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中國大鯢的圖片
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中國大鯢

Andrias davidianus (Blanchard 1871)

Description ( 英語 )

由AmphibiaWeb articles提供
Heavily built salamander. Head strongly depressed, snout obtusely truncate; nostrils small, rounded, close to the edge of the upper lip and at the corners of the truncated snout, the internasal space less than half of the interorbital space. Eyes small, rounded, dorso-lateral in position, and without eyelid. Top of head more or less flat, with a rounded temporal protuberance above and behind each eye. Vomerine teeth in an arched series starting between the choanae, parallel to the maxillary and premaxillary series. A thin lower labial fold starting about midway between nostril and eye to the angle of the mouth. Trunk less depressed than head, with about fifteen costal grooves, a strong vertebral groove, and strong lateral dermal folds. Legs short and flattened. Tail 59% of the body length, compressed. Dorsal tail fin extending to the trunk. Skin rough and porous, with wrinkles, folds and tubercles. Color of animals is dark brown, black or greenish. Irregularly blotched and marbled with dusky spots. Total length about 100 cm, Chang (1936) quotes a maximum of 180 cm, but most animals found nowadays are considerably smaller (Liu and Liu 1998). Specimens of 115 cm weigh approx. 25 pounds (Liu 1950). Closely related and very similar to A. japonicus. There are no records of geographic variation.The two species of Andrias - A. davidianus occurring in China and A. japonicus in Japan - are the largest living salamanders, with adults reaching a total length of more than 100 cm. The two species are similar with several features in common. Vomerine teeth located on anterior margin of vomer, parallel with maxillary tooth row; teeth form a long arc. Nasals in contact with maxilla; frontal does not enter external naris. Pterygoid broad, almost in contact with base of maxilla. Hyoid arches cartilaginous. Two pairs of branchial arches. Body large, no spiracle on head; distance between nostrils less than half the distance between the eyes. Tongue large. Tubercles on highly vascular skin. Permanently aquatic.The Chinese Giant Salamander is very similar to the Japanese Giant Salamander and differs from the latter by the arrangement of tubercles on the head and throat. The tubercles of A. davidianus are mostly in pairs, and much smaller and fewer than those of A. japonicus. The tubercles on the throat are characteristic for each species. In A. davidianus, the very small paired tubercles are arranged in rows parallel with the lower jaw. In A. japonicus they are mostly single and large and irregularly scattered. The snout is less rounded and the tail a little longer in the Chinese species. The colour is darker with large black patches (Chang 1936; Liu 1950; Thorn 1969).There is a vast body of literature, much of it in Chinese (cf. Ye et al. 1993 and references therein). For this species the name Andrias scheuchzeri (Holl 1831) has been resurrected (Frost, 1999, Amphibian Species of the World, American Museum of Natural History). See a video of feeding using the gape and suck mechanism (Heiss et al. 2013).This species was featured as News of the Week on 4 June 2018:Giant salamanders in China are in trouble because of a combination of exploitation for food and intense captive breeding activities that have mixed genetically distinct groups across its known range. Yan et al. (2018) shows that the animals currently known as Andrias davidianus should be split into at least five different cryptic species. Chinese giant salamanders have been farm-raised for their meat with the government encouraging the release of some individuals in a misguided conservation attempt. However, the farm-raised individuals were bred without consideration of genetics and their release could result in the loss of genetic distinctness, merging the five species into one. Further Turvey et al. (2018) presents a dismal picture of the current status of wild populations; despite intense field work, a seasoned group of biologists were only able to find no more than a handful of individuals. Governmental action will be required to preserve those few wild populations that still exist (Written by David B. Wake & Ann T. Chang).This species was featured as News of the Week on 8 July 2019:Amphibians have a long history of medical use with many innovations still to be discovered. Building off of traditional uses, Deng et al. (2019) explored the use of skin secretions from Andrias davidianus (SSAD), which can be humanely collected twice a month, as a medical adhesive. Current methods of wound closure include mechanical closures (e.g., staples and sutures) and adhesive closure materials (e.g., synthetic polymers and naturally derived fibrin glue from mussels). Using freeze-dried then rehydrated SSAD, Deng et al. compared the effectiveness of these different wound closure materials in ex vivo and in vivo (in rats) experiments. They found that SSAD adhered tissue equal to or better than other adhesive materials and was more flexible. Additionally, SSADs had the best wound healing times with regenerative properties and minimal scarring than all of the other methods. SSAD also degenerated quickly in live tissue with a minimal immune response. Testing is still needed to determine how SSADs will interact with human tissues, but these results have exciting implications for post surgery recovery (Written by Ann T. Chang).This species was featured as News of the Week on 23 September 2019:How sex is determined in amphibians is epitomized by diversity. For those species with genetic sex determination, which sex has two types of sex chromosomes (e.g., XY or ZW chromosomes as in mammals and birds, respectively) varies from species to species. To date, most research on the genetics of amphibian sex determination has focused on frogs with little work centered on the salamanders or caecilians. New research by Hime et al (2019) identified a ZZ-ZW female heterogametic sex chromosome system in the salamander family Cryptobranchidae, which includes Cryptobranchus hellbenders from the United States and Andrias giant salamanders from Asia. Using next generation genomic data, the same ZZ-ZW sex-linked regions were discovered in the genomes of both salamander genera. This discovery indicates that the same sex chromosomes have been retained in Cryptobranchid salamanders since the different species diverged roughly 60 million years ago. Their work is particularly impressive given these salamanders’ genomes are enormous at 56 Gb, roughly 18 times the size of the human genome. Beyond the evolutionary implications of understanding a remarkably conserved sex chromosome system in an ancient salamander lineage, they produced a series of sex-linked molecular markers that are sequenced only in genetic females, which will facilitate conservation work on these imperiled amphibians (Written by Max Lambert).

參考資料

  • Chang, M. L. Y. (1936). Contribution à l'étude morphologique, biologique et systèmatique des amphibiens urodèles de la Chine. Librairie Picart, Paris.
  • Haker, K. (1997). "Haltung und Zucht des Chinesischen Riesensalamanders Andrias davidianus." Salamandra, 33, 69-74.
  • Kawamichi, T. and Ueda, H. (1998). ''Spawning at nests of extra-large males in the Giant Salamander Andrias japonicus.'' Journal of Herpetology, 32, 133-136.
  • Liu, C.C. (1950). Amphibians of Western China. Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago.
  • Liu, G., and Q. Liu (1998). ''Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871).'' China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals. Amphibia and Reptilia. Zhao, E., eds., Science Press, Beijing, China, 30-33.
  • Thorn, R. (1969). Les Salamandres d'Europe, d'Asie, et d'Afrique du Nord. Lechevalier, Paris, France.
  • Zhao, E. (1999). ''Distribution patterns of amphibians in temperate East Asia.'' Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians. A Global Perspective. Duellman, W. E., eds., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 421-443.
  • Zhao, E. (ed.) (1998). China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals. Amphibia and Reptilia. Science Press, Beijing, China.

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Distribution and Habitat ( 英語 )

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The mountain streams of China, from Qinghai to Jiangsu and south to Sichuan, Guanxi and Guangdong. Middle and lower tributaries of the Yangtze river, Huang He (Yellow river) and Zhu Jiang (Pearl river) (Liu and Liu 1998). Finds in Taiwan may be the result of introductions.The habitat consists of rocky mountain streams and lakes with clear, running water, at moderate altitudes (below 1500 m, especially between 300 and 800 m), where the animals occupy hollows and cavities under water. The salamanders spend their whole lives in water.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( 英語 )

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Not only have populations become smaller and fragmented, the individuals captured are smaller than they used to be, most probably as a result of over-collecting (Liu and Liu 1998). There are no data on abundance in English.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( 英語 )

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The female lays approximately 500 eggs in a string in an underwater cavity, occupied by a male. The eggs measure on average 22 mm by 19.2 mm; the diameter of the embryo is 8-9 mm. Eggs are fertilized externally and are guarded by the male, until they hatch after 50-60 days at a length of 30 mm. Larvae start eating after 30 days; reduction of gills begins when the larvae are 200-250 mm total length (Haker 1997). The larvae have longer gills than those of A. japonicus, fingers and toes are more pointed and the colour is darker. The larva resembles the adult in shape.Mating behavior has been described for A. japonicus (Kawamichi and Ueda 1998) and probably is similar for A. davidianus. In the reproductive season, which appears to fall in August-September, the male occupies a breeding cavity, which he aggressively guards against intruders. Females enter the cavity and leave it directly after spawning. The male fertilizes the eggs and guards them until they hatch after about 50-60 days.
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Relation to Humans ( 英語 )

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The Giant Salamander is considered to be a delicacy and collected for culinary and commercial purposes. Captive breeding has proved to be possible. Breeding farms were established in Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi and other provinces since the early 1970s (Liu and Liu 1998) but there are insufficient data about the results. It is doubtful if commercial farming will be able to alleviate the pressure on natural populations. Breeding has been achieved in Europe (Haker 1997). The European experience and the Japanese results with Andrias japonicus could help Chinese farms to improve their results.
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 19.9 years (captivity) Observations: Considering the longevity of similar species, it is possible that the maximum lifespan of these animals is considerably underestimated.
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Biology ( 英語 )

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This giant amphibian is generally active at night, when it relies on smell and touch to locate its prey. It lives in muddy, dark rock crevices along riverbanks and feeds on fish, smaller salamanders, worms, insects, crayfish and snails, catching them with a rapid sideways snap of the mouth (2) (5). Like other amphibians, this salamander has smooth skin that lacks scales. The moist skin acts as a respiratory surface, where oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide is released (4). Mating behaviour has been described for the Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) and is probably similar for the Chinese giant salamander (4). Reproduction appears to take place from late August to September, when hundreds of individuals congregate at nest sites (4) (6). Males occupy breeding cavities which are aggressively guarded against intruders (6). Males compete viciously, with many dying from injuries (6). Females enter the cavities, lay between 400 and 500 eggs that are held together like a thread of beads and then leave immediately (4) (6). The male fertilises the eggs, and protect them from predators such as fish, until they hatch 12 to 15 weeks later in the early spring (4) (7). The larvae are only three centimetres long and resemble adults in shape. As larvae they do have gills, and though they lose them quite early in life, they never fully lose all larval characteristics. Both the Chinese and Japanese giant salamanders are long lived, with one specimen in captivity living for 52 years (4).
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Conservation ( 英語 )

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The Chinese giant salamander is now protected from international trade by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) (3). Since the 1980s, 14 nature reserves, with a total area of more than 355,000 hectares, have been established for the conservation of the Chinese giant salamander (7). This includes the a huge 99,975 hectare area of Mount Wuyi, China was designated as a World Heritage Site in 1999, dedicated to conserving this biodiverse region, including the habitat of this salamander (8). The surrounding area has a growing population and the establishment of this reserve will protect many species. However, there are still concerns that development around the reserve, and tourism plans within the reserve will place pressure on Mount Wuyi's rich resources, healthy rivers and habitats. Conservation efforts to protect this habitat and other areas where the ancient Chinese giant salamander is found are essential for the survival of this species and many others (8).
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Description ( 英語 )

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The Chinese giant salamander is the largest salamander in the world, and is fully aquatic, with many adaptations for this lifestyle. It grows up to 1.8 metres in length, though most individuals found today are considerably smaller (2). The skin is dark brown, black or greenish in colour and irregularly blotched. It is also rough, wrinkled and porous which facilitates respiration through the skin as this large amphibian lacks gills (4). This species has an elongated body, and two pairs of legs which are roughly similar in size. The snout is less rounded than that of the related Japanese giant salamander and the tail is a little longer and broader. Both species have tubercles on the head and throat, though their arrangement is different. The Chinese species has small, paired tubercles arranged in rows parallel with the lower jaw, while the Japanese species' tubercles are mostly single and irregularly scattered (4). The eyes are tiny, with no eyelids, and positioned on top of the broad, flat head, providing the salamander with poor vision (5).
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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The Chinese giant salamander inhabits cold, fast running mountain streams and lakes, occupying hollows and cavities under water (4).
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Range ( 英語 )

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This species occurs in the mountain streams of China, below 1,500 metres above sea level in the tributaries of the Pearl, Yellow and Yangtze Rivers (4).
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Status ( 英語 )

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Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1), and listed on Appendix I of CITES (3).
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Threats ( 英語 )

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This species is threatened by hunting, as its flesh is considered a delicacy in Asia. Other threats include habitat alteration and loss; deforestation causes soil erosion and increased runoff and silting in rivers. The building of dams in China over the years has also changed the natural river flow in some areas where the Chinese giant salamander is found. Local pesticides, fertilizers and pollutants are also thought to affect the health of this amphibian, though little research has been conducted. Symptoms of these recent threats include the lower numbers of Chinese giant salamander recorded, smaller populations and also smaller individuals (4).
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Sourd meur Sina ( 布列塔尼語 )

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lang="br" dir="ltr">

Sourd meur Sina (Andrias davidianus) a zo un divelfenneg lostek hag a vev e Sina. Ar spesad sourd brasañ er bed eo pa c'hell tapout tost da 180 cm.

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Salamandra gegant de la Xina ( 加泰隆語 )

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La salamandra gegant de la Xina (Andrias davidianus), 大鯢 o 娃娃鱼 (xinès), és un amfibi de l'ordre dels urodels. Actualment és l'amfibi més gran del món.

Distribució i hàbitat

Aquesta espècie és endèmica dels rierols d'aigua clara del curs alt de les zones boscoses i muntanyenques de l'est de la Xina.[2] Actualment es troba també a basses i estanys a causa de la introducció artificial. Prefereix els fons rocallosos, amb còdols grans, on li agrada amagar-se.

La salamandra gegant de la Xina és un animal mencionat a la literatura xinesa, al Cihai 辭海 / 辞海 (xinès), "Mar de les paraules". Tot i que es troba oficialment sota protecció oficial del govern de la Xina, aquesta salamandra gegant és una espècie severament amenaçada en el seu hàbitat natural a causa de la pèrdua i destrucció d'hàbitat i també a causa de la sobreexplotació. Es pesca sovint perquè es considera un àpat molt delicat a la cuina de la Xina i perquè es fa servir en la medicina tradicional xinesa.

Descripció i costums

És un animal gran i aplanat, que pot arribar als 180 cm de llargada i els 60 kg. de pes, tot i que ara pocs individus arriben a superar els 120 cm. Té un cap gran, amb forma de pala. Els ulls són petits i la pell arrugada, formant ondulacions als flancs de l'animal. La cua és aplanada lateralment. El seu cos és marró amb taques fosques, camuflant la salamandra gegant perfectament al seu entorn natural. El ventre té una coloració grisenca.

És un animal plenament aquàtic, tot i que té cames. Viu al fons de l'aigua reposant amb el ventre sobre les pedres i no puja gaire a la superfície. És un animal nocturn i lent, de moviments ponderats. Normalment levita damunt del fons, ajudant-se amb les cames per caminar i estabilitzar-se. En cas d'emergéncia pot nedar prou eixeridament amb moviments poderosos de la cua per distàncies curtes fins que ha trobat refugi o jutja que ha pasat el perill. Menja preferentment peixos, cucs, granotes i crancs de riu.

La femella pon uns 500 ous que són vigilats per el mascle.[2] Les larves eixen passats uns dos mesos i fan 3 cm de llargada al moment de l'eclosió. Duen brànquies externes i s'alimenten preferentment de petits invertebrats.

La salamandra gegant de la Xina és un animal que suporta bé la captivitat, vivint fins a uns 60 anys en condicions favorables, però és pròpia d'aigües fredes i no pot tolerar temperatures altes.

A Dahugou, Mongòlia Interior, s'han trobat fòssils vells de 165 millions d'anys dels avantpassats d'aquesta espècie.[3]

Referències

  1. Amphibian Species of the World - Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871)
  2. 2,0 2,1 «Andrias davidianus» (en anglès). IUCN Red List. Liang Gang, Geng Baorong, Zhao Ermi. 2004.. [Consulta: 24 abril 2015].
  3. Salamandra gegant fòssil (anglès)
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Salamandra gegant de la Xina: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

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La salamandra gegant de la Xina (Andrias davidianus), 大鯢 o 娃娃鱼 (xinès), és un amfibi de l'ordre dels urodels. Actualment és l'amfibi més gran del món.

