Russulaceae

Russula silvestris (Singer) Reumaux, syn.: Russula emetica ssp. silvestris. (Singer) Reumaux, Russula emetica ssp. emeticella (Singer) Singer, Russula emetica var. silvestris Singer, Russula emeticella (Singer) Romagn,, Russula emeticella var. splendens Reumaux. EN: Sickener, Vomiting Russula, DE: Wald-Spei-Tubling, Kiefern-Spei-TublingFamily: RussulaceaeSection: Emeticinae Slo.: bljuvna golobica, mahov razliekDat.: Oct. 22. 2019Code: Bot_1265/2019_DSC01802Lat.: 46.359572 Long.: 13.704544Habitat: mixed wood; Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; slightly inclined mountain slope, east aspect; calcareous, colluvial ground; in shade; fairly dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 555 m (1.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta; right bank of river Soa; near Skokar farmhouse, Trenta 2; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: The number of species in the genus Russula is estimated to about 500 worldwide (Ref.: 2), many of which are not well characterized. Among them over 100 species have vividly red pileus. If we count only those, which have in addition a completely white stem, still about 80 species remain (Ref.: 1). To determine a find to species level is therefore not an easy task. This find almost certainly belongs to subgenus Russula (Pers.: Fr.) Bon, section Emeticinae, Melzer & Zvara (Ref.: 2). Spore are rather small and correspond to two species listed in Ref.:2: Russula emetica var. sylvestris = Russula silvestris (current name according to Index Fungorum) and Russula emetica var. grisescens. The last one is much bigger than this find and also has grayish stipe. Several other species have been also considered. Russula luteotacta was tentatively proposed (Ref. 1) since habit, habitat and particularly hut colors correspond well to this find (spot wise fading to pinkish and whitish with older specimens). However, gills are not broadly attached or +/- decurrent as they should be with R. luteotacta (Ref.:3). Also similar Russula mairei Sing. was considered. However, measured spores seems to be too broad (5.2-6.6 m for Russula mairei (Ref.3)). It also has slightly beige spore print and grows on damp soil, which doesn't fit to this find. We determined this find to Russula silvestris. This species is found primarily near conifers (particularly Pinus) but also in hardwood and mixed forests including near Fagus and Picea trees (Ref. 3). Nevertheless, the confidence of the determination is not high. Chemical tests and more microscopy would be needed for a more reliable resultGrowing solitary and scattered; 10 + pilei on an area of about two m2; pilei diameter 2.9 6 cm, hut cuticle peels to about 50% of pilei radius and above; gills bruise slightly yellowish after a longer time (several hours); stipe 2 -4.5 cm long and 0.8 -1.2 cm in diameter; smell almost none, taste very hot, instant and long lasting; SP abundant, white, oac909.Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions (7,4) 7,9 - 9,1 (10,1) (5,9) 6,4 - 7,2 (7,8) m; Q = (1,1) 1,2 - 1,3 (1,4); N = 30; Me = 8,5 6,9 m; Qe = 1,2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute.Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Slavko erod, Mycological association Lisika, Maribor., www.gobe.si (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 555. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 198 and p168. (4) T.Volk, botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/sep2004.html (accessed Oct.13. 2019) (5) wwww.123pilzsuche.de/daten/details/Speitaeubling.htm (accessed Nov. 2. 2019)

