Comments
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fornecido por eFloras
Trees with shallow cups covering ca. one-fourth of the nut are treated as Quercus shumardii var. shumardii ; those with more deeply rounded cups covering ca. one-third of the nut are treated as Q . shumardii var. schneckii (Britton) Sargent. Quercus shumardii var. stenocarpa Laughlin was described from several trees in Missouri and Illinois having ellipsoid acorns that were covered less than one-third their length by very small (5.5-7 mm high × 12.5-18 mm wide), shallow cups (K. Laughlin 1969).
Quercus shumardii reportedly hybridizes with Q . buckleyi , Q . falcata (= Q . × joori Trelease), Q . hemisphaerica , Q . imbricaria (= Q . × egglestoni Trelease), Q . laevis , Q . laurifolia , Q . marilandica , Q . nigra , Q . palustris (= Q . × mutabilis E. J. Palmer & Steyermark), Q . phellos (= Q . × moultonensis Ashe), Q . rubra , and Q . velutina (= Q . × discreta Laughlin).
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
(
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)
fornecido por eFloras
Trees , deciduous, to 35 m. Bark gray-brown to dark brown, shallowly fissured with scaly or light-colored flat ridges, inner bark pinkish. Twigs gray to light brown, (1.5-)2-3.5(-4.5) mm diam., glabrous. Terminal buds gray to grayish brown, ovoid or broadly ellipsoid, 4-8 mm, often noticeably 5-angled in cross section, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 20-60 mm, glabrous. Leaf blade broadly elliptic to obovate, 100-200 × 60-150 mm, base obtuse to truncate, occasionally acute, margins with 5-9 lobes and 15-50 awns, lobes oblong or distally expanded, apex acute; surfaces abaxially glabrous except for prominent axillary tufts of tomentum, adaxially glossy, glabrous, secondary veins raised on both surfaces. Acorns biennial; cup saucer-shaped to cup-shaped, 7-12 mm high × 15-30 mm wide, covering 1/4-1/3 nut, outer surface glabrous or puberulent, inner surface light-brown to red-brown, glabrous or with ring of pubescence around scar, scales often with pale margins, tips tightly appressed, obtuse or acute; nut ovoid to oblong, occasionally subglobose, 14-30 × 10-20 mm, glabrous, scar diam. 6.5-12 mm.
- licença
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
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fornecido por eFloras
Ont.; Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mich., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.
- licença
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Flowering/Fruiting
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
Flowering spring.
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
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)
fornecido por eFloras
Mesic slopes and bottoms, stream banks and poorly drained uplands; 0-500m.
- licença
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
Quercus schneckii Britton
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Common Names
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Shumard oak
Shumard's red oak
Shumard red oak
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Conservation Status
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Information on state- and province-level protection status of plants in the
United States and Canada is available at
NatureServe.
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeShumard oak is a large, deciduous, native tree. It ranges up to 120
feet (40 m) in height, with trunk diameters of up to 80 inches (200 cm)
[
9,
33,
38,
45]. The crown is open and wide spreading, with massive,
ascending branches. The trunk of older trees is heavily buttressed.
The bark is furrowed, with broken ridges [
38]. The leaves are
five-lobed to nine-lobed. Shumard oak acorns are egg-shaped,
approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) long, and enclosed in a thick, flat,
saucer-shaped cup with pubescent scales [
11].
Shumard oak is long-lived; the oldest Shumard oak found on a blue
ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata) savanna was 480 years of age [
10].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Shumard oak occurs on the Atlantic Coastal Plain from North Carolina
south to northern Florida; west to central Texas; north to central
Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, Missouri, southern Illinois, western and
southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. It occurs locally north to
southern Michigan, and southern Pennsylvania [
9,
11,
25]. Specimens have
been collected from extreme southwestern Ontario and the eastern Niagara
peninsula [
38].
The status of Shumard oak in Maryland is uncertain. It has been
reported in Maryland by reliable sources [
9], but specimens were not
located by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fish and Wildlife Service
survey [
47].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire exclusion,
fire regime,
hardwood,
top-kill,
treeSpecific information on the relationship of Shumard oak and fire was not
found in the literature. Shumard oak occurs in bottomland hardwood
forests which are dependent on fire exclusion [
43]. It also occurs in
post oak (Quercus stellata)-blackjack oak communities which, though they
can be damaged by fire, are fire resistant [
42]. Shumard oak occurs in
blue ash savannas, which are maintained by a combination of factors
including fire [
10].
Shumard oak is probably moderately resistant to immediate fire damage,
but, like many hardwoods, is subject to attack by disease when wounded
by fire. Basal wounding usually results in at least top-kill of such
trees, either by girdling the tree or by creating avenues for infection
by wood-rotting fungi. Top-killed Shumard oak produce root sprouts [
40].
Shumard oak is not usually found in early seral communities and is
therefore unlikely to colonize early postfire communities.
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
hardwood,
prescribed fireManagement of Shumard oak as deer browse in Ashe juniper woodlands
includes prescribed burning of previously chained sites. These sites
should be burned with hot fires, with intervals of at least 7 to 10
years between fires [
3]. Prescribed fire on chained Ashe juniper sites
removed dead Ashe juniper debris and killed young Ashe juniper trees.
Over 10 years, Shumard oak was one of three dominant secondary species
which provided browse and cover for game birds and white-tailed deer
[
40].
Shumard oak occurs in bottomland hardwood forests, which are not usually
subjected to prescribed fires since the risk of fire damage is high. It
also occurs on sites where pines, particularly loblolly pine (Pinus
taeda) and shortleaf pine (P. echinata), are the desired species.
Prescribed fire is used to control hardwoods on these sites when the
pines have reached pole size or larger [
43].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Shumard oak grows best on moist, well-drained loamy soils on terraces,
colluvial sites, and adjacent bluffs associated with large and small
streams. Shumard oak also occurs in Coastal Plains hammocks [
26].