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Salamandr Mawr Tsieina ( 威爾斯語 )

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Salamandr mwyaf y byd yw Salamandr Mawr Tsieina (Andrias davidianus).

Cyfeiriadau

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Salamandr Mawr Tsieina: Brief Summary ( 威爾斯語 )

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Salamandr mwyaf y byd yw Salamandr Mawr Tsieina (Andrias davidianus).

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Velemlok čínský ( 捷克語 )

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Velemlok čínský (Andrias davidianus) je největší mlok na světě. Dosahuje výjimečně délky až 180 cm. Žije v čínských potocích a jezerech. Je pokládán za kriticky ohrožený druh, protože ubývá jeho přirozeného prostředí.

Popis

Velemlok čínský má velkou hlavu a malé oči. Je zbarven do černé barvy. Živí se hmyzem, žábami a rybami. Má velmi špatný zrak, ale má smyslový orgán, táhnoucí se od hlavy až k ocasu a je citlivý na jakékoli vibrace. Průměrný velemlok čínský váží 25-30 kg a měří 1,15 m. Samice kladou až 500 vajíček, která uchovávají v dutinách. Podobný je velemlok japonský.

Chov v zoo

Velemlok čínský je v zajetí vidět jen na pár místech na světě: pět velemloků je v USA (Zoo Atlanta, Cincinnati Zoo, Saint Louis Zoological Park). Další jsou také v několika čínských parcích a zoologických zahradách.[2] V Evropě je podle databáze Zootierliste chován v pouhých jedenácti zoo. V Česku je k vidění v Zoo Praha, kde mají tato zvířata vlastní pavilon.

Chov v Zoo Praha

Zoo Praha chovala tento druh již v letech 1952–2001, ale zvířata byla umístěna na Přírodovědecké fakultě UK. Současní jedinci byli přivezeni v letech 2012 až 2014. Někteří z nich pocházeli z chovné stanice v Koreji, další ze zoo v rakouském Schmidingu či z německého Berlina.[3] Na počátku roku 2018 tak bylo v zoo chováno 18 jedinců[4], včetně samce Karla, největšího velemloka v Evropě.[5]

Velemloky je možné vidět ve speciálním samostatném pavilonu Velemlokárium v dolní části zoo, který nemá ve světě obdoby. Stavba za 23,6 mil. Kč probíhala v letech 2012–2014. Ke slavnostnímu otevření došlo 31. května 2014. V pavilonu je snaha představit biotop a oblast výskytu tohoto druhu, a tak je součástí pavilonu i expozice pro chřestýšovce mangšanské a želvy dlaždicovité, které vystavuje Zoo Praha jako jediná v Evropě. Zároveň je poukázáno na inspiraci Karla Čapka těmito obojživelníky, když psal Válku s mloky. Tento literární počin je možné si v pavilonu poslechnout v audioverzi namluvené Jiřím Lábusem.[6]

Galerie

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
  2. Strange Animals - Chinese giant salamander
  3. Velemlok čínský - lexikon zvířat. www.zoopraha.cz [online]. [cit. 2018-04-16]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  4. Zoo Praha – přehledy chovaných druhů, 2018
  5. Novinky.cz - Zoo Praha ukáže největšího velemloka v Evropě
  6. Velemlokárium. Zoo Praha. Dostupné online [cit. 2018-04-16]. (česky)

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Velemlok čínský: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

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Velemlok čínský (Andrias davidianus) je největší mlok na světě. Dosahuje výjimečně délky až 180 cm. Žije v čínských potocích a jezerech. Je pokládán za kriticky ohrožený druh, protože ubývá jeho přirozeného prostředí.

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Chinesischer Riesensalamander ( 德語 )

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Der Chinesische Riesensalamander (Andrias davidianus; chinesisch 大鯢 / 大鲵, Pinyin dàní – „Großer Salamander“ bzw. 娃娃鱼, wáwayú – „Babyfisch“) ist das größte rezente Amphibium der Welt und damit auch der größte heute vorkommende Schwanzlurch.

Vorkommen

Andrias davidianus ist in China in kühlen bis kalten, sehr sauberen Fließgewässer im Einzugsgebiet des Jangtsekiang verbreitet.[1] Tagsüber verbirgt er sich unter Felsen, Gehölzen oder Unterspülungen.

Merkmale

Chinesische Riesensalamander sind massiv gebaute Tiere mit stark abgeflachtem Körperbau und einem breiten seitlich abgeflachten Schwanz. Adulte Exemplare erreichen meist eine Gesamtlänge von etwa einem Meter und ein Gewicht von über 10 Kilogramm, es liegen aber Berichte über bis zu 180 Zentimeter lange Individuen mit einem Gewicht von über 60 kg vor.[2] Auf der dunkelbraunen bis schwarzen oder grünlichen Grundfärbung der Tiere liegen unregelmäßige Flecken, Punkte oder eine Marmorierung. Die Haut ist rau mit zahlreichen Poren, Falten und meist paarigen kleinen Knötchen.

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Kopf eines etwa 30 Jahre alten Tieres. Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe

Der Kopf ist stark abgeflacht und breit mit einem breiten Maul. Die kleinen runden Nasenöffnungen liegen nah beieinander und knapp über der Oberlippe an den Ecken der stumpfen Schnauze. Die Augen sind sehr klein, lidlos und sitzen an den oberen äußeren Kanten des Kopfes. Hinter ihnen liegt ein rundlicher Schläfenvorsprung. Das Maul weist eine dünne Unterlippenfalte auf, die etwa auf halber Höhe zwischen den Nasenöffnungen und den Augen beginnt und bis zu den Maulwinkeln verläuft. Im Maul liegt eine große Zunge; Zähne sitzen in einem großen Bogen am Zwischenkieferbein, Oberkiefer sowie in einem parallel verlaufenden Bogen am Pflugscharbein zwischen den Choanenöffnungen. Der Rumpf ist etwas weniger stark abgeflacht als der Kopf und hat etwa 15 Rippenfurchen und eine Furche entlang des Rückens. Vom Kopf bis zum Schwanz verläuft eine ausgeprägte, seitlich abstehende Hautfalte. Die Beine sind kurz und ebenfalls abgeflacht. Die Vorderbeine haben vier, die Hinterbeine fünf Zehen.[3] Der Schwanz macht etwa sechs Zehntel der Körperlänge aus und ist seitlich abgeflacht mit einem umlaufenden Flossensaum, der auf der Rückenseite schon auf dem Rumpf beginnt.[4][5]

Vom Japanischen Riesensalamander (Andrias japonicus) unterscheidet sich die chinesische Art durch die dunklere Färbung, eine weniger abgerundete Schnauze, einen etwas längeren Schwanz und durch die Anordnung der Hautknötchen, die bei ihr kleiner, weniger zahlreich und meist paarig sind. An der Kehle liegen beim chinesischen Riesensalamander sehr kleine Knötchen in Reihen, die parallel zum Unterkiefer verlaufen, während die größeren Hautknötchen der japanischen Art einzeln und unregelmäßig verteilt sind.[4]

Systematik

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Zeichnung von Andrias sligoi aus der Erstbeschreibung

DNA-Vergleiche von Chinesischen Riesensalamandern aus verschiedenen Flusssystemen zeigen, dass sich hinter der Bezeichnung Andrias davidianus drei,[1] fünf,[6] eventuell auch acht verschiedene kryptische Arten verbergen.[7] Da sie nicht an Land gehen, können sich die verschiedenen Populationen nicht miteinander fortpflanzen und sind genetisch voneinander isoliert. In einer im September 2019 veröffentlichten Studie wurde einer dieser Arten als Megalobatrachus sligoi identifiziert, die schon im Jahr 1924 durch den britischen Herpetologen Edward George Boulenger beschrieben wurde,[8] später aber mit Andrias davidianus synonymisiert wurde.[9] Die Art kommt in Südchina im Einzugsbereich des Perlflusses vor und hat jetzt den wissenschaftlichen Namen Andrias sligoi. Eine weitere sicher als eigenständige Art identifizierte Population kommt in den Gewässern des Huang-Shan-Gebirges vor und ist noch unbeschrieben. Die in China vorkommenden verschiedenen Arten der Riesensalamander haben sich vor 3,1 bis 2,4 Millionen Jahren evolutionär voneinander getrennt, als es in China zu einer verstärkten Gebirgsbildung kam.[1]

Lebensweise

Der Chinesische Riesensalamander ernährt sich von Fischen, anderen Amphibien, Krebsen, Garnelen und auch von Aas. Zur Fortpflanzung setzen Weibchen zwei Eistränge mit jeweils rund 500 Eiern ab. Die Befruchtung erfolgt äußerlich. Erst nach zwei bis zweieinhalb Monaten schlüpfen aus den von den Männchen bewachten Eiern etwa drei Zentimeter lange Larven. Die Geschlechtsreife tritt frühestens im fünften Lebensjahr ein. In zoologischen Gärten erreichen Chinesische Riesensalamander Lebensalter von über 60 Jahren.

Riesensalamander und Mensch

Der Chinesische Riesensalamander und der Japanische Riesensalamander (Andrias japonicus) sind die letzten rezenten Arten dieser Gattung. Beide stehen unter strengstem internationalen Schutz und dürfen nicht gehandelt werden (Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen, Anhang I). Neben der Zerstörung der natürlichen Lebensräume besteht die größte Bedrohung direkt durch den Menschen. Riesensalamander gelten in China als Delikatesse und ihre Körperteile spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der traditionellen Chinesischen Medizin bei der Behandlung von Anämie.[10] Die Art ist in der Volksrepublik China offiziell geschützt (in Zhangjiajie im Norden der Provinz Hunan wurde ein staatliches Naturschutzgebiet für den Chinesischen Riesensalamander eingerichtet, daneben gibt es mehrere weitere auf anderen Verwaltungsebenen). Heute ist der Chinesische Riesensalamander akut vom Aussterben bedroht.[11]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Samuel T. Turvey, Melissa M. Marr, Ian Barnes, Selina Brace, Benjamin Tapley, Robert W. Murphy, Ermi Zhao and Andrew A. Cunningham. 2019. Historical Museum Collections Clarify the Evolutionary History of Cryptic Species Radiation in the World's Largest Amphibians. Ecology and Evolution. doi:10.1002/ece3.5257
  2. Cihai („Meer der Wörter“), Shanghai cishu chubanshe, Shanghai 2002, ISBN 7-5326-0839-5, S. 272.
  3. Dai Qiang, Wang Yuezhao, Liang Gang: Conservation Status of Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus). Hrsg.: Chinese Academy of Sciences. (englisch, Volltext bei Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fond [PDF; 2,6 MB]). Volltext bei Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fond (Memento des Originals vom 13. September 2012 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.cepf.net
  4. a b Beschreibung bei Amphibiaweb
  5. Beschreibung bei Edgeofexistence
  6. Zhi-Qiang Liang, Wei-Tao Chen, Deng-Qiang Wang, Shu-Huan Zhang, Chong-Rui Wang, Shun-Ping He, Yuan-An Wu, Ping He, Jiang Xie, Chuan-Wu Li, Juha Merilä, Qi-Wei Wei (2019). Phylogeographic patterns and conservation implications of the endangered Chinese giant salamander. Ecology and Evolution, 9(7): 3879- 3890. doi: 10.1002/ece3.5014
  7. Fang Yan, Jingcai Lü, Baolin Zhang, Zhiyong Yuan, Haipeng Zhao, Song Huang, Gang Wei, Xue Mi, Dahu Zou, Wei Xu, Shu Chen, Jie Wang, Feng Xie, Minyao Wu, Hanbin Xiao, Zhiqiang Liang, Jieqiong Jin, Shifang Wu, CunShuan Xu, Benjamin Tapley, Samuel T. Turvey, Theodore J. Papenfuss, Andrew A. Cunningham, Robert W. Murphy, Yaping Zhang, Jing Che. The Chinese giant salamander exemplifies the hidden extinction of cryptic species. Current Biology, 2018; 28 (10): R590 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.004
  8. Boulenger, E. G. (1924). On a new giant salamander, living in the Society's gardens. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1924, 173–174.
  9. Thorn, R. (1968). Les salamanders d'Europe, Asie et d'Afrique du Nord. Paris, France: Paul Lechevalier.
  10. Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871). In: Salamanders of China LifeDesk. Abgerufen am 26. Juli 2014 (englisch).
  11. Samuel T. Turvey, Shu Chen, Benjamin Tapley, Gang Wei, Feng Xie, Fang Yan, Jian Yang, Zhiqiang Liang, Haifeng Tian, Minyao Wu, Sumio Okada, Jie Wang, Jingcai Lü, Feng Zhou, Sarah K. Papworth, Jay Redbond, Thomas Brown, Jing Che, Andrew A. Cunningham. Imminent extinction in the wild of the world’s largest amphibian. Current Biology, 2018; 28 (10): R592 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.005
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Chinesischer Riesensalamander: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

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Der Chinesische Riesensalamander (Andrias davidianus; chinesisch 大鯢 / 大鲵, Pinyin dàní – „Großer Salamander“ bzw. 娃娃鱼, wáwayú – „Babyfisch“) ist das größte rezente Amphibium der Welt und damit auch der größte heute vorkommende Schwanzlurch.

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Salamander Raksasa Cina ( Bjn )

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Salamander Raksasa Cina

Salamander Raksasa Cina (andrias davidianus) salamander satua nang ganal wan panjangnya hingkat sampai 165 sinti, asalnya matan Cina.

Cirinya

Salamander kapalanya ganal, matanya halus, bakulimbit, kadap wan lirut. Hidupnya di batang banyu di gunung-gunung, tabanyak ada dalam guha. Makanannya kararangga, linut wan iwak. Mata salamander kada pati baik, bagantung banar lawan banda nodus sensoris nang ada di dahinya, gasan maitihi napa haja nang bagarak di hadapannya.

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Salamander Raksasa Cina: Brief Summary ( Bjn )

由wikipedia emerging_languages提供
 src= Salamander Raksasa Cina

Salamander Raksasa Cina (andrias davidianus) salamander satua nang ganal wan panjangnya hingkat sampai 165 sinti, asalnya matan Cina.

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Chinese giant salamander ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is one of the largest salamanders and one of the largest amphibians in the world.[4] It is fully aquatic, and is endemic to rocky mountain streams and lakes in the Yangtze river basin of central China. Either it or a close relative has been introduced to Kyoto Prefecture in Japan and to Taiwan.[4][5] It is considered critically endangered in the wild due to habitat loss, pollution, and overcollection, as it is considered a delicacy and used in traditional Chinese medicine. On farms in central China, it is extensively farmed and sometimes bred, although many of the salamanders on the farms are caught in the wild.[6] It has been listed as one of the top-10 "focal species" in 2008 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered project.

