante sia nodoso e di non grandissima qualità, viene utilizzato sempre più frequentemente in edilizia, per la fabbricazione di strumenti musicali, come violini e pianoforti, mentre l'utilizzo come legname da miniera, traversine per linee ferroviarie e pali telefonici, è in forte decremento. Attualmente la maggior parte del legname ricavato viene utilizzato nell'industria cartaria, in particolare nel Canada occidentale. Come specie ornamentale non è molto comune, e le cultivar in commercio sono poche, anche perché l'utilizzo dei pecci come alberi di Natale non è diffuso in Nordamerica.[3]
Conservazione
Essendo una delle conifere più comuni, e con areale vastissimo, nel continente nordamericano, viene classificata come specie a rischio minimo nella Lista rossa IUCN.[1]
Note
-
^ a b c d (EN) Farjon, A. 2013, Picea engelmannii, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
-
^ Picea engelmannii, in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. URL consultato il 16 maggio 2019.
-
^ a b c d e f g (EN) Aljos Farjon, A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 vols.), Brill, 2010, pp. 567-569. URL consultato il 16 maggio 2019.
-
^ a b Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., in Plants of the world. URL consultato il 2 maggio 2020.
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Picea engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
الإيطالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia IT
Il peccio di Engelmann (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., 1863) è una specie di peccio, appartenente alla famiglia delle Pinaceae, originaria del Nord America.
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Kalninė eglė
(
اللتوانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia LT
Binomas Picea engelmannii 
Kalninė eglė (lot. Picea engelmannii, angl. Engelmann Spruce) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos, eglių (Picea) genties visažalis spygliuotis medis.
Apibūdinimas
Aukštis apie 25-45 m, retai iki 60 m, o aukščiausia kalninė eglė išmatuota 67,7 m aukščio. Kamieno skersmuo iki 1,2 m, retai iki 2 m, o didžiausias išmatuotas skersmuo 2,2 m. Medžio laja siaurai kūginė. Spygliai 15-30 mm ilgio, melsvai žali. Kankorėžiai cilindriški, nusvirę, 4-8 cm ilgio, 1,5-3 cm pločio. Išlaiko iki -39.9°C šaltį.
Porūšiai
Išskiriami du porūšiai:
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. engelmannii
-
Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana
Amžius
Pagal skersinį kamieno pjūvį, žinomas seniausias individas yra išgyvenęs 911 metų.
Paplitimas
Paplitusi Šiaurės Amerikos vakaruose, nuo Britų Kolumbijos ir Albertos šiaurėje. Pietuose arealas siekia Kaliforniją, Arizoną ir Naująją Meksiką. Yra keli uždari arealai šiaurinėje Meksikoje. Auga 900-3450 m aukštyje.
Panaudojimas
Kalninė eglė yra svarbi kaip medienos, poperiaus pramonės žaliava.
Nuorodos
Vikiteka
Dendrologija Botanika · Augalija · Flora · Augalai · Sumedėjęs augalas · Liana · Puskrūmis · Krūmokšnis · Krūmas · Krūmedis · Medis · Vaismedis Iliustruotas Lietuvos augalų genčių vardynas · Lietuvos vietinės medžių ir krūmų rūšys · Lietuvos išskirtiniai medžiai · Lietuvos svetimžemė dendroflora · Pasaulio išskirtiniai medžiai
Miškas · Miško skliautas · Lietuvos miškai · Pasaulio miškai (šalys pagal miškų plotą) · Miškų nykimas (neteisėtas miško kirtimas)
Miškininkystė (ekologinė miškininkystė) · Miško atkūrimas · Įveisimas · Miškų ūkis · Miškų urėdija · Girininkija · Eiguva · Lietuvos miškų institutas
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Kalninė eglė: Brief Summary
(
اللتوانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia LT
Kalninė eglė (lot. Picea engelmannii, angl. Engelmann Spruce) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos, eglių (Picea) genties visažalis spygliuotis medis.
![src=]()
Kalninės eglės
kankorėžiai ![src=]()
Kalninė eglė
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Engelmannsgran
(
النرويجية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NO
Engelmanngran (Picea engelmanni) er en art i slekten graner i furufamilien. Engelmanngrana vokser vilt i Rocky Mountains i Nord-Amerika. Den er en av de mørke granartene og kan se nesten blåsvart ut i dårlig lys.
Engelmanngran blir inntil 40 meter høy, i enkelte tilfelle opp til 65 meter. Trekronen er først smalt konisk, deretter nesten sylindrisk i eldre alder. Barken trevles av i flak som er 5-10 cm lange.
Engelmanngranen kan vokse helt opp til 3.650 moh. i USA, dvs over tregrensen. Den kan krysse seg med kvitgran (Picea glauca).
