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Arizona Walnut

Juglans major (Torr.) Heller

Description

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Varieties 2 (1 in the flora): United States, Mexico.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym

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Juglans rupestris Engelmann ex Torrey var. (ß) major Torrey in L. Sitgreaves, Rep. Exped. Zuni Colorado Rivers, 171, plate 16. 1853; J. microcarpa Berlandier var. major (Torrey) L. D. Benson
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Arizona walnut
Arizona black walnut
nogal
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value

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The branches and trunks of Arizona walnut provide cavities to acorn
woodpeckers in riparian bottoms and drainages of southeastern Arizona [38].
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

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More info for the terms: fruit, monoecious, seed, tree

Arizona walnut is a native, deciduous, small to medium tree that may
grow up to 65.6 feet (20 m) tall and to 4 feet (1.2 m) in diameter
[4,24,44,46]. The stout branches spread widely and form a rounded
crown. Pinnately compound leaves are 7 to 14 inches (17.8-35.6 cm) long
[13,29]. Arizona walnut is monoecious with separate staminate and
pistillate catkins [44,56]. The fruit is 1 to 1.5 inches (2.5-3.8 cm)
in diameter with a husk and a thick, hard shell surrounding a single
seed [29,46].
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

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The range of Arizona walnut extends from central Texas westward to
southwestern New Mexico and central Arizona [13,24,29]. Its
distribution continues southward into northern Mexico, where it is found
from eastern Sonora to western Coahuila [30,46]. Several authors
[41,44,56] reported that Arizona walnut was found in Colorado; however,
Harrington [23] stated that no specimens had been found to support this
range extension.
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

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More info for the terms: fire regime, seed

Arizona walnut has few adaptations to fire. Arizona walnut occurs
predominantly in montane riparian woodlands which probably burn
infrequently. Although no reference to Arizona walnut seed survival
following fire was found in the literature, the thick shell and tendency
to germinate better when covered by soil may allow some onsite seeds to
survive. A covering of moist soil may offer Arizona walnut seeds some
degree of insulation from fire.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

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Prescribed burning is not recommended for the established southwestern
riparian woodlands that Arizona walnut occurs in because fire is
difficult to manage in this habitat [7].
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

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Arizona walnut is the only walnut to occur in the desert; it is a
facultative riparian species [4,50]. It occurs along ephemeral streams
with subsurface flows or perennial streams in moist sites that are
occasionally flooded [8,10,21,27,36]. Arizona walnut also is found
scattered along river bottoms, canyons, floodplains, dry terraces and
hillsides [28,35,49]. It occurs at elevations from 2,600 to 6,500 feet
(800-1,981 m) and may extend up to 8,200 feet (2,500 m) in elevation
[11,49,53].

The alluvial soils that Arizona walnut commonly occurs on have a wide
range of textures; they are often coarse, rocky, or cobbly sandy loams
[4,20,21,34]. The soils often are stratified and may be up to 28 feet
(8.5 m) deep [11,33]. Two examples of epipedons that Arizona walnut can
occur on in southwestern New Mexico are mollic soils on terraces and
aquic soils in active channel zones [33]. The nutrient status of the
soils is variable; organic matter is usually low due to the coarse
textures and frequent flooding [1].
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
217 Aspen
235 Cottonwood - willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
240 Arizona cypress
241 Western live oak
242 Mesquite
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, woodland

K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K027 Mesquite bosque
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
K033 Chaparral
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

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More info for the terms: wildfire, woodland

Arizona walnut is probably killed by fire. Wildfire in a central
Arizona riparian woodland killed mature Arizona walnut [7].
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

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More info for the term: species richness

Arizona walnut provides habitat or food to wildlife [9]. Squirrels,
birds, and other wildlife consume its fruits [17,56]. Squirrels eat the
fruits immediately and do not cache them [48]. Arizona walnut
communities have high species richness of breeding birds [51].
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

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More info for the terms: codominant, forest, habitat type, series