The Chinese giant salamander is considered to be a "living fossil".[7] Although protected under Chinese law and CITES Appendix I,[1] the wild population has declined by more than an estimated 80% since the 1950s.[8] Although traditionally recognized as one of two living species of Andrias salamander in Asia, the other being the Japanese giant salamander, evidence indicates that the Chinese giant salamander may be composed of at least five cryptic species, further compounding each individual species' endangerment.[9]

Taxonomy

Image showing the anatomy of Chinese giant salamander

The correct scientific name of this species has been argued to be Andrias scheuchzeri (in which case Andrias davidianus would be a junior synonym) – a name otherwise restricted to an extinct species described from Swiss fossils.[10] It has also been given the moniker of "living fossil" for being part of the family Cryptobranchidae which dates back 170 million years.[7] It is one of only five to six known extant species of the family, the others being the slightly smaller, but otherwise very similar Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus), the slightly larger South China giant salamander (A. sligoi), the Jiangxi giant salamander (Andrias jiangxiensis), an undescribed Andrias species from eastern China, and the far smaller North American hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis).[5][11]

A 2018 study of mitochondrial DNA revealed that there are five wild clades of the Chinese giant salamander, as well as two only known from captives (their possible wild range was previously unknown). They diverged from each other 4.71–10.25 million years ago and should possibly be recognized as cryptic species. Despite this deep divergence, they can hybridize among each other, and also with the Japanese giant salamander.[9] One of these clades was identified in 2019 as Andrias sligoi, a species described in 1924 by Edward George Boulenger and later synonymized with A. davidianus, with the study supporting its revival as a distinct taxon. Another as-of-yet undescribed species was also identified that formerly inhabited rivers originating from the Huangshan mountains in eastern China.[11] In 2022, one of the captive-only clades was described as Andrias jiangxiensis, and was found to have maintained genetically pure wild populations in Jiangxi Province, in contrast to most of the other clades.[12]

Description

It has a large head, small eyes and dark wrinkly skin. Its flat, broad head has a wide mouth, round, lidless eyes, and a line of paired tubercles that run around its head and throat.[13] Its color is typically dark brown with a mottled or speckled pattern, but it can also be other brownish tones, dark reddish, or black. Albinos, which are white or orange, have been recorded.[14] All species of giant salamanders produce a sticky, white skin secretion that repels predators.[5]

The average adult salamander weighs 25–30 kg (55–66 lb) and is 1.15 m (3.8 ft) in length.[15] It can reach up to 50 kg (110 lb) in weight and 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length, making it the second-largest amphibian species,[4][7] after the South China giant salamander (Andrias sligoi).[16] The longest recently documented Chinese giant salamander, kept at a farm in Zhangjiajie, was 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in 2007.[5] At 59 kg (130 lb), both this individual, and a 1.4 m (4.6 ft) long, 52 kg (114 lb) individual found in a remote cave in Chongqing in December 2015, surpassed the species' typically reported maximum weight.[5][17]

The giant salamander is known to vocalize, making barking, whining, hissing, or crying sounds.[18] Some of these vocalizations bear a striking resemblance to the crying of a young human child, and as such, it is known in the Chinese language as the "infant fish" (娃娃鱼 / 鲵 - Wáwáyú/ ní).[19]

Behavior

Feeding

The Chinese giant salamander has been recorded feeding on insects, millipedes, horsehair worms, amphibians (both frogs and salamanders), freshwater crabs, shrimp, fish (such as Saurogobio and Cobitis) and Asiatic water shrew.[5] Presumably ingested by mistake, plant material and gravel have also been found in their stomachs. Cannibalism is frequent; in a study of 79 specimens from the QinlingDabashan range, the stomach content of five included remains of other Chinese giant salamanders and this made up 28% of the combined weight of all food items in the study.[5] The most frequent items in the same study were freshwater crabs (found in 19 specimens), which made up 23% of the combined weight of all food items.[5]

It has very poor eyesight, so it depends on special sensory nodes that run in a line on the body from head to tail. It is capable of sensing the slightest vibrations around it with the help of these nodes.[20] Based on a captive study, most activity is from the earlier evening to the early night.[5] Most individuals stop feeding at water temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) and feeding ceases almost entirely at 28 °C (82 °F). Temperatures of 35 °C (95 °F) are lethal to Chinese giant salamanders.[5]

Adult Chinese giant salamanders and maturing Chinese giant salamanders with nonexistent or shrinking gill slits have developed a system for bidirectional flow suction feeding under water. They start by moving to their prey very slowly, then once close enough to them the Chinese giant salamander abruptly gapes its mouth open. The gaping motion of their mouth causes a great increase in the velocity of the water straight ahead of them compared to water coming in from the sides of their mouth. This is possible because of their large, wide, and flat upper and lower jaws. This process causes the prey to shoot back into their mouths as well as a copious amount of water. They then close their mouths, but leave a small gap between their upper and lower lips so that the captured water can escape.[21]

The Chinese giant salamander catches its prey on land with an asymmetrical bite, in such a way that the force created by their jaws will be maximized in the anterior region where their prey is located. After capture they use their bite to subdue and kill their prey, both on land and in water. They are missing a bone which usually lies along the upper cheek region of most salamanders, this gives them a much stronger bite force. The bite force of the adult Chinese giant salamander is much stronger than the bite force of the maturing Chinese giant salamander, this is due to differences in cranial structure. [22]

Chinese giant salamanders esophaguses are made up of four different layers, one of which being a strong muscular tissue used to help move food through to the stomach. The outer most layer has ciliated cells that move mucous from mucous glands over the surface of the esophagus to lubricate it and reduce friction from large foods such as whole crabs. The ciliated structure and flexibility of the Chinese giant salamander's esophagus is hypothesized to be the reason why it is capable of swallowing such large foods.[23]

Chinese giant salamanders are also capable of fasting for several years if they need too. This is possible because of their metabolic reserves as well as their liver, which is capable of up regulating and down regulating certain proteins according to how long they have been fasting for.[24]

Breeding and lifecycle

A 30-year-old giant salamander in a German zoo

Both sexes maintain a territory, averaging 40 m3 (1,400 cu ft) for males and 30 m3 (1,100 cu ft) for females.[5] The reproductive cycle is initiated when the water temperature reaches 20 °C (68 °F)[5] and mating occurs between July and September.[25] The female lays 400–500 eggs in an underwater breeding cavity, which is guarded by the male until the eggs hatch after 50–60 days.[4] They have a variety of different courtship displays including knocking bellies, leaning side-to-side, riding, mouth-to-mouth posturing, chasing, rolling over, inviting, and cohabiting.[26] When laid, the eggs measure 7–8 mm (0.28–0.31 in) in diameter, but they increase to about double that size by absorbing water. When hatching, the larvae are about 3 cm (1.2 in) long and external gills remain until a length of about 20 cm (8 in) at an age of 3 years.[5]The external gills start to slowly decrease in size around 9 to 16 months, the rate of this phenomenon occurs in relation to the rate of dissolved oxygen, breeding density, water temperatures, and individual differences.[27] Maturity is reached at an age of 5 to 6 years and a length of 40–50 cm (16–20 in).[5] The maximum age reached by Chinese giant salamanders is unknown, but it is at least 60 years based on captive individuals.[5] Undocumented claims have been made of 200-year-old Chinese giant salamanders, but these are considered unreliable.[28]

Distribution and habitat

The Chinese giant salamander species complex comprises five clades, with multiple possibly worthy of species recognition. Their native ranges differ, but release of Chinese giant salamanders from captivity has complicated this picture. They were widespread in central, south-western and southern China, although their range is now highly fragmented.[1] Their range spans the area from Qinghai east to Jiangsu and south to Sichuan, Guangxi and Guangdong; notably in the basins of the Yangtze, Yellow and Pearl Rivers.[4] One is from the Pearl River basin (at least in Guangxi), two from the Yellow River basin, one from the Yangtze River basin (at least in Chongqing and Guizhou) and the final from the Qiantang River (at least in Anhui). Two additional clades were only known from captivity (their wild range is unknown) and no samples are available for the population in the Tibetan Plateau.[9] A 2019 study has identified that the Yangtze River clade comprises the "true" A. davidianus, the Pearl River clade comprises A. sligoi, and the Qiantang clade comprises the undescribed Huangshan Mountains species. A 2022 study identified one of the two clades known only from captivity as A. jiangxiensis, found in the wild only in Jiangxi Province.

Finds in Taiwan may be the result of introduction.[1] Chinese giant salamanders have been introduced to the Kyoto Prefecture in Japan where they present a threat to the native Japanese giant salamander, as the two hybridize.[5]

The Chinese giant salamander is entirely aquatic and lives in rocky hill streams and lakes with clear water.[4] It typically lives in dark muddy or rocky crevices along the banks.[25] It is usually found in forested regions at altitudes of 100 to 1,500 m (300 to 4,900 ft),[1] with most records between 300 and 800 m (1,000 and 2,600 ft).[4] There is an isolated population at an altitude of 4,200 m (13,800 ft) in Qinghai (Tibetan Plateau), but its taxonomic position is uncertain and the site likely does not support giant salamanders anymore due to pollution.[29]

The salamanders prefer to live in streams of small width (on average, 6.39 m or 21 ft across), quick flow, and little depth (on average, 1.07 m or 3 ft 6 in deep).[30] Water temperature varies depending on season, with typical range at low elevation sites being from 10 to 25 °C (50 to 77 °F) and at high elevation sites from 3 to 20 °C (37 to 68 °F).[5] Although they prefer to have quick flow in the stream, the burrows in which they lay their eggs often have much slower flow. Furthermore, their habitat often possesses very rocky, irregular stream beds with a lot of gravel and small rocks as well as some vegetation.[30] Chinese giant salamanders are also known from subterranean rivers.[5] As populations in aboveground rivers and lakes are more vulnerable to poaching, there are some parts of China where only the subterranean populations remain.[31]

In captivity

Farming

Farm of the Chinese giant salamander, often wild larva are taken for hatching in farms, which contributes to population decline

Very large numbers are being farmed in China, but most of the breeding stock are either wild-caught or first-generation captive-bred.[32] This is partially explained by the fact that the industry is relatively new, but some farms have also struggled to produce second-generation captive-bred offspring.[6] Registrations showed that 2.6 million Chinese giant salamanders were kept in farms in 2011 in Shaanxi alone, far surpassing the entire countrywide wild population estimated at less than 50,000 individuals.[32] Shaanxi farms (mainly in the Qinling Mountain region) accounted for about 70% of the total output in China in 2012, but there are also many farms in Guizhou and several in other provinces.[6] Among 43 south Shaanxi farms surveyed, 38 bred the species in 2010 and each produced an average of c. 10,300 larvae that year.[6] Farming of Chinese giant salamanders, herbs and mushrooms are the three most important economic activities in Shaanxi's Qinling Mountain region, and many thousands of families rely on the giant salamander farms for income.[6] The giant salamander farming mainly supplies the food market,[14] but whether this can be achieved to an extent where the pressure on the wild populations is reduced is doubtful.[4] Release of captive-bred Chinese giant salamanders is supported by the government (8,000 were released in Shaanxi in 2011 alone), but represent a potential risk to the remaining wild population, as diseases such as Ranavirus are known from many farms.[32][6] The vast majority of the farmed Chinese giant salamanders, almost 80% based on a study published in 2018, are of Yellow River origin (the so-called haplotype B), although those from other regions also occur. Farms have generally not considered this issue when releasing giant salamanders and Yellow River animals now dominate in some regions outside their original range, further endangering the native types.[9] Additionally, release of untreated wastewater from farms may spread diseases to wild Chinese giant salamanders.[6]

In zoos and aquariums

A Chinese Giant Salamander shown at the London Zoo

As of early 2008, Species360 records show only five individuals held in US zoos (Zoo Atlanta, Cincinnati Zoo, and Saint Louis Zoological Park), and an additional four in European zoos (Dresden Zoo and Rotterdam Zoo);[33] as well as one in the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, where it is also the museum's mascot.[34]

As of 2019, London Zoo holds four individuals (one of them on display) that were seized from an illegal importation of amphibians in 2016.[35] A medium-sized individual, approximately 0.9 m (3 ft) long, was kept for several years at the Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco, California, and is now on display again in the "Water Planet" section of the new California Academy of Sciences building.[36] There are also two in residence at the Los Angeles Zoo. Additional individuals are likely kept in non-Species360 zoos and animals parks in its native China, such as Shanghai Zoo. Several of them are kept in the aquaria of Shanghai and Xian. The Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan in Japan has both a Chinese and a Japanese giant salamander on display, as does the Saitama aquarium in Hanyū, Saitama.

Since May 2014, 33 Chinese giant salamanders, including three adults, have been held in Prague Zoo. The main attraction is the largest individual in Europe, which is 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) long.[37]

Decline in population

Chinese giant salamanders for sale in a restaurant in Hongqiao Town (虹桥镇) in Zhejiang, China for 880 CNY/jin, or about 215 EUR/kg or US$127/lb. Such prices make them an attractive target for poaching.[38]

In the past, the Chinese giant salamander was fairly common and widespread in China.[1] Since the 1950s, the population has declined rapidly due to habitat destruction and overhunting. It has been listed as Critically Endangered in the Chinese Red Book of Amphibians and Reptiles. Despite the Chinese Government listing the salamander as a Class II Protected Species, 100 salamanders are hunted illegally every year in the Hupingshan Natural Nature Reserve alone. Since the 1980s, 14 nature reserves have been established as an effort to conserve the species. Despite this, the population continues to decline with the salamanders becoming increasingly difficult to find. In a recent survey of the species in the Qinghai Province, none were found indicating the population size is at a significantly low number or the species is locally extinct in the province. This is believed to be due to the increased mining in the region.[29]

In recent years populations have also declined with an epizootic Ranavirus infection. The disease causes severe hemorrhaging in both juveniles and adult salamanders. The virus was named the Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV).[39]

Its natural range has suffered in the past few decades due to habitat loss and overharvesting. Consequently, many salamanders are now farmed in mesocosms across China. Furthermore, previously built concrete dams that destroyed the salamander's habitat are now fitted with stairs so that the animal can easily navigate the dam and make it back to its niche.[40]

The Chinese giant salamander is listed as a critically endangered species. It has experienced a drastic population decline, which is estimated to be more than 80% in the last 3 generations and due to human causes. Human consumption is the main threat to the Chinese giant salamander. They are considered to be a luxury food item and source of traditional medicines in China.

Habitat destruction

According to a recent study, 90% of the Chinese giant salamanders' habitat was destroyed by the year 2000,[13] and there are many human-related causes of such massive destruction. Because the salamander dwells in free-flowing streams, industrialization is a large problem for many stream-dwelling species. The construction of dams greatly disturbs their habitat by either causing these streams to dry up or to stand still, thus making it uninhabitable by the salamanders.[13] Siltation also contributes to the degradation of their habitats by soiling the water.[13] Deforestation in areas near the streams can worsen soil erosion and create runoff into the streams as well, which reduces the water quality to a great extent.[13] The reduced water quality makes it much more difficult for the salamanders to absorb oxygen through their skin and can often bring death to those within the species.[13][41]

Water pollution is also a great factor in the habitat destruction of the Chinese giant salamander; the immense decline in their population can be traced to, among the other major problems of over-hunting and failed conservation efforts, the tainting of the water that they live in. Mining activity in particular in areas near their streams often causes runoff that sullies the water, and farming—and all of the pesticides and chemicals that affect the soil that come with it—has a vastly negative effect on the areas near the streams as well.[25] The presence of macronutrients in the streams can also cause algal blooms, which cloud the water and force the temperature to rise.[25] The salamanders reside primarily in very cold underwater cavities and follow a specific nesting requirement, which means that they will only reproduce and care for their eggs in areas such as these, so changes in temperature are incredibly detrimental to their health and well-being as well as to their perpetuation as a species.[25] These algal blooms also deplete the levels of oxygen in the water, and a lesser supply of oxygen can quite easily hold the potential to kill off many members of the dwindling species.[25]

Many efforts have been undertaken to create reserves and faux habitats for the Chinese giant salamander so that they can reproduce without worry of soiled water, but many of these reserves have failed in having a great impact overall due to the massive overhunting of the species. No matter how many members of the species they manage to save through the reserves, the poachers still manage to capture and kill that many more. Although habitat destruction is certainly not assisting in the perpetuation of the species, it is certainly not the biggest obstacle that the Chinese giant salamander faces in its quest to avoid extinction.[13][41]

Climate change

Like other amphibians, the Chinese giant salamander is ectothermic. Most Chinese giant salamanders stop feeding at water temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) and feeding ceases almost entirely at 28 °C (82 °F). Temperatures of 35 °C (95 °F) are lethal to Chinese giant salamanders.[5] As a consequence, the species is vulnerable to global warming.[5]

Overhunting

One of the main reasons that the Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus, has been placed on the critically endangered list by the International Union for Conservation of Nature is overhunting. 75% of native species in China are harvested for food. The salamander is also used for traditional medicinal purposes. In 1989, the Chinese government placed legal protection on the salamander (category II due to its population decline by The Wild Animal Protection Law of China and Appendix I in the Convention of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna.[42][43]).

But the salamander populations have continued to decline. The domestic demand for salamander meat and body parts greatly exceeds what can sustainably be harvested from the wild. Commercial captive breeding operations so far still rely on the regular introduction of new wild-caught breeding adults, because captive-bred animals have proven difficult to mate. In addition, salamander farms would need to increase their yield manifold before the black-market price of poached salamander drop significantly, meaning that a stricter enforcement of anti-poaching law is still very much the future for the Chinese giant salamander.