Russula silvestris (Singer) Reumaux, syn.: Russula emetica ssp. silvestris. (Singer) Reumaux, Russula emetica ssp. emeticella (Singer) Singer, Russula emetica var. silvestris Singer, Russula emeticella (Singer) Romagn,, Russula emeticella var. splendens Reumaux. EN: Sickener, Vomiting Russula, DE: Wald-Spei-Tubling, Kiefern-Spei-TublingFamily: RussulaceaeSection: Emeticinae Slo.: bljuvna golobica, mahov razliekDat.: Oct. 3. 2019Code: Bot_1260/2019_DSC8105Lat.: 46.359572 Long.: 13.704544Habitat: mixed wood; Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; slightly inclined mountain slope, east aspect; calcareous, colluvial ground; in shade; fairly dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 555 m (1.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta; right bank of river Soa; near Skokar farmhouse, Trenta 2; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: The number of species in the genus Russula is estimated to about 500 worldwide (Ref.: 2), many of which are not well characterized. Among them over 100 species have vividly red pileus. If we count only those, which have in addition a completely white stem, still about 80 species remain (Ref.: 1). To determine a find to species level is therefore not an easy task. This find almost certainly belongs to subgenus Russula (Pers.: Fr.) Bon, section Emeticinae, Melzer & Zvara (Ref.: 2). Spore are rather small and correspond to two species listed in Ref.:2: Russula emetica var. sylvestris = Russula silvestris (current name according to Index Fungorum) and Russula emetica var. grisescens. The last one is much bigger than this find and also has grayish stipe. Several other species have been also considered. Russula luteotacta was tentatively proposed (Ref. 1) since habit, habitat and particularly hut colors correspond well to this find (spot wise fading to pinkish and whitish with older specimens). However, gills are not broadly attached or +/- decurrent as they should be with R. luteotacta (Ref.:3). Also similar Russula mairei Sing. was considered. However, measured spores seems to be too broad (5.2-6.6 m for Russula mairei (Ref.3)). It also has slightly beige spore print and grows on damp soil, which doesn't fit to this find. We determined this find to Russula silvestris. This species is found primarily near conifers (particularly Pinus) but also in hardwood and mixed forests including near Fagus and Picea trees (Ref. 3). Nevertheless, the confidence of the determination is not high. Chemical tests and more microscopy would be needed for a more reliable resultGrowing solitary and scattered; 10 + pilei on an area of about two m2; pilei diameter 2.9 6 cm, hut cuticle peels to about 50% of pilei radius and above; gills bruise slightly yellowish after a longer time (several hours); stipe 2 -4.5 cm long and 0.8 -1.2 cm in diameter; smell almost none, taste very hot, instant and long lasting; SP abundant, white, oac909.Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions (7,4) 7,9 - 9,1 (10,1) (5,9) 6,4 - 7,2 (7,8) m; Q = (1,1) 1,2 - 1,3 (1,4); N = 30; Me = 8,5 6,9 m; Qe = 1,2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute.Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Slavko erod, Mycological association Lisika, Maribor., www.gobe.si (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 555. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 198 and p168. (4) T.Volk, botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/sep2004.html (accessed Oct.13. 2019) (5) wwww.123pilzsuche.de/daten/details/Speitaeubling.htm (accessed Nov. 2. 2019)

Horsell Common, Surrey. TQ011609

Horsell Common, Surrey. TQ011609

Russula romellii Maire, syn.: Russula alutacea (Pers.) Fr., Russula alutacea subsp. romellii (Maire) SingerRomelli's Brittlegill, DE: Weistieliger LedertublingSlo.: malinova golobicaDat.: Oct. 9. 2013Lat.: 46.39986 Long.: 13.70143Code: Bot_759/2013_DSC8496Habitat: grassland, former pasture gradually overgrowing with Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies; flat, calcareous, old alluvial ground; quite in shade; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 980 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Zadnja Trenta valley, Zapodn place; left bank of dry bed of river Soa; somewhat upstream of the last pastures; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: From far I thought I found Russula queletii. But totally white stipe, distinctly colored gills and the fact that it had mild taste quickly ruled this option out. Very dense, straw colored, very sparsely branched gills with entire edge, and almost no short gills that extend only part way to stipe, as well as other macroscopically traits and dimensions and surface ornamentation of spores fit well to Russula romellii. However, whenever I call to mind how many species exist in this genus I start to doubt in my determinations. Growing solitary. Pileus diameter 10.5 cm, taste and smell mild; SP beige-yellow-ocher, oac 812.Spores coarsely warty and/or spiny with ridges. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.7 ; 8.1] 9.3 x 5.7 [6.7 ; 7.1] 8.1 microns; Q = 1 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.3; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 7.9 x 6.9 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 12345, Ulmer (2000), p 501.(2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 314. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6., Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 234. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 33.(5) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 411.

