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Habitat loss and fragmentation are the biggest threats to the continued survival for Phayre’s leaf monkeys. With isolated populations scattered throughout their range, the viability of these populations is currently unknown. It is estimated that 1,300 individuals currently exist in the wild.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered
Both male and female Phayre's leaf monkeys use vocal calls for a variety of reasons. Adult males use a loud "kah kah kah" call when alarmed. A softer "whoo" call is used when adult males detect a predator within the area. The "cheng-kong" call is emitted by the dominant male to bring the group together. When a dominant male must defend its territory, a "loud call" is used, which is a high pitched roar against intruders. Young Phayre's leaf monkeys will emit a distress call when they fall from the treetops. Femals also use a “lost call” in an attempt to locate lost newborns. This call has also been heard from Phayre's leaf monkeys in the presence of deceased newborns.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Conservation efforts have limited slash and burn cultivation and have led to increased protected land, which some would consider as adverse effects toward humans. Local bush hunting is also decreasing as conservation efforts increase.
Phayre’s leaf monkeys are hunted for food by local tribes of humans. They are also poached for their gall stones, which are used for medicinal purposes.
Positive Impacts: food ; source of medicine or drug
As consumers of fruits, Phayre's leaf monkies, Trachypithecus phayrei, may play a role in seed dispersal. The considerable consumption of foliage by this species may also influence plant composition in local ecosystems.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Phayre’s leaf monkeys are folivores, eating primarily leaves. They have been know to eat leaves from approximately 80 different species of plants. Due to the considerable about of leaves in their diet, Phayre's leaf monkeys have highly adapted stomachs, necessary to digest cellulose and denature the toxins found in leafy materials. Phayre's leaf monkeys also eat bamboo shoots when tree foliage is not as abundant.
Plant Foods: leaves; flowers
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )
Phayre's leaf monkeys, Trachypithecus phayrei, range from Eastern India to Southern China, including portions of Thailand and Vietnam.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )
Phayre’s leaf monkeys, Trachypithecus phayrei, are found in a variety of habitats due to human disturbance within its range. They often reside in mixed evergreen/deciduous primary and secondary forests. In thick evergreen forests, Phayre’s leaf monkeys can be found 15 to 50 m above the ground. In areas lacking these primary and secondary forests,this species depend on bamboo and small shrubs. Phayre's leaf monkeys may also be found along stream banks containing thick bamboo forests.
Habitat Regions: tropical
Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest
Little information is known regarding the lifespan of the Phayre’s leaf monkeys. Other species within the family Cercopithecidae have life spans of 20 to 30 years in the wild.
The three subspecies of Phayre's leaf monkeys, T. p. phayrei, T. p. crepusculus and T. p. shanicus are slightly different in coloration. In genral, Phayre’s leaf monkeys are dark grey-blue in color with some brown on the dorsal side and have mostly brownish-white pelage on the ventral side. The upper arms, legs, and tail are silvery-grey in color, and, in general, the head and tail are darker than the rest of the torso. The area around the lips and eyes are white. Young Phayre’s leaf monkeys exhibit yellowish colored fur until about 3 months of age when the pelage begins to change. Adult Phayre's leaf monkeys also have slightly longer hair on the top of their head.
Female Phayre's leaf monkeys are slightly larger than males. Whereas males range from 1.07 to 1.1 m in length, females range from 1.15 to 1.3 m. The tail of Phayre's leaf monkeys constitutes 68 % of the overall length, ranging from 65 to 86 cm. Males weigh an average of 7.4 kg and females an average of 6.2 kg. Male Phayre's leaf monkeys can be distinguished from females in the field is by observing differences between ocular markings. In males, the white ocular rings around the eyes are parallel to the side of the nose, resulting in a black strip uniform in width. In females, the white ocular rings around the eyes bend inwards toward the nose causing more of black triangular shape.
Average mass: male 7.4 kg; female 6.2 kg.
Range length: 1.07 to 1.3 m.
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; female larger
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
The main predators of Phayre’s leaf monkeys are humans. Native tribes within their ranges, hunt this species for meat. Because the gall stones of Phayre’s leaf monkeys are used for medicinal reasons, poaching by humans is also a threat, particularly around salt springs. Newborns may also be vulnerable to large tree snakes and raptors which are a threat to similar species, though no data on actual predation rates are readily available for T. phayrei.
Known Predators:
The mating system of Phayre’s leaf monkeys is similar to that of spectacled langurs Trachypithecus obscurus. Troops of Phayre’s leaf monkeys have one dominant male that breeds with multiple females. Because adolescent males leave the troop before reaching sexual maturity, males do not challenge the dominant male of or mate with females within their natal group. Outcast males may join other solitary males, becoming nomadic in search of breeding females or the opportunity to challenge a dominant male in order to establish his own troop. Dominant males protect their territory from troopless males. If an intruding male wins an encounter, the dominant male is then outcast, and the newcomer gains breeding rights. The new dominant male may kill young from the previous male, effectively permitting earlier copulation with females.
Mating System: polygynous
Breeding of Phayre's leaf monkeys can be intermittent, and births generally occur in March and April. The gestation period from conception to birth is approximately 205 days. Females give birth to one offspring at a time, which nurse for almost a year. Males reach sexual maturity at 3 to 4 years of age.
Breeding season: Phayre's leaf monkeys breed intermittently throughout the year.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average gestation period: 205.3 days.
Range weaning age: 12 (high) months.
Average time to independence: 1 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 to 4 years.
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
Phayre's leaf monkeys invest considerable energy in raising their young. Newborns nurse for almost a year, which greatly increases chance of survival. Mothers are the main caregivers as they feed, protect and groom newborns. It is not uncommon for older female siblings of a newborn to provide minimal care in the absence of the mother. Adolescent Phayre's leaf monkeys tend to keep some contact with their mothers, even after she gives birth to additional offspring. When young Phayre's leaf monkeys fall to the ground, they call out in distress to their mother. In most instances, the mother or an older sibling descend to retrieve it. In the case that an infant is lost from the troop the mother will give a "lost call" in hopes of locating the lost newborn.
