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Ascidian

Styela clava Herdman 1881

Brief Summary

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The leathery sea squirt is an immigrant from Asia. It was brought to Europe via ships in the 1970s. It is a robust sea squirt erected on a narrowed stem. This sea squirt is eaten in Korea.
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Comprehensive Description

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The ascidean tunicate Styela clava is a fast-growing, subtidal fouling species ("fouling" in this context is a somewhat anthropocentric term used to describe marine organisms that settle and develop on submerged structures, including structures on which humans would rather they didn't settle, such as ship hulls and underwater pipes and shellfish being grown in aquaculture). It is a prolific breeder and a highly efficient suspension feeder. It is native to the northwest Pacific from the Sea of Okhotsk through southern Siberia, Japan, Korea, and northern China south to Shanghai. However, it was discovered in western North America, on the coast of California, in 1932 and is now found from Baja California (Mexico) north to Washington State (U.S.A.) and into southern British Columbia (Canada). It was found in the Atlantic, off southern England, in 1953. In the northeast Atlantic, it is now found from northern Denmark to Portugal. It is present in the northeastern United States and on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada, although it has not been detected in Arctic waters. It is widespread and well established in New Zealand. The geographic spread of this invasive species in both the northern and southern hemispheres is reviewed by Clarke and Therriault (2007) [available here], who also review its general biology and economic significance to humans. (Clarke and Therriault 2007 and references therein; Dupont et al. 2009; Goldstien et al. 2010)

The population structure of introduced populations as inferred from genetic studies, as well as the speed with which it has spread, suggest a major role for human-mediated dispersal in the spread of this species, e.g., by adults attached to the hulls (or other areas with less water flow) of commercial ships or pleasure boats or juveniles inadvertently transferred with oysters in the course of aquaculture operations (Clarke and Therriault 2007; Dupont et al. 2009; Goldstien et al. 2010).

Styla clava are oviparous (egg-laying) hermaphrodites. A mature adult is around 70 to 200 mm in length and produces about 5000 eggs, which hatch after 12 to 15 hours. The larvae, which are around 0.85 mm long, are lecithotrophic (i.e., they do not feed until after they settle to the bottom and become non-planktonic juveniles). Larvae are able to swim just a few millimetres in short bursts of activity. After approximately 12 hours, they settle on hard substrata to develop into sessile juveniles. Since S. clava eggs hatch 12 to 15 hours after spawning/fertilization, the total pelagic dispersal time for the developing egg/embryo and larva is on the order of 24 hours. (Davis and Davis 2007)

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Styela clava

provided by wikipedia EN

Wikispecies has information related to Styela clava.

Styela clava is a solitary, subtidal ascidian tunicate.[1] It has a variety of common names such as the stalked sea squirt, clubbed tunicate, Asian tunicate, leathery sea squirt, or rough sea squirt. As its common names suggest, S. clava is club-shaped with an elongated oval body and a long peduncle for attaching to a substrate.[1] Although native to the northwestern waters of the Pacific Ocean, since the 1900s, S. clava has become an increasingly successful invasive species outside of its native range.[2][3] It is edible.

Morphology

S. clava is a solitary tunicate. Including both the club-shaped body and peduncle, larger specimen of S. clava can have a maximum length of around 130 mm (5.1 in) and smaller specimen only reaching 30 mm (1.2 in) in length.[1] Smaller specimen tend to have no distinct peduncle. As described by some of its common names, S. clava has a tough, wrinkled or irregularly grooved skin and comes in two variations of color dependent on size. Larger specimen have a light brown body and a darker brown peduncle while smaller specimen are yellow-brown.[1]

Habitat

S. clava is a marine invertebrate animal. Adults are entirely sessile, growing attached to hard subtidal substrata as deep as 25 meters (82 ft). They can be found on virtually any hard surface such as rocks, buoys, pilings and shells of mussels. S. clava is predominant in the littoral zone, preferring sheltered localities free of strong wave action and floating objects, making artificial surfaces in harbors and marinas exceptional habitat.[1][4][5]

It is a hardy species that can live in a wide range of temperatures from -2 °C to 27 °C and can tolerate high salinity waters (26% - 28% salinity) that would be lethal to other tunicate species.[1]

