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Green Non Sulfur Bacteria

Chloroflexi

Bacteris verds no del sofre ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els bacteris verds no del sofre (Chloroflexi) són un filum i classe d'eubacteris que produeixen energia a partir de la llum. El seu nom científic fa referència al seu pigment verd, habitualment situat en cossos fotosintètics anomenats clorosomes.


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Bacteris verds no del sofre: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els bacteris verds no del sofre (Chloroflexi) són un filum i classe d'eubacteris que produeixen energia a partir de la llum. El seu nom científic fa referència al seu pigment verd, habitualment situat en cossos fotosintètics anomenats clorosomes.


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Chloroflexi ( Czech )

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Chloroflexi je kmen fotosyntetizujících, převážně vláknitých bakterií, označovaných jako zelené nesirné bakterie. Obvykle mají fotosyntetický zelený pigment ve speciálních tělískách, chlorozomech. Díky těmto barvivům získali své jméno.

Chloroflexi jsou vláknité bakterie, pohybují se zpravidla klouzavým pohybem. Jsou to fakultativní aerobové. Při své fotosyntéze však kyslík neprodukují. Jsou to takzvaní fotoheterotrofové (místo oxidu uhličitého získávají uhlík z organických sloučenin).

Thermomicrobia jsou někdy vyřazovány jako samostatný kmen.[1]

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Chloroflexi na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. http://www.biolib.cz/cz/taxon/id464993/
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Chloroflexi: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Chloroflexi je kmen fotosyntetizujících, převážně vláknitých bakterií, označovaných jako zelené nesirné bakterie. Obvykle mají fotosyntetický zelený pigment ve speciálních tělískách, chlorozomech. Díky těmto barvivům získali své jméno.

Chloroflexi jsou vláknité bakterie, pohybují se zpravidla klouzavým pohybem. Jsou to fakultativní aerobové. Při své fotosyntéze však kyslík neprodukují. Jsou to takzvaní fotoheterotrofové (místo oxidu uhličitého získávají uhlík z organických sloučenin).

Thermomicrobia jsou někdy vyřazovány jako samostatný kmen.

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Grüne Nichtschwefelbakterien ( German )

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Die Grünen Nichtschwefelbakterien oder Chloroflexi bilden eine phylogenetisch eigenständige Gruppe unter den Bakterien. Chloroflexi bezeichnet dabei das Phylum, Chloroflexia (früher gleich wie das Phylum genannt) eine der Klassen innerhalb des Phylums. Sie sind von den Grünen Schwefelbakterien zu unterscheiden. Die Chloroflexi sind gramnegativ und meist filamentös. Alle bisher bekannten Vertreter sind thermophil.

Chloroflexus verfügt über die Fähigkeit zur Photosynthese. Die lichtabsorbierenden Pigmente verleihen den Bakterien ihre grünliche Farbe. Der Photosyntheseapparat besitzt einen ungewöhnlichen Aufbau. Er verfügt einerseits über Merkmale, die für Grüne Schwefelbakterien typisch sind, wie etwa Chlorosomen und Bacteriochlorophyll c, andererseits aber auch über Bacteriochlorophyll a, das sonst bei Purpurbakterien zu finden ist. Chloroflexus ist metabolisch vielfältig: Er kann anoxygen photoautotroph wachsen, aber auch photoheterotroph (wie Nichtschwefelpurpurbakterien) und bei Lichtmangel chemoorganotroph. Chloroflexus ist ein aus phylogenetischer Sicht sehr alter Organismus und verfügt über einen einzigartigen Weg der Kohlenstoffassimilation (Hydroxypropionatzyklus).

Thermomicrobium lebt chemotroph und wächst bei Temperaturen um 75 °C am besten. Das Bakterium ist durch seine ungewöhnliche Zellmembran interessant, deren Lipide im Gegensatz zu anderen Bakterien und Archaeen kein Glycerin enthalten und weder verestert noch verethert sind.

Grüne Nichtschwefelbakterien findet man in heißen Quellen mit neutralen bis hohen pH-Werten, aber auch in marinen Matten.

Taxonomie

Klassen / Ordnungen / Familien / Gattungen[1]

Klasse Chloroflexia

Ordnung Chloroflexales
Familie Chloroflexaceae
Chloroflexus
Chloronema
Roseiflexus
Familie Oscillochloridaceae
Oscillochloris
Heliothrix
Ordnung Herpetosiphonales
Familie Herpetosiphonaceae
Herpetosiphon

Klasse Dehalococcoidia

Ordnung Dehalococcoidetes
Familie Dehalococcoidaceae
Dehalococcoides

Klasse Anaerolineae

Ordnung Anaerolinaeles
Familie Anaerolinaeceea
Anaerolinea

Klasse Caldilineae

Ordnung Caldilineales
Familie Caldilineacea
Caldilinea
Leptolinea
Levilinea

Die Klasse Thermomicrobia wird ebenfalls den Grünen Nichtschwefelbakterien zugeordnet.[2]

Quellen

  1. J. P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (Memento vom 27. Januar 2013 im Internet Archive)
  2. NCBI Chloroflexi
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Grüne Nichtschwefelbakterien: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Die Grünen Nichtschwefelbakterien oder Chloroflexi bilden eine phylogenetisch eigenständige Gruppe unter den Bakterien. Chloroflexi bezeichnet dabei das Phylum, Chloroflexia (früher gleich wie das Phylum genannt) eine der Klassen innerhalb des Phylums. Sie sind von den Grünen Schwefelbakterien zu unterscheiden. Die Chloroflexi sind gramnegativ und meist filamentös. Alle bisher bekannten Vertreter sind thermophil.

Chloroflexus verfügt über die Fähigkeit zur Photosynthese. Die lichtabsorbierenden Pigmente verleihen den Bakterien ihre grünliche Farbe. Der Photosyntheseapparat besitzt einen ungewöhnlichen Aufbau. Er verfügt einerseits über Merkmale, die für Grüne Schwefelbakterien typisch sind, wie etwa Chlorosomen und Bacteriochlorophyll c, andererseits aber auch über Bacteriochlorophyll a, das sonst bei Purpurbakterien zu finden ist. Chloroflexus ist metabolisch vielfältig: Er kann anoxygen photoautotroph wachsen, aber auch photoheterotroph (wie Nichtschwefelpurpurbakterien) und bei Lichtmangel chemoorganotroph. Chloroflexus ist ein aus phylogenetischer Sicht sehr alter Organismus und verfügt über einen einzigartigen Weg der Kohlenstoffassimilation (Hydroxypropionatzyklus).

Thermomicrobium lebt chemotroph und wächst bei Temperaturen um 75 °C am besten. Das Bakterium ist durch seine ungewöhnliche Zellmembran interessant, deren Lipide im Gegensatz zu anderen Bakterien und Archaeen kein Glycerin enthalten und weder verestert noch verethert sind.

Grüne Nichtschwefelbakterien findet man in heißen Quellen mit neutralen bis hohen pH-Werten, aber auch in marinen Matten.

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Chloroflexi (phylum) ( Tagalog )

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Ang Chloroflexi ay isang uri ng phylum sa bakterya kahariang Protista. Hindi malaman kung saan ito maikakategorya, sa Gram-positive bacteria o Gram-negative bacteria.[1]

Talababa

  1. Sutcliffe, Iain C. (2010). "A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture". Trends in Microbiology. 18 (10): 464–470. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005. ISSN 0966-842X.


Bakterya Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Bakterya ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

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Chloroflexi (phylum): Brief Summary ( Tagalog )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Ang Chloroflexi ay isang uri ng phylum sa bakterya kahariang Protista. Hindi malaman kung saan ito maikakategorya, sa Gram-positive bacteria o Gram-negative bacteria.

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Chloroflexi (колено на бактерии) ( Macedonian )

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Chloroflexi (Chlorobacteria) е колено на бактерии во кои спаѓаат различни фенотипски форми, вклучително членови кои можат да бидат аеробни термофили, аноксигени фототрофи (зелените несулфурни бактерии) и анаеробни халореспиратори, кои користат халогенирани јаглеводороди како акцептори на електрони.

Додека повеќето бактерии, во смисла на диверзитет, се дидермални и се бојат Грам негативно, со исклучок на Firmicutes (ниска CG соржина, Грам-позитивни), Actinobacteria (висока CG содржина, Грам-позитивни) и групата Deinococcus–Thermus (Грам-позитивни, но дидермални, со дебел пептидогликански слој), членовите на коленото Chloroflexi се монодермални, но најчесто се бојат Грам негативно.[1]

Историја

Името на таксонот е множина од името на видот Chloroflexus, а за првпат било објавено во Бергејовиот Прирачник за Систематска Бактериологија.[2]

Во 1987 година, Карл Воуз, кој се смета како основоположник на молекуларната филогенетика, ги поделил бактериите во 11 групи врз основа на секвенци на 16S рРНК, а родовите Chloroflexus, Herpetosiphon и Thermomicrobium ги групирал во "Зелени не-сулфурни бактерии и сродници",[3][4] која група привремено била преименувана во "Chloroflexi" во Бергејовиот Прирачник за Систематска Бактериологија.

Бидејќи станува збор за длабоко разгранувачко колено, иницијално било класифицирано како класа со истото име - Chloroflexi. Сепак, од 2001 година па наваму, воведени се нови класи во класификацијата благодарение на новооткриени видови, па затоа во моментов коленото Chloroflexi е поделено на:[5]

  • Chloroflexi Gupta et al. 2012
  • Thermomicrobia Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt, 2004
  • "Dehalococcoidetes" Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt, 2004
  • Anaerolineae Yamada et al., 2006
  • Caldilineae Yamada et al., 2006
  • Ktedonobacteria Cavaletti et al., 2007 emend. Yabe et al., 2010

Во однос на класата "Dehalococcoidetes", името било дадено од страна на Hugenholtz и Stackebrandt, 2004,[6] според видот "Dehalococcoides ethenogenes" делумно опишан во 1997 година,[7] додека првиот потполно опишан вид бил Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens од страна на Moe и соработниците, 2009,[8] но во описот на тој вид припадноста кон одредена класа, ред или фамилија не бил одреден бидејќи двата вида споделуваат само 90% идентичност во 16S рРНК секвенците, што значи дека би можеле да припаѓаат во сосема различни фамилии па дури и редови.[8]

Најновите филогенетски анализи на коленото Chloroflexi покажуваат многу слаба поддршка за групирањето на неговите составни класи во едно заедничко колено.[9] Шестте класи кои моментално го сочинуваат ова колено не формираат добро поддржан монофилетичен клад во филогенетските дрва базирани на скратени протеински секвенци од големите бази на податоци и не биле идентификувани CSIs (анг. Conserved signature inserts and deletions) уникатно споделувани во рамките на целото колено. Сепак, класите Chloroflexi и Thermomicrobia доследно се групирале заедно при употреба и на обичните филогенетски анализи и со идентификација на CSIs во 50S рибозомниот протеин L19 и ензимот UDP-гликоза 4-епимераза. Се претпоставува дека коленото Chloroflexi sensu stricto треба да ги содржи само класите Chloroflexi и Thermomicrobia, додека останатите четири класи (Dehalococcoidetes, Anaerolineae, Caldilineae и Ktedonobacteria) може да претставуваат едно или повеќе независни колена кои во филогенетското дрво се разгрануваат близу до коленото Chloroflexi.