kaunonahkahaperoEspoo, Finland 2011-08-06

Russula romellii Maire, syn.: Russula alutacea (Pers.) Fr., Russula alutacea subsp. romellii (Maire) SingerRomelli's Brittlegill, DE: Weistieliger LedertublingSlo.: malinova golobicaDat.: Oct. 9. 2013Lat.: 46.39986 Long.: 13.70143Code: Bot_759/2013_DSC8496Habitat: grassland, former pasture gradually overgrowing with Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies; flat, calcareous, old alluvial ground; quite in shade; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 980 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Zadnja Trenta valley, Zapodn place; left bank of dry bed of river Soa; somewhat upstream of the last pastures; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: From far I thought I found Russula queletii. But totally white stipe, distinctly colored gills and the fact that it had mild taste quickly ruled this option out. Very dense, straw colored, very sparsely branched gills with entire edge, and almost no short gills that extend only part way to stipe, as well as other macroscopically traits and dimensions and surface ornamentation of spores fit well to Russula romellii. However, whenever I call to mind how many species exist in this genus I start to doubt in my determinations. Growing solitary. Pileus diameter 10.5 cm, taste and smell mild; SP beige-yellow-ocher, oac 812.Spores coarsely warty and/or spiny with ridges. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.7 ; 8.1] 9.3 x 5.7 [6.7 ; 7.1] 8.1 microns; Q = 1 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.3; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 7.9 x 6.9 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 12345, Ulmer (2000), p 501.(2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 314. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6., Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 234. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 33.(5) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 411.

Russula romellii Maire, syn.: Russula alutacea (Pers.) Fr., Russula alutacea subsp. romellii (Maire) SingerRomelli's Brittlegill, DE: Weistieliger LedertublingSlo.: malinova golobicaDat.: Oct. 9. 2013Lat.: 46.39986 Long.: 13.70143Code: Bot_759/2013_DSC8496Habitat: grassland, former pasture gradually overgrowing with Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies; flat, calcareous, old alluvial ground; quite in shade; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 980 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Zadnja Trenta valley, Zapodn place; left bank of dry bed of river Soa; somewhat upstream of the last pastures; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: From far I thought I found Russula queletii. But totally white stipe, distinctly colored gills and the fact that it had mild taste quickly ruled this option out. Very dense, straw colored, very sparsely branched gills with entire edge, and almost no short gills that extend only part way to stipe, as well as other macroscopically traits and dimensions and surface ornamentation of spores fit well to Russula romellii. However, whenever I call to mind how many species exist in this genus I start to doubt in my determinations. Growing solitary. Pileus diameter 10.5 cm, taste and smell mild; SP beige-yellow-ocher, oac 812.Spores coarsely warty and/or spiny with ridges. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.7 ; 8.1] 9.3 x 5.7 [6.7 ; 7.1] 8.1 microns; Q = 1 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.3; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 7.9 x 6.9 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 12345, Ulmer (2000), p 501.(2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 314. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6., Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 234. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 33.(5) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 411.

Russula romellii Maire, syn.: Russula alutacea (Pers.) Fr., Russula alutacea subsp. romellii (Maire) SingerRomelli's Brittlegill, DE: Weistieliger LedertublingSlo.: malinova golobicaDat.: Oct. 9. 2013Lat.: 46.39986 Long.: 13.70143Code: Bot_759/2013_DSC8496Habitat: grassland, former pasture gradually overgrowing with Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies; flat, calcareous, old alluvial ground; quite in shade; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 980 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Zadnja Trenta valley, Zapodn place; left bank of dry bed of river Soa; somewhat upstream of the last pastures; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: From far I thought I found Russula queletii. But totally white stipe, distinctly colored gills and the fact that it had mild taste quickly ruled this option out. Very dense, straw colored, very sparsely branched gills with entire edge, and almost no short gills that extend only part way to stipe, as well as other macroscopically traits and dimensions and surface ornamentation of spores fit well to Russula romellii. However, whenever I call to mind how many species exist in this genus I start to doubt in my determinations. Growing solitary. Pileus diameter 10.5 cm, taste and smell mild; SP beige-yellow-ocher, oac 812.Spores coarsely warty and/or spiny with ridges. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.7 ; 8.1] 9.3 x 5.7 [6.7 ; 7.1] 8.1 microns; Q = 1 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.3; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 7.9 x 6.9 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 12345, Ulmer (2000), p 501.(2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 314. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6., Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 234. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 33.(5) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 411.

