Postfire establishment patterns at landscape scale:
In the northern Coastal Ranges of California Sweeney [102] found that buckbrush
produced thousands of "vigorous" seedlings during the 1st spring after fire. However,
seedling mortality rates were very high; 49 of 1,340 seedlings survived (4%) after the
1st dry season. Mortality corresponded closely with declining soil moisture and drought.
The majority of mortality occurred after the 1st dry season; in following postfire years
survivorship rates stabilized. Four years following fire, 2% of the total seedling crop had
survived and become established. Dunne and others [33] found recovery of buckbrush
to occur slowly after fire and noted that percent cover equaled 25% of preburn coverage 3
years after burning. Schultz and others [96] in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada found
buckbrush mortality rates of 68% after the 1st year postfire.
Since buckbrush establishment is synchronous after burning, wedgeleaf
ceanothus typically forms even-aged stands [60]. Buckbrush stands can
become very dense at maturity [22]. Frequently during early stages of wedgeleaf
ceanothus stand development, stands are densely crowded and allow few, if any,
herbaceous species to occur under the canopy [22]. As stands mature, self-thinning
occurs; then stand structure, density, and composition stabilize. Stand thinning seems
to result from intraspecific competition for moisture and is highly correlated with
how close shrubs grow to one another. Clumped distributions tend to show the greatest
rates of mortality during times of high moisture stress. This pattern of mortality is
present in both juvenile and mature stands of buckbrush and other ceanothus
species [63].
Postfire establishment patterns at small scales: Buckbrush
stands can become very dense during maturity allowing few, if any, herbaceous
species to occur under its canopy [22]. In these areas postfire emergence and
survival of seedlings is high due to a lack of interference from grasses and
other herbaceous species [22]. Florence and Florence's [39] observations from
prescribed fire activities noted that postfire buckbrush seedlings
were frequently found near burned skeletons of buckbrush or other
sprouting shrubs. They assumed that the dead remains of the shrubs provided a
better habitat for the buckbrush seedlings by protecting the seedlings
from browsing. Also the authors hypothesized that high temperatures or charate
released during burning may have enhanced germination of buckbrush by
increasing mortality of other competing herbaceous and shrub species [39].
Fire and nodulation of buckbrush:
In California an irrigation experiment during mid-summer investigated whether water
stress inhibits nodulation of postfire buckbrush seedlings. The authors
found a significant (P< 0.05) increase in nodulation frequency in well-hydrated
sites, compared to adjacent xeric sites, which are typical of buckbrush
habitat. Also noted in this study was an interesting delay in nodulation in 1st
year postfire seedlings. Nodulation of postfire seedlings did not occur at the
onset of spring immediately after germination when soil moisture values where high.
Pratt and others [85] suggested that buckbrush might be able to suppress
nodulation by delaying nitrogen fixation until adequate carbohydrate reserves and
water availability are synchronously established.
Buckbrush is widely distributed in California, Oregon, and the Baja of
Mexico. Buckbrush is found from the Willamette Valley of west-central Oregon,
south to the Rogue Valley and Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon. Wedgeleaf
ceanothus is frequent along the coastal ranges of California, to the Liebre, San Gabriel,
San Bernardino, Santa Rosa, and Laguna mountains in southern California. Wedgeleaf
ceanothus is also found in the Sierra Juárez and San Pedro Martir mountains of Baja
[34,55,56,58,78,109]. Varieties of buckbrush are found along a similar distribution.
Buckbrush is commonly found growing throughout buckbrush distribution in Oregon,
California, and Baja while sedgeleaf buckbrush and Monterey ceanothus are confined to
areas south of Oregon only.
Plants database provides a distributional
map of Buckbrush and its infrataxa.
Wildfire suppression:
policies during the 20th century have interrupted the natural fire cycle of many types
of chaparral including those where buckbrush occurs. Current management of
chaparral stands includes the use of prescribed fire to maintain natural FIRE REGIMES.
However, large areas of continuous "decadent" buckbrush chaparral
exist where fire has not occurred for over a century. Fires in these areas burn with high
intensity over large areas, potentially beyond historical levels of severity [38]. Consequently,
fire suppression's overall effects are thought to reduce the numbers of wildfires, but
increase overall area burned [76,107]. Note that buckbrush stems identified as
"decadent" may not necessarily be dead; see [59].
