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Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / open feeder
adult of Chrysolina haemoptera grazes on leaf of Linaria vulgaris
Remarks: captive: in captivity, culture, or experimentally induced

Foodplant / open feeder
adult of Chrysolina sanguinolenta grazes on live leaf of Linaria vulgaris
Remarks: season: 3-10
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
amphigenous colony of Didymaria anamorph of Didymaria linariae feeds on live leaf of Linaria vulgaris

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
mostly hypophyllous sorus of Entyloma linariae parasitises live leaf of Linaria vulgaris
Remarks: season: 10

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Gymnetron antirrhini feeds on Linaria vulgaris

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Gymnetron collinum feeds on Linaria vulgaris

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Gymnetron linariae feeds on Linaria vulgaris

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Mecinus janthinus feeds on Linaria vulgaris

Foodplant / parasite
embedded sorus of Melanotaenium cingens parasitises live stem of Linaria vulgaris
Remarks: season: 7-8

Foodplant / parasite
sporangium of Peronospora linariae parasitises live Linaria vulgaris

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Description

provided by eFloras
Perennials, 20-80 cm tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. Stems erect, often apically branched. Leaves usually numerous and alternate, rarely basal ones whorled, rarely all in whorls of 4; leaf blade linear, 2-8 X 0.2-1.5 cm, veins 1(-3). Inflorescences racemose, flowers crowded, axis elongating in fruit; axis and pedicels glabrous to densely with short glandular hairs; bracts linear to narrowly lanceolate, longer than pedicel. Pedicel 2-8 mm. Calyx glabrous or inside sparsely glandular hairy; lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. Corolla yellow, 1-1.5 cm (excluding spur); spur 1-1.5 cm, slightly curved; lateral lower lip lobes ovate-orbicular, 3-4 mm wide, middle lobe ligular; upper lip longer than lower lip, lobes ca. 2 mm, ovate. Capsule ovoid-globose. Seeds disclike, margin broadly winged, center verrucose when mature. Fl. Jun-Sep.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 18: 51 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
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Distribution

provided by eFloras
NE Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, N Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, NW Xinjiang [Korea, Russia; Europe].
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 18: 51 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
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eFloras

Habitat

provided by eFloras
Mountain slopes, trailsides, meadows, gravelly steppes, forests; below 2200 m.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 18: 51 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Linaria vulgaris

provided by wikipedia EN

Linaria vulgaris, the common toadflax,[1][2] yellow toadflax or butter-and-eggs,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, native to Europe, Siberia and Central Asia.[4] It has also been introduced and is now common in North America.[3]

Growth

It is a perennial plant with short spreading roots, erect to decumbent stems 15–90 cm (6–35 in) high, with fine, threadlike, glaucous blue-green leaves 2–6 cm (342+14 in) long and 1–5 mm (0.04–0.20 in) broad. The flowers are similar to those of the snapdragon, 25–33 mm (0.98–1.30 in) long, pale yellow except for the lower tip which is orange, borne in dense terminal racemes from mid summer to mid autumn. The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees.[5] The fruit is a globose capsule 5–11 mm (0.20–0.43 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) broad, containing numerous small seeds.[2]

Ecology

Linaria vulgaris.jpg
Pollination by garden bumblebee

The plant is widespread on ruderal spots, along roads, in dunes, and on disturbed and cultivated land.[2]

Because the flower is largely closed by its underlip, pollination requires strong insects such as bees and bumblebees (Bombus species).[2]

Linaria vulgaris is a food plant for a large number of insects such as the sweet gale moth (Acronicta euphorbiae), mouse moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis), silver Y (Autographa gamma), Calophasia lunula, gorgone checkerspot (Charidryas gorgone carlota), toadflax pug (Eupithecia linariata), satyr pug (Eupithecia satyrata), Falseuncaria ruficiliana, bog fritillary (Boloria eunomia), Pyrrhia umbra, brown rustic (Rusina ferruginea), and Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla.