Russula romellii Maire, syn.: Russula alutacea (Pers.) Fr., Russula alutacea subsp. romellii (Maire) SingerRomelli's Brittlegill, DE: Weistieliger LedertublingSlo.: malinova golobicaDat.: Oct. 9. 2013Lat.: 46.39986 Long.: 13.70143Code: Bot_759/2013_DSC8496Habitat: grassland, former pasture gradually overgrowing with Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies; flat, calcareous, old alluvial ground; quite in shade; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 980 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Zadnja Trenta valley, Zapodn place; left bank of dry bed of river Soa; somewhat upstream of the last pastures; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: From far I thought I found Russula queletii. But totally white stipe, distinctly colored gills and the fact that it had mild taste quickly ruled this option out. Very dense, straw colored, very sparsely branched gills with entire edge, and almost no short gills that extend only part way to stipe, as well as other macroscopically traits and dimensions and surface ornamentation of spores fit well to Russula romellii. However, whenever I call to mind how many species exist in this genus I start to doubt in my determinations. Growing solitary. Pileus diameter 10.5 cm, taste and smell mild; SP beige-yellow-ocher, oac 812.Spores coarsely warty and/or spiny with ridges. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.7 ; 8.1] 9.3 x 5.7 [6.7 ; 7.1] 8.1 microns; Q = 1 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.3; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 7.9 x 6.9 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 12345, Ulmer (2000), p 501.(2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 314. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6., Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 234. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 33.(5) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 411.

kaunonahkahaperoEspoo, Finland 2011-08-06

Russula romellii Maire, syn.: Russula alutacea (Pers.) Fr., Russula alutacea subsp. romellii (Maire) SingerRomelli's Brittlegill, DE: Weistieliger LedertublingSlo.: malinova golobicaDat.: Oct. 9. 2013Lat.: 46.39986 Long.: 13.70143Code: Bot_759/2013_DSC8496Habitat: grassland, former pasture gradually overgrowing with Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies; flat, calcareous, old alluvial ground; quite in shade; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 980 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Zadnja Trenta valley, Zapodn place; left bank of dry bed of river Soa; somewhat upstream of the last pastures; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: From far I thought I found Russula queletii. But totally white stipe, distinctly colored gills and the fact that it had mild taste quickly ruled this option out. Very dense, straw colored, very sparsely branched gills with entire edge, and almost no short gills that extend only part way to stipe, as well as other macroscopically traits and dimensions and surface ornamentation of spores fit well to Russula romellii. However, whenever I call to mind how many species exist in this genus I start to doubt in my determinations. Growing solitary. Pileus diameter 10.5 cm, taste and smell mild; SP beige-yellow-ocher, oac 812.Spores coarsely warty and/or spiny with ridges. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.7 ; 8.1] 9.3 x 5.7 [6.7 ; 7.1] 8.1 microns; Q = 1 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.3; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 7.9 x 6.9 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 12345, Ulmer (2000), p 501.(2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 314. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6., Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 234. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 33.(5) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 411.

Russula romellii Maire, syn.: Russula alutacea (Pers.) Fr., Russula alutacea subsp. romellii (Maire) SingerRomelli's Brittlegill, DE: Weistieliger LedertublingSlo.: malinova golobicaDat.: Oct. 9. 2013Lat.: 46.39986 Long.: 13.70143Code: Bot_759/2013_DSC8496Habitat: grassland, former pasture gradually overgrowing with Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies; flat, calcareous, old alluvial ground; quite in shade; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 980 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Zadnja Trenta valley, Zapodn place; left bank of dry bed of river Soa; somewhat upstream of the last pastures; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: From far I thought I found Russula queletii. But totally white stipe, distinctly colored gills and the fact that it had mild taste quickly ruled this option out. Very dense, straw colored, very sparsely branched gills with entire edge, and almost no short gills that extend only part way to stipe, as well as other macroscopically traits and dimensions and surface ornamentation of spores fit well to Russula romellii. However, whenever I call to mind how many species exist in this genus I start to doubt in my determinations. Growing solitary. Pileus diameter 10.5 cm, taste and smell mild; SP beige-yellow-ocher, oac 812.Spores coarsely warty and/or spiny with ridges. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.7 ; 8.1] 9.3 x 5.7 [6.7 ; 7.1] 8.1 microns; Q = 1 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.3; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 7.9 x 6.9 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 12345, Ulmer (2000), p 501.(2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 314. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6., Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 234. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 33.(5) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 411.