Parental Investment: male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents
El langur de Phayre (Trachypithecus phayrei) és una espècie de primat de la família dels cercopitècids. Viu a l'est de Bangla Desh, el sud-oest de la Xina, el nord-est de l'Índia, Laos, Myanmar, Tailàndia i el Vietnam. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos perennes i semiperennes primaris i boscos secundaris, els boscos caducifolis humits mixtos i zones amb bambú. A vegades s'apropa a les plantacions de te. Està amenaçat per la caça i la destrucció d'hàbitat.[1]
El langur de Phayre (Trachypithecus phayrei) és una espècie de primat de la família dels cercopitècids. Viu a l'est de Bangla Desh, el sud-oest de la Xina, el nord-est de l'Índia, Laos, Myanmar, Tailàndia i el Vietnam. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos perennes i semiperennes primaris i boscos secundaris, els boscos caducifolis humits mixtos i zones amb bambú. A vegades s'apropa a les plantacions de te. Està amenaçat per la caça i la destrucció d'hàbitat.
Der Phayre-Brillenlangur (Trachypithecus phayrei), auch als Phayres Schlankaffe bezeichnet, ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Haubenlanguren. Das Artepitheton bezieht sich auf Sir Arthur Purves Phayre (1812–1885), den ersten Generalkommissar von Britisch-Burma (heute Myanmar).
Die Männchen erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 51 bis 55 cm, die Weibchen sind kleiner mit einer Länge 45 bis 53 cm. Der Schwanz erreicht eine Länge von 64 bis 87 cm und hat an der Spitze einen dunklen Haarbüschel. Das Gewicht beträgt bei den Männchen 7 bis 9 kg, bei den Weibchen 5 bis 7 kg. Das Fell ist am Rücken graubraun, die Unterseite sowie die Lippen sind weiß. Die Augen sind von einem breiten, weißen, brillenförmigen Ring umgeben. Gesicht, Hände und Füße sind schwarz gefärbt. Die Oberarme, die Beine und der Schwanz sind silbergrau. Das verlängerte Schopfhaar kommt nur bei den erwachsenen Tieren vor und ist nach hinten gerichtet.
Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Phayre-Brillenlanguren erstreckt sich von Osten von Bangladesch und dem Süden von Nordostindien bis in die westlich des Ayeyarwady und des Chindwin gelegenen Gebiete von Myanmar.[1] Sein Habitat sind Primärwälder und Sekundärwälder mit dichter immergrüner Vegetation, Bambusvegetation, Teeplantagen sowie Abhänge und Flussbänke.
Diese Primaten sind wie alle Altweltaffen tagaktiv. Sie leben vorwiegend auf den Bäumen, kommen aber gelegentlich auf den Boden. Sie leben in Gruppen von 3 bis 30 Tieren, diese sind im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Haubenlanguren nicht nur Haremsgruppen mit einem Männchen, sondern können auch mehrere Männchen umfassen. Es sind territoriale Tiere, die ihr Revier gegenüber fremden Gruppen verteidigen.
Die Nahrung dieser Tiere besteht vorwiegend aus Blättern, daneben nehmen sie auch Schößlinge und Früchte zu sich. Wie alle Schlankaffen haben sie einen mehrkammerigen Magen zur besseren Verwertung der schwer verdaulichen Nahrung.
In der Regel bringt das Weibchen ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt, das wie bei allen Haubenlanguren zunächst orange-gelb gefärbt ist.
Der Phayre-Brillenlangur wurde 1847 durch den englischen Zoologen Edward Blyth erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben.[2] Später wurde er der Gattung Trachypithecus zugeordnet, die im Jahr 1862 durch den deutschen Naturwissenschaftler Ludwig Reichenbach eingeführt wurde. Presbytis barbei[3] und Semnopithecus holotephreus[4] sind Synonymbeschreibungen der Art.
Früher wurden drei Unterarten unterschieden: T. p. phayrei im Osten von Bangladesh, im Nordosten von Indien und im Westen von Myanmar, T. p. shanicus aus dem Südwesten von China und dem Norden und Osten von Myanmar und T. p. crepusculus im Norden von Vietnam, Laos und Thailand. Letztere wurde im Primatenband des Handbook of the Mammals of the World, der im April 2013 erschienen ist, zu einer eigenständigen Art, dem Indochina-Brillenlanguren (T. crepusculus).[5]
Im November 2020 wurde eine Studie veröffentlicht in der die Systematik des Phayre-Brillenlanguren genau untersucht wurde. Die Autoren stellten fest, dass der Phayre-Brillenlangur aus drei Kladen besteht, die sich genetisch, anhand ihrer Fellfärbung und teilweise auch morphometrisch unterscheiden lassen. Die westliche Klade entspricht der Nominatform (T. p. phayrei) des Phayre-Brillenlanguren und verbleibt damit bei der Art. Die in Zentralmyanmar vorkommende Klade wurde als neue Art (Popa-Langur (Trachypithecus popa)) beschrieben, und die östliche Klade wurde, dem phylogenetischen Artkonzept folgend, unter der Bezeichnung Trachypithecus melamera (Shan-Staaten-Brillenlangur) ebenfalls zu einer eigenständigen Art erklärt. Sie entspricht der Unterart T. p. shanicus. Die Bezeichnung Trachypithecus melamera, im Jahr 1909 durch den US-amerikanischen Zoologen Daniel Giraud Elliot eingeführt,[6] hat gemäß der Prioritätsregel Vorrang vor dem Namen Trachypithecus shanicus, der 1917 durch Robert Charles Wroughton geprägt wurde.[7]
Der Phayre-Brillenlangur bildet zusammen mit dem Popa-Langur, dem Indochina-Brillenlangur, dem Südlichen Brillenlangur, dem Tenasserim-Langur und dem Shan-Staaten-Brillenlangur die obscurus-Gruppe innerhalb der Gattung der Haubenlanguren.
Die IUCN stuft die Art als „stark gefährdet“ ein. Sie wird wegen ihres Fleisches bejagt, und in der Traditionellen Chinesischen Medizin wird ihren Gallensteinen eine heilsame Wirkung zugeschrieben. Daneben dürfte auch die fortschreitende Zerstörung des Lebensraumes durch Waldrodungen eine Bedrohung darstellen.[8]
Der Phayre-Brillenlangur (Trachypithecus phayrei), auch als Phayres Schlankaffe bezeichnet, ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Haubenlanguren. Das Artepitheton bezieht sich auf Sir Arthur Purves Phayre (1812–1885), den ersten Generalkommissar von Britisch-Burma (heute Myanmar).