Shumard oak is intolerant or only weakly tolerant of flooding [
2,
19],
and does not usually occur on the lowest river bottoms [
18]. It is
fairly drought tolerant, and is tolerant of alkaline soils and their
associated nutrient deficiency [
11]. It can be planted in soils with pH
greater than 7.5 [
2,
21]. In central Texas, it occurs on dry, low
limestone hills. In the south-central United States, it occurs on dry
uplands and ridges [
26].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
swamp26 Sugar maple - basswood
40 Post oak - blackjack oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
62 Silver maple - American elm
66 Ashe juniper - redberry (Pinchot) juniper
67 Shin (Mohrs) oak
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES39 Prairie
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK084 Cross Timbers
K086 Juniper - oak savanna
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire severity,
severity,
top-killInformation concerning fire severity and damage to Shumard oak is
lacking in the literature. Mature trees are probably intermediate in
resistance to low- and moderate-severity fires. Severe fires would
probably top-kill or kill mature trees. Seedlings and saplings are
likely to be killed by any fire.
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
In Texas, Shumard oak is preferred browse for white-tailed deer in Ashe
juniper (Juniperus ashei) woodlands [
3].
Shumard oak acorns are excellent food for wildlife; they are consumed by
songbirds, wild turkeys, waterfowl, white-tailed deer, and various
species of squirrels [
11].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
forest,
treeShumard oak is usually widely spaced and never occurs in pure stands
[
33]. It occurs with the more prominent southern oaks included in the
oak-hickory forest region described by Braun [
46].
Common tree associates not previously mentioned include white ash
(Fraxinus americana), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), shellbark hickory
(C. laciniosa), mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa), bitternut hickory (C.
cordiformis), water hickory (C. aquatica), Delta post oak (Quercus
stellata var. paludosa), willow oak (Q. phellos), water oak (Q. nigra),
southern red oak (Q. falcata var. falcata), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica),
winged elm (Ulmus alata), magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), yellow-poplar
(Liriodendron tulipifera), American beech (Fagus grandiflora), and
spruce pine (Pinus glabra) [
11].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
forest,
seedShumard oak can be successfully direct seeded or planted as seedlings
[
20,
39]. Soil fertilization does not improve establishment success
[
39]. Height growth of direct-seeded Shumard oaks is slow compared to
that of planted stock; growth rates are sufficient to achieve wildlife
Habitat management objectives but not for timber production [
1].
Acorns with a moisture content below 20 to 30 percent are not likely to
germinate [
48]. Seed moisture for Shumard oaks can be measured by using
microwave ovens [
7].
Diseases of Shumard oak include oakleaf blister, oak wilt, and various
wood rotting fungi (Fomes spp., Polyporus spp., and Stereum spp.) [
11].
Insect defoliators that attack Shumard oak, but are not species
specific, include June beetles, orange-striped oakworms, cankerworms,
forest tent caterpillars, yellow-necked caterpillars, variable oakleaf
caterpillars, and red-humped oakworms [
11]. Shumard oak acorns are
subject to attack by acorn weevils [
26].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Nutritional values (percent dry weight) for Shumard oak acorns are as
follows [
8]:
crude fat 9.8
total carbohydrates 29.3
total protein 3.8
phosphorus 0.06
calcium 0.27
magnesium 0.06
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL AR FL GA IL IN KY KS LA MD
MI MS MO NC OH OK PA SC TN TX
VA WV ON
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Shumard oak is planted as an ornamental [
38].
Shumard oak acorns are bitter, but are edible if the tannins are leached
out. They can be ground and used as flour, roasted and ground to make
coffee, or eaten whole [
12,
22]. Native Americans had many uses for the
bark and acorns of oaks, probably including Shumard oak [
22].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Shumard oak acorns were intermediate in palatability to fox squirrels
when compared with those of eight other southern oaks [
30].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Shumard oak flowers from March to April, and as late as June in some
parts of its range [
9,
11]. Acorns ripen from September to October of
their second year [
11].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
top-killHot fires will stimulate root sprouting in Shumard oak, presumably after
top-kill [
3,
40].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
seed,
stratificationMinimum seed-bearing age for Shumard oak is 25 years. Optimum seed
production occurs at about 50 years of age. Good seed crops are
produced every 2 to 3 years [
11]. The acorns are frequently multiseeded
(an unusual trait). Seeds are dispersed by seedhoarding mammals (mainly
squirrels) [
11]. Acorns exhibit internal dormancy, which is broken by
cold, moist conditions. Moist stratification at 36 degrees Fahrenheit
(2 deg C) for 8 to 12 weeks breaks dormancy. The acorns typically
contain about 40 percent moisture at maturity [
8]. Factors affecting
seed germination and seedling establishment include microclimate
conditions, soil moisture, and stand variables. The limiting factor
appears to be seed supply, which may be affected by seed predation
[
11,
26]. Full light is required for good seedling establishment and
growth [
11].
Shumard oak sprouts from the roots when top-killed [
3]. This ability is
more pronounced in younger individuals. Shumard oak is not a prolific
sprouter on moist sites; more sprouts are found on dry sites. It is
difficult to propagate by cuttings [
26].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
14 Great Plains
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
forest,
hardwood,
swampShumard oak is intolerant of shade but is rare in early successional
stands. It often occurs in climax forests. Since Shumard oak is shade
intolerant and requires openings in which to establish, it is not
considered a true climax species [
11]. Monk [
27] classifies Shumard oak
as a climax exclusive: a species which occupies specific environmental
situations in the climax community and is rarely encountered in
successional stands. It is likely that Shumard oak colonizes gaps in
mature forests. In Florida, Shumard oak occurs in climax magnolia-beech
forests [
15]. In Missouri, it occurs as an overstory associate on river
bottom ridges occupied by sugar maple (Acer saccharum), pawpaw (Asimina
triloba), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and swamp chestnut oak
(Quercus michauxii). There were no Shumard oak seedlings or saplings in
these stands [
31]. In Texas, Shumard oak was found in 47-year-old
bottomland hardwood stands and undisturbed adjacent forest, but not in
early successional stands [
29].