Frequency of burning:
Research conducted during the mid-20th century focused on using frequent fires to reduce
buckbrush and chamise stands for browse habitat improvements
(see Importance To Livestock And Wildlife).
Stands of buckbrush can be decimated when fires are frequent enough to kill postfire
seedlings that have not matured enough to produce a seed crop [20]. One experimental burn
conducted 3 years after burning on a young stand of buckbrush resulted in 100%
mortality of all stems and 0% postfire establishment of new buckbrush seedlings
the following spring [53]. This phenomenon has been called "shock stagnation,"
a semipermanent degradation of the native vegetation in which exotic grasses and/or forbs
dominate. This tactic was frequently used during the mid-1900s [59].
The duration of time that buckbrush can exist without
fire is unknown.
Seasonality of Burning:
Buckbrush seedlings must develop considerable root systems during the spring
before the cessation of seasonal rains. Middle- to late-spring burns may result in very
high buckbrush seedling mortality [20,39].
Buckbrush exhibited successful rates of establishment when burning was conducted
before winter [39]. The authors believe burning before the cool season allows seedlings
of buckbrush to establish before annual herbaceous species arrive, giving wedgeleaf
ceanothus a competitive moisture advantage and subsequent higher rates of survival through the
following dry season [39]. However, low fire intensities commonly associated with prescribed fires
during the cool season are also directly correlated with high coverages of herbaceous species
during the 1st year postfire [38]. Most prescribed fires occur during the cool season due to
safety issues. It may be difficult to use prescribed fire for ecological restoration while
addressing safety needs. Further research is needed on the effects of seasonality of burning
and establishment buckbrush.
Postfire establishment and interference:
One concern following fire is possible interference from herbaceous species. Postfire
mortality of buckbrush seedlings suggests competition of water and nutrient
resources from nearby herbaceous plants is an important factor influencing initial survival
rates [102]. This effect may be less common in areas with low rainfall. Schultz and others
[96] in the Sierra Nevada of central California found the abundance and vigor of wedgeleaf
ceanothus seedlings were negatively associated with increasing densities of herbaceous species,
especially grasses. Postfire establishment of grasses in this area usually precedes wedgeleaf
ceanothus, quickly creating a mass of roots difficult for shrub species to push young roots
through. The authors believed competition between grasses and buckbrush seedlings for
moisture during establishment is responsible for dramatic reductions in numbers of wedgeleaf
ceanothus seedlings 1 year postfire. In their study, 3 months after emergence, wedgeleaf
ceanothus growing without interference from other species developed roots to a depth of 43 inches
(109 cm) and had 26 inches (66 cm) of lateral growth. In contrast, under the same watering regime,
buckbrush seedlings growing along with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)
had a maximum root depth of 11.5 inches (29 cm) with very little lateral growth [96]. Wedgeleaf
ceanothus seedling mortality was highest when density of Italian ryegrass was >39% at maturity.
Biswell [21] found that native herbaceous density > 65% severely affected survival of wedgeleaf
ceanothus and other chaparral shrubs. Contrary to Schultz and others [96], Beyers
and others [15] found no significant (P>0.05) differences in buckbrush
stem densities in plots in southern California that either had or had not been
reseeded with Italian ryegrass 5 years postfire. However in this study grass
densities were low and rainfall less than average [96].
Postfire competition for light often controls shrub species dominance in chaparral. In ecotonal
regions between coastal sage and chaparral, stands 30 years postfire showed declining density of
purple sage in mixed stands with buckbrush. This was not caused by allelopathy but
by competition for light. During stand maturity buckbrush grows taller and shades purple
sage [75]. Similar results have been found from comparable research using different
Ceanothus species. [94].
Fire intensity and postfire establishment:
Buckbrush establishment is associated with areas where the prefire canopy was dense
and consequently high fire severity occurred. Soil heating is the primary trigger to end
dormancy for buckbrush (see
Seedling establishment/growth). A study hypothesized that in the absence of fire, abnormally
large accumulations of fuel over a period of time would result in extreme fire severities, reducing
numbers of buried viable seed [76]. However, the seed of buckbrush was found to be very
resistant to heat and high fire severity [80]. Prescribed fires in chaparral types are conducted
during the fall after the onset of the rainy season and generally exhibit lower fire intensity than
typical wildfires during late summer or early fall [33]. Effects of low intensity burns on germination
rates of buckbrush are not well known.