চচমা-চকুৱা বান্দৰ (ইংৰাজী: Phayre's leaf monkey) দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা এবিধ বান্দৰৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ এই প্ৰাণীবিধ সম্পৰ্কে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য এতিয়াও সীমিত৷ এই প্ৰজাতিটোৰ চকুৰ চাৰিওদিশে থকা বগা আঁকটো চছমাৰ দৰে দেখা যায় বাবে ইয়াক চচমা-চকুৱা বান্দৰ বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হয়৷ চোৰাংচিকাৰ আৰু বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ বাবে এই আপুৰুগীয়া প্ৰাণীবিধৰ জনসংখ্যা দিনে দিনে হ্ৰাস পাই আহিছে৷
চচমা-চকুৱা বান্দৰৰ দেহৰ বৰণ ডাঠ নীলা-মটীয়া, পৃষঠ দিশত বগা[3]৷ স্থানভেদে ইহঁতৰ বৰণৰ উজ্জলতা বা গাঢ়তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন হোৱা দেখা যায়৷ ইয়াৰ মূৰ আৰু নেজৰ শেষৰ অংশ দেহৰ বাকীবোৰ অংশতকৈ তুলনামূলকভাৱে ডাঠ৷ বাহু, ঠেং আৰু নেজত ৰূপালী-মটীয়া বৰণ আছে৷[4] ওঁঠ আৰু চকুৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা অঞ্চল বগা হোৱা দেখা যায়৷ পোৱালীবোৰ জন্মতে কমলা বৰণৰ হয় আৰু তিনি বছৰ বয়সৰ পৰা ইঁহতৰ ৰং সলনি হ’বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে[5]৷মতা প্ৰাণীৰ দেহৰ ওজন প্ৰায় ৭.৩ কি: গ্ৰা: আৰু মাইকীৰ প্ৰায় ৬.২ কি: গ্ৰা:[6]৷
চচমা-চকুৱা বান্দৰ বাংলাদেশ, বাৰ্মা, চীন, ভাৰতবৰ্ষ, থাইলেণ্ড আৰু ভিয়েটনাম ত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে[7][8]৷ ভাৰত ত এই প্ৰাণীবিধ ত্ৰিপুৰা, মিজোৰাম আৰু অসমত পোৱা যায়[9][10] ৷ অসমৰ কাছাৰ, হাইলাকান্দি আৰু কৰিমগঞ্জ অঞ্চল এই প্ৰাণীৰ প্ৰধান বসতিস্হল [11]৷ চচমা-চকুৱা বান্দৰ প্ৰধানত: চিৰসেউজীয়া অৰণ্যত পোৱা যায়[12] ৷ অসমত এই প্ৰাণীবিধ চিৰসেউজীয়া অৰণ্যৰ বাঁহনিত থকা দেখা যায় [13]৷
এই প্ৰজাতিৰ তিনিটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি পোৱা যায়৷
এই উপ-প্ৰজাতিটো পেগুৰ পৰা ত্ৰিপুৰা, দক্ষিণ অসম আৰু বাংলাদেশ পৰ্য্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে৷
ইয়াক মুলত: বাংলাদেশ, দক্ষিণ চীন, লাওছ, থাইলেণ্ড, ভিয়েটনাম আদি দেশত পোৱা যায়৷ বাংলাদেশত ই Trachypithecus phayrei phayrei ৰ পৰা দক্ষিণত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে৷ (Groves, 2001)
এই উপ-প্ৰজাতিটো উত্তৰ বাৰ্মাৰ পৰা দক্ষিণে চীনলৈকে বিস্তৃত[14]৷
চচমা-চকুৱা বান্দৰ মূলত: পাতভোজী প্ৰাণী [15] ,[16]৷ ই মূলত: গছৰ পাত খাদ্য হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰে[17]৷ অসমৰ অৰণ্যত ই প্ৰধানত : বাঁহৰ গাঁজ খোৱা দেখা যায়[18]৷ চচমা-চকুৱা বান্দৰে সাধাৰণতে ৰাতিপুৱা আৰু গধুলি খাদ্য বেছিকৈ খায় ৷ কেতিয়াবা উপ-গোটত ভাগ হৈ খাদ্যৰ সন্ধান কৰে ৷ শীতকালত (৩৬.৯%) গ্ৰীষ্মকাল (৩৩.৬%) আৰু বাৰিষাকাল (৩১.১%) তকৈ অধিক সময় খোৱাত অব্যাহত কৰে [19]৷
ইহঁতে দল বান্ধি বাস কৰে ৷ একোটা দলত ৩-৩০ টা পৰ্য্যন্ত প্ৰাণী থাকে ৷ শীতকালত ইহঁতে টুপীমূৰীয়া বান্দৰৰ দৰে ৰ’দ লয় [20]৷
চচমা-চকুৱা বান্দৰে এবাৰত এটাকৈ পোৱালি দিয়ে [21]৷
আই. ইউ. চি. এন. (IUCN) ৰ তালিকাত এই প্ৰাণীবিধক বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় বুলি ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছে৷ এই বান্দৰৰ প্ৰজাতিটো ভাৰতীয় বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ আইনৰ দ্বাৰা কঠোৰভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত৷ এই আইন অনুসৰি এই প্ৰাণীবিধক ধৰা, মাৰা বা কিনা-বেচা কৰা আনকি ঘৰত আৱদ্ব কৰি ৰখা আইন মতে দণ্ডনীয় অপৰাধ৷
চচমা-চকুৱা বান্দৰ (ইংৰাজী: Phayre's leaf monkey) দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা এবিধ বান্দৰৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ এই প্ৰাণীবিধ সম্পৰ্কে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য এতিয়াও সীমিত৷ এই প্ৰজাতিটোৰ চকুৰ চাৰিওদিশে থকা বগা আঁকটো চছমাৰ দৰে দেখা যায় বাবে ইয়াক চচমা-চকুৱা বান্দৰ বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হয়৷ চোৰাংচিকাৰ আৰু বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ বাবে এই আপুৰুগীয়া প্ৰাণীবিধৰ জনসংখ্যা দিনে দিনে হ্ৰাস পাই আহিছে৷
இலைக் குரங்கு (Phayre's leaf monkey) குரங்கு வகையைச் சார்ந்த இவ்வினம் தென்கிழக்காசியாப் பகுதியில் வாழும் பழைய உலக குரங்கு ஆகும். பர்மாவில் பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் அப்போதைய பிரிட்டிஷ் இந்திய இராணுவத்தில் ஆணையாளராகவும், மொரிசியசின் ஆளுநராகவும் இருந்த ஆர்தர் பர்வேசு பியாரி என்பவரால் இக்குரங்கு இனம் பற்றிய தகவல்கள் வெளிக்கொண்டுவரப்பட்டது. பங்களாதேசம், இந்தியா. தாய்லாந்து, சீனா, லாவோசு, வியட்நாம், போன்ற நாடுகளில் காணப்படுகிறது.[2] பெரும்பாலும் மரங்களிலேயே வாழும் இவை மர இலைகளை உட்கொண்டு வாழுகிறது. இந்தியாவில் திரிபுரா மாநிலக்காடுகளில் வாழும் இவை மரத்தூளினை உணவாக உட்கொள்கிறது. இவற்றுள் மூன்று பிரிவுகள் காணப்படுகின்றன.[3]
இலைக் குரங்கு (Phayre's leaf monkey) குரங்கு வகையைச் சார்ந்த இவ்வினம் தென்கிழக்காசியாப் பகுதியில் வாழும் பழைய உலக குரங்கு ஆகும். பர்மாவில் பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் அப்போதைய பிரிட்டிஷ் இந்திய இராணுவத்தில் ஆணையாளராகவும், மொரிசியசின் ஆளுநராகவும் இருந்த ஆர்தர் பர்வேசு பியாரி என்பவரால் இக்குரங்கு இனம் பற்றிய தகவல்கள் வெளிக்கொண்டுவரப்பட்டது. பங்களாதேசம், இந்தியா. தாய்லாந்து, சீனா, லாவோசு, வியட்நாம், போன்ற நாடுகளில் காணப்படுகிறது. பெரும்பாலும் மரங்களிலேயே வாழும் இவை மர இலைகளை உட்கொண்டு வாழுகிறது. இந்தியாவில் திரிபுரா மாநிலக்காடுகளில் வாழும் இவை மரத்தூளினை உணவாக உட்கொள்கிறது. இவற்றுள் மூன்று பிரிவுகள் காணப்படுகின்றன.