It is likely that mature Shumard oak produces allelopathic substances [
11].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name for Shumard oak is Quercus
shumardii Buckl. (Fagaceae). It is a member of the red oak group (subgenus
Erythrobalanus) [
11,
25,
38,52]. Varieites include [
52]:
Quercus shumardii Buckley var. schneckii (Britton) Sarg., Schneck oak
Quercus shumardii Buckley var. shumardii, Shumard oak
Quercus shumardii Buckley var. stenocarpa Laughlin, Shumard oak
Shumard oak forms hybrids with at least nine other species of oaks [
11,
25,
45]. It
is most closely related to blackjack oak (Q. marilandica) and black oak
(Q. velutina), as determined by electrophoresis [
17].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Shumard oak had one of the highest survival rates of nine oak species
planted on minespoils in Illinois [
4]. It exhibited outstanding growth
on cast overburden in Illinois and Indiana [
37]. In Mississippi,
reforestation of agricultural lands to bottomland hardwoods was
successful with direct-seeded Shumard oak (in addition to other
species). Sites were seeded without preparation. Weeds were controlled
on one site, where Shumard oak had better growth and survivorship than
at the other sites [
1].
Shumard oak seedlings have been planted successfully in reforestation
projects on eroded ridgetops in Mississippi [
14].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Shumard oak wood is close-grained, hard, strong, and heavy [
45]. This
wood is superior to that of other red oaks; it is marketed as "red oak",
and is not distinguished commercially from red oak species. The wood is
used for veneer, cabinets, furniture, flooring, interior trim, and
lumber [
11,
45].
- citação bibliográfica
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Quercus shumardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Shumard oak is included in the forest cover type Swamp Chestnut
Oak-Cherrybark Oak (Society of American Foresters Type 91), a
bottom-land type of the Southern Forest Region (1). Shumard oak
is a prominent hardwood associate of this type, along with green
and white ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica and F. americana),
the hickories, shagbark (Carya ovata), shellbark
(C. laciniosa), mockernut (C. tomentosa), and
bitternut (C. cordiformis), as well as white oak (Quercus
alba), Delta post oak (Q. stellata var. paludosa)
and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica). Main associates in
the type are willow oak (Quercus phellos), water oak (Q.
falcata), southern red oak (Q. falcata var. falcata),
post oak (Q. stellata), American elm (Ulmus
americana), winged elm (U. alata), water
hickory (Carya aquatica), southern magnolia (Magnolia
grandiflora), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera),
beech (Fagus grandifolia), and occasionally loblolly
(Pinus taeda) and spruce (P. glabra) pines.
Shumard oak is often included in cover types Ash-Juniper-Redberry
(Pinchot) Juniper (Type 66) and Mohrs (Shin) Oak (Type 67). Some
of the other associates of Shumard oak include red buckeye (Aesculus
pavia), devils-walkingstick (Aralia spinosa), American
hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), flowering dogwood (Cornus
florida), witch-hazel (Hamamelis uirginiana), American
holly (Ilex opaca), red mulberry (Morus rubra), southern
bayberry (Myrica cerifera), and American basswood (Tilia
caroliniana).
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Climate
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Usually Shumard oak grows in a humid, temperate climate,
characterized by hot summers and mild, short winters. The growing
season usually extends from 210 to 250 days through the major
portion of the species commercial range. The average annual
temperature is 16° to 21° C (60° to 70° F)
with an average annual precipitation of 1140 to 1400 mm (45 to 55
in). The annual maximum temperature for this area is 38° C
(100° F) and the annual minimum temperature is about -9°
C (15° F). The majority of the rainfall occurs from April
through September. Shumard oak tolerates drought well, as shown
by its presence in parts of Texas and Oklahoma where the average
annual rainfall is only about 640 mm (25 in) (7).
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Damaging Agents
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
This species is susceptible to wilts and
leaf diseases. Oak leaf blister (Taphrina caerulescens) is
common in certain years. Oak wilt (Ceratocystis fagacearum)
has killed Shumard oak in Missouri. The most common
wood-rotting fungi attacking this oak are Fomes spp.,
Polyporus spp., and Stereum spp.
No insects are specifically associated with Shumard oak, but many
insects attack southern oaks, probably including Shumard. Insect
defoliators are June beetles (Phyllophaga spp.),
orangestriped oakworm (Anisota senatoria), cankerworms
(Alsophila pometaria and Paleacrita vernata), forest
tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria), yellownecked
caterpillar (Datana ministra), variable oakleaf
caterpillar (Heterocampa manteo), and the redhumped
oakworm (Symmerista canicosta) (7).
The borers that attack healthy trees are red oak borer (Enaphalodes
rufulus), in cambium and other sapwood; carpenterworms (Prionoxystus
spp.), in heart and sapwood; and the Columbian timber
beetle (Corthylus columbianus), in sapwood. Those
attacking weakened trees include twolined chestnut borer (Agrilus
bilineatus), in cambium; and the tilehorned prionus (Prionus
imbricornis), in roots.
Dying trees are attacked by the oak timberworm (Arrhenodes
minutus). The golden oak scale (Asterolecanium
variolosum) kills reproduction and tops in older trees. The
gouty oak gall (Callirhytis quercuspunctata) and horned
oak gall (C. cornigera) injure small limbs, while the
basswood leafminer (Baliosus nervosus) attacks the leaves
(7).
As in many oaks, the nut is attacked by acorn weevils in the genus
Curculio. A reliable method of sorting weeviled acorns from sound
ones is by color of the cup scar on the nut; a bright, light tan
indicates a good acorn, a dull brown, a bad one.
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Shumard oak is monoecious. Its
flowers usually appear in March or April; they are unisexual,
with stamens in glabrous 15 to 18 cm. (6 to 7 in) long aments and
the pistils are single or paired on pubescent stalks. The fruit
is an egg-shaped acorn 2.5 cm (1 in) long, enclosed at the base
in a thick, flat, saucer-shaped cup with pubescent scales. The
acorn ripens and falls during September or October of its second
year.
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Genetics
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Shumard oak has two varieties-Quercus shumardii Buckl.
var. shumardii (typical), and Q. shumardii var.
texana (Buckl.) Ashe, Texas oak, found in central Texas,
including the Edwards Plateau, and in southern Oklahoma in the
Arbuckle Mountains.