Most fire ecology studies conducted in chaparral vegetation have focused attention on
the fire ecology of stands that exist on sandstone-derived soils, leaving the fire ecology
of stands on serpentine soils largely
uninvestigated. Buckbrush is found in serpentine soils, though it is more common and
more abundant on nonserpentine soils [92]. This could be due to lower fire severities. Serpentine
soils generally support lower densities of chaparral species, have lower concentrations of fuel,
and burn with lower severity than fires on nonserpentine soils. These fires may not break seed
dormancy in buckbrush [92]. For more information on serpentine flora ecology see [68].
Pre-and postfire grazing:
Timing and intensity of cattle grazing can affect buckbrush. Heavy browsing of
buckbrush lowers seed production and reduces the potential for future establishment
of buckbrush after burning. In areas where heavy grazing occurs, young buckbrush
seedlings may not produce sufficient seed before being grazed to regenerate after fire [22].
The combined effects of burning and heavy grazing on buckbrush have been used to
convert stands of buckbrush to pasture [21]. Biswell and Gilman [22] recommended
burning in areas susceptible to heavy grazing at intervals >20 years to allow for sufficient
stand development and seed production.
Buckbrush is especially sensitive to browsing by deer after fire. Light to heavy
browsing on young buckbrush seedlings has reduced abundance of seedlings following
burning [20]. In California, after an unknown amount of time after burning, "light"
browsing by deer resulted in stunted seedlings averaging heights of 18 inches (46 cm). Seedlings
protected from browsing by enclosures grew rapidly and averaged >27 inches (69 cm) in height.
Mortality rates of stems from browsing were dramatically reduced after shrubs reached 5 years of
age [20].
Buckbrush covers a wide array of geographic and topographic locations from
valley floors to hillsides and foothill slopes. It generally occurs in elevations <
6000 feet (1800 m) in California and Oregon on dry mountain slopes and ridges within the
Upper Sonoran Life Zone [55].
Climate of this region is considered "Mediterranean" with a majority of
annual precipitation occurring in winter with long summer droughts. Typically buckbrush
occurs in areas where annual precipitation ranges from approximately 10 to 35 inches (250-900 mm)
and where 80% of the annual total precipitation occurs in the fall, winter, and spring [30].
Annual average precipitation ranges from north to south:
Buckbrush occurs in chaparral vegetation types in California and Oregon and
is commonly associated with poor, rocky soils [41,61]. Buckbrush is more
frequently found growing on nonserpentine soils of sandstone origins than on serpentine soils [92]. However, buckbrush can be found on both types of soils and is
considered an indicator species for field identification of serpentine soil conditions
in California and Oregon [68].
Buckbrush is commonly encountered in most chaparral vegetation types
and several forest communities throughout California, Oregon and the Baja of Mexico.
While sometimes found in pure stands representing the dominant vegetation, wedgeleaf
ceanothus more often codominates or associates with other species in shrub stands or
is a substantial understory species of pine (Pinus spp.) forests or oak
(Quercus spp.) woodlands [30].
In California buckbrush is the dominant shrub species in the
ceanothus chaparral vegetation type. Shrub species that may associate with wedgeleaf
ceanothus include chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), hoaryleaf ceanothus
(Ceanothus crassifolius), hairy ceanothus (C. oliganthus), blueblossom
(C. thyrsiflorus), Nuttall's scrub oak (Q. dumosa), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia),
and sugar sumac (Rhus ovata) [52].
Chamise chaparral is the most common type of chaparral in California
occurring in the north and central Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada foothills,
southern California and northern Baja mountain ranges. This type of chaparral is
usually dominated by chamise, although in many stands, buckbrush codominates
with chamise and/or whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida) [7]. Stands where chamise
and buckbrush codominate are sometimes referred to as mixed chaparral.