It may be mildly toxic to livestock.[6]

Fossil record

Seeds of the common toadflax, were identified from the Hoxnian interglacial strata at Clacton. Records have also come from the Weichselian glaciation strata in Essex, Huntingdonshire, Surrey and North Wales. This evidence makes the native status of the plant in Britain quite evident despite the very strong association that it has today with waste places and man-made habitats.[7]

Cultivation and uses

While most commonly found as a wildflower, toadflax is sometimes cultivated for cut flowers, which are long-lasting in the vase. Like snapdragons (Antirrhinum), they are often grown in children's gardens for the "snapping" flowers which can be made to "talk" by squeezing them at the base of the corolla.[8]

The plant requires ample drainage, but is otherwise adaptable to a variety of conditions. It has escaped from cultivation in North America where it is common on roadsides and in poor soils, where it has now naturalized in many U.S. states and Canadian provinces.[9]

Despite its reputation as a weed, like the dandelion, this plant has also been used in folk medicine for a variety of ailments. A tea made from the leaves was taken as a laxative and strong diuretic as well as for jaundice, dropsy, and enteritis with drowsiness. For skin diseases and piles, either a leaf tea or an ointment made from the flowers was used. In addition, a tea made in milk instead of water has been used as an insecticide. It is confirmed to have diuretic and fever-reducing properties.[10][11]

Other names

Linaria acutiloba Fisch. ex Rchb. is a synonym.[12] Because this plant grows as a weed, it has acquired a large number of local colloquial names, including brideweed, bridewort, butter and eggs (but see Lotus corniculatus), butter haycocks, bread and butter, bunny haycocks, bunny mouths, calf's snout, Continental weed, dead men's bones, devil's flax, devil's flower, doggies, dragon bushes, eggs and bacon (but see Lotus corniculatus), eggs and butter, false flax, flaxweed, fluellen (but see Kickxia), gallweed, gallwort, impudent lawyer, Jacob's ladder (but see Polemonium), lion's mouth, monkey flower (but see Mimulus), North American ramsted, rabbit flower, rancid, ransted, snapdragon (but see Antirrhinum), wild flax, wild snapdragon, wild tobacco (but see Nicotiana), yellow rod, yellow toadflax.[8]

References

  1. ^ Natural History Museum: Linaria vulgaris
  2. ^ a b c d Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
  3. ^ a b Dickinson, T.; Metsger, D.; Bull, J.; Dickinson, R. (2004). The ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. p. 367. ISBN 0771076525. OCLC 54691765.
  4. ^ "Linaria vulgaris". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
  5. ^ Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.
  6. ^ Common Weeds of the United States. New York: Dover. 1971. p. 328. ISBN 0-486-20504-5.
  7. ^ Godwin, Harry (1975). The History of the British Flora, A Factual Basis for Phytogeography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20254-X.
  8. ^ a b Mabey, R. (1996). Flora Britannica. Sinclair-Stevenson. ISBN 1-85619-377-2.
  9. ^ Britton, Nathaniel Lord; Brown, Addison (1970) [first published 1913]. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. Vol. 3. Dover Publications. p. 177. ISBN 0-486-22642-5.
  10. ^ Foster, Steven; Duke, James A. (2000). A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs: Of Eastern and Central North America (Peterson Field Guides). Houghton Mifflin. p. 120. ISBN 0-395-98814-4.
  11. ^ Pandya, Preeti N.; Aghera, Hetal B.; Ashok, B. K.; Acharya, Rabinarayan (2012). "Diuretic activity of Linaria ramosissima (wall.) Janch. leaves in albino rats". Ayu. 33 (4): 576–578. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.110517. ISSN 0974-8520. PMC 3665199. PMID 23723679.
  12. ^ "Linaria vulgaris". Flora Europaea.

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Linaria vulgaris: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Linaria vulgaris, the common toadflax, yellow toadflax or butter-and-eggs, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, native to Europe, Siberia and Central Asia. It has also been introduced and is now common in North America.

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Wikipedia authors and editors
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