China's penalty for illegally hunting these creatures is very low and only comes to 50 yuan, or about US$6, which is less than one hundred times the black-market price. Establishments such as restaurants can charge up to US$250–US$400 per kilogram.

A hunting tool known as a bow hook is one of the preferred methods used by hunters to catch the salamander. This hunting tool is made with a combination of bamboo and sharp hooks baited with frogs or smaller fish. This is used to capture the salamander and keep it alive. Some hunters use pesticides to kill the salamander. Farmers often poach wild salamanders to stock their breeding programs, while others are hunted as food.

In a 2018 study, the Zoological Society of London and the Kunming Institute of Zoology in China reported on their surveys for giant salamanders in 16 Chinese provinces over four years. The researchers had been unable to confirm survival of wild salamanders at any of the 97 sites they surveyed.[44] The study also brought up worries that commercial farms and conservation programs were crossbreeding what they described as five distinct species of Chinese giant salamanders.[45] All the wild populations studied were found "critically depleted or extirpated" by the study. A related study found that some of the five distinct genetic lineages were probably already extinct in the wild.[46] However, the exhaustiveness of these surveys was questioned in a 2022 study by Chai et al., who noted that over a third of the surveys had been performed only in Guizhou Province, and another third of the surveys had been performed in provinces that were only selected by habitat suitability modeling and had no actual historic records of giant salamanders. Based on this, the extent of extirpation of Chinese Andrias remains uncertain, especially as a natural population of Andrias jiangxiensis was discovered during the Chai et al. study.[47]

Conservation efforts

To understand the conservation efforts in China, it is important to know something about the events of the several past hundred years of China's history relating to social attitudes, pressures on nature and natural resources, and the political ambition to safeguard the natural environment. Each of these are significant factors and determinants of conservation efforts. Up until the year 1700, China was a country that was rampant with land reclamations, growing land exploitation, and wars. These series of events led to a huge upsurge in the diminishing of the natural biomass and as well as a reduction in spatial distribution of biotic resources. The significance of this situation was that this drastic dwindling of resources made the people of this region aware of the relationship between utilization and conservation. From 1911 to 1949, China began to move into the direction of modern industry, urbanization, civil wars, and agriculture. This transition period brought with it the depletion and disappearance of various renewable resources, as well as the pollution of various biotopes. This lack of conservation eventually led to a deteriorating environment, which meant lower standards of living for the Chinese population. This is the point when both the government and the people of China came to the epiphany that the environment matters. It was not until 1956 that modern nature conservation efforts begin to develop.

The Chinese reforms that preceded this new Chinese perspective on conservation were not only beneficial to the Chinese giant salamander, but all organisms that occupied the natural environment of China. There was a formation of a new administrative system for nature conservation, which came together in the late 1950s. This new structure was able to establish new regulations that aimed at being successful in educating the masses about the value and significance of nature conservation, promoting awareness on the present status of various species, as well as prohibiting anti-conservation efforts such as hunting and trading of protected species such as the Chinese giant salamander. Some examples would be the Environmental Protection Law of 1979, Regulation of Water and Soil Conservation of 1982, Forestry Law of 1985, as well as the Wildlife Conservation Law of 1988. It was during this time period that the Chinese giant salamander was categorized as a category II species. All these species are endangered because their population is declining or their geographic distribution is becoming restricted.

In the midst of all these conservation efforts, in the late 1970s, a program network of nature reserves was established in China. These reserves were established to uphold four major principles.

  • First, is to conserve typical ecosystems and to represent the biotic communities.
  • Second, the reserves are meant to secure rare, endemic, and valuable species, as well as their habitats or breeding locations.
  • Third, these reserves were developed to rescue and regenerate deteriorated or damaged natural ecosystems and habitats of special significance.
  • Finally, the reserves would be created in order to have sanctuaries in areas of special importance, such as seed forests, geological sections, glacial remains, watershed forest, etc.

Many of these reservations were created for the overall protection of all endangered species of China and the conservation of the natural world they occupy. A few more reservations were made specifically with the idea of preserving Chinese giant salamander populations. Beginning in the 1980s, there have been more than 14 nature reserves established for the conservation of the Chinese giant salamander, such as the Zhangjiaje Giant Salamander Nature Reserve, Lushi Giant Salamander Nature Reserve, Qingyaoshan Giant Salamander Nature Reserve, Youyang Giant Salamander Nature Reserve, and the Taibai Giant Salamander Nature Reserve.

Though many efforts have been put forward, very few regulations have actually been enforced. Due to lack of strong influential regulations and lack of funding, the conservation of the Chinese giant salamander has all but failed. They continue to have major decline in their populations due to human intervention of many different sorts. Even nature reserves continue to see diminution of populations. Many of the reserves suffer from the same issues, such as shortage of funding and personnel, poaching, development of tourism, etc. Few believe that even with the major losses already suffered, the situation can still be turned around through proper protection of the Chinese giant salamander habitats, nesting sites, prevention of pollution from surface runoff, banning of certain hunting methods, and an assessment of irrigation work with nature reserves. Some believe that there also need to be more surveys carried out that institutes the conservation status and demography of the salamander, as well as having a holistic view of the life history of this species. Others say that a public information campaign is needed to better educate local inhabitants.[42][43] [48]

Construction has begun on the largest artificial breeding and protection base for the endangered giant salamander in China. The base in Jing'an County, in the eastern province of Jiangxi, will breed the amphibians for scientific research, the traditional Chinese medicine industry and for exhibition in aquariums. Located in the Sanzhaolun Forest Park, the 10.83 million yuan (1.35 million U.S. dollars) project is intended to breed 60,000 giant salamanders annually when it is completed by the end of next year. The base, covering 10,000 square meters, would boost efforts to save the world's largest amphibian from extinction, said Li Xinfa, head of the Jing'an County Giant Salamander Research Center. The number of wild giant salamanders has declined rapidly due to their value as a source of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients and as food, and due to poaching, loss of habitat and pollution. It is included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species meaning commercial international trade in wild specimens is prohibited, and it is under state protection in China. EDGE (Evolutionarily Distinct & Globally Endangered) aims to ensure the future of this salamander by helping to create an environmental education programme encouraging sustainable management of wild populations.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrias davidianus.
Wikispecies has information related to Andrias davidianus.

References

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  28. ^ Bittel, J. (16 December 2015). "This Giant Salamander Isn't 200 Years Old, But It's Still Super Rare". National Geographic.
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  42. ^ a b Meng, Y. (2012). "Genetic diversity of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) based on the novel microsatellite markers". Russian Journal of Genetics. 48 (12): 1227–1231. doi:10.1134/s102279541212006x. S2CID 15179900.
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Chinese giant salamander: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

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The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is one of the largest salamanders and one of the largest amphibians in the world. It is fully aquatic, and is endemic to rocky mountain streams and lakes in the Yangtze river basin of central China. Either it or a close relative has been introduced to Kyoto Prefecture in Japan and to Taiwan. It is considered critically endangered in the wild due to habitat loss, pollution, and overcollection, as it is considered a delicacy and used in traditional Chinese medicine. On farms in central China, it is extensively farmed and sometimes bred, although many of the salamanders on the farms are caught in the wild. It has been listed as one of the top-10 "focal species" in 2008 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered project.

The Chinese giant salamander is considered to be a "living fossil". Although protected under Chinese law and CITES Appendix I, the wild population has declined by more than an estimated 80% since the 1950s. Although traditionally recognized as one of two living species of Andrias salamander in Asia, the other being the Japanese giant salamander, evidence indicates that the Chinese giant salamander may be composed of at least five cryptic species, further compounding each individual species' endangerment.

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Ĉina giganta salamandro ( 世界語 )

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Ĉinaj gigantaj salamandroj (Andrias davidianus) vendotaj en restoracio de Ĝeĝjango, Ĉinio. Ili estas en la luksa manĝokomerco kaj faras ilin alloga celo por ŝtelĉasado.[1]

La ĉina giganta salamandro (Megalobatrachus davidianusAndrias davidianus) estas amfibio el la ordo de urodeloj kaj familio de kriptobranĥedoj en la genro Andrias, kiu troviĝas en la norda, suda kaj sudokcidenta partoj de Ĉinio.

Ĝi estas la plej granda el la amfibioj en Ĉinio kaj en la mondo. Ĝi longas unu metron, maksimume 2 metrojn kaj pezas 40-50 kilogramojn. Ĝi havas platan kaj larĝan kapon, grandan buŝon, multajn malmolajn segilformajn dentojn sur la makzeloj, malgrandajn okulojn, platan kaj dikan korpon kaj verukoj sur la ventro kaj dorso, mallongajn kaj dikajn membrojn kun kvar dorso, mallongajn kaj dikajn membrojn kun kvar fingroj sur ĉiu antaŭa membro kaj kvin membrane interligitaj piedfingroj sur ĉiu malantaŭa membro, kaj longan kaj platan voston. Ordinare ĝi estas bruna kun nigraj makuloj sur la dorso kaj ĝia ventro helbruna aŭ blanka. La koloro varias laŭ medio. La haŭto estas glata kaj malseketa kun glueca sekreciaĵo. Ĝia krio similas al ploro de bebo, pro tio ĝi nomiĝas ankaŭ beba fiŝo.

La ĉina giganta salamandro vivas en klaraj kaj malaltteperaturaj montriveretoj 200-1 000 metrojn super la marnivelo. Tage ĝi sin kaŝas en kavernoj kaj nokte aktivadas unuope. Ĝi estas feroca kaj karnovora. Ĝi nutras sin ĉefe per salikokoj, kraboj, fiŝoj, ranoj, serpentoj, musoj, birdoj k.a. Por kapti nutraĵon, nokte ĝi atendas kun pacienco ĉe la bordo. Kiam ĝi trovas celaĵon, ĝi tuj atakas kaj englutas ĝin. Ĝi havas fortan digestadon kaj eltenemon kontraŭ malsato. Longtempa malsato ne povas rimarkeble perdigi ĝian korpopezon. Ĝi vintrodormas de novembro ĝis la venonta aprilo. La salamandrino demetas ĉiufoje pli ol 300 ovojn ĉenformajn en majo kaj junio. La kovado daŭras tri semajnojn. La novnaskito manĝas nur vegetalojn kaj post du jaroj ĝi ekprenas akvajn insektojn, salikoketojn kaj krabetojn. Ĝi kreskas malrapide. Tri-jara ĝi longas nur 20 cm. kaj maturiĝas post kvin jaroj.

Ĉe homoj

La ĉina giganta salamandro havas altan ekonomian valoron. Pro grandkvanta kaptado ĝi jam alproksimiĝas al pereo en nemalmultaj lokoj, tial nepre necesas severa protektado al ĝi.

La granda, tute akvoloĝanta Ĉina giganta salamandro, specio kiu estis malpliiĝanta draste ĉefe pro persekutado kiel nutrofonto kaj por tradicia medicino, estas indiĝena de la basenoj de la Flava Rivero kaj de aliaj ĉinaj riveroj. Ĝi estas bredata en grandaj nombroj en kelkaj partoj de Ĉinio kaj genetikaj studoj montris, ke la kaptita salamandraro estas ĉefe indiĝena de la baseno de la Flava Rivero. Ĉar tiuj estis ofte liberigitaj reen en la naturo, la flavrivera tipo de Ĉina giganta salamandro estas disvastigita en aliaj partoj de Ĉinio, kio iĝas genetika problemo por la aliaj tipoj.[2]

Referencoj

  1. Zoological Society of LondonChinese giant salamander conservation. zsl.org. Alirita 30a de Novembro 2015.
  2. (2018) “The Chinese giant salamander exemplifies the hidden extinction of cryptic species”, Current Biology (English) 28 (10), p. R590–R592. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.004.
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Ĉina giganta salamandro: Brief Summary ( 世界語 )

由wikipedia EO提供
 src= Ĉinaj gigantaj salamandroj (Andrias davidianus) vendotaj en restoracio de Ĝeĝjango, Ĉinio. Ili estas en la luksa manĝokomerco kaj faras ilin alloga celo por ŝtelĉasado.

La ĉina giganta salamandro (Megalobatrachus davidianus aŭ Andrias davidianus) estas amfibio el la ordo de urodeloj kaj familio de kriptobranĥedoj en la genro Andrias, kiu troviĝas en la norda, suda kaj sudokcidenta partoj de Ĉinio.

Ĝi estas la plej granda el la amfibioj en Ĉinio kaj en la mondo. Ĝi longas unu metron, maksimume 2 metrojn kaj pezas 40-50 kilogramojn. Ĝi havas platan kaj larĝan kapon, grandan buŝon, multajn malmolajn segilformajn dentojn sur la makzeloj, malgrandajn okulojn, platan kaj dikan korpon kaj verukoj sur la ventro kaj dorso, mallongajn kaj dikajn membrojn kun kvar dorso, mallongajn kaj dikajn membrojn kun kvar fingroj sur ĉiu antaŭa membro kaj kvin membrane interligitaj piedfingroj sur ĉiu malantaŭa membro, kaj longan kaj platan voston. Ordinare ĝi estas bruna kun nigraj makuloj sur la dorso kaj ĝia ventro helbruna aŭ blanka. La koloro varias laŭ medio. La haŭto estas glata kaj malseketa kun glueca sekreciaĵo. Ĝia krio similas al ploro de bebo, pro tio ĝi nomiĝas ankaŭ beba fiŝo.

La ĉina giganta salamandro vivas en klaraj kaj malaltteperaturaj montriveretoj 200-1 000 metrojn super la marnivelo. Tage ĝi sin kaŝas en kavernoj kaj nokte aktivadas unuope. Ĝi estas feroca kaj karnovora. Ĝi nutras sin ĉefe per salikokoj, kraboj, fiŝoj, ranoj, serpentoj, musoj, birdoj k.a. Por kapti nutraĵon, nokte ĝi atendas kun pacienco ĉe la bordo. Kiam ĝi trovas celaĵon, ĝi tuj atakas kaj englutas ĝin. Ĝi havas fortan digestadon kaj eltenemon kontraŭ malsato. Longtempa malsato ne povas rimarkeble perdigi ĝian korpopezon. Ĝi vintrodormas de novembro ĝis la venonta aprilo. La salamandrino demetas ĉiufoje pli ol 300 ovojn ĉenformajn en majo kaj junio. La kovado daŭras tri semajnojn. La novnaskito manĝas nur vegetalojn kaj post du jaroj ĝi ekprenas akvajn insektojn, salikoketojn kaj krabetojn. Ĝi kreskas malrapide. Tri-jara ĝi longas nur 20 cm. kaj maturiĝas post kvin jaroj.

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Andrias davidianus ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

La salamandra gigante china (Andrias davidianus) es una especie de anfibio urodelo de la familia Cryptobranchidae, en la que también se incluyen la salamandra gigante del Japón (Andrias japonicus) y la salamandra gigante americana (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). Incluida su cola esta especie llega a medir hasta 1,8 m de largo,[2]​ con lo cual llega a ser el anfibio más grande del mundo.

Posee una cabeza proporcionalmente grande, ojos pequeños y una piel de tonalidades oscuras y arrugada. Viven en las corrientes frías de aguas montañosas, donde se alimenta de insectos, peces y otros anfibios.

Es una especie poco habitual, y se encuentra amenazada por la contaminación, porque se caza como alimento y también porque es utilizada en medicina tradicional.[1]

 src=
Las salamandras gigantes chinas se compran en restaurantes de Hongqiao Town (虹桥镇) en Zhejiang, China por 880 CNY/jin, que es 215 EUR/kg o US $280/kg. Estos precios los convierten en un objetivo atractivo para la caza furtiva.[3]

Referencias

  1. a b Liang Gang, Geng Baorong, Zhao Ermi (2004). «Andrias davidianus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 13 de agosto de 2015.
  2. Cogger, H. (1999). Reptiles and Amphibians (en inglés). Londres: Time Life Books.
  3. Zoological Society of London. «Chinese giant salamander conservation». zsl.org. Consultado el 30 de noviembre de 2015.