Shumard oak hybridizes with Quercus hypoleucoides; Q. imbricaria
Q. x egglestonii Trel.); Q. marilandica (Q. x
hastingsii Sarg.); Q. nigra (Q. x neopalmeri Sudw.);
Q. nuttallii; Q. palustris (Q. x mutabilis
Palmer & Steyerm.); Q. phellos (Q. x moultonensis
Ashe), Q. rubra (Q. x riparia
Laughlin); and Q. velutina Q. x discreta Laughlin) (4).
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Growth and Yield
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Shumard oak grows quite large,
especially on favorable bottom-land sites where it reaches a
height of 30.5 m (100 ft) or more with a trunk diameter of 0.9 to
1.2 in (3 to 4 ft). Its shape is characterized by a clear trunk
and spreading crown. In a report describing the concentration of
hardwood species on pine sites, cubic volume is reported for all
sites (pine and hardwood) as 7.3 million m³ (259 million ft³)
in 11 Southern States. The total volume on pine sites is 3.4
million m³ (120 million ft³ (6). Heavy pole stands
contain over 430 stems/ha (175 stems/acre) 13 to 28 cm (5 to 11
in) d.b.h. In old-growth, mixed stands with Shumard oak, there
are total volumes of as much as 420 m³/ha (30,000 fbm/acre).
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Reaction to Competition
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Shumard oak is classed as
intolerant of shade and needs open areas as well as adequate
moisture to become established; such openings are easily invaded
by competing annuals that inhibit oak establishment. It is
reported, however, that at maturity Shumard oak retards the
growth of competing understory vegetation apparently by an
allelopathic effect (3).
Shumard oak reproduction shows some tolerance to complete
inundation, a requisite for survival on bottom-land sites.
Conditions other than species-site relationships are important in
determining the regeneration potential and succession of the
species in bottom-land hardwood situations. Water is apparently
most likely to become the limiting factor on sites that are
consistently flooded for fairly long periods of time during the
growing season, such as true swamps, deep sloughs, and backwater
areas.
Shumard oak is one of the prominent oaks in oak-hickory regions
but does not act as a dominant in the extensive range of the
oak-hickory association. Therefore, the place of Shumard oak in
the ecological succession is not clearly defined. It is probably
not a true climax tree in most oak-hick communities where it is
found.
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Rooting Habit
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
No information is currently available.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
The minimum
seed-bearing age for Shumard oak is 25 years and optimum
production is about 50 years. The interval between seed crops is
2 to 3 years. There are about 23 kg (50 lb) of seeds per 35
liters (bushel) of fruit. The range of cleaned seeds per kilogram
is 172 to 282 (78 to 128/lb) with an average of 220 (100) (8).
Acorns of Shumard oak are an excellent wildlife food and are
consumed by birds, white-tailed deer, and squirrels. Animals that
hoard the acorns also disseminate them. This species frequently
produces multiseeded acorns.
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Seedling Development
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
As with other oaks, germination is
hypogeal (8). It appears that the microclimate, edaphic
conditions, and several stand variables all have a definite
influence on the quantity Of small established oak regeneration,
but their effect is probably overshadowed by the seed supply.
Where oak regeneration is to be favored in uneven-age management,
large openings appear most desirable. In even-age management,
when a seed-tree cut is contemplated, extremely large- or
small-diameter trees should be left as seed producers only as a
last resort (2).
The species needs full light to achieve good reproduction. In the
Coastal Plain, Shumard oak is found mostly on sites with rich,
well-drained soils and an abundance of moisture, but it may also
inhabit dry, upland sites.
The stems of the young seedlings are smooth, brownish green or
light gray, changing to gray or grayish brown by midseason of the
first year. Buds are ovoid with acute apex, 6 min (0.25 in) long,
smooth, with closely overlapping gray-brown or dull straw-colored
scales (5).
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Soils and Topography
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Shumard oak grows best in rich sites of the southern forests that
have moist, well-drained loamy soils found on terraces, colluvial
sites, and adjacent bluffs associated with large and small
streams. It is found in hammocks of the Coastal Plain, but rarely
on first-bottom sites. It appears to be tolerant of sites with
high pH and associated nutrient deficiencies. In trial plantings,
Shumard oak has grown well on alluvium with a pH near 7.5.
Shumard oak is most commonly found on soils in the orders
Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Vertisols.
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Special Uses
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
The acorns of Shumard oak serve as mast for numerous species of
birds and mammals. In the Mohrs oak and Ashe juniper-redberry
juniper types, Shumard oak acorns are probably an important
source of food for the deer herd.
Commercially, Shumard oak is marketed with other red oak lumber
for flooring, furniture, interior trim, and cabinetry.
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Vegetative Reproduction
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Shumard oak does not propagate
readily on moist sites or by cuttings.
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Distribution
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Shumard oak is found in the Atlantic Coastal Plain primarily from
North Carolina to northern Florida and west to central Texas; it
is also found north in the Mississippi River Valley to central
Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, Missouri, southern Illinois, Indiana,
western and southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. It is found
locally north to southern Michigan, southern Pennsylvania, and
Maryland (4).
-The native range of Shumard oak.
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Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Fagaceae -- Beech family
M B Edwards
Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii) is one of the largest
southern red oaks. Other common names are spotted oak, Schneck
oak, Shumard red oak, southern red oak, and swamp red oak. It is
a lowland tree and grows scattered with other hardwoods on moist,
well-drained soils associated with large and small streams. It
grows moderately fast and produces acorns every 2 to 4 years that
are used by wildlife for food. The wood is superior to most red
oaks, but it is mixed indiscriminately with other red oak lumber
and used for the same products. This tree makes a handsome shade
tree.