Arizona walnut occurs in pure or mixed stands or as scattered
individuals. It is dominant or codominant in the southwestern or
interior deciduous broad-leaved habitat series with Arizona sycamore
(Platanus wrightii), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), velvet ash
(Fraxinus velutina), and western soapberry (Sapindus saponaria var.
drummondii) [27,28,31,43,53]. Arizona walnut is an indicator species in
the mixed conifer series in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), white fir
(Abies concolor), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and quaking aspen
(Populus tremuloides) habitat types [2,3,19,21]. Additionally, in
southwestern oak woodlands or chaparral, Arizona walnut is seral
throughout the Emory oak (Quercus emoryi) series and is a minor
component of Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) community type [3,25,34].

Some of the publications that list Arizona walnut as a dominant or
indicator species include:

(1) Classification of riparian vegetation [16]
(2) Classification of mixed broadleaf riparian forest in Tonto National
Forest [27]
(3) A forest habitat type classification of southern Arizona and its
relationship to forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico [37]
(4) Classification of riparian habitat in the Southwest [39]
(5) Riparian forest and scrubland community types of Arizona and New
Mexico [52].

Species associated with Arizona walnut that were not previously
mentioned in Distribution and Occurrence information are canyon grape
(Vitis arizonica), deergrass (Muhlenbergia rigens), and common hoarhound
(Marrubium vulgare) [33,52].
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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AZ NM TX MEXICO
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability

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Arizona walnut is the least desirable species for cattle browsing in
southeastern Arizona riparian areas [45].
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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The flowers of Arizona walnut appear shortly before or after the leaves
in the spring [4,9,44]. Fruits mature in 3 months. Depending upon
elevation, fruits ripen from July to September [50].
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

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More info for the terms: root collar, seed, shrub, top-kill, wildfire

Very little is known about the response of Arizona walnut to fire.
Although no report of Arizona walnut sprouting was found in the
literature, other Juglans species sprout after fire. Following
top-kill, surviving small or young trees or saplings of butternut (J.
cinerea) and black walnut (J. nigra) may sprout from the root collar or
higher on the trunk [58,59]. The age of sprouting individuals was not
mentioned for southern California walnut (J. californica) which sprouts
from the root collar or basal platform following top-kill [57]. No
sprouting information was available for another western species, little
walnut (J. microcarpa).

If Arizona walnut populations do not sprout, rates of establishment will
vary depending on the proximity of seed trees. Without animals
facilitating seed dispersal (i.e., squirrels do not cache fruits),
colonization rates of Arizona walnut may be slow.

Following a 1959 wildfire that burned all of the Three Bar experimental
watersheds in central Arizona, a shrub control program using herbicides
was established to create perennial stream flows. Arizona walnut was
not present before the treatments. Twenty-four years after burning,
small amounts of Arizona walnut were found in the untreated stream
channel downstream from the treatment area. It did not occur on the
untreated control area which had also burned in 1959. No suggestions
were made by the authors about the source of the Arizona walnut [15].
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bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

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More info for the terms: root crown, secondary colonizer

Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the terms: cohort, cover, herb, seed

Arizona walnut reproduces sexually. It produces large amounts of fruits
every 2 to 3 years [41,56]. Periodic crops are attributed to the need
for above-average spring precipitation for seed production [50]. Female
flower production decreases during times of stress, for example, during
drought years [49]. Seedlings grow rapidly and have a well-developed
taproot [56]. Beyond the seedling stage, Arizona walnut grows
relatively slowly at 1 foot per year (0.3 m/yr) until it reaches
maturity [12,45]. Arizona walnut is long-lived and may reach 400 years
old [17].

Some seed predation occurs; moderate amounts of seed are consumed by
Arizona gray squirrel [48,50].

Germination rates of Arizona walnut are usually less than 50 percent
[17,56]. Seeds germinate in the shell during the year following
production [9,48]. Buried seeds had higher germination rates than seeds
lying on the soil surface [48]. Seed viability increases as seed size
increases; however, seed weight declines as trees become larger and
older [50]. Germination rate is influenced by light. Arizona walnut
germination was lower under dense herb cover than under open canopy
cover [48]. High densities of Arizona walnut occurred in stands with a
sparse overstory canopy cover in southwestern New Mexico [33].