Treet brukes i skogindustrien, til plankemateriale og ikke minst i papirindustrien. Det brukes også til å produsere gitarer og harper.
I Norge har treet vært plantet for skogsindustrielle formål, og er forvillet i Østfold og Telemark.[trenger referanse]
Litteratur
Eksterne lenker
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Engelmannsgran: Brief Summary
(
النرويجية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NO
Engelmanngran (Picea engelmanni) er en art i slekten graner i furufamilien. Engelmanngrana vokser vilt i Rocky Mountains i Nord-Amerika. Den er en av de mørke granartene og kan se nesten blåsvart ut i dårlig lys.
Engelmanngran blir inntil 40 meter høy, i enkelte tilfelle opp til 65 meter. Trekronen er først smalt konisk, deretter nesten sylindrisk i eldre alder. Barken trevles av i flak som er 5-10 cm lange.
Engelmanngranen kan vokse helt opp til 3.650 moh. i USA, dvs over tregrensen. Den kan krysse seg med kvitgran (Picea glauca).
Treet brukes i skogindustrien, til plankemateriale og ikke minst i papirindustrien. Det brukes også til å produsere gitarer og harper.
I Norge har treet vært plantet for skogsindustrielle formål, og er forvillet i Østfold og Telemark.[trenger referanse]
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Świerk Engelmanna
(
البولندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia POL
Świerk Engelmanna (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny sosnowatych. Występuje naturalnie w górach zachodniej Ameryce Północnej, od 750 m do 3300 m n.p.m.[2], gatunek lasotwórczy[3].
Morfologia
Drzewo dorasta do 20–30 m, jego korona jest stożkowata[3]. Gałęzie są osadzone na pniu w gęstych okółkach, nieco zawieszone[3]. Igły są cienkie, mogą być proste lub lekko wygięte, koloru sinozielonego; rozdarte pachną nieprzyjemnie[3].
Zastosowanie
Drewno tego świerka jest wykorzystywane do produkcji papieru, piłowania i okładzin. Wolno rosnące drewno świerka Engelmanna, które znajduje się na wyższych wysokościach, służy również do budowy gitar akustycznych, skrzypiec i fortepianów[2].
Przypisy
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Świerk Engelmanna: Brief Summary
(
البولندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia POL
Świerk Engelmanna (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny sosnowatych. Występuje naturalnie w górach zachodniej Ameryce Północnej, od 750 m do 3300 m n.p.m., gatunek lasotwórczy.
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Picea engelmannii
(
البرتغالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia PT
Picea engelmannii é uma espécie de pinheiro nativo do oeste da América do Norte, numa faixa que vai da Colúmbia Britânica até o Novo México, há também duas populações isoladas no norte do México. É sobretudo uma árvore de montanhas de alta altitude, crescendo entre 900 e 3650 m de altitude, raramente menor no noroeste do intervalo.[1]
Referências
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Picea engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
البرتغالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia PT
Picea engelmannii é uma espécie de pinheiro nativo do oeste da América do Norte, numa faixa que vai da Colúmbia Britânica até o Novo México, há também duas populações isoladas no norte do México. É sobretudo uma árvore de montanhas de alta altitude, crescendo entre 900 e 3650 m de altitude, raramente menor no noroeste do intervalo.
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Picea engelmannii
(
الأوكرانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia UK
Поширення, екологія
Країни поширення: Канада (Альберта, Британська Колумбія); Мексика (Чіуауа, Нуево-Леон); США ( штати Аризона, Каліфорнія, Колорадо, Айдаго, Монтана, Невада, Нью-Мексико, Орегон, Техас, Юта, Вашингтон, Вайомінг). Поширена в Скелястих горах, від 600 м до 3700 (-4000) м над рівнем моря, верхня межа поступово зростає з півночі на південь. Росте на різних гірських ґрунтах, як вапняних так і не вапняних. Клімат холодний і вологий (опадів більше 600 мм на рік), з довгими, сніжними зимами і коротким прохолодним літом. Вид формує великі чисті ліси або мішані хвойні ліси, з Abies lasiocarpa, Pinus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix occidentalis, Picea glauca. У Мексиці підвид Picea engelmannii mexicana обмежується великою висотою, північних схилів і ярів на вапнякових горах.
Опис
Це дерева до 45 м, рідко до 60 м; Стовбур до 1,2 м, рідко 2 м завтовшки; крона вузько конічна. Кора від сірого до червонувато-коричневого кольору. Гілки розростаються горизонтально. Бруньки оранжево-коричневі, 3-6 мм, верховіття округле. Листя голкоподібне (хвоя) 1.6-3 (3.5) см довжиною, жорсткі, синьо-зелені, вершини загострені. Шишки фіолетового або темно-фіолетового кольору, після дозрівання буро-коричневі, 3-7 (8) см довжиною і 1,5 см в ширину, коли закриті, відкриті — 3 см. Насіння чорне, 2-3 мм завдовжки, з тонкими, 5-8 мм довжиною блідо-коричневими крилами. 2n = 24.