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Quercus shumardii
(
Azerbaijano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AZ
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Quercus shumardii: Brief Summary
(
Azerbaijano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AZ
Quercus shumardii (lat. Quercus shumardii) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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Quercus shumardii
(
Catalão; Valenciano
)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
Quercus shumardii, és una espècie de roure que pertany a la família de les fagàcies i és un dels roures més grans de la secció de roures vermells. Està estretament relacionat amb Quercus buckleyi, Quercus texana, i Quercus gravesii.[1]
Distribució
Quercus shumardii és natiu de la Plana de la Costa Atlàntica principalment des de Carolina del Nord fins al nord de Florida i a l'oest del centre de Texas, també es troba al nord, a la vall del riu Mississippi fins al centre d'Oklahoma, l'est de Kansas, Missouri, al sud d'Illinois, Indiana, l'oest i el sud d'Ohio, Kentucky i Tennessee. Es troba localment al nord fins al sud de Michigan, al sud de Pennsilvània, Maryland, i l'extrem sud d'Ontàrio, Canadà.
Descripció
Quercus shumardii normalment aconsegueix altures de 25 a 35 metres. El tronc pot fer entre 60 a 100 cm de diàmetre, i l'amplada de la capçada pot arribar a fer entre 12 a 18 metres. La grandària típica varia segons la regió, amb grans mostres que passen en les parts meridionals de la seva àrea de distribució natural als Estats Units. Hi ha un rècord d'alçària d'un Quercus shumardii de fins a 42 metres d'alt, amb capçades de fins a 27,5 metres d'ample. Generalment, els exemplars joves presenten capçades còniques o ovals, amb la capçada superior d'ompliment en l'arbre arriba a la maduresa. Els troncs són relativament rectes i verticals. L'escorça jove del Quercus shumardii és d'un color gris clar, molt suau, i molt reflectiu. L'escorça d'aquest tipus de roure és fosca i desenvolupa les crestes i solcs a mesura que envelleix. Hi ha a vegades taques blanques en l'escorça. Les branques acaben en un grup de brots. Els brots són de color més clar que les branques que són de color verd oliva. Les branques són altament reflectores. Les fulles estan disposades alternativament i són àmpliament obovades amb 5-9 lòbuls, cadascun dels quals s'acaben per dents de pèls de punta. Les fulles madures fan entre 10 a 21 cm de longitud. Les superfícies són glabres, a excepció dels flocs de les venes axil·lars. Són de color verd fosc a la part superior, mentre que la part inferior és d'un to verd lleugerament més clar. Les fulles es tornen de color marró a vermell a la tardor, i en algun moment tenen tons barrejats de groc. Els colors de tardor són relativament tardans i els espècimens del centre de Texas pot ser majoritàriament vermell a principis de desembre, mentre que a Florida els espècimens no poden acolorir substancialment fins al febrer. Les glans solen fer uns 3 cm de diàmetre i maduren completament entre 1,5 a 3 anys; i pot passar desapercebudes durant les seves primeres etapes de desenvolupament. Les glans d'aquest tipus de roure solen proporcionar aliments per a diverses ocells cantaires, aus de caça com els galls dindis salvatges i guatlles, aus aquàtiques, cérvols de Virgínia, porcs senglars, i diversos rosegadors com els esquirols. Les fulles i les branques també poden proporcionar cercar cérvols de Virgínia.
Malalties
El marciment del roure pot atacar a tots els roures vermells, incloent el Quercus shumardii. Altres malalties que ataquen Quercus shumardii són diversos fongs que poden créixer en les fulles, oïdi, xancres i malalties radiculars.
Cultiu i usos
Quercus shumardii es valora per a ús comercial, com un arbre d'ombra, i com un aliment d'origen per a diverses aus i mamífers. Es conrea com a mínim fins al nord d'Ottawa, Ontàrio, i tan al sud com Lake Worth, Florida. És tolerant a amplis rangs de pH de nivells en el sòl.
És resistent a la sequera i prefereix parcialment a ple sol. Els Quercus shumardii comencen a produir llavors a un mínim de 25 anys, i l'edat òptima per al desenvolupament de la llavor és de 50 anys. Se sap que Quercus shumardii han aconseguit almenys veure 480 anys. Les arrels són intolerants a les pertorbacions, de manera que l'arbre ha de ser plantat en la seva posició permanent a una edat primerenca.
La fusta de Quercus shumardii s'agrupa amb altres fustes de roure vermell per al seu ús en sòls, mobles, motllures interiors, decoratives, panells i armaris.
Referències
Enllaços externs
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Quercus shumardii: Brief Summary
(
Catalão; Valenciano
)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
Quercus shumardii, és una espècie de roure que pertany a la família de les fagàcies i és un dels roures més grans de la secció de roures vermells. Està estretament relacionat amb Quercus buckleyi, Quercus texana, i Quercus gravesii.
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Quercus shumardii
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Quercus shumardii, the Shumard oak, spotted oak, Schneck oak, Shumard red oak, or swamp red oak, is one of the largest of the oak species in the red oak group (Quercus section Lobatae). It is closely related to Quercus buckleyi (Texas red oak), Quercus texana (Nuttall's red oak), and Quercus gravesii (Chisos red oak).