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Andrias davidianus: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

La salamandra gigante china (Andrias davidianus) es una especie de anfibio urodelo de la familia Cryptobranchidae, en la que también se incluyen la salamandra gigante del Japón (Andrias japonicus) y la salamandra gigante americana (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). Incluida su cola esta especie llega a medir hasta 1,8 m de largo,​ con lo cual llega a ser el anfibio más grande del mundo.

Posee una cabeza proporcionalmente grande, ojos pequeños y una piel de tonalidades oscuras y arrugada. Viven en las corrientes frías de aguas montañosas, donde se alimenta de insectos, peces y otros anfibios.

Es una especie poco habitual, y se encuentra amenazada por la contaminación, porque se caza como alimento y también porque es utilizada en medicina tradicional.​

 src= Las salamandras gigantes chinas se compran en restaurantes de Hongqiao Town (虹桥镇) en Zhejiang, China por 880 CNY/jin, que es 215 EUR/kg o US $280/kg. Estos precios los convierten en un objetivo atractivo para la caza furtiva.​
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Andrias davidianus ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Andrias davidianus Andrias generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Cryptobranchidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Andrias davidianus: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Andrias davidianus Andrias generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Cryptobranchidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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Kiinanjättisalamanteri ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Kiinanjättisalamanteri (Andrias davidianus) on maailman suurin salamanterilaji. Se on äärimmäisen uhanalainen: kannan arvioidaan pienentyneen 80 prosenttia kolmen sukupolven aikana. Lajin pääasialliset uhat ovat sen käyttö ihmisravintona, sekä sen elinympäristön tuhoutuminen.[1]

Ulkonäkö

 src=
Kiinanjättisalamanterin pää.

Kiinanjättisalamanteri on suurikokoisin nykyisin tavattava sammakkoeläin.[1] Lajin yksilöt voivat kasvaa 180 senttimetriä pitkäksi 50 kilon painoiseksi.[2] Sillä on iso pää, pienet silmät ja tumma, kurttuinen nahka. Kiinanjättisalamantereilla ei ole kiduksia, joten sukelluksissa ollessaan se hengittää huokoisen ihonsa läpi.[3] Se elää kylmävetisissä, virtaavissa vesistöissä ja syö siellä hyönteisiä, sammakoita ja kaloja.

Levinneisyys

Kiinanjättisalamanteria tavataan Kiinan keski-, lounais- ja eteläosissa. Sen esiintymisalue on laaja, mutta hyvin pirstaloitunut. Lajista on tehty havaintoja myös Taiwanilla, jonne se on päätynyt ehkä ihmisen tuomana tulokaslajina.[1] Tulokaslajina sitä tavataan myös Japanissa, jossa kanta polveutuu ehkä vuoden 1972 paikkeilla maahan ruuaksi tuoduista yksilöistä. Japanissa kiinanjättisalamanterit risteytyvät paikallisen japaninjättisalamanterin kanssa.[4]

Elinympäristö

Kiinanjättisalamanteri elää ja lisääntyy joissa ja se suosii jokia kukkuloilla tavallisesti metsäisillä alueilla. Lisääntyminen tapahtuu naaraan laskiessa noin 500 munaa vedenalaiseen uroksen asuttamaan onkaloon. Uros hedelmöittää munat ja vartioi niitä poikasten kuoriutumiseen saakka noin 50-60 päivän jälkeen.[1]

Uhat ja suojelu

 src=
Kiinanjättisalamantereita myynnissä torilla Wenzhoussa Zhejiangissa.

Kansainvälinen luonnonsuojeluliitto eli IUCN on määritellyt kiinanjättisalamanterin äärimmäisen uhanalaiseksi lajiksi.[1] Lajin kanta on vähentynyt huomattavasti 1950-luvulta lähtien.[2] Vuonna 2004 kiinanjättisalamanterien kannan arvioitiin vähentyneen 80 % viimeisen kolmen salamanterisukupolven aikana yhden sukupolven kestäessä noin 15-vuotta. Suurin yksittäinen uhka kiinanjättisalamanterille on sen käyttö ihmisravintona. Lajia kasvatetaan ruuaksi tarhoissa, mutta arvioiden mukaan suuri valtaosa ravinnoksi päätyvistä kiinanjättisalamantereista on pyydetty luonnosta.[1] Lajin käydessä harvinaiseksi sen pyydystämisessä on siirrytty entistä vahingollisempiin tapoihin, kuten esimerkiksi myrkkyjen ja dynamiitin käyttöön.[2] Salamanterien tarhakasvatus saattaa oikeissa olosuhteissa olla hyödyllistä uhanalaiselle lajille, mutta tutkimusten mukaan nykyiset tarhakäytännöt muodostavat suuremman uhan kuin hyödyn lajin suojelulle esimerkiksi tautien leviämisen kautta.[5] Kiinanjättisalamanteritarhoja tunnetaan yhteensä 43 ja niillä elää kymmeniä miljoonia salamantereita.[2]

Laji on kärsinyt myös sen elinympäristön pienenemisestä ja saastumisesta esimerkiksi patojen ja kaivostoiminnan takia. Kiinassa kiinanjättisalamanteri on suojeltu laji ja osa sen elinalueesta kuuluu luonnonsuojelualueisiin, joista osa on muodostettu nimenomaan kiinanjättisalamantereita varten.[1]

Kulttuurissa

Kiinanjättisalamanteri esiintyy useissa kiinalaisissa myyteissä ja legendoissa. Kuuluisa jinin ja jangin symboli on yhden tarinan mukaan saanut muotonsa kahdesta toisiinsa kietoutuneesta salamanterista. Kiinassa lajia kutsutaan joskus nimellä wa wa yu, eli vapaasti kääntäen vauvakala. Nimi juontuu kiinanjättisalamanterin hätääntyessään tekemästä ääntelystä, joka muistuttaa ihmisvauvan itkua.[2]

Lähteet

  1. a b c d e f g h i Liang Gang, Geng Baorong, Zhao Ermi: Andrias davidianus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2004. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 6.8.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d e Melissa Hogenboom: Amazing Chinese giant salamanders are bigger than you BBC Earth. BBC. Viitattu 3.5.2017. (englanniksi)
  3. ARKive
  4. Andrias davidianus Invasive Species of Japan. National Institute for Environmental Studies. Viitattu 3.5.2017. (englanniksi)
  5. Development of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus farming industry in Shaanxi Province, China: conservation threats and opportunities Fauna & Flora International. 2015. Oryx. Viitattu 3.5.2017. (englanniksi)
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Kiinanjättisalamanteri: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Kiinanjättisalamanteri (Andrias davidianus) on maailman suurin salamanterilaji. Se on äärimmäisen uhanalainen: kannan arvioidaan pienentyneen 80 prosenttia kolmen sukupolven aikana. Lajin pääasialliset uhat ovat sen käyttö ihmisravintona, sekä sen elinympäristön tuhoutuminen.

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Salamandre géante de Chine ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Andrias davidianus

Andrias davidianus, la Salamandre géante de Chine, est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Cryptobranchidae[1]. Cette salamandre géante vit en Chine et aurait été introduite à Taïwan ainsi qu'au Japon. C'est le plus grand amphibien vivant au monde[2].

Des chercheurs ont montré en 2018 qu'il en existerait en fait actuellement au moins 5 espèces (toutes en danger critique d'extinction bien qu'autrefois communes dans les rivières du sud-est de la Chine). Toutes semblent issues d'une population ancestrale qui a commencé à diverger il y a 5 à 10 millions d'années[3].

Étymologie et histoire de la nomenclature

 src=
Holotype du MNHN[4], de Andrias davidianus, la salamandre géante collectée par le père David au Tibet

Le nom de genre Andrias est un mot de latin scientifique créé en 1837 par le naturaliste suisse Tschudi pour les grandes salamandres fossiles du Miocène. Il est dérivé du grec ανδρ- andr- aner, « homme », parce que le premier spécimen trouvé fut pris pour un homme mort au moment du Déluge[5].

L’épithète spécifique davidii est dédié au père David, son découvreur en Chine.

À la fin de l’année 1869, après une collecte très fructueuse de spécimens de plantes et d’animaux à Moupine dans le Tibet oriental, le père Armand David décida d’aller explorer un « coin oriental du Kokonoor (Qinghai) » jusqu’en mars 1870 (Rapport[6]). Il en rapportera une découverte majeure : la salamandre géante chinoise, Sieboldia davidii. Un animal de taille imposante qui a la réputation d’un carnassier vorace. L’individu qu’il rapporte est de couleur olivâtre avec des taches et des marbrures brunes[7].

Lors de sa troisième exploration d’octobre 1872 à avril 1874, il collecte à nouveau des spécimens de la salamandre géante dans la vallée de la Han (汉江 han jiang). Le 4 avril 1873, à Ouang-Kia-Ouan, deux chasseurs envoyés en exploration, lui rapportent vivants cinq spécimens de Oa-ao-yu (娃娃鱼 wawayu « poisson bébé »), appelés ainsi parce qu'elles font entendre un petit cri, un petit glou-glou, quand on les touche. Le père David constate que les salamandres sont de la même espèce que celle collectée à Tchong-pa,

« et un vieillard chrétien a dit à mes jeunes gens qu’il en a vu prendre jadis une qui pesait un peu plus de quarante livres chinoises, c’est-à-dire, vingt-cinq kilogrammes. Ces hommes me disent que ces amphibiens sont loin d’être abondants dans les ruisseaux des montagnes occidentales : on n’en connait que dans un seul cours d’eau, dont ils ont détruit, paraît-il, tous les poissons. Aussi, ces animaux y quittent-ils leurs claires eaux pendant la nuit, pour aller chasser aux grenouilles et aux vers de terre ; ils mangent aussi des crabes, et mes bêtes en ont dégorgé plusieurs en route. Au rapport des pêcheurs, on ne voit de Oa-oa-yu dans la grande rivière que quand de grandes pluies d’orage y en ont entraîné du haut des ruisseaux.
Les Chinois ne pêchent le Sielboldia que pour en avoir la peau, qu’ils vendent aux pharmaciens ; ils en mangent rarement la chair qui est blanche et nauséabonde, comme je l’ai expérimenté précédemment »
(Journal[8]).

Ces divers spécimens de la Salamandre géante de Chine ont été envoyés au Muséum national d’histoire naturelle (MNHN) qui présente encore en ligne leurs photos numériques[9].

En 1871, à la suite du premier envoi du père David, le zoologiste du MNHN, Émile Blanchard en donne une description dans Note sur une nouvelle Salamandre gigantesque (Sieboldia Davidiana Blanch.) de la Chine occidentale[10]. Il la compare à la Salamandre gigantesque du Japon (Sieboldia maximaSalamandra maxima Schlegel), découverte en 1829 par Franz de Siebold (1796-1866), un naturaliste bavarois qui explora le Japon et trouve que la Salamandre de Chine s’en distingue par suffisamment de caractères pour en faire une espèce distincte.

L’espèce sera par la suite transférée sous le genre Andrias.

Description

 src=
Tête d'Andrias davidianus
 src=
Squelette d'Andrias davidianus
 src=
Andrias davidianus dans un aquarium de Shangaï

Andrias davidianus mesure environ 100 cm. Dans le passé on a capturé et mesuré des individus mesurant jusqu'à 1,80 m de longueur et pesant jusqu'à 65 kg, mais les spécimens observés récemment sont nettement plus petits. Sa queue représente environ 59 % de la taille du corps et son extrémité s’aplatit latéralement en forme d’aviron. La salamandre géante de Chine, avec celles du Japon et d’Amérique du Nord, est l’un des plus grands amphibiens vivants au monde. Sa longévité moyenne dépasse 30 ans, et des spécimens captifs ont pu atteindre un âge approchant 80 ans. En 2015, un spécimen âgé de plus de 200 ans a été retrouvé en Chine[11].

La teinte générale du corps varie du brun clair au brun foncé, parfois proche du noir, avec des taches noirâtres éparses. Le corps et la tête ont une allure plutôt aplatie. La tête est large, la gueule vaste avec de petits yeux sans paupières qui ne peuvent se concentrer sur le même objet en même temps, d’où une mauvaise vision. Pour trouver leurs proies, les animaux sont donc tributaires du toucher et peut-être de l’odorat, du goût, ou encore de la sensibilité aux vibrations ou au champ électrique. La peau est visqueuse et présente des plis irréguliers sur les flancs. Les pattes, bien développées, portent quatre doigts à l’avant et cinq à l’arrière.

La respiration est assurée en partie par la peau. Cette dernière laisse entrer le dioxygène et sortir le dioxyde de carbone. Cette caractéristique ajoutée, à un métabolisme lent, permet à la salamandre géante de rester la plupart du temps au fond : elle ne remonte à la surface que pour respirer de temps en temps. Lorsque leurs branchies larvaires se réduisent, les adultes développent un pli bien visible sur la peau, le long de leurs flancs, qui augmente la surface d’absorption de l’oxygène. Sa grande taille, l’absence de branchies et des poumons réduits confinent cette espèce dans des zones d’eaux courantes.

Alimentation

La salamandre géante de Chine est essentiellement active la nuit. Le camouflage et la patience sont ses atouts principaux pour la chasse. Tapie à l’entrée de son repaire, creusé sous la berge d’un cours d’eau, elle attend ses proies, au passage desquelles elle projette la tête en avant d’un geste vif et latéral et les attrape dans sa gueule. Ses proies favorites sont les écrevisses, les crabes, les petits poissons, mais aussi des vers, des larves d'insectes, des anoures (grenouilles et crapauds) et leurs têtards, des mollusques, des reptiles ou des petits mammifères nageurs. Cette salamandre géante chasse également des salamandres plus petites et se rabat parfois sur des charognes de grenouilles ou de poissons. Elle peut également présenter un comportement cannibale. Bien qu’elle ne possède que de petites dents « larvaires », sa prise est tenace et sa morsure puissante. La méthode employée dans l'alimentation de cette espèce est connue sous le nom d’aspiration buccale asymétrique, où la mâchoire inférieure se rabat rapidement et à proximité des proies qui sont aspirées dans sa gueule.

Reproduction

 src=
Andrias davidianus

La saison de reproduction des salamandres géantes de Chine semble avoir lieu entre août et septembre. Son coassement proche du vagissement lui vaut le surnom de « poisson-nourrisson » en Chine. La femelle dépose près du mâle une trainée d’un très grand nombre d’œufs, entre 500 et 1000, distribués en deux longs cordons gélatineux. Si la femelle ne trouve pas de mâle pour féconder sa ponte, elle la dévore. Dans le cas contraire, le mâle chasse la femelle, enfouit la ponte dans un terrier en profondeur (cavité de reproduction), puis libère ses spermatozoïdes et, agitant l’eau autour des œufs, les féconde ainsi. Avec ses membres atrophiés, il fait une boule des cordons et les protège des prédateurs jusqu’à l’éclosion, soit 50-60 jours plus tard[12].

À la naissance, les larves ne mesurent que 30 mm et possèdent des branchies externes qui régresseront au moment de la métamorphose, lorsque leur taille aura atteint environ 200-250 mm de long. Ils n’acquerront le métabolisme d’un adulte qu’à l’âge de trois ans. La maturité sexuelle se ferait à environ 15 ans.

Répartition

La salamandre géante vit dans les fleuves, lacs, marais et étendues d'eau douce de Chine. L’espèce est entièrement aquatique et endémique de la Chine continentale, mais elle a probablement été introduite à Taïwan[1]. Elle se rencontre au Guangxi, au Guangdong, au Fujian, au Hunan, au Jiangxi, au Zhejiang, au Jiangsu, au Anhui, au Hubei, au Guizhou, Qinghai, à Chongqing, au Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan et au Hebei[13]. Son aire de répartition est à présent fortement morcelée.

Habitat

La salamandre géante est présente entre 100 et 1 500 m d'altitude, dans les eaux vives des rivières riches en oxygène. Son habitat se compose de rochers, ruisseaux de montagne et des lacs aux eaux claires et rapides. L’espèce trouve généralement son optimum dans les zones forestières à des altitudes modérées, particulièrement entre 300 et 800 m. Elle occupe les creux sous-marins et les cavités, passant la plupart de son temps dans l’eau.