Species that associate with buckbrush in this cover type include
trees such as blue oak (Q. douglasii) and California buckeye (Aesculus
californica), shrubs such as red shank (Adenostoma sparsifolium),
Nuttall's scrub oak, birchleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides),
laurel sumac (Malosma laurina), white and black sage (Salvia mellifera,
S. apiana), sugar sumac, Our Lord's candle (Yucca whipplei), and herbs such as
giant wildrye (Leymus condensatus), and Eastern Mojave buckwheat (Eriogonum
fasciculatum) [8,18,52,74].
The most diverse community where buckbrush frequently occurs in is
the montane chaparral of the lower elevations and xeric sites of the Cascade,
Klamath, and Siskiyou mountains of southwestern Oregon and northern California, the
Transverse and Peninsular ranges of southern California, and the Sierra San Pedro
Mártir of northern Baja. Habitat types in this category
are foothill woodlands, and mixed coniferous forest. Generally this cover type refers
to occurrences of buckbrush found in the understory of transmontane
forested slopes of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and gray pine (P. sabiniana) in
California, and Pacific ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. ponderosa) and oak
woodlands of California and Oregon. Characteristic species that associate with wedgeleaf
ceanothus in this cover type include trees such as Oregon white oak (Q. garryana), blue oak,
California black oak (Q. kelloggii), California shrub live oak
(Q. turbinella var. californica), valley oak (Q. lobata),
leather oak (Q. durata), interior live oak (Q. wislizenii), coast live oak
(Q. agrifolia), canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis), and California buckeye.
Shrubs include whiteleaf manzanita, bigberry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca),
yerba santa (Eriodictyon californicum), eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis),
pointleaf manzanita (A. pungens), Klamath plum (Prunus subcordata),
California buckthorn (Frangula californica ssp. cuspidata),
common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), Mojave ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii var.
vestitus), Mohave buckbrush (C. g. var. perplexans), birchleaf
mountain-mahogany, thickleaf yerba santa (E. crassifolium), flannelbush (Fremontodendron
californicum), California coffeberry (Rhamnus californica), yellowleaf silktassel
(Garrya flavescens), and poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) [19,30,35,52,57,71,84,96]. Also in the montane chaparral, buckbrush associates with less frequented stands of
Baker cypress (Cupressus bakeri) in northern California and southern Oregon [31,101],
Tecate cypress (C. forbesii) in southern California and Baja [5,32], and bigcone Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) in southern California mountains [43]. In Siskiyou County, California,
and on lava flows in eastern Shasta County, California, buckbrush associates with small
populations of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) [23].
The coastal sage scrub habitat type is dominated by California sagebrush
(Artemisia californica) and includes buckbrush in areas in or near
low elevation coastal aspects. Other species that may associate with buckbrush
in this cover type include white, black, and purple sage (Salvia leucophylla),
California brittlebush (Encelia californica), eastern Mojave buckwheat,
and thickleaf yerba santa [34,52,75].
In California small populations of buckbrush are found on inland dune
locations which have minimal soil development. Species that commonly associate with wedgeleaf
ceanothus in these communities include coast live oak, chamise, California buckeye,
Santa Barbara ceanothus (Ceanothus impressus), California prickly phlox
(Leptodactylon californicum), and black sage [9].
Buckbrush occurs in the Mediterranean-climate zone where annual summer drought is typical.
The unpredictability of both intensity and duration of this drought has a major influence on the development
strategies of buckbrush. All plant growth must occur before water stress triggers dormancy.
A 2-year study in the foothills of Sequoia National Park, California, found that buckbrush begins
phenological development in late winter and early spring and exhibits simultaneous branch elongation, leaf
initiation, and flowering. This adaptation insures completion of all phenological stages before the onset
of drought [7]. Buckbrush is able to survive extreme drought conditions as observed during
the 1975-1977 drought in California [81].
Buckbrush flowers from February to April depending on location [109]. Leaf life span averaged
14.4 months in the eastern foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains [1]. Buckbrush thrives in the cool,
wet winter and withers during the dry summer. Buckbrush is considered a sclerophyll which is
characterized by small leaves, short internodes, thick cuticle, sunken stomates, high proportion of lignified
cells, and leaves with a waxy coating. All of these traits help buckbrush to survive water loss through
transpiration [1].