Филогенија

Моментално прифатената таксономија е врз основа на Листата на имиња на прокариотите со евиденција во номенклатурата (анг. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature - LPSN)[10] и Националниот центар за биотехнолошки информации (анг. National Center for Biotechnology Information - NCBI),[11] а филогенијата е заснована на 16S рРНК-базираното LTP ослободување 123 од Проектот "Животно дрво на сите видови" (анг. The All-Species Living Tree Project).[12]





Thermoflexus hugenholtzii Dodsworth et al. 2014



Dehalococcoidaceae

Dehalococcoides Löffler et al. 2013


Dehalogenimonas

D. alkenigignens Bowman et al. 2013



D. lykanthroporepellens Moe et al. 2009 (type sp.)







Caldilineaceae

Litorilinea aerophila Kale et al. 2013


Caldilinea

C. aerophila Sekiguchi et al. 2003 (type sp.)



C. tarbellica Grégoire et al. 2011





Ardenticatenaceae

Ardenticatena maritima Kawaichi et al. 2013


Anaerolineaceae

Thermomarinilinea lacunifontana Nunoura et al. 2013



Anaerolinea

A. thermolimosa Yamada et al. 2006



A. thermophila Sekiguchi et al. 2003 (type sp.)





Ornatilinea apprima Podosokorskaya et al. 2013




Pelolinea submarina Imachi et al. 2014





Bellilinea caldifistulae Yamada et al. 2007



Levilinea saccharolytica Yamada et al. 2006





Leptolinea tardivitalis Yamada et al. 2006



Longilinea arvoryzaeYamada et al. 2007












Ktedonobacteria Ktedonobacteriales

Ktedonobacter racemifer corrig. Cavaletti et al. 2007



Thermosporothrix hazakensis Yabe et al. 2010



Thermogemmatispora

T. foliorum Yabe et al. 2011




T. carboxidivorans King & King 2014



T. onikobensis Yabe et al. 2011 (type sp.)






Thermomicrobia Sphaerobacteraceae

Nitrolancea hollandica Sorokin et al. 2014



Sphaerobacter thermophilus Demharter et al. 1989



Thermomicrobiaceae

Thermorudis peleae King & King 2014


Thermomicrobium

T. carboxidum King & King 2014



T. roseum Jackson et al. 1973





Chloroflexia Herpetosiphon

H. aurantiacus Holt & Lewin 1968



H. geysericola Lewin 1970




Kallotenuaceae

Kallotenue papyrolyticum Cole et al. 2013


Chloroflexales Roseiflexaceae

Roseiflexus castenholzii Hanada et al. 2002


Chloroflexus

C. aggregans Hanada et al. 1995



C. aurantiacus Pierson & Castenholz 1974









Забелешки:

♠ Видови кои се наоѓаат во NCBI, но не се наведени во LSPN.

♪ Прокариоти каде што не се изолирани чисти култури или не се достапни, т.е. не се култивирани или не може да се одржат во културата.

Таксономија

Род "Kouleothrix" ♠ Kohno et al. 2002

Род "Candidatus Chlorothrix" Klappenbach & Pierson 2004[13]

Класа Thermoflexia Dodsworth et al. 2014

Класа Dehalococcoidia Löffler et al. 2013

Класа Anaerolineae Yamada et al. 2006

Класа Ardenticatenia Kawaichi et al. 2013

Класа Caldilineae Yamada et al. 2006

Класа Ktedonobacteria Cavaletti et al. 2007 emend. Yabe et al. 2010

Класа Thermomicrobia Garrity and Holt 2002 emend. Hugenholtz and Stackebrandt 2004

Класа Chloroflexia Gupta et al. 2013

Етимологија

Името "Chloroflexi" е неолатински номинатив машки род множина од "Chloroflexus", кое е името на првиот опишан род. Именката е комбинација од грчката придавка chloros, -, (χλωρός, -ά, -όν)[34] што значи "зеленикаво-жолта" и латинскиот пасив перфект партиципл од машки род flexus (од flecto)[35] што значи "искривен" што дава "зелено свиткување". Треба да се напомене дека етимологија не е изведена од елементот хлор. Друго колено со ист корен е Chlorobi, а Cyanobacteria има корен cyanos (κύανος) што значи "сино-зелени".[36]

Наводи

  1. Sutcliffe, Iain C. (1 октомври 2010 г). A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture (на English). „Trends in Microbiology“ том 18 (10): 464–470. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005. ISSN 0966-842X. http://www.cell.com/trends/microbiology/fulltext/S0966-842X(10)00105-8.
  2. Don J. Brenner; Noel R. Krieg; James T. Staley (July 26, 2005) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity. уред. Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2A (2nd издание). New York: Springer. стр. 304. British Library no. GBA561951. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/book/978-0-387-24143-2.
  3. Holland L. (22 мај 1990 г). Woese,Carl in the forefront of bacterial evolution revolution. „scientist“ том 4 (10).
  4. Woese, C. R.. Bacterial evolution. „Microbiological Reviews“ том 51 (2): 221–271. PMID 2439888.
  5. EUZéBY, J. P. (1997 г). List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a Folder Available on the Internet. „International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology“ том 47 (2): 590–592. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-47-2-590.
  6. Hugenholtz, P.; Stackebrandt, E.. Reclassification of Sphaerobacter thermophilus from the subclass Sphaerobacteridae in the phylum Actinobacteria to the class Thermomicrobia (emended description) in the phylum Chloroflexi (emended description). „International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology“ том 54 (6): 2049–2051. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.03028-0. PMID 15545432.
  7. Maymo-Gatell, X.; Chien, Y.; Gossett, J. M.; Zinder, S. H.. Isolation of a Bacterium That Reductively Dechlorinates Tetrachloroethene to Ethene. „Science“ том 276 (5318): 1568–1571. doi:10.1126/science.276.5318.1568. PMID 9171062.
  8. 8,0 8,1 Moe, William M.; Yan, Jun; Nobre, M. Fernanda; da Costa, Milton S.; Rainey, Fred A. (2009 г). Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens gen. nov., sp. nov., a reductively dehalogenating bacterium isolated from chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater. „International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology“ том 59 (11): 2692–2697. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.011502-0. http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.011502-0.
  9. Gupta, R. S.; Chander, P.; George, S.. Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the class Chloroflexi and its different clades; proposal for division of the class Chloroflexi class. Nov. Into the suborder Chloroflexineae subord. Nov., consisting of the emended family Oscillochloridaceae and the family Chloroflexaceae fam. Nov., and the suborder Roseiflexineae subord. Nov., containing the family Roseiflexaceae fam. Nov. „Antonie van Leeuwenhoek“ том 103 (1): 99–119. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9790-3. PMID 22903492.
  10. J.P. Euzéby. „Chloroflexi“. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Архивирано од изворникот на 2013-06-16. конс. 2014-03-20.
  11. Sayers и др. „Chloroflexi“. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. конс. 2014-03-20.
  12. 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.„16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 (full tree)“ (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. конс. 2016-03-20.
  13. Klappenbach, J. A.; Pierson, B. K.. Phylogenetic and physiological characterization of a filamentous anoxygenic photoautotrophic bacterium 'Candidatus Chlorothrix halophila' Gen. Nov., sp. Nov., recovered from hypersaline microbial mats. „Archives of Microbiology“ том 181 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1007/s00203-003-0615-7. PMID 14655000.
  14. Grégoire, P.; Fardeau, M. L.; Joseph, M.; Guasco, S.; Hamaide, F.; Biasutti, S.; Michotey, V. R.; Bonin, P.; и др.. Isolation and characterization of Thermanaerothrix daxensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium pertaining to the phylum "Chloroflexi", isolated from a deep hot aquifer in the Aquitaine Basin. „Systematic and Applied Microbiology“ том 34 (7): 494–497. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2011.02.004. PMID 21621938.
  15. 15,0 15,1 15,2 Yamada, T.; Sekiguchi, Y.; Hanada, S.; Imachi, H.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Kamagata, Y.. 'Anaerolinea thermolimosa sp. nov., Levilinea saccharolytica gen. nov., sp. nov. And Leptolinea tardivitalis gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous anaerobes, and description of the new classes Anaerolineae classis nov. And Caldilineae classis nov. In the bacterial phylum Chloroflexi. „International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology“ том 56 (6): 1331–1340. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64169-0. PMID 16738111.
  16. Sekiguchi, Yuji; Yamada, Takeshi; Hanada, Satoshi; Ohashi, Akiyoshi; Harada, Hideki; Kamagata, Yoichi (2003 г). Anaerolinea thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov. and Caldilinea aerophila gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous thermophiles that represent a previously uncultured lineage of the domain Bacteria at the subphylum level. „International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology“ том 53 (6): 1843–1851. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02699-0. http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.02699-0.
  17. 17,0 17,1 Yamada, Takeshi; Imachi, Hiroyuki; Ohashi, Akiyoshi; Harada, Hideki; Hanada, Satoshi; Kamagata, Yoichi; Sekiguchi, Yuji (2007 г). Bellilinea caldifistulae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Longilinea arvoryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., strictly anaerobic, filamentous bacteria of the phylum Chloroflexi isolated from methanogenic propionate-degrading consortia. „International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology“ том 57 (10): 2299–2306. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65098-0. http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.65098-0.
  18. Sekiguchi, Y.; Yamada, T.; Hanada, S.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Kamagata, Y.. 'Anaerolinea thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov. And Caldilinea aerophila gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous thermophiles that represent a previously uncultured lineage of the domain Bacteria at the subphylum level. „International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology“ том 53 (6): 1843–1851. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02699-0. PMID 14657113.
  19. Grégoire, Patrick; Bohli, Malek; Cayol, Jean-Luc; Joseph, Manon; Guasco, Sophie; Dubourg, Karine; Cambar, Jean; Michotey, Valérie; и др. (2011 г). Caldilinea tarbellica sp. nov., a filamentous, thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium isolated from a deep hot aquifer in the Aquitaine Basin. „International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology“ том 61 (6): 1436–1441. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.025676-0. http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.025676-0.
  20. Yabe, S.; Aiba, Y.; Sakai, Y.; Hazaka, M.; Yokota, A.. 'Thermogemmatispora onikobensis gen. nov., sp. nov. And Thermogemmatispora foliorum sp. nov., isolated from fallen leaves on geothermal soils, and description of Thermogemmatisporaceae fam. Nov. And Thermogemmatisporales ord. Nov. Within the class Ktedonobacteria. „International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology“ том 61 (4): 903–910. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.024877-0. PMID 20495028.
  21. Cavaletti, Linda; Monciardini, Paolo; Bamonte, Ruggiero; Schumann, Peter; Rohde, Manfred; Sosio, Margherita; Donadio, Stefano (1 јуни 2006 г). New Lineage of Filamentous, Spore-Forming, Gram-Positive Bacteria from Soil (на en). „Applied and Environmental Microbiology“ том 72 (6): 4360–4369. doi:10.1128/AEM.00132-06. ISSN 0099-2240. PMID 16751552. http://aem.asm.org/content/72/6/4360.
  22. Yabe, Shuhei; Aiba, Yoshifumi; Sakai, Yasuteru; Hazaka, Masaru; Yokota, Akira (2010 г). Thermosporothrix hazakensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from compost, description of Thermosporotrichaceae fam. nov. within the class Ktedonobacteria Cavaletti et al. 2007 and emended description of the class Ktedonobacteria. „International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology“ том 60 (8): 1794–1801. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.018069-0. http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.018069-0.
  23. Botero, L. M.; Brown, K. B.; Brumefield, S.; Burr, M.; Castenholz, R. W.; Young, M.; McDermott, T. R.. 'Thermobaculum terrenum gen. nov., sp. nov.: A non-phototrophic gram-positive thermophile representing an environmental clone group related to the Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) and Thermomicrobia. „Archives of Microbiology“ том 181 (4): 269–277. doi:10.1007/s00203-004-0647-7. PMID 14745485.
  24. Demharter, W.; Hensel, R.; Smida, J.; Stackebrandt, E.. 'Sphaerobacter thermophilus gen. nov., sp. nov. A Deeply Rooting Member of the Actinomycetes Subdivision Isolated from Thermophilically Treated Sewage Sludge. „Systematic and Applied Microbiology“ том 11 (3): 261–266. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(89)80023-2.
  25. Jackson, T. J.; Ramaley, R. F.; Meinschein, W. G.. Thermomicrobium, a New Genus of Extremely Thermophilic Bacteria. „International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology“ том 23: 28–36. doi:10.1099/00207713-23-1-28.
  26. Holt, J. G.; Lewin, R. A.. Herpetosiphon aurantiacus gen. Et sp. N., a new filamentous gliding organism. „Journal of Bacteriology“ том 95 (6): 2407–2408. PMID 5669912.
  27. Copeland, J. J.. Yellowstone Thermal Myxophyceae. „Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences“ том 36: 4–223. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1936.tb56976.x.
  28. Lewin, R. A.. New Herpetosiphon species (Flexibacterales). „Canadian Journal of Microbiology“ том 16 (6): 517–520. doi:10.1139/m70-087. PMID 5423287.
  29. Wu, Q.; Watts, J. E. M.; Sowers, K. R.; May, H. D.. Identification of a Bacterium That Specifically Catalyzes the Reductive Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls with Doubly Flanked Chlorines. „Applied and Environmental Microbiology“ том 68 (2): 807–812. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.2.807-812.2002. PMID 11823222.
  30. Pierson, B. K.; Giovannoni, S. J.; Stahl, D. A.; Castenholz, R. W.. Heliothrix oregonensis, gen. Nov., sp. Nov., a phototrophic filamentous gliding bacterium containing bacteriochlorophyll a. „Archives of Microbiology“ том 142 (2): 164–167. doi:10.1007/BF00447061. PMID 2412519.
  31. Hanada, S.; Takaichi, S.; Matsuura, K.; Nakamura, K.. 'Roseiflexus castenholzii gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, filamentous, photosynthetic bacterium that lacks chlorosomes. „International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology“ том 52 (Pt 1): 187–193. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-1-187. PMID 11837302.
  32. Hanada, S.; Hiraishi, A.; Shimada, K.; Matsuura, K.. 'Chloroflexus aggregans sp. nov., a Filamentous Phototrophic Bacterium Which Forms Dense Cell Aggregates by Active Gliding Movement. „International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology“ том 45 (4): 676–681. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-4-676. PMID 7547286.
  33. Pierson, B. K.; Castenholz, R. W.. A phototrophic gliding filamentous bacterium of hot springs, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, gen. And sp. Nov. „Archives of Microbiology“ том 100 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1007/BF00446302. PMID 4374148.
  34. χλωρός. Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon - Perseus Project
  35. Lewis & Short...
  36. κύανος. Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon - Perseus Project
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Chloroflexi (колено на бактерии): Brief Summary ( Macedonian )