La Salamandre géante de Chine évolue dans les trois grands écosystèmes fluviaux de la Chine, les rivières fleuve Jaune (rivière jaune), Yangtze et Zhu Jiang (rivière des perles). Jusqu’à la construction de canaux, il y a de ça environ 1400 ans, ces cours d’eau avaient été isolés les uns des autres. Il n’y a pas eu de déplacement des salamandres par l’homme au cours de ces transformations des trois réseaux hydrographiques. Tout laisse à penser que les populations de salamandres de ces trois systèmes fluviaux seraient génétiquement distincts les uns aux autres. Des travaux récents révèlent des divergences génétiques et géographiques entre les populations de salamandres. Selon cette hypothèse, A. davidianus serait en fait un composite de plusieurs espèces distinctes génétiquement[14].

Menaces et solutions

 src=
Salamandres géantes de Chine à vendre dans un restaurant de Hongqiao (虹桥), Wenzhou, Zhejiang (Chine) : le prix est de 880 CNY/jin, environ 215 euros/kg ou 280 $ US/kg, ce qui les place dans le segment de l'alimentation de luxe et en fait une cible attractive pour le braconnage.

Espèce en danger

Le plus grand amphibien vivant au monde voit sa population considérablement décliner depuis les années 1950. Entre la pression anthropique par dégradation de son milieu et la chasse alimentaire des populations locales, les salamandres géantes de Chine ont subi une diminution dramatique de leur effectif depuis les années 1960. Le braconnage sévit même dans les zones protégées, car leur chair est utilisée dans la composition de mets délicats des tables chics, les yewei: la capture et le commerce illégal s’en trouvent encouragés. L'espèce est considérée comme étant à la fois un aliment de luxe et une importante source de médicaments traditionnels en Chine. Un facteur qui rend la salamandre géante chinoise particulièrement vulnérable à la chasse, est qu'elle est facile à attraper : elle se cache dans les crevasses de roche d'où elle est facile à dénicher et à détacher. Elle reste une option lucrative pour les chasseurs, qui peuvent vendre sa chair pour environ 100 $ US par kg, ce qui reste une très grosse somme pour la majorité des citoyens chinois.

Le gouvernement chinois a déclaré la Salamandre géante de Chine, espèce protégée de Classe II et est listée dans la catégorie des espèces en danger d’extinction sur « The Chinese Red Book of Amphibiens and Reptiles » ainsi que dans La liste rouge de l’UICN[15]. La pollution de l'eau et l'aménagement à grande échelle de tous les cours d'eau du pays modifient et empoisonnent son habitat. L’habitat de la salamandre géante de Chine a été détruit et fragmenté par des activités agricoles intenses, la déforestation et la construction de barrages, d’équipements électriques et réservoirs. Cela aggrave l'érosion du sol et provoque une augmentation du ruissellement et l'envasement des cours d'eau, réduisant la qualité de l'eau et empêchant l'espèce de s'approvisionner suffisamment en oxygène à travers sa peau. Fortement diminuée par la perte de son habitat primaire, la salamandre géante de Chine est sous protection de l’État depuis 1973 et dans l’Annexe I de la CITES[16]. L'Annexe I comprend les espèces menacées d'extinction, et le commerce des spécimens de ces espèces n'est autorisé que dans des circonstances exceptionnelles. Malheureusement, bien que la CITES réglemente le commerce international des espèces, il n'a pas compétence sur le commerce intérieur au sein de la Chine, qui constitue le marché primaire.

Conservation

Une compréhension de la diversité génétique de la salamandre géante chinoise est essentielle pour la formulation de stratégies et politiques de conservation. Un des principaux objectifs de conservation est de préserver la diversité génétique existante. Les délocalisations par l’homme auraient eu une influence substantielle sur la structure de la population. Cette dispersion artificielle aurait causé une augmentation des flux de gènes entre les populations géographiquement séparées, et la réduction de la diversité génétique locale. Les politiques de conservation devraient tenter d’enrayer les délocalisations par l’homme. D’autre part, il peut être souhaitable d’établir les programmes d’élevage in situ et ex situ en utilisant les individus d’une population localisée. Il faudrait également établir un rassemblement de reproducteurs issues de la population naturelle non délocalisée dans le but de maintenir l’espèce originelle, qui n’a pas subi de modifications génétiques au cours des déplacements humains à travers les régions de Chine. Une population ex situ est idéalement une colonie de reproduction d'une espèce maintenue en dehors de son habitat naturel, donnant lieu à des individus de cette espèce disposés à l'abri des problèmes liés à leur situation à l'état sauvage. Cela peut être situé dans le milieu de vie de l'espèce ou dans un autre pays muni d'installations pouvant soutenir un programme de reproduction en captivité de cette espèce.

Il serait intéressant d’étudier les salamandres géantes de Chine vivant dans les zones proches du plateau tibétain, où les activités humaines ont moins d’influence sur les populations. De nombreuses recherches ont été réalisées pour la protection et la reproduction artificielle des Andrias davidianus à travers la Chine. Une réserve de reproduction artificielle a été construite en 1960 dans la ville de Wudaosui de la région de Sanzhi, à Taiwan. Une autre réserve de la région, avec la collaboration de « Hunan Aquatic Science Institution » a procédé en 1978 – 1980, aux recherches sur la reproduction artificielle des salamandres géantes de Chine. Pour la première fois dans le monde, l’expérience d’éclosion artificielle a fonctionné. Ce fut une belle avancée et une prise de conscience gouvernementale pour la protection de ces salamandres endémiques. Depuis les années 1980, 14 réserves naturelles ont été créées dans les provinces de Chine pour protéger la population sauvage de salamandres géantes. Malheureusement, des difficultés de préservation et traitements sont parfois observables dans ces réserves, souvent dus à un manque d’attention et des moyens insuffisants.

L'étude publiée en 2018 montre qu'il existe en fait actuellement au moins 5 espèces, issues d'une population ancestrale qui a commencé à diverger il y a 5 à 10 millions d'années[3].
Pour restaurer les populations sauvages, le gouvernement chinois encourage la libération en rivières de jeunes individus issus des fermes d'élevage commercial, mais on vient de montrer en comparant l'ADN de 70 salamandres sauvages à celui de 1034 individus élevés à la ferme qu'un seul génome est présent dans les fermes alors que dans la nature l'espèce présente au moins cinq groupes génétiques bien distincts. Les salamandres d'élevage relâchées dans la nature sont donc à l'origine d'une pollution génétique[3]

Préconisations

Trois recommandations pour le développement du programme de gestion des espèces ont été proposées par Wang, Zhang, Wang, Ding, Wu et Huang en 2004[17] : Tout d’abord, une expertise devrait être faite, regroupant les statuts géographiques et démographiques de conservation des espèces pour en obtenir une meilleure compréhension chronologique. On y regrouperait ainsi les données génétiques des populations et des caractéristiques de survie dans les différents milieux.

Il serait également pertinent d’organiser une meilleure protection des salamandres géantes de Chine, en particulier dans les zones de nidation, accompagnée d’une prévention de contamination issue des évacuations de polluants agricoles et des constructions. Un renforcement juridique encadrant la collecte et le transport illégaux d’animaux protégés s’impose dans cette démarche.

Pour finir, les chercheurs proposent une campagne d’information sur la nécessité de protection de cette espèce endémique auprès des populations et travailleurs agricoles locaux. Ce projet de communication se doit d’intégrer le Plan Global de gestion de la conservation de l’espèce.

En 2018, les scientifiques recommandent de protéger les espèces de salamandre géante dans leur milieu d'origine (qu'il faut donc protéger) et de ne pas chercher à y réintroduire des individus issus d'élevage pour limiter les risques de pollution génétique[3].

Taxonomie

  • Megalobatrachus sligoi[18] a été placée en synonymie avec Andrias davidianus par Thorn en 1968[19]
  • Andrias scheuchzeri, espèce fossile, est parfois considérée comme synonyme d’Andrias davidianus, dont elle ne peut être distinguée ostéologiquement[20].

Publication originale

  • Blanchard, 1871 : Note sur une nouvelle Salamandre gigantesque (Sieboldia Davidiana Blanch.) de la Chine occidentale. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, vol. 73, p. 79-80 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. [1]
  3. a b c et d Langin Katie (2018)|The world’s largest amphibian is being bred to extinction|21 mai 2018 |Science News, doi:10.1126/science.aau2433.
  4. MNHN, « Spécimen MNHN-RA-0.7613 » (consulté le 22 août 2020)
  5. Merriam-Webster, « Andrias noun » (consulté le 22 août 2020)
  6. A. David, Rapport adressé à MM. les Professeurs-Administrateurs du Museum d'histoire naturelle dans Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle
  7. Emmanuel Boutan, Le nuage et la vitrine Une vie de Monsieur David, Éditions Raymond Chabaud, 1993
  8. M. l’Abbé Armand David, Journal de mon troisième voyage d’exploration dans l’Empire chinois (tome II), Librairie Hachette et Cie, 1875 (lire en ligne)
  9. MNHN, Reptiles & Amphibiens, « Andrias davidianus » (consulté le 22 août 2020)
  10. Blanchard, 1871 : Note sur une nouvelle Salamandre gigantesque (Sieboldia Davidiana Blanch.) de la Chine occidentale. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, vol. 73, p. 79-80 (texte intégral).
  11. « Giant salamander discovered in cave may be 200 years old », sur MNN - Mother Nature Network (consulté le 17 décembre 2015)
  12. EDGE http://www.edgeofexistence.org/amphibians/species_info.php?id=547.html
  13. Dai, Wang & Liang, : Conservation Status of Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus). Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (texte intégral).
  14. Murphy, Fu, Upton, de Lema & Zhao, 2000 : Genetic variability among endangered Chinese giant salamanders, Andrias davidianus. Molecular Ecology, vol. 9, no 10, p. 1539-1547.
  15. Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature
  16. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora
  17. Wang, Zhang, Wang, Ding, Wu & Huang, 2004 : The decline of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus and implications for its conservation. Oryx, vol. 38, no 02, p. 197-202.
  18. Boulenger, 1924 : On a new giant salamander, living in the Societys Gardens. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, vol. 1924, p. 173-174.
  19. Thorn, 1968 : Les Salamandres d'Europe, d'Asie et d'Afrique Nord. Paris, Editions Paul Lechevalier.
  20. (en) Référence Amphibian Species of the World : Andrias Tschudi, 1837 (consulté le 20 février 2014)
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Salamandre géante de Chine: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

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Andrias davidianus

Andrias davidianus, la Salamandre géante de Chine, est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Cryptobranchidae. Cette salamandre géante vit en Chine et aurait été introduite à Taïwan ainsi qu'au Japon. C'est le plus grand amphibien vivant au monde.

Des chercheurs ont montré en 2018 qu'il en existerait en fait actuellement au moins 5 espèces (toutes en danger critique d'extinction bien qu'autrefois communes dans les rivières du sud-est de la Chine). Toutes semblent issues d'une population ancestrale qui a commencé à diverger il y a 5 à 10 millions d'années.

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Salamander raksasa tiongkok ( 印尼語 )

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Salamander raksasa tiongkok (Andrias davidianus) adalah salamander terbesar di dunia yang panjangnya dapat mencapai hingga 165 cm dan merupakan spesies asli dari Tiongkok.

Ciri-ciri

Salamander ini memiliki kepala besar, mata kecil dan kulit yang gelap dan berkerut-kerut. Spesies ini hidup di aliran air dingin di pegunungan dan suka hidup di gua. Ia menyangga hidupnya dengan memakan serangga, kodok dan ikan. Fungsi mata pada salamander raksasa ini tidak terlalu baik, sehingga ia bergantung pada nodus sensoris atau sensor khusus yang terletak pada dahinya untuk mendeteksi setiap pergerakan yang ada.

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Salamander raksasa tiongkok: Brief Summary ( 印尼語 )

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Salamander raksasa tiongkok (Andrias davidianus) adalah salamander terbesar di dunia yang panjangnya dapat mencapai hingga 165 cm dan merupakan spesies asli dari Tiongkok.

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Andrias davidianus ( 義大利語 )

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La salamandra gigante cinese (Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871)) è un anfibio caudato della famiglia Cryptobranchidae, diffuso in Cina.

Descrizione

È uno degli anfibi più grandi al mondo, superato solo dalla salamandra gigante della Cina meridionale.[2]

I maschi possono superare il metro e ottanta cm. di lunghezza ma in genere la lunghezza media è di 1.4 m.

Come la maggior parte degli urodeli non ha palpebre.

Conservazione

È classificata nella lista rossa della IUCN come specie a rischio critico di estinzione.[1]

Note

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Andrias davidianus: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

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La salamandra gigante cinese (Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871)) è un anfibio caudato della famiglia Cryptobranchidae, diffuso in Cina.

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Chinese reuzensalamander ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Herpetologie

De Chinese reuzensalamander[2] (Andrias davidianus) is een salamander uit de familie reuzensalamanders. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Charles Émile Blanchard in 1871. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Sieboldia davidiana gebruikt.[3]

De Chinese reuzensalamander is de grootste salamander ter wereld, het dier bereikt een maximale lichaamslengte tot 180 centimeter. De meeste exemplaren blijven aanzienlijk kleiner. De soort is endemisch in rotsige berggebieden in China, waar ze in beekjes en kleine rivieren leven.[4] De soort wordt beschouwd als ernstig bedreigd.

Referenties
  1. (en) Chinese reuzensalamander op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V: Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 361. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  3. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Andrias davidianus.
  4. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Andrias davidianus.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Andrias davidianus - Website Geconsulteerd 1 maart 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Andrias davidianus - Website
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Kinesisk kjempesalamander ( 挪威語 )

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Kinesisk kjempesalamander (Andrias davidianus) er den største av alle salamandere og kan bli 1,8 m. Den er også verdens største nålevende amfibie, men står i fare for å bli utryddet. Siden 1950 har bestanden minket med 80 prosent. Arten lever i elver og innsjøer i Kina og Taiwan, og bruker lang tid på å bli kjønnsmoden. Den kan bli svært gammel og de eldste eksemplarene av arten som vi vet om har blitt omtrent 80 år, men i fangenskap blir de bare rundt 50 år. I desember 2015 ble det funnet en 200 år gammel levende kjempesalamander i en hule utenfor Chongquin i Kina.[1] Den veide hele 50 kilo og befinner seg nå i et naturreservat.[2] Kinesisk kjempesalamander regnes til gruppen med 'levende fossiler' og trues nå av forurensning, tap av leveområder og jakt. Kinesere synes den er god å spise og ser på den som en delikatesse. I tillegg er den blitt brukt innen tradisjonell kinesisk medisin.

Referanser

Eksterne lenker

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Kinesisk kjempesalamander: Brief Summary ( 挪威語 )

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Kinesisk kjempesalamander (Andrias davidianus) er den største av alle salamandere og kan bli 1,8 m. Den er også verdens største nålevende amfibie, men står i fare for å bli utryddet. Siden 1950 har bestanden minket med 80 prosent. Arten lever i elver og innsjøer i Kina og Taiwan, og bruker lang tid på å bli kjønnsmoden. Den kan bli svært gammel og de eldste eksemplarene av arten som vi vet om har blitt omtrent 80 år, men i fangenskap blir de bare rundt 50 år. I desember 2015 ble det funnet en 200 år gammel levende kjempesalamander i en hule utenfor Chongquin i Kina. Den veide hele 50 kilo og befinner seg nå i et naturreservat. Kinesisk kjempesalamander regnes til gruppen med 'levende fossiler' og trues nå av forurensning, tap av leveområder og jakt. Kinesere synes den er god å spise og ser på den som en delikatesse. I tillegg er den blitt brukt innen tradisjonell kinesisk medisin.

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Salamandra olbrzymia chińska ( 波蘭語 )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Salamandra olbrzymia chińska[12](Andrias davidianus) – gatunek płaza ogoniastego z rodziny skrytoskrzelnych (Cryptobranchidae), największy żyjący współcześnie płaz świata.

