Eresidae

Figure 80.A–D male Stegodyphus lineatus from Nengrahar, Afghanistan (MR010, MR), scanning electron micrographs. A–D right palp, images reversed to appear as left palp E, F epiandrous region A prolateral view B retrolateral view C apical view D detail, prolateral view E ventral view F detail of epiandrous gland spigots. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 85.A–F Stegodyphus mimosarum, scanning electron micrographs of male from Forêt d'Analalava, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (CASENT 9015950, CAS). A–D right palp, images reversed so as to appear a left palp E, F epiandrous gland spigots A prolateral view B retrolateral view C apical view D ventral view E epiandrous region, ventral view F detail, epiandrous gland spigots. C conductor E embolus T tegulum.

Figure 51.Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the spider family Eresidae based on mixed model analysis (eight data partitions, manually adjusted alignment; see Miller et al. 2010a); outgroups not shown, see Fig. S1. For the genus Gandanameno, DNA specimen codes are substituted for taxonomic name and specimens are linked to their collection locality in southern Africa. Male specimens indicated by male symbol, female specimens indicated either by a female symbol or a square, the darkness of which indicates the strength and presence of cuspules, scored as in Fig. 50. Branches drawn proportional to change. Numbers at nodes are percent posterior probabilities of 50 or greater.

Figure 50.Carapace height plotted against carapace length for adult female Gandanameno specimens from eight regions: Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Gauteng, Hanover, Namaqualand, Namibia, and Port Elizabeth. Regions circumscribed in Fig. 49; sample size given in parentheses. Symbol shape indicates region while symbol darkness indicates presence and strength of cuspules. Specimens were scored as having cuspules absent, having medium to strong cuspules only on the legs, having a mixture of medium and strong cuspules on the prosoma, sternum, and/or legs, and having exclusively strong cuspules on the prosoma, sternum, and legs. As reflected in the legend, not all degrees of spinulation were observed in all regions.

Figure 72.A–J Seothyra henscheli. A–D, I–J male from Gobabeb Station, Namibia (SMN 40828, NMN) E–H female from Kuiseb River, Gobabeb, Namibia (SMN 46627, NMN) A–D habitus of male, photomicrographs E–H habitus of female, photomicrographs I, J illustrations of left male palp A, E dorsal view B, F ventral view C, G anterior view D, H lateral view I prolateral view J retrolateral view. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 73.A–F Seothyra henscheli from Gobabeb Station, Namibia (SMN 40828, NMN), scanning electron micrographs of right male palp, images reversed to appear as left palp. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C detail of embolic division, prolateral view D detail of modified setae on retrolateral side of cymbium. E ventral view F apical view. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 26.A–J Dorceus fastuosus. A–D, I–J male from Mashabin Sand Dunes, Israel (MR006, HUJ) E–H female from Mashabim sand dunes, Israel (MR002, MR) A–D habitus of male, photomicrographs E–H habitus of female, photomicrographs J, K illustrations of left male palp. A, E dorsal view B, F ventral view C, G anterior view D, H lateral view. I prolateral view. J retrolateral view. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 79.A–J Stegodyphus lineatus. A–D, I, J male from Nengrahar, Afghanistan (MR010, MR) E–H female from Belkis, near Birecor, Turkey (MR015, MR) A–D habitus of male, photomicrographs E–H habitus of female, photomicrographs I, J illustrations of left male palp A, E dorsal view B, F ventral view C, G anterior view D, H lateral view I prolateral view J retrolateral view. C conductor E embolus T tegulum.

Figure 71.Distribution of Paradonea species. Circles, Paradonea striatipes; squares, Paradonea splendens; inverted triangles, Paradonea variegata; diamonds, Paradonea parva; triangles, Paradonea presleyi sp. n. Primary type localities with all black symbols, those for other localities with white center.

Figure 66.A–F Loureedia annulipes, female from Wadi Mashash, Negev, Israel (MR019, MR), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. A overview B right ALS C left and right PMS D right PLS E cribellum. F cribellar spigots. Unlabeled spigots in C thought to be a mixture of aciniform gland spigots and cylindrical gland spigots. AC aciniform gland spigot ALS anterior lateral spinneret MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot PI piriform gland spigot PLS posterior lateral spinneret PMS posterior median spinneret.

Figure 35.A–F Dresserus sp., female from Klein Kariba, South Africa (CASENT 9025745, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of prosoma. A anterior view, chelicerae removed, arrow indicates clypeal hood B dorsal view of eye region C fovea D sternum E right chelicera, ectal view F right cheliceral boss.

Figure 62.A–J Loureedia annulipes. A, B, D I, J male from Haluqim Ridge, Israel (MR008, HUJ) C male from Nitzanna village, Israel (MR018, HUJ) E, F, H female from Wadi Mashash, Israel (MR019, MR) G female from Haluquim, Israel (PET03, MR) A–D habitus of male, photomicrographs E–H habitus of female, photomicrographs I–J illustrations of left male palp A, E dorsal view B, F ventral view C, G anterior view D, H lateral view I prolateral view J retrolateral view. C conductor E embolus T tegulum.