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Chloroflexi (Chlorobacteria) е колено на бактерии во кои спаѓаат различни фенотипски форми, вклучително членови кои можат да бидат аеробни термофили, аноксигени фототрофи (зелените несулфурни бактерии) и анаеробни халореспиратори, кои користат халогенирани јаглеводороди како акцептори на електрони.

Додека повеќето бактерии, во смисла на диверзитет, се дидермални и се бојат Грам негативно, со исклучок на Firmicutes (ниска CG соржина, Грам-позитивни), Actinobacteria (висока CG содржина, Грам-позитивни) и групата Deinococcus–Thermus (Грам-позитивни, но дидермални, со дебел пептидогликански слој), членовите на коленото Chloroflexi се монодермални, но најчесто се бојат Грам негативно.

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क्लोरोफ़्लेक्सी (संघ) ( Hindi )

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क्लोरोफ़्लेक्सी (Chloroflexi) या क्लोरोबैक्टीरिया (Chlorobacteria) बैक्टीरिया का एक जीववैज्ञानिक संघ है। इसकी कुछ सदस्य जातियाँ गरम तापमानों में ऑक्सीजन के प्रयोग करने व पनपने वाली वायवीय ऊष्मपसंदी हैं, कुछ अनॉक्सीजनी प्रकाशाहारी हैं और कुछ अवायवीय हैलोश्वासी (anaerobic halorespirers) हैं।[1]

इन्हें भी देखें

सन्दर्भ

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क्लोरोफ़्लेक्सी (संघ): Brief Summary ( Hindi )

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क्लोरोफ़्लेक्सी (Chloroflexi) या क्लोरोबैक्टीरिया (Chlorobacteria) बैक्टीरिया का एक जीववैज्ञानिक संघ है। इसकी कुछ सदस्य जातियाँ गरम तापमानों में ऑक्सीजन के प्रयोग करने व पनपने वाली वायवीय ऊष्मपसंदी हैं, कुछ अनॉक्सीजनी प्रकाशाहारी हैं और कुछ अवायवीय हैलोश्वासी (anaerobic halorespirers) हैं।

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Chloroflexota

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The Chloroflexota are a phylum of bacteria containing isolates with a diversity of phenotypes, including members that are aerobic thermophiles, which use oxygen and grow well in high temperatures; anoxygenic phototrophs, which use light for photosynthesis (green non-sulfur bacteria); and anaerobic halorespirers, which uses halogenated organics (such as the toxic chlorinated ethenes and polychlorinated biphenyls) as electron acceptors.

The members of the phylum Chloroflexota are monoderms (that is, have one cell membrane with no outer membrane), but they stain mostly gram-negative.[2] Many well-studied phyla of bacteria are diderms and stain gram-negative, whereas well-known monoderms that stain Gram-positive include Firmicutes (or Bacillota) (low G+C gram-positives), Actinomycetota (high-G+C gram-positives) and Deinococcota (gram-positive diderms with thick peptidoglycan).

History

The taxon name was created in the 2001 edition of Volume 1 of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and is the Latin plural of the name Chloroflexus, the name of the type genus of the phylum, a common practice.[3]

In 1987, Carl Woese, regarded as one of the forerunner of the molecular phylogeny revolution, divided Eubacteria into 11 divisions based on 16S ribosomal RNA (SSU) sequences and grouped the genera Chloroflexus, Herpetosiphon and Thermomicrobium into the "green non-sulfur bacteria and relatives",[4][5] which was temporarily renamed as "Chloroflexi" in Volume One of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.[6]

Chloroflexota being a deep branching phylum (see Bacterial phyla), it was considered in Volume One of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology to include a single class with the same name.[6] Since 2001, however, new classes have been created thanks to newly discovered species, and the phylum Chloroflexi is now divided into several classes.

"Dehalococcoidetes" is a placeholder name given by Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt, 2004,[7] after "Dehalococcoides ethenogenes" a species partially described in 1997.[8] The first species fully described was Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens, by Moe et al. 2009,[9] but in the description of that species the class was not made official nor were families or orders laid out as the two species share only 90% 16S ribosomal RNA identity, meaning that they could fall in different families or even orders.[9]

Recent phylogenetic analysis of the Chloroflexota has found very weak support for the grouping together of the different classes currently part of the phylum.[10] The six classes that make up the phylum did not consistently form a well-supported clade in phylogenetic trees based on concatenated sequences for large datasets of proteins, and no conserved signature indels were identified that were uniquely shared by the entire phylum.[10] However, the classes Chloroflexi and Thermomicrobia were found to group together consistently by both the usual phylogenetic means and the identification of shared conserved signature indels in the 50S ribosomal protein L19 and the enzyme UDP-glucose 4-epimerase.[10] It has been suggested that the phylum Chloroflexi sensu stricto should comprise only the classes Chloroflexi and Thermomicrobia, and the other four classes ("Dehalococcoidetes," Anaerolineae, Caldilineae and Ktedonobacteria) may represent one or more independent phyla branching in the neighborhood of the Chloroflexi.[10]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[11] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[12]

Taxonomy

Genus "Candidatus Caldibacter" corrig. Spieck et al. 2020
Genus "Candidatus Chlorotrichoides" corrig. Oren et al. 2020 ["Candidatus Chlorothrix" Klappenbach & Pierson 2004 non Dyar 1921 non Berger-Perrot 1982[22]]
Genus "Candidatus Nitrocaldera" Spieck et al. 2020
Genus "Candidatus Nitrotheca" Spieck et al. 2020
Genus "Candidatus Poriflexus" Kogawa et al. 2022
Class "Limnocylindria" Mehrshad et al. 2018

Class Ktedonobacteria Cavaletti et al. 2007 emend. Yabe et al. 2010

Class "Umbricyclopia" Mehrshad et al. 2018

Class "Bathosphaeria" Mehrshad et al. 2018

Class Tepidiformia Kochetkova et al. 2020

Class Dehalococcoidia Löffler et al. 2013

Class "Thermofontia" corrig. Ward et al. 2018

Class Ardenticatenia Kawaichi et al. 2013

Class "Caldilineia" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020

Class Thermoflexia Dodsworth et al. 2014

Class "Anaerolineia" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016

Class Thermomicrobiia Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016

Class Chloroflexia Gupta et al. 2013

Etymology

The name Chloroflexi is a Neolatin nominative case masculine plural of Chloroflexus, which is the name of the first genus described. The noun is a combination of the Greek adjective chloros, -a, on (χλωρός, -ά, -όν),[27] meaning "greenish-yellow," and the Latin masculine passive perfect participle flexus (of flecto),[28] meaning "bent."[6] The etymology is unrelated to chlorine, an element that was discovered in 1810 by Sir Humphry Davy and named after its pale green colour. Another phylum with the same root is Chlorobiota, whereas "Cyanobacteria" has the root cyanos (κύανος), meaning "blue-green."[29]

Unlike some other phyla, there is no theme root in the name of genera of Chloroflexota, and in fact many genera beginning with "Chloro-" or ending in "-chloris" are either cyanobacteria or chlorobi.