Description
Mature Shumard oaks typically reach heights of 25 to 35 metres (82 to 115 feet), trunk diameter is typically 60 to 100 centimetres (24 to 39 inches), and crown width typically reaches 12 to 18 m (39 to 59 ft) in width. Typical size varies according to region, with larger specimens occurring in the southern portions of its native range in the United States. Record Shumard oaks have been measured at up to 60 m (200 ft) tall, with crowns up to 27.5 m (90 ft) in width. Young specimens generally exhibit conic or ovate crowns, with the upper crown filling in as the tree reaches maturity. Trunks are relatively straight and vertical. Trunks may have deeply fluted buttresses near the ground. Shumard oak is typically found in lowland areas and is able to survive where the soils experience flooding for six weeks of the year.[3]
The young bark of the Shumard oak is light gray, very smooth, and very reflective. Shumard oak bark darkens and develops ridges and furrows as it ages. Occasionally, white splotches are seen on the bark.[3]
Shumard oak twigs terminate in a cluster of buds. The buds are lighter in color than the olive-green twigs. The young twig is highly reflective.[3]
The leaves are arranged alternately and are broadly obovate with 5–9 lobes, each of which is terminated by bristle-tipped teeth. The leaves mature to between 10 and 21 cm (4 and 8 in) in length. The surfaces are glabrous, except for the tufted vein axils. They are dark green on the top, while their bottoms are a slightly lighter shade of green. The leaves turn brown to red in the fall and sometimes have hues of yellow mixed in. Fall colors are relatively late; specimens in central Texas may be at their most red in early December, while Florida specimens may not color substantially until February.[3]
Shumard oaks bear relatively large acorns, which typically reach up to 3 cm (1 in) in diameter. Acorns take between 1.5 and 3 years to fully mature and may go unnoticed during their early stages of development.[3]
Distribution and habitat
Shumard oak is native to the Atlantic coastal plain primarily from North Carolina to northern Florida and west to central Texas; it is also found north in the Mississippi River Valley to central Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, Missouri, southern Illinois, Indiana, western and southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. It is found locally north to southern Michigan, southern Pennsylvania, Maryland, western New York, and the extreme south of Ontario, Canada.[4][5]
It is tolerant of wide ranges of pH levels in soil. It is drought-resistant, and prefers partial to full sunlight. Shumard oaks begin to bear seeds at a minimum of 25 years of age, and the optimum age for seed development is 50. They are known to have reached at least 480 years of age. The roots are intolerant to disturbance.[3]
Ecology
The acorns of the Shumard oak provide food for various songbirds, game birds such as wild turkey and quail, waterfowl, white-tailed deer, feral hogs, and various rodents such as squirrels. The leaves and twigs can also provide browse for white-tailed deer.[3]
Oak wilt can attack all red oaks, including the Shumard oak. Other diseases that attack Shumard oaks are various fungi that can grow on the leaves, powdery mildew, canker diseases, and shoestring root.[3]
Uses
Shumard oak is valued for commercial use and as a shade tree. With the Shumard Oak's ability to tolerate and thrive in a wide range of soil types, it is cultivated at least as far north as Ottawa, Ontario and southern Quebec, and as far south as Lake Worth Beach, Florida.[6]
Shumard oak lumber is grouped with other red oak lumber for use in flooring, furniture, interior trim, decorative molding, paneling, and cabinetry. According to one guide, the lumber of Shumard oak is considered "mechanically superior" to that of other red oaks.[3]
References
-
^ Wenzell, K.; Kenny, L.; Jerome, D. (2017). "Quercus shumardii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T194232A111279985. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T194232A111279985.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
-
^ "Quercus shumardii Buckley". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
-
^ a b c d e f g h i Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus shumardii". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
-
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Quercus shumardii". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
-
^ "Quercus shumardii". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
-
^ "Quercus shumardii - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
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Quercus shumardii: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Quercus shumardii, the Shumard oak, spotted oak, Schneck oak, Shumard red oak, or swamp red oak, is one of the largest of the oak species in the red oak group (Quercus section Lobatae). It is closely related to Quercus buckleyi (Texas red oak), Quercus texana (Nuttall's red oak), and Quercus gravesii (Chisos red oak).
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Quercus shumardii
(
Esperanto
)
fornecido por wikipedia EO
La makuleta kverko (Quercus shumardii) estas unu el la plej grandaj kverkoj en la sekcio Lobatae. Ĝi estas indiĝena al Sud-orienta Usono.
Referencoj
"Quercus shumardii Shumard Oak". Southern Group of State Foresters. Alirita la 18an de Septembro
Makuleta Kverko 
Biologia klasado Regno:
Plantoj Plantae Divizio:
Angiospermoj Magnoliophyta Klaso:
Magnoliopsidoj Magnoliopsida Ordo:
Fagaloj 'Fagales
Familio:
Fagacoj fagaceae Genro:
Kverko Quercus Specio:
Q.shumardii Quercus shumardiiWilliam Buckland Aliaj Vikimediaj projektoj
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Quercus shumardii: Brief Summary
(
Esperanto
)
fornecido por wikipedia EO
La makuleta kverko (Quercus shumardii) estas unu el la plej grandaj kverkoj en la sekcio Lobatae. Ĝi estas indiĝena al Sud-orienta Usono.
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Quercus shumardii
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Quercus shumardii es una especie del género Quercus de la familia Fagaceae. Está clasificada en la sección Lobatae del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y tienen un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos con las puntas afiladas, con cerdas o con púas en el lóbulo.
Distribución y hábitat
Es nativa de la llanura costera del Atlántico, principalmente de Carolina del Norte hasta el norte de Florida y al oeste con el centro de Texas; también se encuentra al norte, en el valle del río Mississippi hasta el centro de Oklahoma, el este de Kansas, Missouri, el sur de Illinois, Indiana, el oeste y el sur de Ohio, Kentucky y Tennessee. Se encuentra localmente del norte hasta el sur de Michigan, el sur de Pennsylvania, Maryland, y el extremo sur de Ontario, Canadá.
Descripción
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Follaje verde durante el verano
El roble típicamente alcanza alturas de 25 a 35 metros, el tronco de diámetro suele ser de 60 a 100 centímetros (24 a 39 pulgadas), y la corona de la anchura alcanza típicamente de 12 a 18 metros de ancho. El tamaño típico varía en función de la región, con grandes muestras que ocurre en la parte sur de su área de distribución en el Reino Unido . Robles se han medido de hasta 42 metros de alto, con coronas de hasta 27,5 metros de ancho. Los ejemplares jóvenes presentan generalmente coronas cónicas o ovadas, con la corona superior rellena cuando el árbol alcanza la madurez. Los troncos son relativamente rectos y verticales. La joven corteza del roble es gris , muy suave. Corteza se oscurece y desarrolla crestas y surcos a medida que envejece. Hay de vez en cuando manchas blancas en la corteza. Las ramas terminan en un racimo de brotes. Los brotes son de color más claro que las ramas de color verde oliva. El joven ramita es altamente reflectante.