Phayre's leaf monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei), also known as Phayre's langur, is a species of lutung native to South Asia and Southeast Asia, namely India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Populations from further east are now thought to belong to other species. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by hunting and loss of habitat.[1] The species epithet commemorates Arthur Purves Phayre.
The scientific name Presbytis phayrei was used by Edward Blyth in 1847 for two young individuals captured alive in the Arakan Mountains in Myanmar.[3] Phayre's langur is one of the most widespread members of the genus, but its actual distribution and intraspecific taxonomy remain controversial. Previously, three subspecies were recognized, namely T. p. crepusculus, T. p. phayrei and T. p. shanicus.[2]
Three separate species T. phayrei, T. melamera (formerly T. p. shanicus), and T. popa sp. nov. have been proposed based on mitochondrial genomes. Currently, the name Phayre’s leaf monkey refers to T. phayrei, residing in forests of East Bengal, Northeast India and western Myanmar, specifically, areas to the west of the Chindwin and Irrawaddy Rivers.[4]
Phayre’s langur is characterized by white coloration around the ventral, mouth, and eye area. The broad ring-shaped patches around the eyes resemble spectacles, contributing to the local name of “Chasma bandor” in Bengali, or spectacled monkey. The white fur is especially contrasting with the overall deep bluish-brown fur all over its body with darker shades at the head, below the elbows, and at the end of the tail.[5] There is a presence of a sagittal crest on the heads of both adult males and females, giving it a triangular shape. The infants have a straw-colored natal coat, making it easily distinguishable in a group.[6] The average head-body length ranges from 530–580 mm (21–23 in) in males and 495–580 mm (19.5–22.8 in) in females. The tail is usually longer than its body, with an average of 700 mm (28 in) for males and 750 mm (30 in), for females. In comparison to T. melamera and T. popa, it has a shorter tail length.[4] The average mass of Phayre’s langur is observed to be around 7.9 kg (17 lb) for males and 6.9 kg (15 lb) for females.[7]
In field studies males and females are differentiated through the shape of the patches around the eyes. Female have cone-shaped white patches bending in towards the nose while males have a rounder shape. This shape difference causes a slightly wider gap in males than in females.[8]
Like most Old World monkeys, it has the dental formula of 2.1.2.32.1.2.3[9] Distinctive to other colobines Phayre’s langur show craniodental adaptations such as medially positioned rows of teeth and stronger masseter pterygoid muscles for seed-eating.[10]
Pharye’s langur is found in tropical, deciduous, and evergreen forests of North-East India, Eastern Bangladesh, and Western Myanmar. It can also be seen residing in secondary forests such as bamboo clusters and rubber plantations. Tree species with large canopies like Artocarpus chama, Artocarpus lacucha, Ficus racemosa, Trophis aspera, Mangifera indica, and Grewia nervosa, in Bangladesh, are used for resting in their shade.[11] In India, the most common roosting trees range from heights of 6–15 m (20–49 ft) and have an extensive canopy, e.g., Ficus hispida and Triadica sebifera in Mizoram.[7] Currently, a total of 1200 individual langurs have been recorded in India and 376 individuals in Bangladesh,[1] 288 of which resided in the northeastern forests of Bangladesh.[12]
The Phayre’s langur usually forms multi-male and multi-female with a presence of a dominant male alpha in the group. All-male groups, one-male groups, and one-female groups have also been observed though, less common. A high level of territoriality is seen within the species and between groups.[7][13] The groups tend to maintain occupancy in their home range, showing philopatry.[7] Foraging is done by maintaining groups throughout different ranges. While foraging, groups tend to avoid ranging areas of neighboring groups suggesting the formation of borders between them, agonistic interactions are observed in places of overlapping borders.[7][14]
Female dispersal is also observed between the groups, females that leave the group tend to obtain alpha rank in the new group. Linear dominance is seen in females, where rank has a linear relationship with age.[15][16] Males on reaching maturation show some dispersal, they either form new multi-male groups or return to their natal group. For males, age and rank dominance also show a linear relationship though, the ranks can change depending on the resource-holding potential, which is shown to decrease in aging monkeys.[13]
Female Phayre’s langurs are pregnant by an average age of 5.3 years with an average gestation period of 205 days.[17] The females show promiscuous behavior, studies do show a preference for more experienced males, usually of higher dominance. Polygynous relationships are common, where males offer protection to copulated females.[13]
Females usually nurse their infants on average 22 months with weaning at around 19–21 months. The natal coat starts to become darker 26 weeks after birth.[18]
Vocalization is observed in both males and females. Based on observations in the wild, a loud “kah-kah-kah” is used to sound alarm in the troop, while in the presence of a predator a softer “whoo” call is used.[15] The dominant male alpha uses the “cheng-kong” sound to assemble the group. Additionally, vocalization essential is for maintaining contact with troop members while foraging. In agonistic interactions, barking sounds such as “ngre-go, ngre-go” are used to maintain their group's territory.[5][7]
The Phayre’s Leaf Monkey is diurnal and arboreal. The average life span of it being 20–30 years, in the wild, and an average of 28.3 in captivity.[7] A study conducted in the Satchari National Park, Bangladesh, found on average the Phayre’s leaf Monkey spends, most of its time foraging and feeding (40.7%), the rest is spent traveling (31.8%), resting (18.3%), grooming (7.8%) and playing (1.4%).[11] It is seen that males and juveniles tend to spend more time moving than adult females, who also have the highest percentage of resting among them. It is noticed that the activity patterns have variations based on habitats, seasons, and food availability, for example, food shortages lead to increased travel time. The variation in caloric content of different foods have shown to affect the energy budgets, i.e., poor quality food leads to higher feeding distribution to maintain the caloric requirements.[7][11]
The Phayre’s leaf monkey is a folivore. It feeds on leaves, shoots, seeds, flowers, gum, and fleshy parts of fruits. The diet varies between seasons and different regions, showing adaptation to the local flora.