References

  1. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987. S2CID 239887308.
  2. ^ Sutcliffe, I. C. (2010). "A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture". Trends in Microbiology. 18 (10): 464–470. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005. PMID 20637628.
  3. ^ Don J. Brenner; Noel R. Krieg; James T. Staley (July 26, 2005) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity (ed.). Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2A (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. British Library no. GBA561951.
  4. ^ Holland L. (22 May 1990). "Woese,Carl in the forefront of bacterial evolution revolution". Scientist. 4 (10).
  5. ^ Woese, C. R. (1987). "Bacterial evolution". Microbiological Reviews. 51 (2): 221–271. doi:10.1128/MMBR.51.2.221-271.1987. PMC 373105. PMID 2439888.
  6. ^ a b c Don J. Brenner; Noel R. Krieg; James T. Staley (July 26, 2005) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity (ed.). Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2A (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. British Library no. GBA561951.
  7. ^ Hugenholtz, P.; Stackebrandt, E. (2004). "Reclassification of Sphaerobacter thermophilus from the subclass Sphaerobacteridae in the phylum Actinobacteria to the class Thermomicrobia (emended description) in the phylum Chloroflexi (emended description)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (6): 2049–2051. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.03028-0. PMID 15545432.
  8. ^ Maymo-Gatell, X.; Chien, Y.; Gossett, J. M.; Zinder, S. H. (1997). "Isolation of a Bacterium That Reductively Dechlorinates Tetrachloroethene to Ethene". Science. 276 (5318): 1568–1571. doi:10.1126/science.276.5318.1568. PMID 9171062.
  9. ^ a b Moe, W. M.; Yan, J.; Nobre, M. F.; Da Costa, M. S.; Rainey, F. A. (2009). "Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens gen. Nov., sp. Nov., a reductively dehalogenating bacterium isolated from chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (11): 2692–2697. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.011502-0. PMID 19625421.
  10. ^ a b c d Gupta, R. S.; Chander, P.; George, S. (2012). "Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the class Chloroflexi and its different clades; proposal for division of the class Chloroflexi class. nov. into the suborder Chloroflexineae subord. nov., consisting of the emended family Oscillochloridaceae and the family Chloroflexaceae fam. nov., and the suborder Roseiflexineae subord. nov., containing the family Roseiflexaceae fam. nov". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 103 (1): 99–119. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9790-3. PMID 22903492. S2CID 17656551.
  11. ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Chloroflexi". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  12. ^ Sayers; et al. "Chloroflexi". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
  13. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  14. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  15. ^ "LTP_12_2021 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  16. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  17. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  18. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  19. ^ a b c d e Yamada, T.; Sekiguchi, Y.; Hanada, S.; Imachi, H.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Kamagata, Y. (2006). "Anaerolinea thermolimosa sp. nov., Levilinea saccharolytica gen. nov., sp. nov. And Leptolinea tardivitalis gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous anaerobes, and description of the new classes Anaerolineae classis nov. and Caldilineae classis nov. in the bacterial phylum Chloroflexi". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 56 (6): 1331–1340. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64169-0. PMID 16738111.
  20. ^ Sekiguchi, Y.; Yamada, T.; Hanada, S.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Kamagata, Y. (2003). "Anaerolinea thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov. And Caldilinea aerophila gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous thermophiles that represent a previously uncultured lineage of the domain Bacteria at the subphylum level". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (6): 1843–1851. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02699-0. PMID 14657113.
  21. ^ a b c Yamada, T.; Imachi, H.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Hanada, S.; Kamagata, Y.; Sekiguchi, Y. (2007). "Bellilinea caldifistulae gen. nov., sp. nov. And Longilinea arvoryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., strictly anaerobic, filamentous bacteria of the phylum Chloroflexi isolated from methanogenic propionate-degrading consortia". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (10): 2299–2306. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65098-0. PMID 17911301.
  22. ^ Klappenbach, J. A.; Pierson, B. K. (2004). "Phylogenetic and physiological characterization of a filamentous anoxygenic photoautotrophic bacterium 'Candidatus Chlorothrix halophila' Gen. Nov., sp. Nov., recovered from hypersaline microbial mats". Archives of Microbiology. 181 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1007/s00203-003-0615-7. PMID 14655000. S2CID 23854988.
  23. ^ Yabe, S.; Aiba, Y.; Sakai, Y.; Hazaka, M.; Yokota, A. (2010). "Thermogemmatispora onikobensis gen. nov., sp. nov. And Thermogemmatispora foliorum sp. nov., isolated from fallen leaves on geothermal soils, and description of Thermogemmatisporaceae fam. Nov. And Thermogemmatisporales ord. Nov. Within the class Ktedonobacteria". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61 (4): 903–910. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.024877-0. PMID 20495028.
  24. ^ Yabe, S.; Aiba, Y.; Sakai, Y.; Hazaka, M.; Yokota, A. (2009). "Thermosporothrix hazakensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from compost, description of Thermosporotrichaceae fam. Nov. Within the class Ktedonobacteria Cavaletti et al. 2007 and emended description of the class Ktedonobacteria". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (8): 1794–1801. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.018069-0. PMID 19767365.
  25. ^ Grégoire, P.; Fardeau, M. L.; Joseph, M.; Guasco, S.; Hamaide, F.; Biasutti, S.; Michotey, V. R.; Bonin, P.; Ollivier, B. (2011). "Isolation and characterization of Thermanaerothrix daxensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium pertaining to the phylum "Chloroflexi", isolated from a deep hot aquifer in the Aquitaine Basin". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 34 (7): 494–497. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2011.02.004. PMID 21621938.
  26. ^ Wu, Q.; Watts, J. E. M.; Sowers, K. R.; May, H. D. (2002). "Identification of a Bacterium That Specifically Catalyzes the Reductive Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls with Doubly Flanked Chlorines". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 68 (2): 807–812. Bibcode:2002ApEnM..68..807W. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.2.807-812.2002. PMC 126686. PMID 11823222.
  27. ^ χλωρός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  28. ^ Lewis & Short...
  29. ^ κύανος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
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wikipedia EN

Chloroflexota: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Chloroflexota are a phylum of bacteria containing isolates with a diversity of phenotypes, including members that are aerobic thermophiles, which use oxygen and grow well in high temperatures; anoxygenic phototrophs, which use light for photosynthesis (green non-sulfur bacteria); and anaerobic halorespirers, which uses halogenated organics (such as the toxic chlorinated ethenes and polychlorinated biphenyls) as electron acceptors.

The members of the phylum Chloroflexota are monoderms (that is, have one cell membrane with no outer membrane), but they stain mostly gram-negative. Many well-studied phyla of bacteria are diderms and stain gram-negative, whereas well-known monoderms that stain Gram-positive include Firmicutes (or Bacillota) (low G+C gram-positives), Actinomycetota (high-G+C gram-positives) and Deinococcota (gram-positive diderms with thick peptidoglycan).

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Chloroflexi ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chloroflexi es un filo de bacterias filamentosas que es estructural y filogenéticamente Gram positivo debido a que es monodérmico, es decir, presenta una sola membrana celular. Sin embargo, la tinción Gram presenta diferentes resultados, tiñéndose a veces como Gram negativo, dependiendo del grosor de la pared celular que puede ser muy delgada.[1]​ Anteriormente fueron conocidas como bacterias verdes no del azufre, sin embargo no es completamente correcto porque ni todas estas bacterias son verdes fotosintéticas, y algunas pueden utilizar compuestos reducidos de azufre como donadores de electrones.

Tienden a formar colonias encerradas en envolturas típicamente filamentosas, y se mueven mediante deslizamiento sobre superficies. Muchas especies son termófilas.

Thermomicrobia se consideró un filo, pero ahora es una clase dentro de Chloroflexi.[2][3]Cavalier-Smith denomina a estos dos grupos Chlorobacteria y considera que son las bacterias más primitivas.[4]​ En 2020 Cavalier-Smith en un análisis del múltiples proteínas ribosómicas ha encontrado que Cloroflexi conforma el grupo más basal de todos los organismos celulares, siendo a la vez las bacterias un grupo parafilético con respecto a las arqueas y los eucariotas.[5]

Grupos

  • Anaerolineae: Bacterias filamentosas mesófilas o termófilas que habitan en aguas residuales, lodo y en el profundo subsuelo marino, con un metabolismo heterótrofo anaerobio.[6]
  • Caldilineae: Bacterias filamentosas termófilas y mesófilas.[7]​ Son Gram negativas, anaerobias o aerobias quimioorganótrofas.
  • Chloroflexia: Generalmente fotósintéticas, filamentosas, muchas veces termófilas. Pueden ser no-fotosintéticas y marrones en la oscuridad y luego fotótrofas y verdes a la luz como Chloroflexus.
  • Dehalococcoidia o Dehalococcoidetes: Habitante del subsuelo marino[8]​ y en acuíferos bajo la superficie de la Tierra, donde interviene anaeróbicamente en la deshalogenación de compuestos clorados.
  • Ktedonobacteria: Bacterias aerobias Gram positivas formadoras de micelios y esporas.[9]
  • Thermomicrobia: Son termófilas aerobias heterótrofas Gram positivas o negativas.

Filogenia

Chloroflexi podría estar relacionado con otros filos como Cyanobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus y los Gram positivos Firmicutes y Actinobacteria. Sin embargo, los árboles filogenéticos no son concluyentes.

Según el análisis filogenético del ARNr 16S, los subgrupos se relacionan del siguiente modo:[10]

Chloroflexi

Ktedonobacteria

     

Chloroflexia

   

Thermomicrobia

       

Dehalococcoidia

     

Anaerolineae

   

Caldilineae

       

Referencias

  1. Thermobaculum terrenum ATCC BAA-798 bacmap genome atlas
  2. See the NCBI webpage on Chloroflexi. Data extracted from the «NCBI taxonomy resources». National Center for Biotechnology Information. Consultado el 19 de marzo de 2007.
  3. Hugenholtz P, Stackebrandt E (2004). «Reclassification of Sphaerobacter thermophilus from the subclass Sphaerobacteridae in the phylum Actinobacteria to the class Thermomicrobia (emended description) in the phylum Chloroflexi (emended description)». Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54: 2049-2051. PMID 15545432. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.03028-0. Archivado desde el original el 26 de marzo de 2009.
  4. Thomas Cavalier-Smith (2006), Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses, Biol Direct. 1: 19. doi: 10.1186/1745-6150-1-19.
  5. Thomas Cavalier-Smith & Ema E-Yung Chao (2020). Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (eukaryotes, archaebacteria). Linkspringer.
  6. Yildirim Dilek et al 2008. Links Between Geological Processes, Microbial Activities & Evolution of Life. 2. Diversity of Deep-Subseafloor Bacteria.
  7. Dae-No Yoon et al 2010. Isolation, Characterization, and Abundance of Filamentous Members of Caldilineae in Activate Sludge.
  8. Wasmund K et al 2014. Genome sequencing of a single cell of the widely distributed marine subsurface Dehalococcoidia, phylum Chloroflexi. ISME J.;8(2):383-97. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.143. Epub
  9. Akira Yokota 2012. Cultivation of Uncultured Bacteria of the Class Ktedonobacteria. Department of Biology, Universitas Indonesia. doi: 10.7454/mss.v16i1.1273/Makara J. Sci. 16/1 (2012) 1-8
  10. 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 (full tree)". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database [3]. Revisado 19-02-2014

Bibliografía

  • Garrity GM, Holt JG (2001). «Phylum BVI. Chloroflexi phy. nov». En D.R. Boone and R.W. Castenholz, eds., ed. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria (2nd ed. edición). Nueva York: Springer Verlag. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-387-98771-2.
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Chloroflexi: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chloroflexi es un filo de bacterias filamentosas que es estructural y filogenéticamente Gram positivo debido a que es monodérmico, es decir, presenta una sola membrana celular. Sin embargo, la tinción Gram presenta diferentes resultados, tiñéndose a veces como Gram negativo, dependiendo del grosor de la pared celular que puede ser muy delgada.​ Anteriormente fueron conocidas como bacterias verdes no del azufre, sin embargo no es completamente correcto porque ni todas estas bacterias son verdes fotosintéticas, y algunas pueden utilizar compuestos reducidos de azufre como donadores de electrones.