Arizona walnut seedlings establish over wide elevational and moisture
gradients from wet streambanks to dry hillsides [50]. Seedlings are
susceptible to drought. In a central Arizona study where drought
occurred annually, only one seedling from a cohort of 374 was alive
after 2 years [48]. Seedling recruitment is decreased by grazing and
flooding [45].
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

7 Lower Basin and Range
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info for the term: climax

Facultative Seral Species

Arizona walnut occurs in various seral stages from early to climax. It
is present in early seral riparian communities following periodic
flooding disturances such as scouring. Arizona walnut may be seral to
or climax with any of the species in the mixed broadleaf and coniferous
communities [3,33]. It is relatively shade tolerant [33,48].
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms

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Juglans rupestris Engelm. var. major Torr. [24,29]
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

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The currently accepted scientific name of Arizona walnut is Juglans
major (Torr.) Heller. It is a member of the walnut family
(Juglandaceae) [13,46]. Two varieties are currently recognized:

J. m. var. major
J. m. var. stewartii M. Johnst. [56].

Arizona walnut hybridizes with Juglans microcarpa Berl. in the
Trans-Pecos region of Texas [56].
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value

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More info for the term: tree

Arizona walnut is not an important timber tree due to its limited
distribution and small bole size [17]. Its durable wood is suitable for
furniture, gunstocks, veneer, and fenceposts [4,29,41,56].
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Juglans major. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Juglans major

provided by wikipedia EN

Juglans major (literally, the larger walnut), also known as Arizona walnut,[1] is a walnut tree which grows to 50 ft tall (15 m) with a DBH of up to 0.61 metres (2 ft) at elevations of 300–2,130 m (1,000–7,000 ft) in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah.[4] It also occurs in Mexico as far south as Guerrero.[5] Common names include Arizona black walnut (as it belongs to the "black walnuts" section Juglans sect. Rhysocaryon), and the Spanish name nogal cimarrón (cimarron walnut).

Description

In moister areas, the tree features a single, stout trunk; there are usually several slender trunks in drier situations.[6] The 8–14 in long pinnately compound leaves bear 9–15 lanceolate leaflets, 19–32 mm (.75–1.25 in) wide by 51–102 mm (2–4 in) long. The small nut has a thick shell with deep grooves enclosing an oily, edible seed.[7][8]

Where the range of J. major overlaps that of J. microcarpa, the two interbreed, producing many intermediate forms.[9][10]

References

  1. ^ a b Barstow, M.; Stritch, L. (2019). "Juglans major". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T66813121A66813150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T66813121A66813150.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Tropicos
  3. ^ The Plant List
  4. ^ "USDA Plants Database".
  5. ^ Laferriere, J.E. (1993). "Juglandaceae, Walnut Family". Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 27:219.
  6. ^ Kershner, Mathews, Nelson, and Spellenberg (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America Inc, New York: Sterling Publishing Co., p. 228.
  7. ^ Heller, Amos Arthur. (1909). Muhlenbergia; a Journal of Botany 1(4): 50.
  8. ^ Torrey, John. (1853). Report of an Expedition down to the Zuni and Colorado Rivers 171, pl. 16.
  9. ^ Vines, Robert A. (1960). Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p
  10. ^ Powell, A. Michael. (1988). Trees & shrubs of Trans-Pecos Texas including Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks. Big Bend National Park, TX: Big Bend Natural History Association. 536 p.

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Juglans major: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Juglans major (literally, the larger walnut), also known as Arizona walnut, is a walnut tree which grows to 50 ft tall (15 m) with a DBH of up to 0.61 metres (2 ft) at elevations of 300–2,130 m (1,000–7,000 ft) in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. It also occurs in Mexico as far south as Guerrero. Common names include Arizona black walnut (as it belongs to the "black walnuts" section Juglans sect. Rhysocaryon), and the Spanish name nogal cimarrón (cimarron walnut).

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