Lactarius luridus (Pers.) Gray, syn.: Lactarius acris var. luridus (Pers.) Bataille, Lactarius uvidus var. luridus (Pers.), Lactifluus luridus (Pers.) Kuntze, Lactarius violascens (Otto) Fries ss. Dhncke, Lactarius uvidus var. violascens ss Konr.&Maubl.EN: Lurid Milckcap, DE: Fahler MilchlingSlo.: vrsta mleniceDat.: Sept. 14. 2014Lat.: 46.35999 Long.: 13.70078Code: Bot_837/2014_DSC4254Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; growing under Fagus; southeast oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer; overgrown calcareous, colluvial sand, stone and scattered rocks; relatively dry and warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 620 m (2.030 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa, between villages Soa and Trenta, between 'Na Melu', Trenta 2b and abandoned farm house 'Strgulc', Soa 47, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: Taxonomical history of Lactarius luridus is very complicated (Ref.2. see Systematik). Species names luridus, uvidus, acris, violascens have been used differently by different authors. I rely on Basso (1999) Ref.3 and IF. She keeps in the section Uvidi (having violet milk) six species. The fungi photographed correspond the closest to the description of Lactarius luridus although the description of its hut doesn't fit very well. Hut of Lactarius luridus is according to most sources 'more or less' zonate, while the mushrooms found were not. Exceptionally, the picture published in Breitenbach (2005) Ref.6. shows two pilei, which are also not zonate. Other options of determination seem less appropriate: L. violascens is distinctly, dark zonate and has narrower spores, L. cistophilus is a Mediterranean species, L. pseudouvidus and L. robertianus are Arctic Alpine elevations species. Although L. uvidus has azonate pileus like this find, it grows under Betula, Salix, and sometimes under Picea abies, has narrower spores (but not according to Ref.4) and prefers moist habitats. Hence Lactarius luridus seems the best option for this find.Two pilei were found about 20 m apart in the same habitat; pilei 6-7 cm in diameter; cutis viscid; stipe dry, 5 cm tall and 1.3 cm in diameter, hollow; gills bruise gray-violet when cut or damaged; milk whitish-pale-yellow, with time and in contact with gills becoming pale violet; taste of milk, trama and gills mild, after some time somewhat bitter and slightly burning; trama when cut slowly darkens gray-violet; smell indistinctive; SP whitish-beige, oac857.Spores show scattered large warts and ridges. Dimensions:8.7 [9.8;10.3] 11.4 x 7.4 [8.2;8.5] 9.3 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 10 x 8.4 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si (2) de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahler_Milchling (accessed Sept.7. 2018) (3) M. T. Basso, Lactarius Pers, Fungi Europaei, Mycoflora (1999), p194. (4) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 365.(5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 956. (6) (x) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 78.

Lactarius luridus (Pers.) Gray, syn.: Lactarius acris var. luridus (Pers.) Bataille, Lactarius uvidus var. luridus (Pers.), Lactifluus luridus (Pers.) Kuntze, Lactarius violascens (Otto) Fries ss. Dhncke, Lactarius uvidus var. violascens ss Konr.&Maubl.EN: Lurid Milckcap, DE: Fahler MilchlingSlo.: vrsta mleniceDat.: Sept. 14. 2014Lat.: 46.35999 Long.: 13.70078Code: Bot_837/2014_DSC4254Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; growing under Fagus; southeast oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer; overgrown calcareous, colluvial sand, stone and scattered rocks; relatively dry and warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 620 m (2.030 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa, between villages Soa and Trenta, between 'Na Melu', Trenta 2b and abandoned farm house 'Strgulc', Soa 47, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: Taxonomical history of Lactarius luridus is very complicated (Ref.2. see Systematik). Species names luridus, uvidus, acris, violascens have been used differently by different authors. I rely on Basso (1999) Ref.3 and IF. She keeps in the section Uvidi (having violet milk) six species. The fungi photographed correspond the closest to the description of Lactarius luridus although the description of its hut doesn't fit very well. Hut of Lactarius luridus is according to most sources 'more or less' zonate, while the mushrooms found were not. Exceptionally, the picture published in Breitenbach (2005) Ref.6. shows two pilei, which are also not zonate. Other options of determination seem less appropriate: L. violascens is distinctly, dark zonate and has narrower spores, L. cistophilus is a Mediterranean species, L. pseudouvidus and L. robertianus are Arctic Alpine elevations species. Although L. uvidus has azonate pileus like this find, it grows under Betula, Salix, and sometimes under Picea abies, has narrower spores (but not according to Ref.4) and prefers moist habitats. Hence Lactarius luridus seems the best option for this find.Two pilei were found about 20 m apart in the same habitat; pilei 6-7 cm in diameter; cutis viscid; stipe dry, 5 cm tall and 1.3 cm in diameter, hollow; gills bruise gray-violet when cut or damaged; milk whitish-pale-yellow, with time and in contact with gills becoming pale violet; taste of milk, trama and gills mild, after some time somewhat bitter and slightly burning; trama when cut slowly darkens gray-violet; smell indistinctive; SP whitish-beige, oac857.Spores show scattered large warts and ridges. Dimensions:8.7 [9.8;10.3] 11.4 x 7.4 [8.2;8.5] 9.3 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 10 x 8.4 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si (2) de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahler_Milchling (accessed Sept.7. 2018) (3) M. T. Basso, Lactarius Pers, Fungi Europaei, Mycoflora (1999), p194. (4) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 365.(5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 956. (6) (x) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 78.