In Dampa Tiger Reserve, the Phayre’s langurs feeds on Citrus grandis, Gmelina arborea, Ficus maclellendii, Buetneria pilosa, with a preference towards bamboos such as Musa ornata, Melocanna baccifera and Dendrocalamus longispathus during summer.[19] Plant parts with less fiber and high proteins and sugars such as young leaves are usually preferred while foraging.[7] In Satchari National Park in Bangladesh, they feed primarily on Ficus hispida, Albizia chinensis, and Vachellia nilotica.[11]
The high bamboo consumption in their diets is attributed to the abundance of this plant in North-East India because of its invasive nature.[20] Phayre’s langurs living in local rubber plantations in Mizoram majorly consume leaves of Hevea brasiliensis showing that diet is affected by the plant diversity in its home range.[7]
In Tripura, India, it mainly feeds on leaves of Albizia procera, Albizzia lebbek and A. stipulata, Melocanna bambusoides, Macaranga denticulata, Callicarpa arborea, Dillenia pentagyna, Litsea sp., Mikania scandens, Gmelina arborea, Artocarpus chaplasha, Syzygium fruticosum, Ficus racemosa, Ficus hispida, Ficus indica and F. fistulosa.[21]
The IUCN Red List has deemed the population of Phayre’s langur to be decreasing. The recent reclassification of Phayre’s langur has led to the underestimation of the status of the decline in the specie’s population. It is also listed in the CITES Appendix II, to protect its illegal poaching and trading locally. The major threats to Phayre’s langur are habitat destruction, fragmentation, logging, roadkill, ecotourism, electrocution and hunting.[11][22]
In India, organizations like the Wildlife Trust of India have employed wildlife staff trained in anti-poaching tactics to work in forests, and locals have also been involved.[15] In both India and Bangladesh, Pharye’s langur is protected through national and local legislation and through implementation of international conservation laws and policies, i.e., the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, in India and Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012, in Bangladesh .
The ‘jhooming‘, a form of shifting cultivation practiced by tribes in India, led to concerns over reducing forestland for the Phayre’s langur population, but a study showed that they adapted to the local practice. The regenerating secondary forests through ‘jhooming‘ provide a habitat for the langurs when primary forests are unsuitable to stay in due to anthropogenic factors.[23]
Phayre's leaf monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei), also known as Phayre's langur, is a species of lutung native to South Asia and Southeast Asia, namely India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Populations from further east are now thought to belong to other species. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by hunting and loss of habitat. The species epithet commemorates Arthur Purves Phayre.
La griza presbito (Presbytis phayrei) el la ordo de primatoj kaj familio de cerkopitekedoj vidiĝas en la provinco Junnan de Ĉinio kaj ankaŭ en Hindio kaj la Hindoĉina Duoninsulo. Ĝi havas delikatan korpon kun longaj kaj maldikaj membroj. Ĝiaj manoj kaj piedoj estas longaj kaj mallarĝaj kun poleksoj tre stumpaj kaj la ceteraj kvar fingroj longaj kaj maldikaj. Ĝi ne havas vangan saketon kaj ĝia vosto estas pli longa ol ĝia korpo. La diversspecaj presbitoj similas unu al alia kaj distingiĝas unu de alia ĉefe per siaj malsamaj harkoloroj. La ŝultroj kaj dorso de la griza presbito surhavas grizbrunan hararon, ĝiaj brusto kaj abdomeno estas grizblankaj; ĉirkaŭ ĝiaj okuloj kaj buŝo troviĝas blankaj rondaj makuloj.
La grizaj presbitoj loĝas en arbaroj de la tropika kaj subtropika zonoj. Ĝenerale ili agas sur la pinto de arboj. Ili, kun svelta kaj eleganta korpo, estas facilmovaj kaj lerte saltadas inter arboj. Ili vivas en aroj laŭ familio, kaj iras serĉi nutraĵojn frumatene kaj vespere, kaj en tagmezo, kiam fariĝas varmege, ili ripozas en ombroj. Ili manĝas foliojn, burĝonojn, florojn kaj diversajn fruktojn. Ili agadas ĉefe sur arboj kaj malofte surtere, kaj iradas kvarpiede. La diversspecaj presbitoj havas similajn vivkutimojn. Por alkutimiĝi al manĝado de folioj, ilia stomako dividiĝas en kelkajn ventriklojn, tio faciligas asimili la englutajojn. Ĉe la galveziko kaj intesto de iuj presbitoj troviĝas kalkulusoj similaj al tiuj de sovaĝaj kaproj, iuj el ili eĉ havas grandecon de kokovo. La kalkuluso formiĝas el la englutitaj haroj kaj kalcia karbonato kaj estas tre malmola. La popolanoj de Bangladeŝo opinias, ke la kalkuluso de la griza presbito havas specialan kuracefikon, tial ĝi estas altvalora. Por akiri kalkulusojn oni senbride kaptis la presbitojn, ke ilia nombro fariĝis tre malgranda.
El lutung o langur de Phayre (Trachypithecus phayrei), es una especie de primate catarrino perteneciente a la familia Cercopithecidae que habita en el sureste de Asia.[2] El nombre específico se puso en honor de Arthur Purves Phayre.