Reproduction

Like most tunicates, S. clava is hermaphroditic and produces short-lived pelagic lecithotrophic larvae.[1][2][5] They reproduce externally via broadcast spawning, and the reproductive period is highly dependent on sea surface temperatures reaching a critical temperature threshold, between 16 °C and 20°C.[5][2] The reproductive period can vary from 4 to 10 months depending on location. Along the Californian coast in the United States, the reproduction period occurs for 4 months from June to September, while in Denmark and England, the reproduction period is also 4 months but occurs from July to October.[5]

Native Range

S. clava is native to the northwestern waters of the Pacific, particularly the seas and coasts of Japan and Korea, to Siberia, and as far south as the coasts off Shanghai, China.[2][3][6]

Invasions

Outside of its native range, S. clava has proven to be an increasingly successful invasive species due to physiological adaptations and environmental tolerances. S. clava's thick tunic, relative to native tunicates, provides better protection from possible predators and helps prevent desiccation.[1] It can withstand subzero to 23 °C sea temperatures and high salinity water, giving it strong tolerance to environmental changes in water.[1][7] The lack of a natural predator already gives S. clava an advantage over native tunicates, but their large size as well allows them to outcompete other filter-feeding species such as oysters or mussels for food and substrate space.[1]

Range

Since the mid-1900s, S. clava has been unintentionally introduced globally to temperate coastal waters outside of its native range. It has successfully established stable populations on both coasts of North America, Europe, New Zealand, Australia, and Argentina.

The earliest sighting of S. clava outside of its natural range was on the United States’ west coast in Californian coastal waters in the early-1900s.[8][4] Since then, the invasive tunicate has spread as far south as Baja, Mexico and as far north as Vancouver Island, Canada. S. clava populations in North America’s Atlantic waters is believed to have been introduced around the 1970s.[7]

In the mid-1900s, the next sighting of S. clava was recorded in European waters in Britain. In the span of 25 years, S. clava populations have expanded their range in the coastal waters of the United Kingdom and to mainland Europe. The current European countries with established S. clava populations are England, Ireland, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, France, Portugal and Spain.[3][9][7]

Vectors

For each region there are multiple pathways by which S. clava could have been introduced. Although not definitive, S. clava's new population distribution is most likely due to anthropogenic vectors.[6][7] The introduction of S. clava was most likely the result of direct introduction from Japan through shellfish transfers or ship fouling.[8][4] In Europe, the source of introduction is believed to be from the hulls of military ships returning from the Korean War.[8][3] As waters are becoming warmer due to climate change, there is concern of habitat expansion into previously unoccupied waters.[9]

Effects

Successful introduction and establishment of populations outside of its natural range can cause dramatic changes in the structure and composition of benthic communities.[4] It is dominating fouling communities, leading to population declines in other filter-feeding species, leading to lower biodiversity.[2][1][4] S. clava is a solitary species, but with optimal conditions can reach high densities, up to 500 - 1,000 individuals, fouling man-made substrates resulting in boat and fishing gear difficulties.[7]