Tienden a formar colonias encerradas en envolturas típicamente filamentosas, y se mueven mediante deslizamiento sobre superficies. Muchas especies son termófilas.

Thermomicrobia se consideró un filo, pero ahora es una clase dentro de Chloroflexi.​​ Cavalier-Smith denomina a estos dos grupos Chlorobacteria y considera que son las bacterias más primitivas.​ En 2020 Cavalier-Smith en un análisis del múltiples proteínas ribosómicas ha encontrado que Cloroflexi conforma el grupo más basal de todos los organismos celulares, siendo a la vez las bacterias un grupo parafilético con respecto a las arqueas y los eucariotas.​

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Chloroflexi ( French )

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Les Chloroflexi sont une classe de l'embranchement Chlorobacteria qui produisent de l'énergie grâce à la photosynthèse. Ils constituent l'essentiel des phototrophes anoxygeniques filamenteux (anciennement connus sous le nom des bactéries vertes non sulfureuses), même si certains sont classés séparément comme les Thermomicrobia. Ils sont nommés ainsi pour leur pigment vert, le plus souvent trouvé dans les organites photosynthétiques appelés chlorosomes.

Les chloroflexes sont généralement filamenteux. Ils sont facultativement aérobies, mais ne produisent pas de dioxygène lors de la photosynthèse, contrairement par exemple aux cyanobactéries dont ils sont phylogénétiquement très éloignés. Ils ne peuvent pas non plus fixer biologiquement le dioxyde de carbone, ils sont donc photohétérotrophes. (à l’exception de Chloroflexus aurantiacus qui possède la voie métabolique du 3-Hydroxyproniate bi-cycle permettant la fixation du carbone inorganique en carbone organique[1])

Classification

Classe Chloroflexi

Note: ♠ Strain found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not recognised by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) or published by International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSB/IJSEM).

Arbre phylogénétique de base des chloroflèxes

Cet arbre simplifié permet de naviguer directement vers les catégories les plus importantes. La classification phylogénétique détaillée du groupe considéré est stockée dans les catégories indiquées.

Position dans l’arbre phylogénétique

Notes et références

  1. Jan Zarzycki, Volker Brecht, Michael Müller et Georg Fuchs, « Identifying the missing steps of the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate CO2 fixation cycle in Chloroflexus aurantiacus », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 106, no 50,‎ 15 décembre 2009, p. 21317–21322 (PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 6 août 2018)
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Chloroflexi: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Chloroflexi sont une classe de l'embranchement Chlorobacteria qui produisent de l'énergie grâce à la photosynthèse. Ils constituent l'essentiel des phototrophes anoxygeniques filamenteux (anciennement connus sous le nom des bactéries vertes non sulfureuses), même si certains sont classés séparément comme les Thermomicrobia. Ils sont nommés ainsi pour leur pigment vert, le plus souvent trouvé dans les organites photosynthétiques appelés chlorosomes.

Les chloroflexes sont généralement filamenteux. Ils sont facultativement aérobies, mais ne produisent pas de dioxygène lors de la photosynthèse, contrairement par exemple aux cyanobactéries dont ils sont phylogénétiquement très éloignés. Ils ne peuvent pas non plus fixer biologiquement le dioxyde de carbone, ils sont donc photohétérotrophes. (à l’exception de Chloroflexus aurantiacus qui possède la voie métabolique du 3-Hydroxyproniate bi-cycle permettant la fixation du carbone inorganique en carbone organique)

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Chloroflexi ( Irish )

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Is baictéir iad Chloroflexi a tháirgíonn fuinneamh trí mheán na fótaisintéise.

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Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Cloroflexos ( Galician )

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Os cloroflexos (Chloroflexi) ou Chlorobacteria (antes bacterias verdes non do xofre) son un filo de bacterias cunha gran diversidade de fenotipos, que inclúe membros aeróbicos termófilos, que usan o osíxeno e viven a altas temperaturas, e fotótrofos anoxixénicos, que captan a luz para facer a fotosíntese, e halorrespiradores anaerobios, que usan como fonte de enerxía compostos haloxenados orgánicos (como etenos clorados tóxicos e bifenilos policlorados).

A maioría dos Chloroflexi son monodermos e na maior parte dos casos gramnegativos. Nisto diferénciase doutros grupos de bacterias que son didermos gramnegativos, coa excepción de Firmicutes (grampositivos con baixo GC), Actinobacteria (grampositivos con alto GC) e o grupo Deinococcus-Thermus (grampositivo, pero didermos cunha grosa capa de peptidoglicano).[1]

O xénero tipo do grupo Chloroflexus ten un metabolismo moi versátil. É termófilo, fotosintético anoxixénico (é dicir, que non desprende oxíxeno da fotosíntese, na que en vez de auga usa H2S ou H2), é fotoheterótrofo, aínda que tamén pode usar CO2 polo ciclo do hidroxipropionato (en vez de polo ciclo de Calvin), e na escuridade pode crecer tamén como quimioorganótrofo que respira aeróbicamente. Contén bacterioclorofila c e clorosomas. O seu fototrofismo considérase ancestral.[2] Os xéneros das distintas clases teñen características bastante diferentes.

Historia

En 1987, Carl Woese, considerado o precursor da revolución na filoxenia molecular, dividiu as Eubacteria en 11 divisións baseadas nas secuencias do ARNr 16S (SSU) e agrupou os xéneros Chloroflexus, Herpetosiphon e Thermomicrobium no grupo das "bacterias verdes non do xofre e relacionadas",[3][4] que foi renomeado provisoriamente como "Chloroflexi" no volume 1 do Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.[5]

Considérase un filo de ramificación moi temperá na evolución das bacterias, e a súa clasificación foi analizada no volume 1 do Bergey's, establecéndose inicialmente unha clase única co mesmo nome, a clase Chloroflexi.[5] Porén, desde 2001, foron creadas novas clases para incluír as novas especies que se foron descubrindo, polo que actualmente o filo Chloroflexi está dividido en 6 clases:[6]

  • "Chloroflexi" (Garrity & Holt, 2001)
  • Thermomicrobia (Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt, 2004)
  • "Dehalococcoidetes" (Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt, 2004)
  • Anaerolineae (Yamada et al., 2006)
  • Caldilineae (Yamada et al., 2006)
  • Ktedonobacteria (Cavaletti et al. 2007 emend. Yabe et al. 2010)

Con respecto á clase "Dehalococcoidetes", o nome foille dado por Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt, 2004,[7] a partir do nome da especie Dehalococcoides ethenogenes, que foi parcialmente descrita en 1997,[8] e a primeira especie que foi descrita totalmente foi Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens por Moe et al. 2009,[9] pero coa descrición desta especie a clase non se fixo oficial nin se formaron familias ou ordes, xa que estas dúas especies comparten só o 90% de identidade no ARNr de 16 S, o que indica que poderían situarse en diferentes familias e mesmo ordes.[9]

Filoxenia

Véxase tamén: Taxonomía bacteriana.

O cladograma mostra a taxonomía actualmente aceptada do grupo baseada na LPSN (List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature) [10] e nos datos do NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) [11] e a filoxenia está baseada nas secuencias do ARNr de 16 S do LTP 106 do Proxecto The All-Species Living Tree.[12]

   

Kouleothrix aurantiaca

   

Candidatus Chlorothrix halophila

    Dehalococcoidetes

Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens

Dehalococcoides

D. ethenogenes

   

D. mccartyi

        Caldilinea

C. aerophila

   

C. tarbellica

    Anaerolineaceae

Thermanaerothrix daxensis

Anaerolinea

A. thermolimosa

   

A. thermophila

         

Bellilinea caldifistulae

   

Levilinea saccharolytica

       

Leptolinea tardivitalis

   

Longilinea arvoryzae

              Ktedonobacteria Thermogemmatispora

T. foliorum

   

T. onikobensis

    Ktedonobacteriales

Ktedonobacter racemifer corrig.

   

Thermosporothrix hazakensis

        Thermomicrobia

Thermobaculum terrenum

   

Sphaerobacter thermophilus

   

Thermomicrobium roseum

    Chloroflexi Herpetosiphon

H. aurantiacus

   

H. geysericola

    Chloroflexales

Dehalobium chlorocoercia

Oscillochloris

O. chryseaGorlenko and Pivovarova 1989

   

O. trichoides (ex Szafer) Gorlenko and Korotkov 1989 emend. Keppen et al. 2000

    Chloroflexaceae

Chloronema giganteumDubinina and Gorlenko 1975

   

Heliothrix oregonensis

   

Roseiflexus castenholzii

Chloroflexus

C. aggregans

   

C. aurantiacus

               

Notas:
♠ Cepas atopadas no NCBI pero non no LPSN.
♪ Procariotas dos que non hai cultivos puros (axénicos) illados ou dispoñibles, é dicir, que non se poden cultivar ou o cultivo dura pouco.

Etimoloxía

O nome "Chloroflexi" é un nominativo masculino plural neolatino obtido a partir do nome do xénero "Chloroflexus", que foi o primeiro xénero descrito. O nome é unha combinación do grego chloros, -a, -on (χλωρός, -ά, -όν), que significa "verde-amarelento", e do latín flexus ("dobrado") [5], polos filamentos flexionados que forma.