Su rango incluye Bangladés, este de la India, Birmania, sur de China, mitad norte de Tailandia, Laos y Vietnam.[1]
Es principalmente arbóreo y se alimenta de hojas de un gran número de especies. Un estudio realizado en Tripura India, encontró que las principales especies son Albizzia procera, Melocanna bambusoides, Callicarpa arborea, Dillenia pentagyna, Litsea sp., Albizzia lebbek, Mikania scandens, Gmelina arborea, Artocarpus chaplasha, Syzygium fruticosum, Ficus fistulosa, Ficus racemosa, Ficus hispida, Ficus indica. Macaranga denticulata y Albizzia stipulata.[3]
Se reconocen dos subespecies:[2]
Hasta el 2009 se reconocía a T. phayrei crepusculus como una subespecie cuando Rasmus Liedigk et al. a partir de estudios filogenéticos propusieron subir al langur gris de Indochina al rango de especie: Trachypithecus crepusculus.[4]
El lutung o langur de Phayre (Trachypithecus phayrei), es una especie de primate catarrino perteneciente a la familia Cercopithecidae que habita en el sureste de Asia. El nombre específico se puso en honor de Arthur Purves Phayre.
Su rango incluye Bangladés, este de la India, Birmania, sur de China, mitad norte de Tailandia, Laos y Vietnam.
Es principalmente arbóreo y se alimenta de hojas de un gran número de especies. Un estudio realizado en Tripura India, encontró que las principales especies son Albizzia procera, Melocanna bambusoides, Callicarpa arborea, Dillenia pentagyna, Litsea sp., Albizzia lebbek, Mikania scandens, Gmelina arborea, Artocarpus chaplasha, Syzygium fruticosum, Ficus fistulosa, Ficus racemosa, Ficus hispida, Ficus indica. Macaranga denticulata y Albizzia stipulata.
Se reconocen dos subespecies:
T. phayrei phayrei T. phayrei shanicusHasta el 2009 se reconocía a T. phayrei crepusculus como una subespecie cuando Rasmus Liedigk et al. a partir de estudios filogenéticos propusieron subir al langur gris de Indochina al rango de especie: Trachypithecus crepusculus.
Trachypithecus phayrei Trachypithecus Asiako Colobinae primateetako espezie bat da. Asiako Hegoekialdean bizi dira, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Txina, Tailandia, Laos eta Vietnamen[1].
Batez ere zuhaitzetan bizi dira, eta espezie askoren hostoak jaten dituzte. Batez ere Albizzia procera, Melocanna bambusoides, Callicarpa arborea, Dillenia pentagyna, Litsea sp., Albizzia lebbek, Mikania scandens, Gmelina arborea, Artocarpus chaplasha, Syzygium fruticosum, Ficus fistulosa, Ficus racemosa, Ficus hispida, Ficus indica, Macaranga denticulata eta Albizzia stipulata zuhaitzetako hostoak jaten dituzte[2].
Trachypithecus phayrei Trachypithecus Asiako Colobinae primateetako espezie bat da. Asiako Hegoekialdean bizi dira, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Txina, Tailandia, Laos eta Vietnamen.
Batez ere zuhaitzetan bizi dira, eta espezie askoren hostoak jaten dituzte. Batez ere Albizzia procera, Melocanna bambusoides, Callicarpa arborea, Dillenia pentagyna, Litsea sp., Albizzia lebbek, Mikania scandens, Gmelina arborea, Artocarpus chaplasha, Syzygium fruticosum, Ficus fistulosa, Ficus racemosa, Ficus hispida, Ficus indica, Macaranga denticulata eta Albizzia stipulata zuhaitzetako hostoak jaten dituzte.
Trachypithecus phayrei
Le Semnopithèque de Phayre[1] (Trachypithecus phayrei) est une espèce en danger qui fait partie des Primates d'Asie du Sud-Est. Ce singe est un semnopithèque de la famille des Cercopithecidae.
Son nom commémore l'officier et naturaliste britannique Arthur Purves Phayre (en) (1812-1885).
On rencontre cette espèce dans l'est du Bangladesh, le sud ouest de la Chine (Yunnan), au nord est de l'Inde (Assam, Mizoram, Tripura), au Laos, en Birmanie, en Thaïlande et au Viet Nam du nord (Groves 2001)[2].
Selon Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (27 mars 2011)[3] :
Selon NCBI (27 mars 2011)[4] :
En 2020, Le Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Londres a constaté que les deux sous-espèces de Trachypithecus phayrei sont génétiquement assez différentes pour constituer deux espèces à part entière et on peut y ajouter une troisième espèce, le langur de Popa, découverte en 2020[5].
Trachypithecus phayrei
Le Semnopithèque de Phayre (Trachypithecus phayrei) est une espèce en danger qui fait partie des Primates d'Asie du Sud-Est. Ce singe est un semnopithèque de la famille des Cercopithecidae.
Il presbite di Phayre o langur di Phayre (Trachypithecus phayrei Blyth, 1847) è un primate catarrino della famiglia dei cercopitecidi: in particolare appartiene alla tribù dei Presbytini (sottofamiglia Colobinae)[1].
Con tre sottospecie[1] (Trachypithecus phayrei phayrei, Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus e Trachypithecus phayrei shanicus), questo animale è diffuso in un areale che comprende Bangladesh, India nord-orientale, Myanmar, Cina meridionale, Thailandia, Laos e Vietnam. Predilige le aree di foresta pluviale, ma colonizza anche le machcie di bambù ed i boschi di conifere, così come le piantagioni.
Misura circa 130 cm di lunghezza, per un peso di circa 7 kg. I maschi sono più grossi e pesanti rispetto alle femmine.
Il pelo è grigio-bruno sul dorso, mentre il ventre è di colore biancastro: braccia, gambe e coda sono di color grigio argenteo. La faccia, glabra, le mani e la punta della coda sono di colore nero, mentre attorno alle labbra ed agli occhi è presente un cerchio di colore bianco, similmente al presbite dagli occhiali (Trachypithecus obscurus). Sulla testa il pelo è lungo e ricade all'indietro.
Si tratta di animali diurni ed arboricoli, che solo occasionalmente scendono al suolo. Vivono in gruppi di una ventina di individui, comprendenti uno o più maschi, ognuno con il proprio harem. Ciascun gruppo occupa un proprio territorio, che viene strenuamente difeso dagli intrusi.
Si nutre delle foglie di un gran numero di alberi. Uno studio svoltosi a Tripura, in India, ha riscontrato preferenze per gli alberi di Albizzia procera, Melocanna bambusoides, Callicarpa arborea, Dillenia pentagyna, Litsea sp., Albizzia lebbek, Mikania scandens, Gmelina arborea, Artocarpus chaplasha, Syzygium fruticosum, Ficus fistulosa, Ficus racemosa, Ficus hispida, Ficus indica, Macaranga denticulata e Albizzia stipulata[2].
La IUCN red list classifica Trachypithecus phayrei come specie in pericolo di estinzione (endangered)[3].