They also pose a threat to aquaculture, which is being seen in European waters. In Bassin de Thau, France (Étang de Thau), S. clava is becoming a management problem as they pose a threat to oyster and mussel farming by outcompeting the shellfish for food and substrate space.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lützen, J. (1998-09-01). "Styela clava Herdman (Urochordata, Ascidiacea), a successful immigrant to North West Europe: ecology, propagation and chronology of spread". Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen. 52 (3): 383–391. doi:10.1007/BF02908912. ISSN 1438-3888.
  2. ^ a b c d e Bourque, Daniel; Davidson, Jeffrey; MacNair, Neil G.; Arsenault, Garth; LeBlanc, Angeline R.; Landry, Thomas; Miron, Gilles (2007-03-26). "Reproduction and early life history of an invasive ascidian Styela clava Herdman in Prince Edward Island, Canada". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Proceedings of the 1st International Invasive Sea Squirt Conference. 342 (1): 78–84. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.017. ISSN 0022-0981.
  3. ^ a b c d e Davis, M. H.; Davis, M. E. (2010). "The impact of the ascidian Styela clava Herdman on shellfish farming in the Bassin de Thau, France". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 26 (s2): 12–18. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01496.x. ISSN 1439-0426.
  4. ^ a b c d e Dupont, L.; Viard, F.; Davis, M. H.; Nishikawa, T.; Bishop, J. D. D. (2010-08-01). "Pathways of spread of the introduced ascidian Styela clava (Tunicata) in Northern Europe, as revealed by microsatellite markers". Biological Invasions. 12 (8): 2707–2721. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9676-0. ISSN 1573-1464. S2CID 41427593.
  5. ^ a b c d Wong, Nicholas A.; McClary, Dan; Sewell, Mary A. (2011-12-01). "The reproductive ecology of the invasive ascidian, Styela clava, in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand". Marine Biology. 158 (12): 2775–2785. doi:10.1007/s00227-011-1776-6. ISSN 1432-1793. S2CID 84083301.
  6. ^ a b Goldstien, S. J.; Schiel, D. R.; Gemmell, N. J. (2010). "Regional connectivity and coastal expansion: differentiating pre-border and post-border vectors for the invasive tunicate Styela clava". Molecular Ecology. 19 (5): 874–885. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04527.x. ISSN 1365-294X. PMID 20149095. S2CID 29293465.
  7. ^ a b c d e Locke, Andrea; Hanson, J. Mark; Ellis, Karla M.; Thompson, Jason; Rochette, Rémy (2007-03-26). "Invasion of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence by the clubbed tunicate (Styela clava Herdman): Potential mechanisms for invasions of Prince Edward Island estuaries". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Proceedings of the 1st International Invasive Sea Squirt Conference. 342 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.016. ISSN 0022-0981.
  8. ^ a b c Dupont, L.; Viard, F.; Dowell, M. J.; Wood, C.; Bishop, J. D. D. (2009). "Fine- and regional-scale genetic structure of the exotic ascidian Styela clava (Tunicata) in southwest England, 50 years after its introduction". Molecular Ecology. 18 (3): 442–453. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04045.x. ISSN 1365-294X. PMID 19161467. S2CID 33337021.
  9. ^ a b Turon, Xavier; Cañete, Juan; Sellanes, Javier; Rocha, Rosana; López-Legentil, Susanna (2016). "Too cold for invasions? Contrasting patterns of native and introduced ascidians in subantarctic and temperate Chile". Management of Biological Invasions. 7 (1): 77–86. doi:10.3391/mbi.2016.7.1.10.

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Styela clava: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN
Wikispecies has information related to Styela clava.

Styela clava is a solitary, subtidal ascidian tunicate. It has a variety of common names such as the stalked sea squirt, clubbed tunicate, Asian tunicate, leathery sea squirt, or rough sea squirt. As its common names suggest, S. clava is club-shaped with an elongated oval body and a long peduncle for attaching to a substrate. Although native to the northwestern waters of the Pacific Ocean, since the 1900s, S. clava has become an increasingly successful invasive species outside of its native range. It is edible.

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Alien species

provided by World Register of Marine Species
The folded sea squirt Styela clava originates from the Asian coasts. Transport through attachment on war ships brought the species to Europe, where it was first noticed in England around 1953. In 1986 the first specimen was found on the Belgian coast, on a groyne at Knokke-Heist. Now, the species is found in the Sluice dock in Ostend and all ports and marinas in Belgium, except in Nieuwpoort. The folded sea squirt is mostly found along sheltered coasts, to a depth of 40 meters. The species has a great adaptability, and can tolerate large changes in temperature and salinity.

Reference

VLIZ Alien Species Consortium. (2010).

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Alien species

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Oorspronkelijk leefde de knotszakpijp Styela clava enkel langs Aziatische kusten. Transport via vasthechting op oorlogsschepen bracht de soort naar Europa, waar hij voor het eerst opgemerkt werd in Engeland omstreeks 1953. In 1986 werd een eerste exemplaar gevonden aan onze kust, op een strandhoofd in Knokke-Heist. Nu is de soort gekend in de Spuikom van Oostende en in alle (jacht)havens van onze kust, behalve in Nieuwpoort. De knotszakpijp komt meestal voor langs beschutte kusten, tot op een diepte van 40 meter. De soort heeft een groot aanpassingsvermogen en kan sterke wijzigingen in temperatuur en zoutgehalte verdragen.
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Distribution

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accidently introduced in England (around Plymouth) through Japonese oysters during the early fifties. At that time erroneously identified as Styela mammiculata (Carlisle, 1954)

Reference

Davoult, D.; Dewarumez, J.-M.; Glaçon, R. (1993). Nouvelles signalisations d'espèces macrobenthiques sur les côtes françaises de la Manche orientale et de la Mer du Nord: 4. Groupes divers [New macrobenthic species in the French part of the eastern Channel and of the North Sea: 4. Miscellaneous groups]. Cah. Biol. Mar. 34(1): 55-64.

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