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European Cowrie

Trivia monacha (da Costa 1778)

Biology

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This species feeds on sea squirts by biting lumps from the zooids (3). Breeding occurs in late spring and summer. The sexes are separate and fertilisation takes place internally following copulation. Females lay their eggs into sea squirts by biting holes in the colonies and then laying their flask-shaped egg capsules (each containing around 800 eggs) into the hole. After a few weeks the larvae hatch. They are free-swimming and pelagic for around a month (2) and are usually found in coastal waters during the summer (3). In some parts of the world, large cowrie shells were once used as currency, but this did not occur in Britain. The word cowrie originates from the Hindu and Urdu languages, as cowries are very common in the Indian Ocean (4).
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Conservation

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Conservation action has not been targeted at this species.
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Description

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The European or spotted cowrie is a marine mollusc that has an egg-shaped glossy shell featuring many transverse ridges with a long, narrow aperture on the underside (2). The upper surface of the shell is usually a reddish brown colour, and has three characteristic spots that allow the species to be identified easily (3). The head, tentacles, foot and body of this mollusc are brightly coloured; they may be red, yellow, green, brown or orange (3).
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Habitat

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Found in association with its prey, colonial sea squirts (ascidians) including Botryllus schlosseri and Botylloides leachi (2) on the lower shore and in the sublittoral zone of rocky shores. It may also live in estuaries (3).
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Range

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This cowrie is found around most British coasts (2). It is found as far south as the Mediterranean, and reaches the extreme north of its range in western France and Britain (3).
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Status

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Not threatened (2).
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Threats

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This species is not currently threatened.
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Associations

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Animal / rests in
egg capsule of Trivia monacha rests inside nibbled hole common test of Botrylloides leachi

Animal / rests in
egg capsule of Trivia monacha rests inside nibbled hole common test of Botryllus schlosseri

Animal / rests in
egg capsule of Trivia monacha rests inside nibbled hole common test of Diplosoma

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Trivia monacha

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Trivia monacha, also known as the European cowrie or spotted cowrie, is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Triviidae, the trivias.

The name Trivia means "common" and the word monacha means "solitary".

It is worth comparing this species with the similar species Trivia arctica, the northern cowrie.

Shell description

Lateral view of a shell of Trivia monacha
Five views of a shell of Trivia monacha
Seven Trivia nonacha shells, shown in close-up. A range of sizes is visible: the largest is about a centimeter across, the smallest about half a centimeter across. Five of the shells are face down, showing the ridged back of the shell, which is a pink-brown colour; the characteristic dark spots are visible. One shell is on its side, and one is upside-down, showing the white underside and the slit where the animal sticks its tentacles out. On the upside-down shell, four or five sand grains, about a millimeter across, are stuck on the aperture.
Adult Trivia monacha shells hand-picked from beachdrift, from near Aberffraw, Anglesey. Scale is in cm.

The shell of this species is glossy, convolute and lemon-shaped, with 20-30 transverse ridges. The dorsal part of the shell is a pinkish or reddish-brown with three characteristic darker spots in mature individuals, one spot anterior, the other posterior and one in the centre, all situated along a central line. Juvenile shells are all white or light-coloured. The apertural side is white and flattened. The aperture is narrow and runs along the whole length of the shell. At the ends it turns to the left in the direction of the swollen body whorl. The transverse ridges are strong and often bifurcate. The ones at the ends are almost U-shaped.

The shell length is up to a maximum of about 15 mm and its width about 8 mm.

The dark mantle is covered by few papillae, usually tipped with pale yellow. The mantle is drawn out into a long siphon anteriorly, extending over the whole (or almost the whole) shell. The foot is orange or bright yellow.

The breeding season is late spring or summer. The larvae have a very dark stomach and intestine. More developed larvae in the veliger stage have a two-lobed velum (a structure used for swimming and particulate food collection) that is slightly indented at sides. The larvae reach the adult form in about five to six months.

Distribution

This species occurs from the Mediterranean Sea to the Shetland archipelago in the north of Scotland, but is more common in the south.

In Orkney and some parts of Scotland, the species are known as 'groatie buckies'.

Habitat

This species usually lives on rocky shores or under stones below low tide, in other words is sublittoral, but the empty shells of this species are often washed up onto beaches. It is usually found together with compound ascidians (Botrylus, Botrylloides and Diplosoma). Trivia monacha lacks small denticles on the admedian teeth of the radula. Furthermore, the rows of teeth in the two species are different.

Feeding habits

This snail feeds on sea squirts and compound ascidians.

Similar species

Trivia monacha is sometimes confused with Trivia arctica. In fact they were considered to be two forms of the same species until 1925, when Alfred James Peile published a paper in the Proceedings of the Malacological Society differentiating the two.[1] They can be differentiated by the radula, the shape of the penis and their larval stages. In Trivia monacha the penis is filiform and cylindrical, while in Trivia arctica the penis is large and flat.

It is now known that the larvae of the two species are readily distinguishable.

The Linnaean name Trivia europea, now lapsed, referred to the supposed single species. Linnaeus himself mentioned two kinds: Cypraea europea and Cypraea anglica, but these terms were intended as a geographical distinction and are not accepted as species names today.

References

  1. ^ Peile A. J. (1925). "The Differentiation as Species of the two forms of British Trivia". Proc. Malac. Soc. 1925, pp: 195-198.

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Trivia monacha: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Trivia monacha, also known as the European cowrie or spotted cowrie, is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Triviidae, the trivias.

The name Trivia means "common" and the word monacha means "solitary".

It is worth comparing this species with the similar species Trivia arctica, the northern cowrie.

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