Zasięg występowania

Szeroko rozprzestrzeniona w rzekach Chin (Rzeka Perłowa, Jangcy, Huang He i ich dorzecza)[13] od Qinghai do południowego Shanxi, południowego Syczuan, Junnan, Kuangsi i Guangdong. Introdukowana na Tajwanie.

Charakterystyka

Krępe ciało o ubarwieniu ciemnobrązowym, czarnym lub zielonkawym, z nieregularnie rozmieszczonymi, ciemnymi plamkami. Głowa i tułów spłaszczone grzbietobrzusznie, ogon spłaszczony bocznie. Osiąga długość maksymalnie 1,8 m, zwykle znacznie mniejsze, ok. 1 m. Budowa bardzo podobna do salamandry olbrzymiej japońskiej[14].

Gatunek krytycznie zagrożony, objęty Konwencją CITES, wpisany do chińskiej Czerwonej Księgi Gatunków Zagrożonych[15]. Drastyczny spadek liczebności populacji spowodowany jest utratą siedlisk, zanieczyszczeniami wód oraz polowaniami.

Przypisy

  1. Andrias davidianus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Ch.É. Blanchard. Note sur une nouvelle Salamandre gigantesque (Sieboldia Davidiana Blanch.) de la Chine occidentale. „Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences”. 73, s. 79, 1871 (fr.).
  3. A. David: Journal de mon Troisième Voyage d’Exploration dans l’Empire Chinoise. T. 1. Paris: Hachette, 1875, s. 326. (fr.)
  4. G.A. Boulenger. On a new giant salamander, living in the Society’s Gardens. „Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London”. 94 (1), s. 173, 1924. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1924.tb01494.x (ang.).
  5. M.L.Y. Chang. Sur la salamandre geante de la Chine. „Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France”. 60, s. 350, 1935 (fr.).
  6. C.H. Pope & A.M. Boring. A survey of Chinese Amphibia. „Peking Natural History Bulletin”. 15, s. 18, 1940 (ang.).
  7. C.-c. Liu. Amphibians of western China. „Fieldiana. Zoology Memoirs”. 2, s. 69, 1950 (ang.).
  8. F. Westphal. Die tertiären und rezenten eurasiatischen Riesensalamander (Genus Andrias, Urodela, Amphibia). „Palaeontographica. Abteilung A, Paläozoologie, Stratigraphie”. 110, s. 36, 1958 (niem.).
  9. A.H. Brame, Jr.. A list of the world's recent and fossil salamanders. „Herpeton”. 2, s. 5, 1967 (ang.).
  10. B.G. Naylor. Cryptobranchid salamanders from the Paleocene and Miocene of Saskatchewan. „Copeia”. 1981, s. 76–86, 1981. DOI: 10.2307/1444042 (ang.).
  11. L. Gang, G. Baorong & Z. Ermi 2004, Andrias davidianus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 [online], wersja 2017-3 [dostęp 2018-04-12] (ang.).
  12. Zwierzęta: encyklopedia ilustrowana. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2005. ISBN 83-01-14344-4.
  13. Mapa zasięgu występowania według IUCN
  14. Opis Andrias davidianus w serwisie Amphibiaweb.org
  15. Zhao, E. (ed.) (1998). China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals. Amphibia & Reptilia. Science Press, Beijing, China
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Salamandra olbrzymia chińska: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

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Salamandra olbrzymia chińska(Andrias davidianus) – gatunek płaza ogoniastego z rodziny skrytoskrzelnych (Cryptobranchidae), największy żyjący współcześnie płaz świata.

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Salamandra-gigante-da-china ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

A salamandra-gigante-da-china[2] (Andrias davidianus) é a maior espécie de salamandra e a maior de todas as espécies de anfíbios existentes no mundo atualmente, sendo que o titulo de maior anfíbio do mundo pertencente ao prionosuchus.[1] Ocorre na China e Japão em cursos de água e lagos montanhosos.[1] Pode atingir mais de 2 metros [3] e, no máximo, um peso de 25 kg. Tem o corpo manchado e de cor acastanhada, sua pele é enrugada e porosa, permitindo uma melhor respiração cutânea.[4] É uma espécie totalmente aquática.

Tem uma atividade predominantemente noturna, permanecendo debaixo de rochas durante o dia. A atividade predatória tem como suporte maior os sentidos do tacto e olfacto.

Tem um metabolismo muito lento, podendo ficar semanas sem ingerir nenhum alimento.[5]

A reprodução dá-se no fim de Agosto.[5]

Esta espécie é apanhada para servir como animal de estimação e para alimentação, razões pelas quais poderá estar ameaçada. O uso de pesticidas, a construção de barragens e a desflorestação, são também fatores de ameaça.[1]

Está listada no anexo I da CITES e categorizada como Em perigo crítico pela IUCN.[1]

Ver também

Referências

  1. a b c d e Gang, L.; Baorong, G.; Ermi, Z. 2004. Andrias davidianus. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 10 de setembro de 2008.
  2. Infopédia. «salamandra-gigante-da-china | Definição ou significado de salamandra-gigante-da-china no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa». Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora. Consultado em 29 de julho de 2021
  3. [1]
  4. (em inglês) ARKive Arquivado em 13 de março de 2007, no Wayback Machine. - acesso a 26 de fevereiro de 2006
  5. a b (em inglês) National Zoological Park Arquivado em 12 de janeiro de 2006, no Wayback Machine. - acesso a 26 de fevereiro de 2006

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Salamandra-gigante-da-china: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

A salamandra-gigante-da-china (Andrias davidianus) é a maior espécie de salamandra e a maior de todas as espécies de anfíbios existentes no mundo atualmente, sendo que o titulo de maior anfíbio do mundo pertencente ao prionosuchus. Ocorre na China e Japão em cursos de água e lagos montanhosos. Pode atingir mais de 2 metros e, no máximo, um peso de 25 kg. Tem o corpo manchado e de cor acastanhada, sua pele é enrugada e porosa, permitindo uma melhor respiração cutânea. É uma espécie totalmente aquática.

Tem uma atividade predominantemente noturna, permanecendo debaixo de rochas durante o dia. A atividade predatória tem como suporte maior os sentidos do tacto e olfacto.

Tem um metabolismo muito lento, podendo ficar semanas sem ingerir nenhum alimento.

A reprodução dá-se no fim de Agosto.

Esta espécie é apanhada para servir como animal de estimação e para alimentação, razões pelas quais poderá estar ameaçada. O uso de pesticidas, a construção de barragens e a desflorestação, são também fatores de ameaça.

Está listada no anexo I da CITES e categorizada como Em perigo crítico pela IUCN.

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Veľmlok čínsky ( 斯洛伐克語 )

由wikipedia SK提供

Veľmlok čínsky (Andrias davidianus) je najväčší mlok a obojživelník na svete dosahujúci dĺžku 1,8 m, aj keď ju v súčasnosti dosiahne len výnimočne.[2] Je to vodný živočích, endemický pre skalnaté potoky a jazerá v Číne. Bol introdukovaný v japonskej prefektúre Kjóto a na Taiwane.[2][3] Je to kriticky ohrozený druh. Ohrozuje ho strata prirodzeného prostredia, znečistenie, odchyt a lov. Používa sa v tradičnej čínskej medicíne a v čínskej kuchyni je považovaný za delikatesu. Na farmách v strednej Číne je intenzívne chovaný, hoci mnohé jedince na farmách sú odchytené z divočiny.[4] V projekte EDGE je označený ako jeden z top 10 ústredných druhov (focal species). Je považovaný za živú fosíliu.[5] Aj keď je chránený čínskymi zákonmi a CITES, predpokladá sa, že od 50. rokov 20. storočia sa jeho populácia zmenšila o 80 %.[6] Aj keď je tradične uznávaný ako jeden z dvoch žijúcich druhov rodu Andrias v Ázii (druhý je veľmlok japonský (Andrias japonicus)), dôkazy naznačujú, že čínsky druh môže byť zložený z najmenej piatich kryptických druhov, čo ďalej zvyšuje ohrozenie každého jednotlivého druhu.[7]

Referencie

Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Chinese giant salamander na anglickej Wikipédii.

  1. Liang Gang, Geng Baorong, Zhao Ermi 2004. Andrias davidianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T1272A3375181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T1272A3375181.en. Prístup 7. november 2018.
  2. a b Andrias davidianus -Amphibiaweb
  3. Browne, R.K.; Li, H.; Wang, Z.; Okada, S.; Hime, P.; McMillan, A.; Wu, M.; Diaz, R.; McGinnity, D.; & Briggler, J.T. (2014). The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part B. Biogeography, ecology and reproduction. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 5(4): 30–50.
  4. Development of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus farming industry in Shaanxi Province, China: conservation threats and opportunities.. Oryx, 2016, s. 265–273. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605314000842.
  5. Chinese Giant Salamander Conservation [online]. . Dostupné online.
  6. Creating a Future for Wild Chinese Salamanders. [online]. . Dostupné online.
  7. YAN, Fang; LÜ, Jingcai; ZHANG, Baolin. The Chinese giant salamander exemplifies the hidden extinction of cryptic species. Current Biology, 2018, s. R590–R592. Dostupné online. ISSN 0960-9822. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.004. (English)

Iné projekty

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Veľmlok čínsky: Brief Summary ( 斯洛伐克語 )

由wikipedia SK提供

Veľmlok čínsky (Andrias davidianus) je najväčší mlok a obojživelník na svete dosahujúci dĺžku 1,8 m, aj keď ju v súčasnosti dosiahne len výnimočne. Je to vodný živočích, endemický pre skalnaté potoky a jazerá v Číne. Bol introdukovaný v japonskej prefektúre Kjóto a na Taiwane. Je to kriticky ohrozený druh. Ohrozuje ho strata prirodzeného prostredia, znečistenie, odchyt a lov. Používa sa v tradičnej čínskej medicíne a v čínskej kuchyni je považovaný za delikatesu. Na farmách v strednej Číne je intenzívne chovaný, hoci mnohé jedince na farmách sú odchytené z divočiny. V projekte EDGE je označený ako jeden z top 10 ústredných druhov (focal species). Je považovaný za živú fosíliu. Aj keď je chránený čínskymi zákonmi a CITES, predpokladá sa, že od 50. rokov 20. storočia sa jeho populácia zmenšila o 80 %. Aj keď je tradične uznávaný ako jeden z dvoch žijúcich druhov rodu Andrias v Ázii (druhý je veľmlok japonský (Andrias japonicus)), dôkazy naznačujú, že čínsky druh môže byť zložený z najmenej piatich kryptických druhov, čo ďalej zvyšuje ohrozenie každého jednotlivého druhu.

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Kinesisk jättesalamander ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Kinesisk jättesalamander (Andrias davidianus) är en art i groddjursordningen stjärtlösa groddjur som tillhör familjen jättesalamandrar.

Kännetecken

Den kinesiska jättesalamandern anses vara världens största groddjur och kan som mest bli 180 centimeter lång, även om de flesta exemplar numera är mindre. Färgen på kroppen är grönaktig, mörkbrun till svart, ofta med oregelbundna, mörkare fläckar. Skinnet på kroppen är löst och veckat, och har ett 15-tal fåror. Salamandern är kraftigt byggd, och har ett platt, knöligt huvud med små ögon utan ögonlock, och dålig syn. Den är nära släkt med den japanska jättesalamandern och mycket lik denna, men avviker från den senare genom att ha färre och mera regelbundet ordnade knölar på huvudet, trubbigare nos och något längre svans.[3] Den dåliga synen kompenseras dock av att den kan uppfatta rörelser i vattnet med hjälp av särskilda tryckkänsliga sensorer på huvudet och längs kroppen. De vuxna djuren har inga gälar, trots att de är helt akvatiska, utan andas genom porer i huden.[4]

Utbredning

Arten finns fläckvis i centrala, södra och sydvästra Kina. Det finns uppgifter om att den också skulle finnas i Taiwan, något som tros vara en följd av inplantering.[1]

Vanor

Den kinesiska jättesalamandern lever i bergterräng på medelhöjd (under 1 500 meters höjd, typiskt mellan 300 och 800 meter).[3] Där vistas den i kalla, snabba vattendrag i bergen med stenig botten och tillgång till grottor. Den är nattaktiv och födan består bland annat av fisk, kräftdjur som krabbor och räkor, grodor och vatteninsekter. Den kan uppnå en hög ålder, 80 år är konstaterat.[4]

Fortplantning

Parningstiden varar mellan augusti och september, då salamandrarna simmar uppströms för att leka.[4] Under denna tid bevakar hanen en håla under vattenytan, som han försvarar mot andra hanar. Här lägger honan omkring 500 ägg i form av långa band, som sedan befruktas av hanen. Han bevakar sedan äggen tills de kläcks efter omkring 2 månader.[3] Vissa uppgifter finns att han skulle bevaka hålan längre än så, upp till ett halvår. Det finns även uppgifter att flera individer, både honor och hanar, kan dela samma håla som hos den japanska jättesalamandern.[4]

Hot

Den kinesiska jättesalamandern var tidigare tämligen vanlig, men har under de senaste 30 åren minskat kraftigt och är nu av IUCN klassad som akut hotad ("CR", underklassificering "A2ad"). Främsta orsaken till nedgången är överfiske; djuret är ansett som en delikatess i Kina. Detta hot kvarstår även numera, trots att djuret är skyddat i Kina och det förekommer farmning av djuret för konsumtion. Dessutom hotas det av fördämningar och vattenföroreningar, till exempel från gruvor.[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c] Andrias davidianusIUCN:s rödlista (engelska). Auktorer: Liang Gang, Geng Baorong, Zhao Ermi (2004) Besökt 2009-08-23.
  2. ^ Amphibian Species of the World - Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871) Arkiverad 13 juli 2007 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ [a b c] Max Sparreboom, Foundation Praemium Erasmianum, Amsterdam (7 februari 2000). ”Andrias davidianus” (på engelska). AmphibiaWeb, University of California. http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?table=amphib&special=one_record&where-genus=Andrias&where-species=davidianus. Läst 22 augusti 2009.
  4. ^ [a b c d] Glenn, C. R. (2006). ”Earth's Endangered Creatures (Chinese Giant Salamander)”. Earth's Endangered Creatures. http://www.earthsendangered.com/profile.asp?view=c&ID=3&sp=413.
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Kinesisk jättesalamander: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Kinesisk jättesalamander (Andrias davidianus) är en art i groddjursordningen stjärtlösa groddjur som tillhör familjen jättesalamandrar.

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Китайська велетенська саламандра ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Китайська велетенська саламандра (Andrias davidianus) — найбільша саламандра у світі, що досягає довжини 115—165 см, ваги 25—30 кг. Походить з території Китаю та знаходиться під загрозою знищення. Ця саламандра має велику голову, маленькі очі і темну зморшкувату шкіру. Вона живе у холодних гірських потоках, де харчується комахами, жабами і рибою. Китайська велетенська саламандра має дуже слабкий зір, тому вона залежить від спеціальних сенсорних вузлів на лобі, відчуваючи навіть найлегший рух у воді. Найчастіше живе в печерах.

Посилання

Жаба Це незавершена стаття з герпетології.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
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Китайська велетенська саламандра: Brief Summary ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Китайська велетенська саламандра (Andrias davidianus) — найбільша саламандра у світі, що досягає довжини 115—165 см, ваги 25—30 кг. Походить з території Китаю та знаходиться під загрозою знищення. Ця саламандра має велику голову, маленькі очі і темну зморшкувату шкіру. Вона живе у холодних гірських потоках, де харчується комахами, жабами і рибою. Китайська велетенська саламандра має дуже слабкий зір, тому вона залежить від спеціальних сенсорних вузлів на лобі, відчуваючи навіть найлегший рух у воді. Найчастіше живе в печерах.

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Kỳ giông khổng lồ Trung Quốc ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Kỳ giông khổng lồ Trung Quốc (Andrias davidianus) là loài kỳ giông lớn nhất thế giới cũng như loài lưỡng cư lớn nhất, dài đến 180 cm, dù ngày nay nó hiếm khi đạt độ dài đó. Chúng là loài đặc hữu ở các suối núi đá và hồ ở Trung Quốc, nó được xem là loài cực kỳ nguy cấp do sự phá hủy môi trường sống, nạn ô nhiễm, khai thác quá mức cũng như nó được xem là loài bổ dưỡng và làm thuốc bắc. Loài này được ghi nhận ở Đài Loan có lẽ là do du nhập.[3] Nó được dự án nguy cấp toàn cầu và khác biệt về tiến hóa liệt kê như là một trong 10 loài trọng tâm hàng đầu năm 2008.

