Stylommatophora

Figures 13–17.Monacha spp. 13 Monacha (Monacha) solitudinis. 13 syntype NHMG 16032a, Baalbek, D = 14.6 mm 14 NMBE 508041, Falougha above Soha water plant, D = 13.31 mm 15 Monacha (Monacha) bari, paratype NHMB 11167a, Israel, Mt. Hermon, D = 10.13 mm 16 Monacha (Monacha) bari, NMBE 508040, below Barouk Cedar Forest, D = 10.19 mm 17 Monacha (Monacha) cf. compingtae, Aammiq, D = XX mm. – ×4, phot. E. Bochud.

Figure 2.Photographs of shells. A Satsuma mellea stenozona (Moellendorff, 1884) (FJIQBC 18221, Fuzhou, China) B Satsuma meridionalis (Moellendorff, 1884) (FJIQBC 18415, Guangdong, China) C Satsuma uncopila (Heude, 1882) (FJIQBC 18417, Hangzhou, China) D Bradybaena virgo virgo (Pilsbry, 1927) (FJIQBC 18432, Haerbin, China) E Bradybaena virgo mongolia subsp. n. (Holotype, FJIQBC 18466, Inner Mongolia, China).

Figure 33.Drymaeus species. A–C Drymaeus (Drymaeus) incognitus da Costa, 1907, holotype NHMUK 1907.11.21.24 (H = 29.8) D–F Drymaeus (Drymaeus) exoticus (da Costa, 1901), lectotype NHMUK 1907.11.21.38 (H = 24.8) G–I Drymaeus (Drymaeus) elsteri da Costa, 1901, lectotype NHMUK 1907.11.21.34 (H = 33.9) J–L Drymaeus (Drymaeus) subventricosus da Costa, 1901, lectotype NHMUK 1907.11.21.37 (H = 30.1) M–O Drymaeus (Drymaeus) dacostae (Sowerby III, 1892), holotype NHMUK 1907.11.21.51 (H = 26.3). All enlarged.

Figure 25.Drymaeus species. A Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) aurifluus (Pfeiffer, 1857), lectotype NHMUK 1975502 (H = 21.8) B Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) bugabensis (Martens, 1893), lectotype NHMUK 1901.6.22.958 (H = 26.3) C Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) dubius (Pfeiffer, 1853), lectotype NHMUK 1975519 (H = 27.1) D Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) (?) rufescens (J.E. Gray, 1825), lectotype of Bulimus erusbescens Pfeiffer, 1847 NHMUK 1975562 (H = 24.2) E Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) conicus da Costa, 1907, lectotype NHMUK 1907.11.21.32 (H = 17.5) F Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) granadensis (Pfeiffer, 1848), lectotype of Bulimus demotus Reeve, 1850 NHMUK 1975504 (H = 31.8) G Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) vexillum (Wood, 1828), lectotype of Bulimus keppelli Pfeiffer, 1853 NHMUK 1975538 (H = 33.2) H Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) attenuatus varicosus (Pfeiffer, 1853), lectotype NHMUK 1975466 (H = 35.5) I–K Drymaeus (Drymaeus) signifer (Pfeiffer, 1855), lectotype NHMUK 1975216 (H = 32.9). All enlarged.

Figure 11.Genitalia and pallial complex. A–C Discartemon discus CUMZ 6257, from Vietnam A reproductive system B insertion of vas deferens into penial sheath, and C circular and excretory systems and mantle edge D, E Discartemon nummus CUMZ 6208, from Patthalung D reproductive system, and E insertion of vas deferens into penial sheath.

Figure 2.A Oospira formosensis (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.5/1 B Oospira swinhoei (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040583/1 C Elma swinhoei (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.14/1 D Videnoida shermani (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040584/1 E Petalochlamys formosanus (Schmacker & Boettger, 1891) syn. Petalochlamys hypograpta Godwin-Austen, 1907, holotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1713 F Petalochlamys vesta (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040580 G Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude, 1900) syn. Lamprocystis fulgida Godwin-Austen, 1907, holotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1714 H Aegista fulvicans (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.10/1 I Aegista granti (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040579. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 19.A–C Liguus fasciatus (Müller, 1774) A, v Probable syntype of Achatina blainiana Poey, 1853 ZMB 117781 (H = 39.0) B, i Paratype of Liguus fasciatus archeri Clench, 1934 ZMB 78796 (H = 51.9) C, ii Paratype of Liguus crenatus barbouri Clench, 1929 ZMB 74876 (H = 46.3) D–E, iii Orthalicus elegans Rolle, 1895, lectotype ZMB 47655 (H = 61.2) F–G, iv Orthalicus nobilis Rolle, 1895, lectotype ZMB 47656 (H = 58.8).