Lactarius luridus (Pers.) Gray, syn.: Lactarius acris var. luridus (Pers.) Bataille, Lactarius uvidus var. luridus (Pers.), Lactifluus luridus (Pers.) Kuntze, Lactarius violascens (Otto) Fries ss. Dhncke, Lactarius uvidus var. violascens ss Konr.&Maubl.EN: Lurid Milckcap, DE: Fahler MilchlingSlo.: vrsta mleniceDat.: Sept. 14. 2014Lat.: 46.35999 Long.: 13.70078Code: Bot_837/2014_DSC4254Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; growing under Fagus; southeast oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer; overgrown calcareous, colluvial sand, stone and scattered rocks; relatively dry and warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 620 m (2.030 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa, between villages Soa and Trenta, between 'Na Melu', Trenta 2b and abandoned farm house 'Strgulc', Soa 47, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: Taxonomical history of Lactarius luridus is very complicated (Ref.2. see Systematik). Species names luridus, uvidus, acris, violascens have been used differently by different authors. I rely on Basso (1999) Ref.3 and IF. She keeps in the section Uvidi (having violet milk) six species. The fungi photographed correspond the closest to the description of Lactarius luridus although the description of its hut doesn't fit very well. Hut of Lactarius luridus is according to most sources 'more or less' zonate, while the mushrooms found were not. Exceptionally, the picture published in Breitenbach (2005) Ref.6. shows two pilei, which are also not zonate. Other options of determination seem less appropriate: L. violascens is distinctly, dark zonate and has narrower spores, L. cistophilus is a Mediterranean species, L. pseudouvidus and L. robertianus are Arctic Alpine elevations species. Although L. uvidus has azonate pileus like this find, it grows under Betula, Salix, and sometimes under Picea abies, has narrower spores (but not according to Ref.4) and prefers moist habitats. Hence Lactarius luridus seems the best option for this find.Two pilei were found about 20 m apart in the same habitat; pilei 6-7 cm in diameter; cutis viscid; stipe dry, 5 cm tall and 1.3 cm in diameter, hollow; gills bruise gray-violet when cut or damaged; milk whitish-pale-yellow, with time and in contact with gills becoming pale violet; taste of milk, trama and gills mild, after some time somewhat bitter and slightly burning; trama when cut slowly darkens gray-violet; smell indistinctive; SP whitish-beige, oac857.Spores show scattered large warts and ridges. Dimensions:8.7 [9.8;10.3] 11.4 x 7.4 [8.2;8.5] 9.3 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 10 x 8.4 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si (2) de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahler_Milchling (accessed Sept.7. 2018) (3) M. T. Basso, Lactarius Pers, Fungi Europaei, Mycoflora (1999), p194. (4) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 365.(5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 956. (6) (x) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 78.