Buckbrush regenerates from seed [59].
Breeding system:
Buckbrush is monoecious
[58].
Pollination:
Buckbrush is cross-pollinated by insects [58].
Seed production:
Buckbrush seed production varies yearly [22].
Seed dispersal:
occurs during the spring [61]. The mature capsule bursts upon opening,
making an audible pop, and seeds are cast up to a distance of 35 feet
(10.7 m) [22]. However, the majority of seeds fall near the parent shrub [35].
Seed casting date and distance depend on phenology of fruit-ripening,
temperature, and humidity. Hotter and drier conditions result in further
casting which generally occurs during the hot and dry months of July and
August [35].
Seed can also be dispersed by insects. California harvester ants are
responsible for caching a considerable amount of buckbrush seed
below ground, which is thought to protect seeds from lethal temperatures during
burning [79].
Seed banking:
Seeds of buckbrush are hard-coated, nearly impermeable, and may
lie viable in the ground for many years [22,61]. Viable wedgeleaf
ceanothus seed are commonly found buried in soils of chaparral [102].
Exactly how long banked buckbrush seed can remain viable needs
to be investigated.
Germination:
occurs during the spring following fire [102]. Buckbrush seeds
require relatively high temperatures during burning (158 to 212 °F (70-100 °C)
to facilitate germination [90]. Germination rates are high after fire [33,96]
which scarifies buckbrush seed [87,102]. Heat from fire melts or cracks
the cuticle of buried seeds [61] which is necessary for germination. Sweeney [102]
investigated the effects of fire on seed, and found a majority of buckbrush
seed germinated after being exposed to varying degrees of temperature up to 176 °F
(80 °C). The effects of higher temperatures are unknown [102]. Germination rates are
significantly (P<.01) enhanced when charate (chemical release from burnt wood) from
chamise was used synergistically with heat in germination experiments [59]. The mechanism
behind charate-stimulated germination is unknown. While germination is stimulated by
burning, in the absence of fire, buckbrush can germinate in shrub overstory
openings [18,22]. In a greenhouse environment germination of buckbrush was most
successful when seeds were planted at depths of 0.5 to 1 inch (1.3-2.5 cm) [2,13].
Seedling establishment/growth:
Buckbrush is widely considered an "obligate seeder" or
"fire-recruiter." Regeneration depends almost entirely on germination from
seed during postfire conditions [1,20,62,102]. During the spring after burning, varying
numbers of buckbrush seedlings appear. Very high mortality rates are common
during the 1st year after establishment. This is believed to be caused by summer drought and
interference from herbaceous competitors (see Plant Response To Fire)
[33,96,102]. Schultz and others [96] reported the emergence of buckbrush seedlings
in the central California Sierra Nevada foothills occurred in mid-March and April. By mid-June,
root depths may reach 30 to 40 inches (76-102 cm) while above ground stems and branches may
reach 6 to 8 inches (15-20 cm) tall. Buckbrush roots penetrate much further
than those of herbaceous competitors. It is believed that buckbrush' vigorous root
growth beyond the maximum penetration of grass roots in the 1st year of growth is
critical to obtaining enough moisture to establish [96]. Buckbrush in the
absence of fire may become established in shrub openings [22]. In their review of chaparral
vegetation, Keeley and Keeley [65] point out that obligate-seeding shrubs, including
buckbrush, have more opportunities for genetic recombination than
obligate-sprouting species. Recruitment of buckbrush between fire
intervals is very uncommon and rarely results in successful establishment under
the canopy of mature shrubs, even in stands unburned for more than a century [60,61].
Asexual regeneration:
The ability of buckbrush to regenerate vegetatively is unclear. One observation
from Biswell and Gilman [22] noted asexual regeneration of buckbrush
through layering after a prolonged
period without fire and grazing.
Buckbrush stand development is not easily predicted and is dependent
on a number of variables including plant association, habitat type, proximity to
boundaries with other habitat types, geographic and topographic location,
climate, fire intensity, and time since last fire [51]. This is in contrast to
early theories that outline succession in chaparral as an orderly progression of seral stages
that reach a climax as originally defined by Clements [91].
Buckbrush stands change rapidly during the first 1 to 4 years postfire.