Il presbite di Phayre o langur di Phayre (Trachypithecus phayrei Blyth, 1847) è un primate catarrino della famiglia dei cercopitecidi: in particolare appartiene alla tribù dei Presbytini (sottofamiglia Colobinae).
De phayrelangoer (Trachypithecus phayrei) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de apen van de Oude Wereld (Cercopithecidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Blyth in 1847.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
O langur-de-phayre (Trachypithecus pahyrei), também conhecido como macaco-folha-de-phayre é uma das 17 espécies de Trachypithecus.[1][5] É encontrado principalmente em Mianmar e na Tailândia.
O langur-de-phayre (Trachypithecus pahyrei), também conhecido como macaco-folha-de-phayre é uma das 17 espécies de Trachypithecus. É encontrado principalmente em Mianmar e na Tailândia.
Trachypithecus phayrei[2][3] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Edward Blyth 1847. Trachypithecus phayrei ingår i släktet Trachypithecus och familjen markattartade apor.[4][5]
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[4] Wilson & Reeder (2005) samt IUCN skiljer mellan tre underarter.[6][1]
Denna primat förekommer i Bangladesh, östra Indien (delstater Assam, Mizoram och Tripura), södra Kina (Yunnan), Burma, Laos, norra Thailand och norra Vietnam. Arten vistas i olika slags skogar, ibland med bambu som dominerande växt. Den uppsöker även odlade områden.[1]
Arten har mörkgrå päls med silver skugga på armar, låren och svansen. Händer, fötter och ögonbrynen är svarta. Områden kring ögonen och munnen är bara glest täckt med hår och där finns vitaktig hud. Ibland är pälsen vid buken vitaktig. Kroppslängden (huvud och bål) varierar mellan 42 och 60 cm och därtill kommer en cirka 77 cm lång svans. Hanar är med genomsnittlig 8 kg tyngre än honor som når ungefär 7 kg.[7]
Trachypithecus phayrei klättrar vanligen i växtligheten och är aktiv på dagen. Den äter främst blad,[1] samt frukter och unga växtskott.[7] Individerna bildar flockar med genomsnittlig 8,8 medlemmar som består av en hane, flera honor och deras ungar.[7] Sällan förekommer en underordnad hane i samma flock. Honor föder en unge per kull efter cirka 205 dagar dräktighet. Ungen har i början sandfärgad päls.[8]
Primaten jagas bland annat för köttets och besoarstenarnas skull.[7] IUCN uppskattar att beståndet minskade med 50 procent under de senaste 36 åren (tre generationer) och kategoriserar arten globalt som starkt hotad.[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Trachypithecus phayrei.
Wikispecies har information om Trachypithecus phayrei.
Trachypithecus phayrei är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Edward Blyth 1847. Trachypithecus phayrei ingår i släktet Trachypithecus och familjen markattartade apor.
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) samt IUCN skiljer mellan tre underarter.
Denna primat förekommer i Bangladesh, östra Indien (delstater Assam, Mizoram och Tripura), södra Kina (Yunnan), Burma, Laos, norra Thailand och norra Vietnam. Arten vistas i olika slags skogar, ibland med bambu som dominerande växt. Den uppsöker även odlade områden.
Arten har mörkgrå päls med silver skugga på armar, låren och svansen. Händer, fötter och ögonbrynen är svarta. Områden kring ögonen och munnen är bara glest täckt med hår och där finns vitaktig hud. Ibland är pälsen vid buken vitaktig. Kroppslängden (huvud och bål) varierar mellan 42 och 60 cm och därtill kommer en cirka 77 cm lång svans. Hanar är med genomsnittlig 8 kg tyngre än honor som når ungefär 7 kg.
Trachypithecus phayrei klättrar vanligen i växtligheten och är aktiv på dagen. Den äter främst blad, samt frukter och unga växtskott. Individerna bildar flockar med genomsnittlig 8,8 medlemmar som består av en hane, flera honor och deras ungar. Sällan förekommer en underordnad hane i samma flock. Honor föder en unge per kull efter cirka 205 dagar dräktighet. Ungen har i början sandfärgad päls.
Primaten jagas bland annat för köttets och besoarstenarnas skull. IUCN uppskattar att beståndet minskade med 50 procent under de senaste 36 åren (tre generationer) och kategoriserar arten globalt som starkt hotad.
Самці сягають довжини голови і тіла 51-55 см, самиці менші з довжиною від 45 до 53 см. Хвіст досягає в довжину від 64 до 87 см і на кінці має темний пучок волосся. Вага самців 7-9 кг, самиць 5-7 кг. Хутро сіро-коричневого кольору на спині, низ і губи білі. Очі оточений широким, білим, окуляроподібним кільцем. Обличчя, кисті рук і ступні чорні. Верх рук і ніг і хвіст сріблясто-сірі. Подовжений пучок волосся є тільки у дорослих тварин і спрямований назад. Як і у всіх членів роду, у них багатокамерний шлунок для кращого використання їжі.
Країни проживання: Бангладеш; Китай; Індія; Лаос; М'янма; Таїланд; В'єтнам. Віддає перевагу первинним і вторинним вічнозеленим і напів-вічнозеленим лісам, змішаним вологим листяним лісам, але також знаходиться в бамбукових районах, і поряд з чайними плантаціями.
Це переважно деревний, денний та листоїдний вид. Часто можна знайти від 15 до 50 м над землею. Вони живуть в групах від 3 до 30 тварин, які можуть включати в себе кілька самців. Це територіальні тварини, які захищають свою територію від іноземних груп. Їжа цих тварин складається в основному з листя, до того ж вони їдять саджанці та фрукти. Основними хижаками є Homo sapiens.
Загалом, самиця народжує одне дитинча оранжево-жовтого кольору. Пологи зазвичай відбуваються в березні та квітні. Період вагітності становить близько 205 днів. Самці досягають статевої зрілості в 3 до 4 років.
Перебуває під загрозою через порушення і фрагментації місць проживання, особливо у зв'язку з створенням чайних садів і паперових фабрик. Внесений в Додаток II СІТЕС. Цей вид зустрічається в ряді ПОТ по всьому ареалу.
Voọc xám (danh pháp hai phần: Trachypithecus phayrei) là một loài vượn đuôi dài sống vùng Đông Nam Á cùng Bangladesh, Ấn Độ và Trung Hoa. Loài này được Blyth mô tả năm 1847.[2]
Tại Việt Nam Vườn Quốc gia Cúc Phương có một đàn voọc xám.
Danh pháp khoa học của loài này xưa là Presbytis phayrei.