Figures 13–17.Monacha spp. 13 Monacha (Monacha) solitudinis. 13 syntype NHMG 16032a, Baalbek, D = 14.6 mm 14 NMBE 508041, Falougha above Soha water plant, D = 13.31 mm 15 Monacha (Monacha) bari, paratype NHMB 11167a, Israel, Mt. Hermon, D = 10.13 mm 16 Monacha (Monacha) bari, NMBE 508040, below Barouk Cedar Forest, D = 10.19 mm 17 Monacha (Monacha) cf. compingtae, Aammiq, D = XX mm. – ×4, phot. E. Bochud.

Figure 3.Ecological photographs of snails. A Satsuma mellea stenozona (Moellendorff, 1884) (National Forest Park, Fuzhou, Fujian) B Satsuma meridionalis (Moellendorff, 1884) (Luofu Mountain, Guangdong) C Satsuma uncopila (Heude, 1882) (Lingshan Hole, Hangzhou, Zhejiang).

Figure L16.Labels. i Bulimulus (Naesiotus) curtus Reibisch, 1892 ii Bulimus cuticula Pfeiffer, 1855 iii Bulimus cuzcoensis Reeve, 1849 iv Bulimulus dacostae Sowerby III, 1892 v Bulimus darwini Pfeiffer, 1846 vi Bulimus decussatus Reeve, 1849.

Figure L32.Labels. i Bulimus keppelli Pfeiffer, 1853 ii Bulimus lactifluus Pfeiffer, 1857 iii Bulimus knorri Pfeiffer in Philippi 1846 iv Bulimus koppeli Sowerby III, 1892 v Bulimus laetus Reeve, 1849.

Figure 22.Radula morphology of A Discartemon discus CUMZ 6257, from Da Nang, Vietnam B Discartemon nummus CUMZ 6208, from Patthalung C Discartemon hypocrites, topotype CUMZ 6199 D Discartemon afthonodontia sp. n., paratype CUMZ 6210 E Discartemon roebeleni, topotype CUMZ 6217 F Discartemon kotanensis sp. n. paratype CUMZ 6230 G Discartemon megalostraka sp. n. paratype CUMZ 6233 H Discartemon triancus sp. n. paratype CUMZ 6236.

Figure 2.A Oospira formosensis (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.5/1 B Oospira swinhoei (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040583/1 C Elma swinhoei (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.14/1 D Videnoida shermani (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040584/1 E Petalochlamys formosanus (Schmacker & Boettger, 1891) syn. Petalochlamys hypograpta Godwin-Austen, 1907, holotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1713 F Petalochlamys vesta (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040580 G Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude, 1900) syn. Lamprocystis fulgida Godwin-Austen, 1907, holotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1714 H Aegista fulvicans (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.10/1 I Aegista granti (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040579. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 18.A–D Corona species A–B, i Corona pfeifferi (Hidalgo, 1869), syntype of Corona pfeifferi cincta Strebel, 1909 ZMB 101856 (H = 55.0) C–D, ii Corona perversa (Swainson, 1821), holotype of Orthalicus (Laeorthalicus) reginaeformis Strebel, 1909 ZMB 101824 (H = 46.9) E–H Hemibulimus species E–F, iii Hemibulimus excisus (Martens, 1885), holotype ZMB 101837 (H = 43.1) G–H, iv Hemibulimus dennisoni (Reeve, 1848), probable syntype of Porphyrobaphe (Myiorthalicus) dennisoni pallida Strebel, 1909 ZMB 117782 (H = 55.0).

Figure 18.Distribution of Monacha (Monacha) solitudinis (●), Monacha (Monacha) bari (▲) and Monacha (Monacha) cf. compingtae (▼).

Figure 4.Reproductive system. A Satsuma mellea stenozona (Moellendorff, 1884) (FJIQBC 18237, Fuzhou, China) B Satsuma meridionalis (Moellendorff, 1884) (FJIQBC 18416, Guangdong, China) C Satsuma uncopila (Heude, 1882) (FJIQBC 18423, Hangzhou, China) D Bradybaena virgo virgo (Pilsbry, 1927) (FJIQBC 18462, Haerbin, China) E Bradybaena virgo mongolia subsp. n. (Paratype, FJIQBC 18471, Inner Mongolia, China).

Figure 13.Naesiotus species. A Naesiotus unifasciatus (Sowerby I, 1833), lectotype NHMUK 1975187 (H = 20.4) B–E Naesiotus jacobi (Sowerby I, 1833) B possible syntype NHMUK 1842.5.10.250 (H = 11.9) C sculpture on dorsal side of ultimate whorl D syntype of Bulimulus (Naesiotus) pallidus Reibisch, 1892 NHMUK 1894.5.8.3 (H = 11.37) E sculpture on dorsal side of (pen)ultimate whorl F Naesiotus albemarlensis Dall, 1917, possible paratype NHMUK 1937.6.18.13 (H = 14.5) G–H Naesiotus curtus (Reibisch, 1892), syntype NHMUK 1894.6.8.8 (H = 9.6) H sculpture on dorsal side of (pen)ultimate whorl I Naesiotus perspectivus (Pfeiffer, 1846), lectotype NHMUK 1975166 (H = 15.7) J Naesiotus darwini (Pfeiffer, 1846), possible syntype NHMUK 20100523 (H = 8.64). All enlarged.