Lactarius luridus (Pers.) Gray, syn.: Lactarius acris var. luridus (Pers.) Bataille, Lactarius uvidus var. luridus (Pers.), Lactifluus luridus (Pers.) Kuntze, Lactarius violascens (Otto) Fries ss. Dhncke, Lactarius uvidus var. violascens ss Konr.&Maubl.EN: Lurid Milckcap, DE: Fahler MilchlingSlo.: vrsta mleniceDat.: Sept. 14. 2014Lat.: 46.35999 Long.: 13.70078Code: Bot_837/2014_DSC4254Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; growing under Fagus; southeast oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer; overgrown calcareous, colluvial sand, stone and scattered rocks; relatively dry and warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 620 m (2.030 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa, between villages Soa and Trenta, between 'Na Melu', Trenta 2b and abandoned farm house 'Strgulc', Soa 47, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: Taxonomical history of Lactarius luridus is very complicated (Ref.2. see Systematik). Species names luridus, uvidus, acris, violascens have been used differently by different authors. I rely on Basso (1999) Ref.3 and IF. She keeps in the section Uvidi (having violet milk) six species. The fungi photographed correspond the closest to the description of Lactarius luridus although the description of its hut doesn't fit very well. Hut of Lactarius luridus is according to most sources 'more or less' zonate, while the mushrooms found were not. Exceptionally, the picture published in Breitenbach (2005) Ref.6. shows two pilei, which are also not zonate. Other options of determination seem less appropriate: L. violascens is distinctly, dark zonate and has narrower spores, L. cistophilus is a Mediterranean species, L. pseudouvidus and L. robertianus are Arctic Alpine elevations species. Although L. uvidus has azonate pileus like this find, it grows under Betula, Salix, and sometimes under Picea abies, has narrower spores (but not according to Ref.4) and prefers moist habitats. Hence Lactarius luridus seems the best option for this find.Two pilei were found about 20 m apart in the same habitat; pilei 6-7 cm in diameter; cutis viscid; stipe dry, 5 cm tall and 1.3 cm in diameter, hollow; gills bruise gray-violet when cut or damaged; milk whitish-pale-yellow, with time and in contact with gills becoming pale violet; taste of milk, trama and gills mild, after some time somewhat bitter and slightly burning; trama when cut slowly darkens gray-violet; smell indistinctive; SP whitish-beige, oac857.Spores show scattered large warts and ridges. Dimensions:8.7 [9.8;10.3] 11.4 x 7.4 [8.2;8.5] 9.3 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 10 x 8.4 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si (2) de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahler_Milchling (accessed Sept.7. 2018) (3) M. T. Basso, Lactarius Pers, Fungi Europaei, Mycoflora (1999), p194. (4) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 365.(5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 956. (6) (x) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 78.

Lactarius luridus (Pers.) Gray, syn.: Lactarius acris var. luridus (Pers.) Bataille, Lactarius uvidus var. luridus (Pers.), Lactifluus luridus (Pers.) Kuntze, Lactarius violascens (Otto) Fries ss. Dhncke, Lactarius uvidus var. violascens ss Konr.&Maubl.EN: Lurid Milckcap, DE: Fahler MilchlingSlo.: vrsta mleniceDat.: Sept. 14. 2014Lat.: 46.35999 Long.: 13.70078Code: Bot_837/2014_DSC4254Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; growing under Fagus; southeast oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer; overgrown calcareous, colluvial sand, stone and scattered rocks; relatively dry and warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 620 m (2.030 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa, between villages Soa and Trenta, between 'Na Melu', Trenta 2b and abandoned farm house 'Strgulc', Soa 47, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: Taxonomical history of Lactarius luridus is very complicated (Ref.2. see Systematik). Species names luridus, uvidus, acris, violascens have been used differently by different authors. I rely on Basso (1999) Ref.3 and IF. She keeps in the section Uvidi (having violet milk) six species. The fungi photographed correspond the closest to the description of Lactarius luridus although the description of its hut doesn't fit very well. Hut of Lactarius luridus is according to most sources 'more or less' zonate, while the mushrooms found were not. Exceptionally, the picture published in Breitenbach (2005) Ref.6. shows two pilei, which are also not zonate. Other options of determination seem less appropriate: L. violascens is distinctly, dark zonate and has narrower spores, L. cistophilus is a Mediterranean species, L. pseudouvidus and L. robertianus are Arctic Alpine elevations species. Although L. uvidus has azonate pileus like this find, it grows under Betula, Salix, and sometimes under Picea abies, has narrower spores (but not according to Ref.4) and prefers moist habitats. Hence Lactarius luridus seems the best option for this find.Two pilei were found about 20 m apart in the same habitat; pilei 6-7 cm in diameter; cutis viscid; stipe dry, 5 cm tall and 1.3 cm in diameter, hollow; gills bruise gray-violet when cut or damaged; milk whitish-pale-yellow, with time and in contact with gills becoming pale violet; taste of milk, trama and gills mild, after some time somewhat bitter and slightly burning; trama when cut slowly darkens gray-violet; smell indistinctive; SP whitish-beige, oac857.Spores show scattered large warts and ridges. Dimensions:8.7 [9.8;10.3] 11.4 x 7.4 [8.2;8.5] 9.3 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 10 x 8.4 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si (2) de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahler_Milchling (accessed Sept.7. 2018) (3) M. T. Basso, Lactarius Pers, Fungi Europaei, Mycoflora (1999), p194. (4) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 365.(5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 956. (6) (x) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 78.