Notas

  1. Sutcliffe, I. C. (2010). "A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture". Trends in Microbiology 18 (10): 464–470. DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005. PMID 20637628.
  2. M. Madigan, J. Martinko, J. Parker. Brock Microbiología de los Microorganismos. Pearson-Prentice Hall. (2004). 10ª edición. Páxina 436. ISBN 84-205-3679-2.
  3. Holland L. (22). "Woese,Carl in the forefront of bacterial evolution revolution". scientist 4 (10).
  4. Woese, C. R. (1987). "Bacterial evolution". Microbiological reviews 51 (2): 221–271. PMC 373105. PMID 2439888. [1].
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 Don J. Brenner; Noel R. Krieg; James T. Staley (July 26, 2005) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity, ed. Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2A (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. British Library no. GBA561951.
  6. Bacterial classification entry in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol 47 (2): 590-2. DOI:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9103655. [2] Arquivado 04 de setembro de 2008 en Wayback Machine.
  7. Hugenholtz, P.; Stackebrandt, E. (2004). "Reclassification of Sphaerobacter thermophilus from the subclass Sphaerobacteridae in the phylum Actinobacteria to the class Thermomicrobia (emended description) in the phylum Chloroflexi (emended description)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54 (6): 2049–2051. DOI:10.1099/ijs.0.03028-0. PMID 15545432.
  8. Maymo-Gatell, X.; Chien, Y.; Gossett, J. M.; Zinder, S. H. (1997). "Isolation of a Bacterium That Reductively Dechlorinates Tetrachloroethene to Ethene". Science 276 (5318): 1568–1571. DOI:10.1126/science.276.5318.1568. PMID 9171062.
  9. 9,0 9,1 Moe, W. M.; Yan, J.; Nobre, M. F.; Da Costa, M. S.; Rainey, F. A. (2009). "Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens gen. Nov., sp. Nov., a reductively dehalogenating bacterium isolated from chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 59 (11): 2692–2697. DOI:10.1099/ijs.0.011502-0.
  10. J.P. Euzéby. "Chloroflexi". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Arquivado dende o orixinal o 13 de xuño de 2011. Consultado o 5 xullo 2012.
  11. Sayers; et al. "Chloroflexi". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Consultado o 5 xullo 2012.
  12. 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Consultado o 5 xullo 2012.
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Cloroflexos: Brief Summary ( Galician )

provided by wikipedia gl Galician

Os cloroflexos (Chloroflexi) ou Chlorobacteria (antes bacterias verdes non do xofre) son un filo de bacterias cunha gran diversidade de fenotipos, que inclúe membros aeróbicos termófilos, que usan o osíxeno e viven a altas temperaturas, e fotótrofos anoxixénicos, que captan a luz para facer a fotosíntese, e halorrespiradores anaerobios, que usan como fonte de enerxía compostos haloxenados orgánicos (como etenos clorados tóxicos e bifenilos policlorados).

A maioría dos Chloroflexi son monodermos e na maior parte dos casos gramnegativos. Nisto diferénciase doutros grupos de bacterias que son didermos gramnegativos, coa excepción de Firmicutes (grampositivos con baixo GC), Actinobacteria (grampositivos con alto GC) e o grupo Deinococcus-Thermus (grampositivo, pero didermos cunha grosa capa de peptidoglicano).

O xénero tipo do grupo Chloroflexus ten un metabolismo moi versátil. É termófilo, fotosintético anoxixénico (é dicir, que non desprende oxíxeno da fotosíntese, na que en vez de auga usa H2S ou H2), é fotoheterótrofo, aínda que tamén pode usar CO2 polo ciclo do hidroxipropionato (en vez de polo ciclo de Calvin), e na escuridade pode crecer tamén como quimioorganótrofo que respira aeróbicamente. Contén bacterioclorofila c e clorosomas. O seu fototrofismo considérase ancestral. Os xéneros das distintas clases teñen características bastante diferentes.

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Chloroflexi ( Indonesian )

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Chloroflexi adalah kelompok bakteri yang memproduksi energi melalui fotosintesis. Mereka dinamakan atas dasar pigmen mereka yang hijau, biasanya ditemukan pada klorosom.

Chloroflexi berbentuk filamen dan dapat berpindah dengan cara meluncur (bacterial gliding). Mereka bersifat aerob fakultatif, tetapi tidak memproduksi oksigen selama fotosintesis, dan memiliki metode berbeda untuk mengikat karbon (fotoheterotrofi) dari bakteri fotosintetik lainnya.

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Chloroflexi: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Chloroflexi adalah kelompok bakteri yang memproduksi energi melalui fotosintesis. Mereka dinamakan atas dasar pigmen mereka yang hijau, biasanya ditemukan pada klorosom.

Chloroflexi berbentuk filamen dan dapat berpindah dengan cara meluncur (bacterial gliding). Mereka bersifat aerob fakultatif, tetapi tidak memproduksi oksigen selama fotosintesis, dan memiliki metode berbeda untuk mengikat karbon (fotoheterotrofi) dari bakteri fotosintetik lainnya.

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Chloroflexi ( Norwegian )

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Chloroflexi er en gruppe bakterier som produserer energi igjennom fotosyntese. De har et typisk filament som gjør at de kan bevege seg ved gliding. Gruppen er også aerob, men produserer ikke oksygen under fotosyntesen. De har også en annen karbonfiksering enn andre fotosynteserende bakterier. Rekketreet indikerer også at de har hatt et separat opphav.

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Chloroflexi: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Chloroflexi er en gruppe bakterier som produserer energi igjennom fotosyntese. De har et typisk filament som gjør at de kan bevege seg ved gliding. Gruppen er også aerob, men produserer ikke oksygen under fotosyntesen. De har også en annen karbonfiksering enn andre fotosynteserende bakterier. Rekketreet indikerer også at de har hatt et separat opphav.

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Chloroflexi ( Portuguese )

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Introdução

Chloroflexaceae ou Chloroflexi são bactérias verdes não sulfurosas. Obtêm energia mediante fotossíntese. A sua denominação deve-se ao fato de possuírem um pigmento verde, que se encontra geralmente associado a estruturas membranosas internas chamadas clorossomas.

As bactérias deste grupo são tipicamente filamentosas e movem-se mediante deslizamento sobre superfícies. São aeróbios facultativas, mas não produzem oxigênio durante a fotossíntese; realizam fotossíntese anoxigénica. A sua via de fixação de carbono também difere da de outras bactérias fotossintéticas.

Bactérias do filo Chloroflexi, são comuns e abundantes em comunidades microbianas de vida livre [1] [2] [3] [4]. Uma razão para seu sucesso é sua diversidade metabólica; cepas cultivadas do filo incluem podem ser aeróbios termófilos, fotossintetizantes anoxígenos (apesar do nome “não sulfurosa”, essas bactérias usam H2S na fotossíntese), ou ainda crescer anaerobicamente utilizando compostos halógenos como fonte de energia [5].

Os representantes cultivados do filo são classificados em quatro classes pelo banco de dados de taxonomia do genoma [6], pela Cloroflexia e Ktedonobacteria principalmente aeróbias e pelas anaeróbias Anaerolineae e Dehalococcoidia [5].

Um dos principais representantes, Chloroflexus, é filamentoso, termofílico e cresce em associação com cianobactérias, dando origem à cor laranja-avermelhada de fontes termais.

História

Em 1987, Carl Woese dividiu as Eubactérias baseado na sequencia de RNA ribossomal 16S e agrupou os gêneros Chloroflexus , Herpetosiphon e Thermomicrobium em "bactérias e parentes verdes não-enxofre" [28][29], que foi temporariamente renomeada como "Chloroflexi" no primeiro volume do Manual de Bacteriologia Sistemática de Bergey [30].

Sendo um filo ramificação profunda, a sua classificação foi analisada no primeiro volume do Manual de Bacteriologia Sistemática de Bergey e incluiu uma única classe com o mesmo nome, a classe Chloroflexi [30]. Desde 2001 no entanto, novas classes foram criadas graças a espécies recém-descobertas, sendo o filo Chloroflexi é dividido em [31]:

  • Chloroflexi Gupta et al. 2012
  • Thermomicrobia Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt de 2004
  • "Dehalococcoidetes" Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt de 2004
  • Anaerolineae Yamada et al., 2006
  • Caldilineae Yamada et al., 2006
  • Ktedonobacteria Cavaletti et al., 2007 emenda. Yabe et al., 2010

Em relação à classe "Dehalococcoidetes ", o nome do marcador foi determinado por Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt, 2004 [32], depois de "Dehalococcoides ethenogenes", uma espécie parcialmente descrita em 1997 [33], sendo que a primeira espécie totalmente descrita foi a Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens por Moe et al. 2009 [34].

Etimologia

O nome "Chloroflexi" é um Neolatin plural de "Chloroflexus", que é o nome do primeiro gênero descrito. O substantivo é uma combinação do grego chloros (χλωρός) [6], que significa "amarelo-esverdeado" e o latim flexus (do flecto) [7], que significa "dobrado" para significar "uma flexão verde" [8]. Deve ser, portanto, notar-se que a etiologia não é devida ao cloro, um elemento (ar ácido muriático deflogisticado) que foi confirmada como tal em 1810 por Humphry Davy e nomeado após a sua cor verde pálido. Outra filo com a mesma raiz é Chlorobi , enquanto Cyanobacteria tem as raízes cianobactérias (κύανος) que significa "azul-verde".

Filogenia





Thermoflexus hugenholtzii Dodsworth et al. 2014



Dehalococcoidaceae

Dehalococcoides Löffler et al. 2013


Dehalogenimonas

D. lykanthroporepellens Moe et al. 2009 (type sp.)




D. alkenigignens Bowman et al. 2013



D. formicexedens Key et al. 2017








Caldilineaceae

Litorilinea aerophila Kale et al. 2013


Caldilinea

C. aerophila Sekiguchi et al. 2003 [19]



C. tarbellica Grégoire et al. 2011





Ardenticatenaceae

Ardenticatena maritima Kawaichi et al. 2013


Anaerolineaceae

Thermomarinilinea lacunifontana Nunoura et al. 2013



Anaerolinea

A. thermolimosa Yamada et al. 2006 [17]



A. thermophila Sekiguchi et al. 2003 [19]





Flexilinea flocculi Sun et al. 2015




Ornatilinea apprima Podosokorskaya et al. 2013




Levilinea saccharolytica Yamada et al. 2006 [17]





Bellilinea caldifistulae Yamada et al. 2007



Pelolinea submarina Imachi et al. 2014





Leptolinea tardivitalis Yamada et al. 2006 [17]



Longilinea arvoryzae Yamada et al. 2007 [18]














Ktedonobacteria Thermogemmatispora

T. foliorum Yabe et al. 2011




T. carboxidivorans King & King 2014



T. onikobensis Yabe et al. 2011 (type sp.)




Ktedonobacteriales Ktedonobacteraceae

Dictyobacter aurantiacus Yabe et al. 2017



Ktedonobacter racemifer corrig. Cavaletti et al. 2007



Thermosporothrix

T. hazakensis Yabe et al. 2010



T. narukonensis Yabe, Sakai & Yokota 2016





Thermomicrobia Sphaerobacteraceae

Nitrolancea hollandica Sorokin et al. 2014



Sphaerobacter thermophilus Demharter et al. 1989



Thermomicrobiaceae Thermorudis

T. peleae King & King 2014



T. pharmacophila Houghton et al. 2015



Thermomicrobium

T. carboxidum King & King 2014



T. roseum Jackson et al. 1973






Chloroflexia Herpetosiphon

H. aurantiacus Holt & Lewin 1968



H. geysericola Lewin 1970




Kallotenuaceae

Kallotenue papyrolyticum Cole et al. 2013


Chloroflexales Roseiflexaceae

Roseiflexus castenholzii Hanada et al. 2002


Chloroflexus

C. aurantiacus Pierson & Castenholz 1974




C. aggregans Hanada et al. 1995



C. islandicus Gaisin et al. 2017









Taxonomia

A análise genômica comparativa refinou a taxonomia da classe Cloroflexia, dividindo os Chloroflexales na subordem Chloroflexineae, consistindo das famílias Oscillachloridaceae e Chloroflexaceae, e da subordem Roseiflexineae, família Roseiflexaceae [9]. A taxonomia revisada foi baseada na identificação de um número de indels de assinatura conservada (CSIs) que servem como marcadores moleculares altamente confiáveis ​​de ancestralidade compartilhada [9] [10] [11]. Apoio adicional para a divisão dos Chloroflexales em duas subordens são as diferenças observadas nas características fisiológicas, onde cada subordem é caracterizada por carotenóides distintos, quinonas e perfis de ácidos graxos que estão consistentemente ausentes na outra subordem [10] [11]. Além de demarcar fileiras taxonômicas, os CSIs podem desempenhar um papel nas características únicas dos membros dentro do clado. Em particular, uma inserção de quatro aminoácidos na proteína piruvato flavodoxina / ferredoxina oxidoredutase, uma proteína que desempenha um papel importante em organismos fotossintéticos, foi encontrada exclusivamente entre todos os membros do gênero Chloroflexus, e acredita-se que desempenhe um importante papel funcional [14].