Las hojas están dispuestas alternativamente y son ampliamente obovadas con 5-9 lóbulos, cada uno de los cuales están terminados por los dientes de cerdas de punta. Las hojas maduras de entre 10 a 21 centímetros de longitud. Las superficies son glabras, a excepción del mechón insertado en la vena axilar. Son oscura verde en la parte superior, mientras que el fondo es de un tono ligeramente más claro de verde. Las hojas se vuelven marrones a rojo en el otoño, y en algún momento puede tener tonos de amarillo. Los colores del otoño son relativamente tardíos; especímenes en el centro de Texas pueden estar rojos a principios de diciembre, mientras que en Florida los especímenes pueden no colorear sustancialmente hasta febrero. Tiene relativamente grandes bellotas , que típicamente alcanzan hasta 3 centímetros de diámetro. Las bellotas toman entre 1,5 y 3 años de maduración total, y pueden pasar desapercibidos durante sus primeras etapas de desarrollo.
Cultivo y usos
Se valora para su uso comercial, como un árbol de sombra , y como alimento de origen por diversas aves y mamíferos . Se cultiva por lo menos hasta el norte de Ottawa , Ontario , y tan al sur como Lake Worth , Florida . Es tolerante a amplios rangos niveles de pH en el suelo. Es resistente a la sequía y prefiere parcial a plena luz del sol. Comienzan a producir semillas en un mínimo de 25 años de edad, y la edad óptima para el desarrollo de semillas es de 50 años de edad. Se sabe que han alcanzado al menos 480 años de edad. Las raíces son intolerantes a la perturbación, por lo que el árbol se deben plantar en su posición permanente en una edad temprana.
Taxonomía
Quercus shumardii fue descrita por Samuel Botsford Buckley y publicado en Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 12: 444. 1860[1861].[2][3][4]
- Etimología
Quercus: nombre genérico del latín que designaba igualmente al roble y a la encina.
shumardii: epíteto
- Sinonimia
-
Quercus schneckii Britton
Referencias
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Quercus shumardii: Brief Summary
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Quercus shumardii es una especie del género Quercus de la familia Fagaceae. Está clasificada en la sección Lobatae del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y tienen un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos con las puntas afiladas, con cerdas o con púas en el lóbulo.
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Quercus shumardii
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Quercus shumardii est une espèce de chênes du sous-genre Quercus et de la section Lobatae. L'espèce est présente aux États-Unis.
Liste des sous-espèces
Selon Tropicos (11 janvier 2020)[2] :
-
Quercus shumardii subsp. texana (Buckley) A.E. Murray
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Feuilles de
Quercus shumardii
Liste des variétés
Selon Tropicos (11 janvier 2020)[2] :
-
Quercus shumardii var. acerifolia E.J. Palmer
-
Quercus shumardii var. microcarpa (Torr.) Shinners
-
Quercus shumardii var. schneckii (Britton) Sarg.
-
Quercus shumardii var. shumardii
-
Quercus shumardii var. stenocarpa Laughlin
-
Quercus shumardii var. texana (Buckley) Ashe
Notes et références
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Quercus shumardii: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Quercus shumardii est une espèce de chênes du sous-genre Quercus et de la section Lobatae. L'espèce est présente aux États-Unis.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Quercus shumardii
(
Italiano
)
fornecido por wikipedia IT
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Quercus shumardii: Brief Summary
(
Italiano
)
fornecido por wikipedia IT
Quercus shumardii Buckland, 1860 è un albero appartenente alla famiglia delle Fagaceae.
È strettamente imparentato con la quercia rossa del Texas (Quercus buckleyi), Quercus texana (quercia rossa di Nuttall) e Quercus gravesii (quercia rossa di Chisos).
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Dąb Shumarda
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Dąb Shumarda (Quercus shumardii Buckley) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w Kanadzie (w prowincji Ontario) oraz Stanach Zjednoczonych (w Oklahomie, Teksasie, Alabamie, Arkansas, na Florydzie, w Georgii, Luizjanie, Missisipi, Karolinie Południowej, Karolinie Północnej, Illinois, Indianie, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Missisipi, Nebraska, w stanie Nowy Jork, Ohio, Pensylwanii, Tennessee, Wirginii i Wirginii Zachodniej)[3][4][5].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Zrzucające liście drzewo dorastające do 35 m wysokości. Kora ma szarą lub brązową barwę, jest spękana[5].
- Liście
- Blaszka liściowa jest gruczołowato owłosiona i ma odwrotnie jajowaty lub eliptyczny kształt. Mierzy 10–20 cm długości oraz 6–15 cm szerokości, jest 5–9 podłużnie klapowana na brzegu, ma nasadę od rozwartej do uciętej i ostry wierzchołek. Ogonek liściowy jest nagi i ma 2–6 cm długości[5].
- Owoce
- Orzechy zwane żołędziami o kształcie od jajowatego do podługowatego, dorastają do 14–30 mm długości i 10–20 mm średnicy. Osadzone są pojedynczo w miseczkach w kształcie kubka, które mierzą 7–12 mm długości i 15–30 mm średnicy. Orzechy otulone są miseczkami w 25–35% ich długości[5].
Biologia i ekologia
Rośnie na skalistych stokach oraz brzegach rzek. Występuje na wysokości do 500 m n.p.m.[5]
Zmienność
W obrębie tego gatunku wyróżniono jedną odmianę[2]:
-
Quercus shumardii var. schneckii (Britton) Sarg.
Przypisy
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Dąb Shumarda: Brief Summary
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Dąb Shumarda (Quercus shumardii Buckley) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w Kanadzie (w prowincji Ontario) oraz Stanach Zjednoczonych (w Oklahomie, Teksasie, Alabamie, Arkansas, na Florydzie, w Georgii, Luizjanie, Missisipi, Karolinie Południowej, Karolinie Północnej, Illinois, Indianie, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Missisipi, Nebraska, w stanie Nowy Jork, Ohio, Pensylwanii, Tennessee, Wirginii i Wirginii Zachodniej).
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Quercus shumardii
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Quercus shumardii là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Buckley miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1860.[2]
Hình ảnh
Chú thích
Tham khảo
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Quercus shumardii: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Quercus shumardii là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Buckley miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1860.