Lactarius luridus (Pers.) Gray, syn.: Lactarius acris var. luridus (Pers.) Bataille, Lactarius uvidus var. luridus (Pers.), Lactifluus luridus (Pers.) Kuntze, Lactarius violascens (Otto) Fries ss. Dhncke, Lactarius uvidus var. violascens ss Konr.&Maubl.EN: Lurid Milckcap, DE: Fahler MilchlingSlo.: vrsta mleniceDat.: Sept. 14. 2014Lat.: 46.35999 Long.: 13.70078Code: Bot_837/2014_DSC4254Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; growing under Fagus; southeast oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer; overgrown calcareous, colluvial sand, stone and scattered rocks; relatively dry and warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 620 m (2.030 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa, between villages Soa and Trenta, between 'Na Melu', Trenta 2b and abandoned farm house 'Strgulc', Soa 47, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: Taxonomical history of Lactarius luridus is very complicated (Ref.2. see Systematik). Species names luridus, uvidus, acris, violascens have been used differently by different authors. I rely on Basso (1999) Ref.3 and IF. She keeps in the section Uvidi (having violet milk) six species. The fungi photographed correspond the closest to the description of Lactarius luridus although the description of its hut doesn't fit very well. Hut of Lactarius luridus is according to most sources 'more or less' zonate, while the mushrooms found were not. Exceptionally, the picture published in Breitenbach (2005) Ref.6. shows two pilei, which are also not zonate. Other options of determination seem less appropriate: L. violascens is distinctly, dark zonate and has narrower spores, L. cistophilus is a Mediterranean species, L. pseudouvidus and L. robertianus are Arctic Alpine elevations species. Although L. uvidus has azonate pileus like this find, it grows under Betula, Salix, and sometimes under Picea abies, has narrower spores (but not according to Ref.4) and prefers moist habitats. Hence Lactarius luridus seems the best option for this find.Two pilei were found about 20 m apart in the same habitat; pilei 6-7 cm in diameter; cutis viscid; stipe dry, 5 cm tall and 1.3 cm in diameter, hollow; gills bruise gray-violet when cut or damaged; milk whitish-pale-yellow, with time and in contact with gills becoming pale violet; taste of milk, trama and gills mild, after some time somewhat bitter and slightly burning; trama when cut slowly darkens gray-violet; smell indistinctive; SP whitish-beige, oac857.Spores show scattered large warts and ridges. Dimensions:8.7 [9.8;10.3] 11.4 x 7.4 [8.2;8.5] 9.3 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 10 x 8.4 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si (2) de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahler_Milchling (accessed Sept.7. 2018) (3) M. T. Basso, Lactarius Pers, Fungi Europaei, Mycoflora (1999), p194. (4) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 365.(5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 956. (6) (x) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 78.

kampahaperosyn. Russula praetervisaHelsinki, Finland2011-08-22

Brockenhurst, England, United Kingdom

Brockenhurst, England, United Kingdom

Castel Fusano, Lazio, Italy

The yellow latex suggests that this is the Gold Drop Milk Cap, likely a species complex of Europe and North America. Photo from Needle Peak, British Columbia.