Mô tả và tập tính

 src=
Hình ảnh một con khoảng 30 năm tuổi.

Loài kỳ giông này có một cái đầu lớn, mắt nhỏ, da đen và nhăn nheo. Đây là một trong hai loài còn sinh tồn trong chi Andrias, loài còn lại nhỏ hơn một chút nhưng về tổng thể rất giống nhau, là kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản (Andrias japonicus). Kỳ giông khổng lồ Trung Quốc ăn côn trùng, ếch nhái, và cá. Nó có thị lực rất kém, vì vậy phụ thuộc vào các bướu cảm giác đặc biệt chạy theo đường trên cơ thể của con vật, từ đầu đến đuôi. Chúng có khả năng cảm nhận được các rung động nhỏ trong môi trường xung quanh với sự giúp đỡ của các bướu này.[4] Con cái đẻ 400-500 trứng trong một ổ đẻ dưới nước, được con đực bảo vệ cho tới khi trứng nở sau 50-60 ngày.[3] Con trưởng thành trung bình nặng 25–30 kg (55-66 lb) và dài 1,15 m (3,8 ft).[5]

Kỳ giông khổng lồ Trung Quốc được biết có thể phát ra âm thanh, như tiếng sủa, rên rỉ, rít lên, hay âm thanh như tiếng khóc.[6] Một vài trong số những tiếng kêu của chúng giống với tiếng khóc của một đứa trẻ, và vì thế nó được biết đến trong tiếng Trung Quốc như như "oa oa ngư/nghê" (娃娃鱼/鲵), nghĩa là cá trẻ con.[7]

Phân bố và môi trường sống

Kỳ giông khổng lồ Trung Quốc từng phổ biến tộng khắp tại miền trung, tây nam và miền nam Trung Quốc, nhưng hiện nay phạm vi phân bố đã bị phân mảnh rất nhiều.[1] Phạm vi phân bố mở rộng từ Thanh Hải về phía đông tới Giang Tô và về phía nam tới Tứ Xuyên, Quảng TâyQuảng Đông; đáng chú ý là trong lưu vực các con sông như Trường Giang, Hoàng HàChâu Giang.[3]

Kỳ giông khổng lồ Trung Quốc là động vật thủy sinh và sinh sống trong các con suối vùng đồi núi đá hay hồ với nước trong.[3] Nó thường được tìm thấy trong bùn hay khe đá sẫm màu dọc theo các bờ sông, hồ, ao, sông và suối trong rừng lá rộng và rừng thông.[8] Nó chủ yếu được tìm thấy trong khu vực đồng rừng ở độ cao từ 100 tới 1.500 m (330-4.920 ft), với độ cao ghi nhận tần suất bắt gặp cao nhất là 300–800 m (980-2.620 ft).[1][3] Loài kỳ giông này cũng ưa thích sống trong các con suối nhỏ (trung bình có bề rộng khoảng 6,39 m), nước chảy nhanh và độ sâu không lớn (trung bình sâu 1,07 m).[9] Tuy nhiên, hang hốc nơi chúng đẻ trứng lại thường là có nước chảy chậm. Ngoài ra, môi trường sống của chúng thường có đáy nhiều sỏi đá và không bằng phẳng, với nhiều sỏi và đá nhỏ cũng như một vài thảm thực vật.[9]

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă â Liang Gang, Geng Baorong, Zhao Ermi (2004). Andrias davidianus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 4 năm 2014.
  2. ^ “Amphibian Species of the World - Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871)”. Research.amnh.org. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 2 năm 2010.
  3. ^ a ă â b c Andrias davidianus - Amphibiaweb
  4. ^ “World's Weirdest Creatures”. Noeman.org. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 2 năm 2010.
  5. ^ Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
  6. ^ Stebbins, Robert C.; Cohen, Nathan W. (1997), A Natural History of Amphibians, Nhà in Đại học Princeton, ISBN 978-0-691-10251-1
  7. ^ Largest Base for Endangered Giant Salamander Underway, Xinhua News Agency, Ngày 18 tháng 8 năm 2006
  8. ^ “EDGE of Existence.”. EDGE of Existence. |url= trống hay bị thiếu (trợ giúp)
  9. ^ a ă Title: [Habitat characteristics of Andrias davidianus in Zhangjiajie of China]. Source:Qing-Hua, Luo. 应用生态学报 (Sinh thái học ứng dụng) Quyển: 20 Số: 7 (20-07-2009) tr. 1723-1730. ISSN: 1001-9332

Tham khảo

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Kỳ giông khổng lồ Trung Quốc: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Kỳ giông khổng lồ Trung Quốc (Andrias davidianus) là loài kỳ giông lớn nhất thế giới cũng như loài lưỡng cư lớn nhất, dài đến 180 cm, dù ngày nay nó hiếm khi đạt độ dài đó. Chúng là loài đặc hữu ở các suối núi đá và hồ ở Trung Quốc, nó được xem là loài cực kỳ nguy cấp do sự phá hủy môi trường sống, nạn ô nhiễm, khai thác quá mức cũng như nó được xem là loài bổ dưỡng và làm thuốc bắc. Loài này được ghi nhận ở Đài Loan có lẽ là do du nhập. Nó được dự án nguy cấp toàn cầu và khác biệt về tiến hóa liệt kê như là một trong 10 loài trọng tâm hàng đầu năm 2008.

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Китайская исполинская саламандра ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
 src=
Скелет китайской исполинской саламандры

Китайская исполинская саламандра[1] (лат. Andrias davidianus) — самое крупное современное земноводное.

Описание

Внешний вид

 src=
Китайская исполинская саламандра в аквариуме

Длина тела с хвостом до 180 см, масса — до 70 кг. Верхняя сторона тела серо-коричневая, а разница в интенсивности окраски создаёт впечатление пятнистости. Брюшная сторона светло-серая с тёмными пятнами. Туловище и голова широкие, уплощённые. Глаза маленькие, лишены век. На передних конечностях по 3, на задних — по 5 пальцев. Кожа бугристая. Хвост короткий и широкий.

Распространение и среда обитания

Обитает в восточном Китае от юга провинции Гуанси до севера провинции Шэньси.

Живёт исключительно в чистых и холодных горных водоёмах.

Питание

Кормится рыбой, земноводными, мелкими млекопитающими, а также ракообразными и другими водными беспозвоночными.

Размножение и развитие

Самка откладывает двумя шнурами около 500 крупных яиц. Личинки вылупляются через 2—2,5 месяца. Их длина до 30 мм и они обладают хорошо развитыми наружными жабрами. Половая зрелость у китайских исполинских саламандр наступает в 5 лет.

Китайская исполинская саламандра и человек

Подвергается опасности исчезновения из-за сокращения мест обитания, загрязнения окружающей среды и целенаправленного уничтожения (так как используется в традиционной китайской медицине). Предпринимаются усилия для сохранения этого вида в природе.

С начала 2000-х обнаружилось генетическое расхождение между разными популяциями животных из разных районов Китая[2]. Это навело учёных на мысль, что китайская исполинская саламандра — это не один, а сразу несколько близких видов. Такие виды называют «криптическими» или «скрытыми», когда близкие виды не имеют значимых внешних отличий и могут быть распознаны только генетическим исследованием. Группа учёных из Куньминского зоологического института Китайской академии наук определили минимум пять видов, разделение которых сочетается с географическим положением бассейнов рек, где обитают животные. Данный факт объясняет, почему выпуск на волю искусственно выведенных саламандр не всегда приводил к увеличению популяции в природе — несмотря на возможность межвидового скрещивания саламандры, видимомо, предпочитают всё-таки особей своего вида.

См. также

Примечания

  1. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 20. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
  2. Китайская исполинская саламандра — пример незаметного исчезновения видов
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Китайская исполинская саламандра: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
 src= Скелет китайской исполинской саламандры

Китайская исполинская саламандра (лат. Andrias davidianus) — самое крупное современное земноводное.

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中國大鯢 ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
二名法 Andrias davidianus
(Blanchard, 1871)

中國大鯢學名Andrias davidianus[2]大鯢屬的一種,俗名中國娃娃魚娃娃魚,乃生活在淡水中的兩棲動物。目前世上最早的化石出土於中國内蒙古,距今约1.65億年,所以中國大鯢可被稱為活化石。1988年《中華人民共和國野生動物保護法》將之列為国家二级重点保护野生动物

描述

中國大鯢是現存兩棲類當中,體型最大的一種,一般身長約60至70公分,體重約5至6公斤,大的可長達1.8公尺,重達30公斤。背呈棕褐色,有黑色斑塊,腹色較淡,頭扁寬,生有成對的疣突,頭的背面有極小的鼻孔和眼,口大,軀扁而粗壯,尾短而側扁,四很短,前肢4,後肢5,趾間有

因叫聲像嬰兒啼哭,故又名「娃娃魚」,但實屬兩棲動物,並不屬於魚類

另外中科院昆明動物所研究員車靜說,研究團隊與合作者們經過10年的考察和走訪,界定了陝西種、四川種、廣西種、貴州種和安徽種5個物種。另外,在養殖場種群中還意外發現了另外兩個獨特支系,加之記錄分佈於海拔4000米以上的青藏高原種群,推測中國大鯢可能包括8個物種。

生活情況

娃娃魚棲息在清澈、低溫的溪流或者天然溶洞中,牠們是肉食性動物,主要的食物為魚類甲殼類動物,於夏天末期產卵,約2至4個星期即可孵化。

現時中國湖南山西陝西廣東廣西等地,都有人工馴養的娃娃魚分佈;野生則極為稀少,主要於長江黃河珠江流域海拔1500公尺以上支流被發現。

保育現狀

由於娃娃魚生存年代久遠,其肉被認為具有神奇的療效,因此價格昂貴,常遭人類捕捉來食用或觀賞,再加上生活環境遭受破壞,幾瀕臨滅絕。20世紀末期,台灣也曾盛行食用,大量從中國内地走私,作為觀賞用途的也不計其數。

IUCN紅色名錄內,娃娃魚被評定為極危物種,表示其野生種群所面臨滅絕的機會極高。目前野生種群主要面對濫捕的情況,棲息地的破壞也減少了它們的生活空間。

人工養殖

自1978年,陽愛生成功地實現了娃娃魚的人工繁殖,時至今日,中國人工繁殖娃娃魚的數量已至約10萬尾,並成立有湖南省大鯢保護與發展協會。有報導指人工馴養的娃娃魚,將能在兩年後成為普羅大眾的食品[3]。野生的中国大鲵至少包括五个到八个不同物种,而养殖场相关业者不知道各地区大鲵物种的明显差异,无意间创造出了杂交品种,其不适应任何特定的环境,有令到多数大鲵物种灭绝的风险[4]

2009年,娃娃魚主要聚居地之一的張家界大鯢自然保護區,正擬提供娃娃魚給香港海洋公園作科普宣傳及科學研究之用。此前香港有兩條娃娃魚,屬1990年代末非法偷運入境,经香港漁護署搜出後交由嘉道理農場照料,2001年養於海洋公園至今[5]

参考文献

參見

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中國大鯢: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

中國大鯢(學名:Andrias davidianus)是大鯢屬的一種,俗名中國娃娃魚、娃娃魚,乃生活在淡水中的兩棲動物。目前世上最早的化石出土於中國内蒙古,距今约1.65億年,所以中國大鯢可被稱為活化石。1988年《中華人民共和國野生動物保護法》將之列為国家二级重点保护野生动物

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チュウゴクオオサンショウウオ ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供
チュウゴクオオサンショウウオ チュウゴクオオサンショウウオ
チュウゴクオオサンショウウオ
Andrias davidianus
保全状況評価[a 1][a 2] CRITICALLY ENDANGERED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 CR.svgワシントン条約附属書I 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 両生綱 Amphibia : 有尾目 Caudata 上科 : サンショウウオ上科
Cryptobranchoidea : オオサンショウウオ科
Cryptobranchidae : オオサンショウウオ属 Andrias : チュウゴクオオサンショウウオ
A. davidianus 学名 Andrias davidianus
(Blanchard, 1871) シノニム

Sieboldia davidiana Blanchard, 1871

和名 タイリクオオサンショウウオ
チュウゴクオオサンショウウオ 英名 Chinese giant salamander

チュウゴクオオサンショウウオAndrias davidianus)は、両生綱オオサンショウウオ科オオサンショウウオ属に分類される有尾類。

分布[編集]

中華人民共和国東部(安徽省南部および西部、雲南省北東部、甘粛省南東部、広東省北西部、貴州省東部および西部、江西省西部、湖南省北西部および南東部、湖北省北東部および西部、山西省南部、四川省東部、、青海省南部、浙江省西部、陝西省南部、福建省西部、広西チワン族自治区北部の黄河長江珠江流域)[1][2]固有種

日本賀茂川水系)、台湾などにも移入[2][3]

形態[編集]

全長100センチメートル[2]。皮膚の表面に疣状の突起は少なく対になり、体側面の隆起も目立たない[2]。大型な薄褐色の斑紋が入る個体が多い[2]

同属のオオサンショウウオと比較すると眼がやや大型で、吻端が扁平な傾向がある[2]。一方で外観ではオオサンショウウオとの明瞭な識別形態は少ない[2]

生態[編集]

標高100-2,000メートル(主に300-900メートル)にある河川の上・中流域に生息する[2]。幼体は水深の浅い場所で、大型個体は水深の深い場所で生活する[2]夜行性で、昼間は水中の岩場などで休む[2]

食性は動物食で、魚類カエルヘビ昆虫甲殻類などを食べる[1][2]。幼体を共食いしたり、鳥類を捕食した例もある[2]

繁殖形態は卵生。5-9月(主に7-9月)に水中の石の下などに、数珠状に繋がった200-1,500個の卵を産む[2]。卵は飼育下では30-40日で孵化した例がある[2]。全長40-50センチメートルで性成熟する[2]

人間との関係[編集]

中国語名「娃娃魚」の由来として、捕まえると赤ん坊(娃娃)のような鳴き声を出すとする俗説がある[2]

中華人民共和国では食用や美容品とされ、皮革も利用される[2]。食用としては、滋養強壮、貧血防止、月経不順などに効用があると信じられている[2]。中華人民共和国では1960年から養殖が始まり、1970年代には飼育下繁殖に成功している[2]。飼育下繁殖されて3世代目以降の個体のみ食用として利用できるとされる[2]

中華人民共和国では国家II級重点保護野生動物とされ、保護の対象とされ飼育下繁殖や販売にも許可が必要[2]。野生個体の食用禁止、繁殖期の捕獲制限、保護区の設置、植林などの保護対策が進められている[2]。中華人民共和国内で行われた遺伝子学的調査でも水系と遺伝分布が一致しないという解析結果があることから、人為的移入による遺伝子汚染が懸念されている[2]。日本では賀茂川水系のオオサンショウウオに対しミトコンドリアDNA分子系統学的解析を行った結果、本種および本種とオオサンショウウオの種間雑種が含まれることが判明した[2][3]

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編著 『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、127頁。
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x 西川完途 「オオサンショウウオ科 -チュウゴクオオサンショウウオ-」『クリーパー』第54号、クリーパー社、2010年、44-49頁。
  3. ^ a b チュウゴクオオサンショウウオ 国立環境研究所 侵入生物DB

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、チュウゴクオオサンショウウオに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにチュウゴクオオサンショウウオに関する情報があります。

外部リンク[編集]

  1. ^ CITES homepage
  2. ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • Liang Gang, Geng Baorong, Zhao Ermi 2004. Andrias davidianus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2.
執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

チュウゴクオオサンショウウオ: Brief Summary ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供

チュウゴクオオサンショウウオ(Andrias davidianus)は、両生綱オオサンショウウオ科オオサンショウウオ属に分類される有尾類。

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wikipedia 日本語