Atualmente, taxonomia aceita segue a lista abaixo [20, 21, 22]:

  • Ordem Chloroflexales
    • Subordem Chloroflexineae
      • Família Chloroflexaceae Trüper 1976 emend. Gupta et al. 2013
        • Gênero Chloroflexus Pierson and Castenholz 1974
          • C. aggregans Hanada et al. 1995
          • C. aurantiacus Pierson and Castenholz 1974
      • Família Oscillochloridaceae Keppen 2000 emend. Gupta et al. 2013
        • Gênero Oscillochloris Gorlenko and Pivovarova 1989 emend. Keppen et al. 2000
          • O. chrysea Gorlenko and Pivovarova 1989
          • O. trichoides (ex Szafer) Gorlenko and Korotkov1989 emend. Keppen et al. 2000
        • Gênero Chloronema Dubinina and Gorlenko 1975
          • Chloronema giganteum Dubinina and Gorlenko 1975
    • Subordem Roseiflexineae
      • Família Roseiflexaceae Gupta et al. 2013
        • Gênero Roseiflexus Hanada et al. 2002
          • Roseiflexus castenholzii Hanada et al. 2002
        • Gênero Heliothrix Pierson et al. 1986
          • Heliothrix oregonensis Pierson et al. 1986
  • Ordem "Herpetosiphonales"
    • Família "Herpetosiphonaceae"
      • Gênero Herpetosiphon Holt and Lewin 1968
        • H. aurantiacus Holt and Lewin 1968
        • H. geysericola (Copeland 1936) Lewin 1970

Curiosidades

  • Estima-se que o Chloroflexi dominará a comunidade microbiana de alguns sedimentos de fundos marinhos e também podem constituir 12% e 16% da comunidade de pastagens temperadas e prados alpinos, respectivamente. Muitos dos Chloroflexi presentes nestes ambientes formam linhagens muito ramificadas não relacionadas a quaisquer cepas isoladas de Chloroflexi [23].
  • Membros do gênero Dehalococcoides foram encontrados para "desclorar" uma ampla gama de contaminantes orgânicos persistentes e, como parte de consórcios mistos, acredita-se que espécies semelhantes a Dehalococcoides sejam promissoras para aplicações de biorremediação [24, 25, 26].
  • Filo Chloroflexi isolado Anaerolineae bactéria HOT-439 é dependente de uma cepa auxiliar para o crescimento. Com 12 dias de crescimento: (a) com e (b) sem listras cruzadas F. nucleatum (Figura 1.) [27].
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Figura 1. Filo Chloroflexi isolado Anaerolineae bactéria HOT-439.

Referências

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4. Mehrshad M, Salcher MM, Okazaki Y, Nakano S, Šimek K, Andrei A-S, et al. Hidden in plain sight—highly abundant and diverse planktonic freshwater Chloroflexi. Microbiome. 2018;6:176. Disponível em: https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0563-8

5. Whitman WB. Bergey’s manual of systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. Wiley Online Library; New York, United States, 2015. Disponível em: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118960608

6. χλωρός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project

7. Lewis, Charlton T. and Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879.Online version at Perseus

8. Don J. Brenner; Noel R. Krieg; James T. Staley (July 26, 2005) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity (ed.). Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2a (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. British Library no. GBA561951.

9. Gupta RS, Chander P, George S (2013). "Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the class Chloroflexia and its different clades; proposal for division of the class Chloroflexia class. nov. [corrigido] into the suborder Chloroflexineae subord. nov., consisting of the emended family Oscillochloridaceae and the family Chloroflexaceae fam. nov., and the suborder Roseiflexineae subord. nov., containing the family Roseiflexaceae fam. nov". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 103(1): 99–119.1589. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22903492

10. Rokas, A.; Holland, P. W. (2000). "Rare genomic changes as a tool for phylogenetics". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 15 (11): 454–459. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01967-4. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11050348

11. Gupta, R. S.; Griffiths, E. (2002). "Critical issues in bacterial phylogeny". Theoretical Population Biology. 61 (4): 423–434. doi:10.1006/tpbi.2002.1589. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167362.

12. Hanada S, Pierson BK (2006) The Family Chloroflexaceae. In: The prokaryotes: a handbook on the biology of bacteria, pp. 815–842. Eds Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer KH, Stackebrandt E Springer-: New York.

13. Pierson BK, Castenholz RW (1992) The Family Chloroflexaceae. In: The prokaryotes, pp. 3754–3775. Eds Balows A, Truper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH Springer-: New York.

14. Stolz, F. M.; Hansmann, I. (1990). "An MspI RFLP detected by probe pFMS76 D20S23 isolated from a flow-sorted chromosome 20-specific DNA library". Nucleic Acids Research. 18 (7): 1929. doi:10.1093/nar/18.7.1929. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC330654/

15. J.P. Euzéby. "Chloroflexi". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature(LPSN). Disponível em: http://www.bacterio.net/-classifphyla.html#Chlorobi

16. Sayers; et al. "Chloroflexi". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=200795&lvl=6&lin

17. Yamada, T.; Sekiguchi, Y.; Hanada, S.; Imachi, H.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Kamagata, Y. (2006). "Anaerolinea thermolimosa sp. nov., Levilinea saccharolytica gen. nov., sp. nov. And Leptolinea tardivitalis gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous anaerobes, and description of the new classes Anaerolineae classis nov. And Caldilineae classis nov. In the bacterial phylum Chloroflexi". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 56 (6): 1331–1340. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738111

18. Yamada, T.; Imachi, H.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Hanada, S.; Kamagata, Y.; Sekiguchi, Y. (2007). "Bellilinea caldifistulae gen. nov., sp. nov. And Longilinea arvoryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., strictly anaerobic, filamentous bacteria of the phylum Chloroflexi isolated from methanogenic propionate-degrading consortia". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (10): 2299–2306.

Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17911301

19. Sekiguchi, Y.; Yamada, T.; Hanada, S.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Kamagata, Y. (2003). "Anaerolinea thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov. And Caldilinea aerophilagen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous thermophiles that represent a previously uncultured lineage of the domain Bacteria at the subphylum level". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (6): 1843–1851. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657113

20. Gupta RS, Chander P, George S (2013). "Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the class Chloroflexia and its different clades; proposal for division of the class Chloroflexia class. nov. [corrected] into the suborder Chloroflexineae subord. nov., consisting of the emended family Oscillochloridaceae and the family Chloroflexaceae fam. nov., and the suborder Roseiflexineae subord. nov., containing the family Roseiflexaceae fam. nov". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 103 (1): 99–119. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9790-3. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22903492

21. Cole JK, Gieler BA, Heisler DL, Palisoc MM, Williams AJ, Dohnalkova AC, Ming H, Yu TT, Dodsworth JA, Li WJ, Hedlund BP (2013). "Kallotenue papyrolyticum gen. nov., sp. nov., a cellulolytic and filamentous thermophile that represents a novel lineage (Kallotenuales ord. nov., Kallotenuaceae fam. nov.) within the class Chloroflexia". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 63 (Pt 12): 4675–82. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.053348-0. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23950149

22. Classification of Chloroflexi entry in LPSN. "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol. Microbiology Society. 47 (2): 590–2. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103655

23. Krzmarzick M. J. , Crary B. B. , Harding J. J. , Oyerinde O. O. , Leri A. C. , Myneni S. C. , Novak P. J. . ( 2012; ). Natural niche for organohalide-respiring Chloroflexi. . Appl Environ Microbiol 78:, 393––401. Disponível em: https://aem.asm.org/content/aem/78/2/393.full.pdf.

24. Adrian L, Szewzyk U, Wecke J, Görisch H. 2000. Bacterial dehalorespiration with chlorinated benzenes. Nature 408:580 –583. Disponível em: https://www.nature.com/articles/35046063

25. Fennell DE, Nijenhuis I, Wilson SF, Zinder SH, Häggblom MM. 2004. Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 reductively dechlorinates diverse chlorinated aromatic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:2075–2081. Disponível em: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es034989b

26. He J, Sung Y, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Ritalahti km, Löffler FE. 2005. Isolation and characterization of Dehalococcoides sp. strain FL2, a trichloroethene (TCE)- and 1,2-dichloroethene-respiring anaerobe. Environ. Microbiol. 7:1442–1450. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16104866

27. Vartoukian S R, Adamowska A, Lawlor M et al. In Vitro Cultivation of 'Unculturable' Oral Bacteria, Facilitated by Community Culture and Media Supplementation with Siderophores. PLoS One 2016; Jan 14;11(1):e0146926. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26764907

28. Holland L. (22 May 1990). "Woese,Carl in the forefront of bacterial evolution revolution". Scientist. 4 (10)

29. Woese, C. R. (1987). "Bacterial evolution". Microbiological Reviews. 51 (2): 221–271. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2439888

30. Don J. Brenner; Noel R. Krieg; James T. Staley (July 26, 2005) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity, ed. Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. British Library no. GBA561951.