Дерево FCC 23 в центральній частині штату Колорадо має вік 911 років (Brown et al. 1995).
Використання
Є важливим джерелом деревини з високим потенціалом врожайності, особливо у керованих деревостоях в межах природного ареалу. Вузлувата деревина не дуже високого класу, проте все частіше використовуються для будівництва будинків, столярних виробів, меблів, фанери, і музичних інструментів (фортепіано, скрипка). Використовується в целюлозно-лісовій промисловості, особливо в західній частині Канади. Цей вид рідко саджають як декоративний, хоча він добре росте навіть на бідних ґрунтах. Підвид mexicana рідко зустрічається у вирощуванні.
Загрози та охорона
Великомасштабна вирубка цього виду в Канаді та деяких північно-західних частинах США, можливо, скоротила кількість ялин у деяких районах порівняно з минулим, але ефективне вирощування, що відтепер є звичайною практикою лісового господарства, сприяє регенерації. Величезний ареал і чисельність хвойних, особливо в Північних Скелястих горах зменшують вплив таких явищ, як непередбачений наступ неналежних суцільних рубок, комах-шкідників та пожеж. Вид присутній у багатьох охоронних територіях, в тому числі, у відомих національних парках США та Канаді. Мексиканський підвид погано представлений в охоронних районах.
Посилання
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
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Picea engelmannii
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Picea engelmannii là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Parry ex Engelm. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1863.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Picea engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Picea engelmannii là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Parry ex Engelm. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1863.
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Ель Энгельмана
(
الروسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Ель Энгельмана
Международное научное название
Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.
Ареал 
Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 183291NCBI 3334EOL 1061646GRIN t:28288IPNI 262646-1TPL kew-2563424 Ель Энгельмана (лат. Picea engelmannii) — вид деревьев рода Ель (Picea) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae).
Распространение и экология
В природе ареал вида охватывает лесной пояс Скалистых гор Северной Америки. Произрастает на высоте 1500—-3500 м, вплоть до верхней границы леса, чаще по теневым склонам гор и долинам.
Образует обширные чистые и смешанные леса с пихтами одноцветной (Abies concolor), миловидной (Abies amabilis), благородной (Abies procera), псевдотсугой Мензиса (Pseudotsuga menziesii), лиственницей западной| (Larix occidentalis), тсугой западной (Tsuga heterophylla), соснами скрученной широкохвойной (Pinus contorta) и белой западной (Pinus monticola) — в нижнем поясе; в верхнем поясе — с пихтой субальпийской (Abies lasiocarpa), тсугой горной (Tsuga mertensiana), лиственницей Лайэля (Larix lyallii), соснами белокорой (Pinus albicaulis), мягкой (Pinus flexilis), остистой (Pinus aristata) и каллитропсисом нутканским (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis).
В Европе, как декоративное, культивируется с 1863 года. В России с конца XIX века, распространена мало.
Живёт до 300—400 (600) лет.
Ботаническое описание
Представители вида — деревья высотой 30—50 м, при диаметре ствола 90 см. Крона густая, конусовидная, нередко несимметричная, со слегка поникающими ветвями. Кора трещиноватая, чешуйчатая, красновато-коричневая, тонкая. Молодые побеги желтовато-коричневые, с ржавым опушением.
Почки конусовидные. Хвоя длиной 15—20 (до 25) мм, шириной 1,5—2 мм, четырёхгранная, острая, с двумя—четырьмя устьичными линиями на каждой стороне, сизо-зелёная до сизой, старая более зелёная. На родине хвоя держится 10—15 лет, в Санкт-Петербурге 5—7 лет.
Шишки яйцевидно-цилиндрические, длиной 4—7 см, диаметром 2,5 см, до созревания бордовые, зрелые — светло-коричневые, с тонкими, гибкими, рыхло расположенными по краю, зубчатыми чешуями. Созревают в августе—сентябре, опадают весной следующего года. Семена длиной около 3 мм, бурые, с крылом длиной около 12 мм. В 1 кг 160—350 тысяч семян; средний вес 1000 штук — 3 г.
Примечания
Ель Энгельмана: Brief Summary
(
الروسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Ель Энгельмана (лат. Picea engelmannii) — вид деревьев рода Ель (Picea) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae).
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu smrk Engelmannův ve Wikimedia Commons
![Purple immature cones and yellow mature cones from the previous year. No male pollen cones are visible; the brownish-golden branch tips are protective bud scales being shed from the spruce buds[7]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engelmann_Spruce_cones_RMNP.jpg)
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