Figure 63.A–F Loureedia annulipes from Haluqim Ridge, Israel (MR008, HUJ), scanning electron micrographs of right male palp, images reversed to appear as left palp. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C conductor, prolateral view D ventral view E conductor, ventral view F apical view. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 69.A–H Paradonea variegata. A–C, G–H male from Breekkierie Dunes, Northern Cape, South Africa (C1062, SAM) D–F female from Steinkopf, South Africa (ZMB 26964, ZMHB) A–C habitus of male, photomicrographs D–F habitus of female photomicrographs G–H illustrations of left male palp A, D dorsal view B, E ventral view C, F anterior view G prolateral view H retrolateral view. C conductor ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 70.A–I males of Paradonea parva and Paradonea presleyi sp. n., habitus, photomicrographs. A–F Paradonea parva A–C male holotype from junction of Marico and Crocodile Rivers, South Africa (B3701, SAM) D–F male from 4 km N of Hopetown, Northern Cape, South Africa (AcAT 97/988, NCA). G–I male holotype of Paradonea presleyi sp. n. from Falcon College, Zimbabwe (CASENT 9039236, CAS) A, D, G dorsal view B, E, H ventral view C, F, I anterior view.

Figure 1.A–H Habitus of living Eresidae, photographs. A, B Adonea fimbriata A juvenile female (photo by Martin Forman) B adult male from Israel (photo by Martin Forman) C Dresserus kannemeyeri, adult female from Ndumo Game Reserve, South Africa (photo Stanislav Macík) D Dresserus sp., adult malefrom Namibia, between the towns Aus and Helmeringhausen (26°13.049'S, 16°36.063'E; photo by Martin Forman) E, F Gandanameno sp. E subadult female from Cape Town, South Africa (Stanislav Macík) F adult male from Anysberg Nature Reserve, Western Cape Province, South Africa (photo Martin Forman) G, H adult male Loureedia annulipes; G from Tel Krayot, Israel (photo by Martin Forman) H from Arad, Israel (photo by Martin Forman).

Figure 2.A–H Habitus of living Eresidae, photographs. A, B Eresus kollari A adult female from Hungary (photo by Tamás Szűts) B adult male from Kadaň, Czechia, (photo by Pavel Krásenský) C, E Eresus walckenaeri; C adult female from Greece (photo by Sergio Henriques) D adult male from Mihas, Greece (photo by Martin Forman) E juvenile female F Seothyra sp., juvenile female, from Brandberg, Namibia (photo by Martin Forman) G, H Paradonea variegata (photos by Martin Forman) G juvenile female from Betta, Namibia H adult male from Homeb, Namibia.

Figure 40.A–J Eresus walckenaeri. A–D, I–J male from Kresna, Bulgaria (MR) E–H female from 5 km south of Monemvasia, Lakonia, Greece (ZMUC 00012903, ZMUC) A–D habitus of male, photomicrographs E–H habitus of female, photomicrographs I, J illustrations of left male palp A, E dorsal view B, F ventral view C, G anterior view D, H lateral view I prolateral view J retrolateral view. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 43.A–J Eresus kollari. A–D, I, J male from Prague, Czechia (MR007, MR) E–H female from res. Srbsko, Czechia (MR016, MR) A–D habitus of male, photomicrographs E–H habitus of female, photomicrographs I, J illustrations of left male palp A, E dorsal view B, F ventral view C, G anterior view D, H lateral view I prolateral view J retrolateral view, arrow indicates notch in conductor. C conductor E embolus T tegulum.

Figure 81.A–F Female Stegodyphus lineatus from Belkis, near Birecor, Turkey (MR015, MR), scanning electron micrographs of prosoma and chelicerae. A anterior view, arrow indicates clypeal hood B left lateral view C eye region, dorsal view D detail, prosoma cuticle E left chelicera F left cheliceral boss.

Figure 91.A–F Stegodyphus sarasinorum female from 7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Magway Division, Myanmar (CASENT 9019370, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of prosoma and chelicerae. A Prosoma, anterior view, left chelicera removed, arrow indicates clypeal hood B prosoma, dorsal view C sternum, ventral view D left chelicerae, ectal view E left cheliceral boss F distal part of left chelicera showing fang and teeth.

Figure 2.A–H Habitus of living Eresidae, photographs. A, B Eresus kollari A adult female from Hungary (photo by Tamás Szűts) B adult male from Kadaň, Czechia, (photo by Pavel Krásenský) C, E Eresus walckenaeri; C adult female from Greece (photo by Sergio Henriques) D adult male from Mihas, Greece (photo by Martin Forman) E juvenile female F Seothyra sp., juvenile female, from Brandberg, Namibia (photo by Martin Forman) G, H Paradonea variegata (photos by Martin Forman) G juvenile female from Betta, Namibia H adult male from Homeb, Namibia.

Figure 9.A–L Schematic illustrations of the carapace of assorted eresids. A–D Eresus kollari E–H Gandanameno sp. I–L Loureedia annulipes A–B, E–F, I–J male C–D, G–H, K–L female A, C, E, G, I, K anterior view B, D, F, H, J, L dorsal view. Dashed lines at posterior of carapace indicate uncertainty. Not to scale.

Figure 13.A–L Left male palpi of eresid species, photomicrographs. A–C Eresus kollari from res. Radotinske udoli, Czechia (MR007, MR) D–F Gandanameno sp. from Van Riebeeck Park, Western Cape, South Africa (CASENT 9023763, CAS) G–I Loureedia annulipes from Haluqim Ridge, Israel (PET03, MR) J, K Paradonea striatipes from Otjivasandu (NMN), Namibia L Paradonea splendens from Sunnyside, South Africa (C1076, SAM) A, D, G, J, L prolateral view B, H, K retrolateral view E ventral view C, F, I expanded palp. BH basal haematodocha MH median haematodocha.