31. Bacterial classification entry in LPSN "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol. 47 (2): 590–2. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103655

32. Hugenholtz, P.; Stackebrandt, E. (2004). "Reclassification of Sphaerobacter thermophilus from the subclass Sphaerobacteridae in the phylum Actinobacteria to the class Thermomicrobia (emended description) in the phylum Chloroflexi (emended description)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (6): 2049–2051. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15545432

33. Maymo-Gatell, X.; Chien, Y.; Gossett, J. M.; Zinder, S. H. (1997). "Isolation of a Bacterium That Reductively Dechlorinates Tetrachloroethene to Ethene". Science. 276(5318): 1568–1571. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9171062

34. Moe, W. M.; Yan, J.; Nobre, M. F.; Da Costa, M. S.; Rainey, F. A. (2009). "Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens gen. nov., sp. nov., a reductively dehalogenating bacterium isolated from chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (11): 2692–2697. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19625421

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Chloroflexi ( Ukrainian )

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  1. Garrity GM, Holt JG (2001). Phylum BVI. Chloroflexi phy. nov. У D.R. Boone and R.W. Castenholz, eds. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria (вид. 2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. с. p. 169. ISBN 978-0387987712.
  2. Hugenholtz P, Stackebrandt E. (2004). Reclassification of Sphaerobacter thermophilus from the subclass Sphaerobacteridae in the phylum Actinobacteria to the class Thermomicrobia (emended description) in the phylum Chloroflexi (emended description). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 54 (6): 2049–2051. PMID 15545432.
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Chloroflexi: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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Garrity GM, Holt JG (2001). Phylum BVI. Chloroflexi phy. nov. У D.R. Boone and R.W. Castenholz, eds. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria (вид. 2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. с. p. 169. ISBN 978-0387987712. Hugenholtz P, Stackebrandt E. (2004). Reclassification of Sphaerobacter thermophilus from the subclass Sphaerobacteridae in the phylum Actinobacteria to the class Thermomicrobia (emended description) in the phylum Chloroflexi (emended description). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 54 (6): 2049–2051. PMID 15545432.
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綠彎菌門 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科


綠彎菌門(Chloroflexi)是一類通過光合作用產生能量的細菌,又稱作綠非硫細菌,儘管還有一部分稱作熱微菌的細菌也屬於綠非硫細菌。它們具有綠色的色素,包括作爲反應中心的菌綠素a和作爲天線分子的菌綠素c,通常位于稱作綠体的微囊中。

典型的綠彎菌門細菌是線形的,通過滑行來移動。它們是兼性厭氧生物,在光合作用中不產生氧氣,不能固氮。利用3-羥基丙酸途徑,而不是常見的卡爾文途徑來固定二氧化碳細胞壁肽聚糖中含有D-鳥氨酸,類似于革蘭氏陽性菌,但革蘭氏染色結果仍爲陰性。系統發生樹顯示綠彎菌門和其他的光合細菌具有不同的起源。

參見

小作品圖示这是一篇與细菌相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
原核生物细菌分类(
革兰氏阴性菌/
细菌外膜
初细菌英语Eobacteria
其他 滑行菌
革兰氏阳性菌/
细菌外膜
梭菌纲英语Clostridia

细菌分类

gr+fgr+at)/gr-pcgr-o

药物(J1pwnm疫苗

物種識別信息
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綠彎菌門: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科


綠彎菌門(Chloroflexi)是一類通過光合作用產生能量的細菌,又稱作綠非硫細菌,儘管還有一部分稱作熱微菌的細菌也屬於綠非硫細菌。它們具有綠色的色素,包括作爲反應中心的菌綠素a和作爲天線分子的菌綠素c,通常位于稱作綠体的微囊中。

典型的綠彎菌門細菌是線形的,通過滑行來移動。它們是兼性厭氧生物,在光合作用中不產生氧氣,不能固氮。利用3-羥基丙酸途徑,而不是常見的卡爾文途徑來固定二氧化碳細胞壁肽聚糖中含有D-鳥氨酸,類似于革蘭氏陽性菌,但革蘭氏染色結果仍爲陰性。系統發生樹顯示綠彎菌門和其他的光合細菌具有不同的起源。

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クロロフレクサス門 ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
クロロフレクサス門 分類 ドメ
イン
: 真正細菌 Bacteria : クロロフレクサス門
Chloroflexi 学名 Chloroflexi
Garrity and Holt 2001 下位分類(綱)
  • クロロフレクサス綱
  • テルモミクロビウム綱
  • アナエロリネア綱
  • カルディリネア綱
  • クテドノバクテル綱
  • デハロコッコイデス綱

クロロフレクサス門Chloroflexiクロロフレクスス門)は真正細菌の門である。カール・ウーズ光合成性の緑色非硫黄細菌を含む系統群として定義したのが始まりだが、光合成細菌は1目のみであり、非光合成の好熱菌放線菌様の細菌も含んでいる。形態や特徴で定義するのは困難であるため、16S rRNA系統解析などに基づいて定義されている。綱の数としては6を含み、プロテオバクテリア門フィルミクテス門など大型の門と並ぶ。

タイプであるChloroflexusは、Χλωρός(クローロス/: 緑色) + flexus(フレクスス/: 曲がった)を語源とする。ラテン語読みでクロロフレクスス門とも呼ばれる。

特徴[編集]

クロロフレクサス門に属する細菌リポ多糖(LPS)を含む外膜を持たず、ペプチドグリカン壁もないか、変わった組成になっている。これまでのところグラム陰性で糸状の群体を形成するものが多いが、約1/3がグラム陽性菌で、好熱菌や気菌糸と胞子を形成する放線菌様の種も含んでいる。2009年以降、姉妹群と想定される藍藻類と共にグラム陽性菌の系統に含まれるとする仮説が出ている[1][2]

下位分類[編集]

緑色非硫黄細菌を含む系統群であるが、他にも非光合成性の様々な細菌が含まれている。これまでに以下に示す6つの系統が存在していることが知られている。またそれぞれの系統には未培養の細菌が存在しており、それらはここに記した系統の説明にあてはまらない性質を持っている可能性もある。

クロロフレクサス綱[編集]

糸状の群体を形成し滑走により運動する細菌からなる系統。緑色非硫黄細菌と、それによく似た非光合成性の細菌が含まれている。

  • クロロフレクサス目(Chloroflexales)
    緑色非硫黄細菌5属7種。基本的には好熱性で、嫌気条件では光合成従属栄養、好気条件では化学合成従属栄養で生育する。
  • ヘルペトシフォン目(Herpetosiphonales)
    Herpetosiphon属2種。非光合成性。中温性で、好気性化学合成従属栄養。

テルモミクロビウム綱[編集]

高度好熱性で、偏性好気性の桿菌からなる系統。運動能はない。Sphaerobacterは一時は放線菌に近縁と考えられたことがあり、またThermomicrobiumに独自の門をあてる見解もある。しかしこの2つは系統的に近縁であることからクロロフレクサス門に含めて考えられるようになっている。

  • テルモミクロビウム目(Thermomicrobiales)
    Thermomicrobium roseumのみ。
  • スファエロバクター目(Sphaerobacterales)
    Sphaerobacter thermophilusのみ。

アナエロリネア綱[編集]

偏性嫌気性で、糸状の群体を形成する細菌からなる系統。滑走能はない。排水処理施設の嫌気性汚泥から分離される。

  • アナエロリネア目(Anaerolineales)
    6属7種。好熱性または中温性。

カルディリネア綱[編集]

好熱性で滑走能のない糸状の群体を形成する細菌を含む系統。

  • カルディリネア目(Caldilineales)
    Caldilinea aerophilaと、C. tarbellica。2013年にはLitorilinea aerophilaが報告された。何れも温泉から分離された。

クテドノバクテル綱[編集]

菌糸や胞子形成などの特徴を持つ。微好気、従属栄養。

  • クテドノバクテル目 (Ktedonobacterales)
    KtedonobacterThermosporothrixの2属を含む。
  • テルモゲンマティスポラ目 (Thermogemmatisporales)
    Thermogemmatispora onikobensis及びT. foliorumのみ。鬼首温泉より分離された。

デハロコッコイデス綱[編集]

テトラクロロエチレンを分解する脱塩素細菌"Dehalococcoides ethenogenes"(未記載)を含む系統。なお、2009年に近縁のDehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellensDehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens、2013年にはDehalogenimonas alkenigignensDehalococcoides mccartyiが記載された。

未培養系統[編集]

主として海洋から得られる系統で、その正体は現在のところ全く不明。

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ Battistuzzi FU, Hedges SB (February 2009). "A major clade of prokaryotes with ancient adaptations to life on land". Mol. Biol. Evol. 26 (2): 335–43.
  2. ^ Rinke, C., Schwientek, P., Sczyrba, A., et al. (2013)“Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter,”Nature, 499(7459):431-7.
  • Gupta R. S., Chander P., George S. (2013). Erratum to: Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the class Chloroflexi and its different clades; proposal for division of the class Chloroflexi class. nov. into the suborder Chloroflexineae subord. nov., consisting of the emended family Oscillochloridaceae and the family Chloroflexaceae fam. nov., and the suborder Roseiflexineae subord. nov., containing the family Roseiflexaceae fam. nov. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 103, 261.
  • Castenholz, R. W., "Herpetosiphonales," Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd ed., volume 1, Garrity, G. M. et al. (eds.), Springer, 2001, pp. 444-446. ISBN 0-387-98771-1
  • Garrity, G. M. and Holt, J. G., "Phylum BVII. Thermomicrobia phy. nov.," Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd ed., volume 1, Garrity, G. M. et al. (eds.), Springer, 2001, pp. 447-450. ISBN 0-387-98771-1
  • Hugenholtz, P. and Stackebrandt, E. (2004). “Reclassification of Sphaerobacter thermophilus from the subclass Sphaerobacteridae in the phylum Actinobacteria to the class Thermomicrobia (emended description) in the phylum Chloroflexi (emended description)”. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54 (6): 2049-2051. PDF available.
  • Yamada, T. et al. (2006). “Anaerolinea thermolimosa sp. nov., Levilinea saccharolytica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Leptolinea tardivitalis gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous anaerobes, and description of the new classes Anaerolineae classis nov. and Caldilineae classis nov. in the bacterial phylum Chloroflexi”. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56 (6): 1331-1340. PDF available.
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クロロフレクサス門: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

クロロフレクサス門(Chloroflexi、クロロフレクスス門)は真正細菌の門である。カール・ウーズ光合成性の緑色非硫黄細菌を含む系統群として定義したのが始まりだが、光合成細菌は1目のみであり、非光合成の好熱菌放線菌様の細菌も含んでいる。形態や特徴で定義するのは困難であるため、16S rRNA系統解析などに基づいて定義されている。綱の数としては6を含み、プロテオバクテリア門フィルミクテス門など大型の門と並ぶ。

タイプであるChloroflexusは、Χλωρός(クローロス/: 緑色) + flexus(フレクスス/: 曲がった)を語源とする。ラテン語読みでクロロフレクスス門とも呼ばれる。

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녹만균류 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

녹만균류(綠彎菌類)는 녹만균문(綠彎菌門, Chloroflexi 또는 Chlorobacteria)에 속하는 세균의 총칭이다.[1] 광합성을 위해 빛을 이용하는 무산소성 광합성균과 에너지원으로써 할로겐화 유기체(독성을 지닌 염화 에탄화합물과 폴리염화 비페닐과 같은)를 이용하는 혐기성 유기할로겐호흡균 등을 포함한 다양한 표현형과 함께 고립종들을 포함하고 있다.

하위 분류

각주

  1. Phylum "Chloroflexi", 원핵생물명 목록(List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature, LPSN)
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