Figure 51.Drymaeus species. A–C Drymaeus (Drymaeus) expatriatus (Preston, 1909), lectotype NHMUK 1975201 (H = 28.1) D–F Drymaeus (Drymaeus) trigonostomus (Jonas, 1844), possible syntype of Bulimus knorri Pfeiffer, in Philippi, 1846 NHMUK 20100654 (H = 34.1) G–I Drymaeus (Drymaeus) fenestrellus (Martens, 1864), lectotype of Bulimus (Mesembrinus) geali H. Adams, 1867 NHMUK 1867.1.9.20 (H = 26.4) J–L Drymaeus (Drymaeus) fenestratus (Pfeiffer, 1846), lectotype NHMUK 1975525 (H = 44.0). All enlarged.

Figure 23.Approximate locations of the type locality of Discartemon species. (1) Discartemon discus, (2) Discartemon planus, (3) Discartemon sykesi, (4) Discartemon nummus, (5) Discartemon khaosokensis, (6) Discartemon discadentus sp. n., (7) Discartemon discamaximus sp. n., (8) Discartemon circulus sp. n., (9) Discartemon deprima sp. n., (10) Discartemon expandus sp. n., (11) Discartemon plussensis, (12) Discartemon hypocrites, (13) Discartemon leptoglyphus, (14) Discartemon platymorphus, (15) Discartemon afthonodontia sp. n., (16) Discartemon epipedis sp. n., (17) Discartemon flavacandida sp. n., (18) Discartemon lemyrei, (19) Discartemon roebeleni, (20) Discartemon collingei, (21) Discartemon stenostomus, (22) Discartemon sangkarensis, (23) Discartemon vandermeermohri, (24) Discartemon kotanensis sp. n., (25) Discartemon megalostraka sp. n., (26) Discartemon triancus sp. n., and (27) Discartemon conicus sp. n.

Figure 2.A Oospira formosensis (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.5/1 B Oospira swinhoei (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040583/1 C Elma swinhoei (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.14/1 D Videnoida shermani (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040584/1 E Petalochlamys formosanus (Schmacker & Boettger, 1891) syn. Petalochlamys hypograpta Godwin-Austen, 1907, holotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1713 F Petalochlamys vesta (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040580 G Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude, 1900) syn. Lamprocystis fulgida Godwin-Austen, 1907, holotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1714 H Aegista fulvicans (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.10/1 I Aegista granti (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040579. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 22.Orthalicus species A–B, i Orthalicus maracaibensis (Pfeiffer, 1856), syntype of Zebra maracaibensis jamaicensis Strebel, 1909 ZMB 21848a (H = 54.9) C–D, ii Orthalicus ferussaci ferrusaci Martens, 1864, syntype ZMB 4599 (H = 39.5) E–F, iii Orthalicus ferussaci tricinctus Martens, 1893, lectotype ZMB 101828 (H = 48.1) G–H, iv Orthalicus bensoni (Reeve, 1849), syntype of Orthalicus isabellinus Martens, 1873 ZMB 8876 (H = 37.0).

Figures 13–17.Monacha spp. 13 Monacha (Monacha) solitudinis. 13 syntype NHMG 16032a, Baalbek, D = 14.6 mm 14 NMBE 508041, Falougha above Soha water plant, D = 13.31 mm 15 Monacha (Monacha) bari, paratype NHMB 11167a, Israel, Mt. Hermon, D = 10.13 mm 16 Monacha (Monacha) bari, NMBE 508040, below Barouk Cedar Forest, D = 10.19 mm 17 Monacha (Monacha) cf. compingtae, Aammiq, D = XX mm. – ×4, phot. E. Bochud.

Figure 5.Phylogenetic tree inferred by maximum likelihood (ML) method based on COI gene. The tree is rooted with Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774). Numbers near the nodes represent bootstrap values.

Figure L66.Labels. i Bulimus woodwardi Pfeiffer, 1857 ii Bulimus zhorquinensis Angas, 1879 iii Helix xanthostoma d’Orbigny, 1835 iv Bulimus yungasensis d’Orbigny, 1837 v Bulimulus (Drymaeus) ziczac da Costa, 1898 vi Helix zo[o]graphica d’Orbigny, 1835 vii Bulimus darwini Pfeiffer, 1846.