In areas where buckbrush associates with sprouting shrub species postfire
succession can typically be described in 3 stages: (1) During the 1st postfire year
native and nonnative vegetation forms the dominant cover, while chaparral shrub seedlings
and sprouts emerge. (2) During the 2nd postfire year, high mortality of shrub and subshrub
seedlings takes place with decreased native and increased nonnative herbaceous plants.
(3) In subsequent years, the remaining shrub seedlings and sprouts become well established
while herbaceous vegetation gradually decreases. After 8 to 10 years, a relatively mature
chaparral cover with little understory exists [52,102]. Very little is known about the
average life span of buckbrush, although many agree with Biswell's [21] observations
that substantial mortality begins in stands >50 years old.
Stand development seems to be largely driven by water availability. While sometimes found
in pure stands, buckbrush often codominates or associates with other shrub species
during stand development. The subsequent dominance of any one species is greatly influenced
by water availability and can be a major contributor to the occurrence and frequency of
buckbrush in the resulting stand structure [40].
In most stands buckbrush can form impenetrable thickets that may retard understory
development of other plant species [26]. However, in long disturbance-free periods, wedgeleaf
ceanothus stands can undergo decline because of interference from introduced sprouting shrubs
or overstory species from nearby stands [40]. For example, suppression of fire in chaparral
is thought to favor crown-sprouting species over obligate seeders. Research conducted in the
southern coastal ranges of California found that fire suppression is primarily responsible for
the conversion of large acreages of shrub lands where buckbrush occurred to oak woodlands
[106]. Buckbrush has shown significant decreases in areas susceptible to shading from
overstory species, in particular by Nuttall's scrub oak and toyon on coastal ranges [63,106].
Generally buckbrush declines in undisturbed stands that reach > 100 years old [53,60].
In unburned areas of the south coastal ranges of California [20], stands of buckbrush that
have not burned for over a century are replaced by longer lived species such as chamise [40].
Buckbrush is an actinorrhizal plant that has the ability to fix
atmospheric nitrogen [24,28,29]. This gives buckbrush a competitive
advantage over other non-nitrogen fixing shrubs herbs and grasses, especially on
nitrogen-deficient soils [24]. Over a given year buckbrush nodulates
nitrogen at an estimated rate of 54 pounds per acre [29].
The scientific name of buckbrush is Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. (Rhamnaceae)
[55,56,58,109]. Infrataxa are:
Ceanothus cuneatus var. cuneatus (buckbrush)
Ceanothus cuneatus var. fascicularis (McMinn) Hoover (sedgeleaf
buckbrush) [55,58]
Ceanothus cuneatus var. rigidus (Nutt.) Hoover (Monterey
ceanothus) [55,58]
Ceanothus cuneatus is a species of flowering shrub known by the common names buckbrush and wedgeleaf ceanothus.
This Ceanothus is native to Oregon, California, and northern Baja California, where it can be found in a number of habitats, especially chaparral.
Ceanothus cuneatus is a spreading bush, rounded to sprawling, reaching up to 3 meters (9.8 ft) in height. The evergreen leaves are stiff and somewhat tough and may be slightly toothed along the edges. The bush flowers abundantly in short, thick-stalked racemes bearing rounded bunches of tiny flowers, each about half a centimeter wide.
The fragrant flowers are white, sometimes tinted strongly with blue or lavender. The fruit is a round capsule with horns. It is about half a centimeter wide and contains three shiny dark seeds which are dispersed when the capsule explodes and propels them some distance. Harvester ants have been known to catch the seeds, which can lie dormant for a long time since fire is required for germination. This plant may be variable in appearance because it hybridizes easily with similar species.
While this shrub has a wide distribution in its range, certain varieties of the species are limited to small areas. The Monterey ceanothus (var. rigida), for example, is found only between the southern edge of the San Francisco Bay Area and San Luis Obispo County.
It is a larval host to the California hairstreak, California tortoiseshell, ceanothus silkmoth, echo blue, hedgerow hairstreak, Pacuvius duskywing, western green hairstreak, and white-streaked saturnia moth.[1]
Ceanothus cuneatus is a species of flowering shrub known by the common names buckbrush and wedgeleaf ceanothus.