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Дуб Шумарда
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Дуб Шумарда
Международное научное название
Quercus shumardii Buckley (1860 (1861))
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 19417NCBI 262619EOL 1151280GRIN t:70539IPNI 284115-2TPL kew-175148 Дуб Шумарда (лат. Quercus shumardii) — дерево, вид рода Дуб (Quercus) семейства Буковые (Fagaceae). Вид назван в честь геолога Бенджамина Франклина Шумарда (1820—1869)[2].
Описание
Листопадное дерево с глубоко растрескивающейся корой[3], до 25 м, иногда до 35 м высотой. Кора от тёмно-серого до тёмно-коричневого цвета[4][5].
Листья глубоко 5—9 надрезанные, доли широко раставленные, на вершине зубчатые, сверху голые, снизу по жилкам слегка опушены. Листовая пластинка от овальной и широкоовальной до обратнояйцевидной формы, длиной 8—20 см и 6—15 см в ширину[3][4][5].
Плюска 1,5—3 см в диаметре и 7—12 мм длиной, плотно облегает жёлудь на четверть или треть от его размера; плод — жёлудь имеет размеры 14-30 × 10-20 мм, созревает на второй год[3][4][5]. Плодоносит с 25 лет[2].
Распространение и экология
Растёт в понижениях на влажных почвах[3], в пойменных лесах и в горных лесах на плохо дренированных возвышенностях на высоте до 500 м[4][5], но несмотря на это, довольно засухоустойчиво и выдерживает большой диапазон рН почвы[2]. Ареал охватывает восток Северной Америки и простирается от южных штатов США до Канады и включает в себя территории штатов: Алабама, Арканзас, Вирджиния, Джорджия, Западная Вирджиния, Иллинойс, Индиана, Канзас, Кентукки, Луизиана, Миссисипи, Миссури, Мичиган, Мэриленд, Небраска, Огайо, Оклахома, Пенсильвания, Северная Каролина, Теннесси, Техас, Флорида, Южная Каролина и канадской провинции Онтарио[6].
Значение и применение
Выращивается в качестве декоративного растения дающего тень. Древесина дуба используется в мебельной промышленности[7].
Желуди служат пищей для певчих и водоплавающих птиц, белохвостых оленей, диких свиней, белок и других животных[2].
Классификация
Содержит подвид Quercus shumardii var. schneckii (Britton) Sarg.[8]. Ранее содержал подвид Quercus shumardii var. acerifolia E.J.Palmer, который теперь считается отдельным видом Quercus acerifolia (E.J.Palmer) Stoynoff & Hess.[3][9].
Примечания
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Дуб Шумарда: Brief Summary
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Дуб Шумарда (лат. Quercus shumardii) — дерево, вид рода Дуб (Quercus) семейства Буковые (Fagaceae). Вид назван в честь геолога Бенджамина Франклина Шумарда (1820—1869).
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Palıd cinsinə aid növlər Q. grisea• Q. oblongifolia• Q. acerifolia• Q. acuta• Q. acutissima• Q. afares• Q. agrifolia• Q. alba• Q. albocinta• Q. aliena• Q. alnifolia• Q. arizonica• Q. arkansana• Q. aucheri• Q. austrina• Q. basaseachicensis• Q. benthamii• Q. berberidifolia• Q. bicolor• Q. boyntonii• Q. brandegeei• Q. brenesii• Q. breviloba• Q. buckleyi• Q. bumelioides• Q. calliprinos• Q. canariensis• Q. castaneifolia• Q. cedrosensis• Q. cerrioides• Q. cerris• Q. chapmanii• Q. chrysolepis• Q. coahuilensis• Q. coccifera• Q. coccinea• Q. convallata• Q. conzattii• Q. copeyensis• Q. cornelius-mulleri• Q. corrugata• Q. costaricensis• Q. cubana• Q. deliquescens• Q. dentata• Q. depressa• Q. depressipes• Q. devia• Q. diversifolia• Q. douglasii• Q. dumosa• Q. durata• Q. ellipsoidalis• Q. emoryi• Q. engelmannii• Q. excelsa• Q. faginea• Q. falcata• Q. flagellifera• Q. frainetto• Q. fulva• Q. fusiformis• Q. galeanensis• Q. gambelii• Q. garryana• Q. georgiana• Q. germana• Q. glauca• Q. glaucoides• Q. graciliformis• Q. gravesii• Q. gulielmitreleasei• Q. havardii• Q. hemisphaerica• Q. hintonii• Q. hintoniorum• Q. humboldtii• Q. hypoxantha• Q. iberica• Q. ilex• Q. ilicifolia• Q. imbricaria• Q. invaginata• Q. john-tuckeri• Q. kelloggii• Q. laceyi• Q. laevis• Q. lamellosa• Q. laurifolia• Q. libani• Q. liebmannii• Q. lobata• Q. lusitanica• Q. lyrata• Q. macdonaldii• Q. macdougallii• Q. macranthera• Q. macrocarpa• Q. macrolepis• Q. marilandica• Q. martinezii• Q. michauxii• Q. miquihuanensis• Q. mohriana• Q. mongolica• Q. muehlenbergii• Q. myrsinifolia• Q. nigra• Q. oglethorpensis• Q. oleoides• Q. pacifica• Q. pagoda• Q. palmeri• Q. palustris• Q. peninsularis• Q. perpallida• Q. petraea• Q. phellos• Q. planipocula• Q. polymorpha• Q. pontica• Q. praeco• Q. praineana• Q. prinoides• Q. prinus• Q. pubescens• Q. pungens• Q. purulhana• Q. rapurahuensis• Q. robur• Q. robusta• Q. rubra• Q. rugosa• Q. rysophylla• Q. sadleriana• Q. sebifera• Q. shumardii• Q. skinneri• Q. skutchii• Q. stellata• Q. suber• Q. subspathulata• Q. tardifolia• Q. texana• Q. tomentella• Q. tonduzii• Q. toumeyi• Q. trojana• Q. turbinella• Q. undata• Q. uxoris• Q. vacciniifolia• Q. variabilis• Q. velutina• Q. vincentensis• Q. wislizeni• Q. xalapensis• Q. zempoaltepecana• Q. × alvordiana 
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