Voọc xám có bộ lông màu tro xám nâu trên lưng. Phía bụng thì lông trắng. Lông trên đầu và đuôi đậm hơn. Chung quanh mắt và mồm voọc có vòng khoang trắng. Đặc biệt là voọc con lông vàng cam, đến 3 tháng tuổi thì thay màu lông xám.
Voọc xám sinh sống hoàn toàn trên cây. Thức ăn của chúng chủ yếu là lá. Voọc đực nặng khoảng 7 kg; voọc cái nhẹ hơn, chỉ khoảng 6 kg. Thân voọc dài 44–61 cm với phần đuôi dài hơn cả thân mình. Trung bình đuôi đo khoảng 65–86 cm.
Voọc xám sinh sống thành đàn vài ba con nhưng có thể lên đến 40 con.
Voọc xám (danh pháp hai phần: Trachypithecus phayrei) là một loài vượn đuôi dài sống vùng Đông Nam Á cùng Bangladesh, Ấn Độ và Trung Hoa. Loài này được Blyth mô tả năm 1847.
Tại Việt Nam Vườn Quốc gia Cúc Phương có một đàn voọc xám.
Danh pháp khoa học của loài này xưa là Presbytis phayrei.
Trachypithecus phayrei (Blyth, 1847)
Ареал
Trachypithecus phayrei (лат.) — вид приматов из семейства мартышковых.
Вес взрослого самца между 6,5 и 7,5 кг, вес взрослой самки меду 5,5 и 6,5 кг. Верхняя часть тела серовато-чёрная, с синим или коричневым отливом. Морда безволосая, кожа на морде тёмная, за исключением серовато-белых пятен вокруг рта и глаз. Кончик хвоста, конечности и голова темнее, чем остальное тело. Нос плоский, тёмного цвета. Лапы длинные и сильные. Молодняк имеет светлую, жёлто-оранжевую шерсть, которая темнеет в возрасте 3—4 месяцев[1][2].
Широко распространён в Бангладеш, Индии, Мьянме, Китае, Таиланде, Лаосе и Вьетнаме[3].
Проводит большую часть жизни на деревьях, питаясь листьями. Исследование, проведённое в Индии, показало, что предпочитает листья следующих видов: Albizzia procera, Melocanna bambusoides, Callicarpa arborea, Dillenia pentagyna, Litsea, Albizzia lebbek, Mikania scandens, Gmelina arborea, Artocarpus chaplasha, Syzygium fruticosum, Ficus fistulosa, Ficus racemosa, Ficus hispida, Ficus indica. Macaranga denticulata и Albizzia stipulata[4].
Международный союз охраны природы присвоил Trachypithecus phayrei охранный статус «Вымирающие виды». Несмотря на широкий ареал, считается, что в течение жизни трёх поколений (36 лет) численность популяции сократилась более, чем вдвое. Основные угрозы популяции — охота и уничтожение среды обитания[3].
Классификация дискуссионна. В частности, указывалось, что вьетнамская популяция филогенетически ближе к Trachypithecus francoisi, чем к другим членам группы Trachypithecus phayrei, на основании чего предлагалось оставить видовое название Trachypithecus phayrei только для этой популяции и выделить другие популяции в отдельные виды. Три признаваемых подвида[3]:
Trachypithecus phayrei (лат.) — вид приматов из семейства мартышковых.
菲氏葉猴（學名：Trachypithecus phayrei），屬於烏葉猴屬，分佈于東南亞的孟加拉國、印度、緬甸、泰國、老撾和越南，在中國主要見於雲南南部[2]。
菲氏葉猴是樹栖性猴，以各種樹葉為食。
菲氏葉猴分成三个亚种[2]
这是一篇與哺乳动物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 菲氏葉猴（學名：Trachypithecus phayrei），屬於烏葉猴屬，分佈于東南亞的孟加拉國、印度、緬甸、泰國、老撾和越南，在中國主要見於雲南南部。
菲氏葉猴是樹栖性猴，以各種樹葉為食。
菲氏葉猴分成三个亚种
Trachypithecus phayrei phayrei Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus Trachypithecus phayrei shanicus
페이어잎원숭이 (Trachypithecus phayrei) 또는 페이어랑구르는 동남아시아에서 발견되는 루뚱원숭이의 일종이다.[2] 이 종의 이름은 아서 펄브스 페이어를 기념하기 위하여 붙여진 이름이다.
이 종은 초기에는 잎원숭이속(Presbytis)에 속한 Presbytis phayrei로 명명되었다. 방글라데시, 인도, 미얀마, 중국, 태국, 라오스 그리고 베트남을 포함한 지역에 분포한다.
이들은 대부분을 나무 위에서 생활하는 수목형 동물이며, 많은 종의 나뭇잎을 먹는다. 인도 트리푸라에서의 연구에 의하면, 이들의 주 먹이는 Albizzia procera, Melocanna bambusoides, Callicarpa arborea, Dillenia pentagyna, Litsea sp., Albizzia lebbek, Mikania scandens, Gmelina arborea, Artocarpus chaplasha, Syzygium fruticosum, Ficus fistulosa, Ficus racemosa, Ficus hispida, Ficus indica. Macaranga denticulata와 Albizzia stipulata 나무의 잎이다.[3]
페이어잎원숭이 (Trachypithecus phayrei) 또는 페이어랑구르는 동남아시아에서 발견되는 루뚱원숭이의 일종이다. 이 종의 이름은 아서 펄브스 페이어를 기념하기 위하여 붙여진 이름이다.
이 종은 초기에는 잎원숭이속(Presbytis)에 속한 Presbytis phayrei로 명명되었다. 방글라데시, 인도, 미얀마, 중국, 태국, 라오스 그리고 베트남을 포함한 지역에 분포한다.
이들은 대부분을 나무 위에서 생활하는 수목형 동물이며, 많은 종의 나뭇잎을 먹는다. 인도 트리푸라에서의 연구에 의하면, 이들의 주 먹이는 Albizzia procera, Melocanna bambusoides, Callicarpa arborea, Dillenia pentagyna, Litsea sp., Albizzia lebbek, Mikania scandens, Gmelina arborea, Artocarpus chaplasha, Syzygium fruticosum, Ficus fistulosa, Ficus racemosa, Ficus hispida, Ficus indica. Macaranga denticulata와 Albizzia stipulata 나무의 잎이다.
이 루뚱원숭이는 3종의 아종이 명명되어 있다.:
T. p. phayrei T. p. crepusculus - 별도의 종 인도차이나회색랑구르로 분류하기도 한다. T. p. shanicus.jpg)
